Australia ndi kontinenti yamalonda a zitsamba: palibe owononga ambiri. Koma, zikuwoneka, sizinali nthawi zonse. Mu zojambula za mphanga za anthu akale muli chifanizo cha cholengedwa ngati chinjoka. Nthano? M'malo mwake, chamoyo chachikulu kwambiri pafupi ndi buluzi.
Akatswiri a Paleontologists amatsimikizira - buluzi wamkulu, wofanana ndi buluzi wowunika, adakhalako pachilumba cha kangaroo. Ma Cryptozoologists atsimikiza kuti megalania ndi malo ambiri osungirako nyama, amakhalabe ndi moyo wosinthika m'nkhalango zamtchire zaku Australia.
Umboni wa megalania m'mbuyomu ndi mafupa. Ngakhale ma paleontologists sanapezebe mafupa olimba, pafupifupi 80% ya mafupa a megalania amasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kuzidutswa. Mafupa onse omwe amapezeka amakhala ovomerezeka. Pafupifupi chilichonse. Gawo limodzi la mafupa amchifuwa limasokoneza ma paleontologists, pomwe limapereka chiyembekezo komanso chidwi kwa ma cryptozoologists: ndi youma komanso yopanda chinyengo. Kodi izi zikuyenera kunena chiyani? Mafupa alibe zaka zopitilira 300, ndipo asayansi ovomerezeka amati megalania inasesa zaka masauzande zapitazo. Mafupa osonkhanawo amatilola kuweruza kukula kwa ma pululu aku Australia omwe amakhala m'mbuyomu - mpaka 6 m kutalika, ndi carnivores: apo ayi, bwanji megalanias iyenera kukhala ndi mano owongoka kumbuyo?
Kukangana mokomera megalania wamtendere masiku ano - pakadali pano umboni wa owona ndi kuwonongedwa.
Umboni wowoneka bwino wa kukhalapo kwa chinsomba chachikulu mu nkhalango za Australia unalandiridwa mu 1961 ndi mitengo yamatabwa. Achinyamata atatu pa nkhomaliro adangomeranso nthambi zikuluzikulu pansi pa thupi lalikulu - khola lalikulupo lidayamba kukhala chofunda. Posakhalitsa chomwe chimayambitsa phokosicho chidawoneka - cholengedwa cholimba ndi buluzi wamamita sita. Lumberjacks anathawira kukabati.
Pambuyo pake, achinyamata adagawana zomwe anali atawona zolakwika zazikulu ndi pakamwa pa toothy zomwe adaziwona. Galimotoyo sinawonekere kuti ndi yabwino kwa chilombo. Chinjokacho chinadutsa kudula ndikubisala m'nkhalangomo. Zinachitika m'mapiri a Ouatoga ku New South Wales.
Mu 1979, Rex Gilroy adapanga pulasitala wamiyala yayikulu kwambiri. Zovuta zandiyandikira megalania, ndikuyenda m'minda yolimidwa ya m'modzi wa alimi aku Australia. Katswiri wina wodziwika bwino wonena za ndalama dzina lake cryptozoologist adapempha mlimiyo kuti awerenge mvula mpaka mvula ifika. Mlimiyo moona mtima adachita izi - adaponya udzu.
Idayamba kugwa ... Chopata chimodzi chokha chidakumbidwa mozizwitsa ndi ufa wakale, ndipo wofufuzayo adawoneka wonyada - woponyera pansi pa megalania. Kuti anali megalania ndizosakayikitsa. Mtundu wa unyolo wa ma prints (mtunda pakati pawo, malo omwe ali nawo) akuwonekeratu - chodzala ndi mitengo isanu ndi umodzi mwachangu chinadutsa pamunda.
Akuyembekeza kugwira megalania wamoyo, Gilroy adafunsa ndi maso omwe adawona chinjoka cha Australia ndi maso awo. Phunziroli, pafupifupi maumboni pafupifupi mazana asanu ndi awiri omwe anakumana ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imapezeka.
Owona ndi maso adafotokoza megalania ngati buluzi wa mamitala 4-6 wokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu ndi utoto wamaonekedwe akuda. Ngakhale kuwona chinjoka chamoyo chikuwopseza anthu aku Australia omwe adakumana naye, palibe chikhalidwe chamwano chomwe chidadziwika. Kapena mboni zomwe zitha kunena zaukali pakubera, sizinangokhala ...
Nthabwala, nthabwala, koma zikuluzikulu zazikuluzikulu zomwe sizimadziwika ndi sayansi zikuyenda kuzungulira Australia. Chifukwa chiyani kupezeka kwawo sikunatsimikiziridwe kuti kudali kotsimikizika komanso dongosolo lomwe silinafotokozedwe?
Chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu ku Australia chimakhala kumadera akutali ndi kumizinda yam'madzi. Madera okula pakatikati pa kontrakitala sakhala ndi anthu ambiri kwakuti ngakhale nyama yayikulu siivuta kubisala.
Pazifukwa zomwezi, mitundu yatsopano ya mitundu ya nyama imapezeka ku Australia.
Mwina nthawi idzafika ndipo megalanias kuti achoke pagulu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama kapena zanyama zonse zomwe zasowa nakhala gulu la mitundu yomwe yangopezeka kumene.
VARAN PAMODZI NDI CHIKHALA CHOKHALA
Mosiyana ndi njoka, ambiri saopa abuluzi, koma buluzi wamkulu amatha kuopa aliyense. Ziphuphu ndizazikulu kwambiri kuposa abuluzi onse amakono. Amakhala ndi minofu yolimba komanso yokhala ndi miyendo isanu yolimba yomwe imatha ndi zala zazitali zopindika zazikulu. Zina mwa abuluziwa zimakhalira moyo wam'madzi, zina zimakwera mitengo bwino, pomwe zina zimangochitika kuti zizipezeka nyengo yovuta. 80% ya padziko lonse lapansi yowunikira abuluzi amakhala ku Australia, mitundu 24 ya zokwawa izi ndizodziwika pano.
Chaching'ono kwambiri mwa izo, buluzi waung'ono-wocheperako, sichidutsa 20 cm kutalika, ndipo mitundu iwiri yayikuluyo imafika kutalika kwa mamilimita 2. Kunali kuno, ku Australia, zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo kuti kuwunika kwakukulu kwa megalania kumawonekera, ndikufika mamita 6-8 m'litali. Ili ndi bulu wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yemwe akudziwika ndi sayansi masiku ano.
Kuchulukitsa
Mutu Megalania prisca idaperekedwa mu 1859 ndi Sir Richard Owen. Dzina generic Megalania wopangidwa ndi mawu achi Greek awiri: Mega Chigriki Μέγας - chachikulu, chachikulu, ndipo lania - Kusintha kwachi Greek china Bola (“ndimayendayenda”). Mitundu epithet prisca - lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Latin "wakale" (wamkazi wamkazi, kuyambira Megalania - chachikazi). Chifukwa chake, dzina lathunthu la mitundu yatsopanoyi litha kutanthauziridwa kuti "wopondera wakale." Tsekani kufanana kwa mawu akuti dr. ἠἠίίωω to lat. lania ("wophotsa" mu chikazi chachikazi) adatsogolera kutanthauzira kolakwika kwa dzinalo monga "wopereka chikho wamkulu."
Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyambirira kwa Owen monga mtundu wamtundu wamtundu watsopano. Megalania. Tsopano asayansi ambiri amati mtunduwu ndi mtundu Varanuskuwerengetsa dzinalo Megalania chofanana. Ndi njira iyi, dzina lasayansi megalania adalembedwa monga Varanus prisca, ndiye kuti, "buluzi wakale wa buluzi."
KUTENGA KWA DZULE
Crystalzoologist R. Gilroy akutsimikiza kuti posachedwa apeza megalania yamoyo. Kwa okayikira onse, akuwonetsa mosamalitsa pulasitala wamkulu wamapazi, uwu ndi umboni woyamba wa zenizeni za kukhalapo kwa nyama yoyambirira. Ndizodabwitsa kuti adasunga wofufuzayo ndi ufa wakale wokola dzimbiri.
Tsiku lina mvula mu Julayi mu 1979, Gilroy ndi mkazi wake adapita kwa m'modzi mwa alimi, omwe anapeza njira zingapo zachilendo pamunda wake womwe wangokulima kumene. Malinga ndi mlimiyo, panali timatepe pafupifupi 30, Gilroy adapempha mwini mundawo kuti awatetezere nyengo isanabwere. Tsoka ilo, matopewo adangoponyedwa ndi udzu, ndipo mvula yamphamvu idatsala pang'ono kuwawononga, pofika nthawi yomwe wolemba cryptozoologist adasindikiza, chidindo chimodzi chokha, chomwe chidakutidwa ndi ufa wakale. Zinali kuchokera pamenepa kuti Gilroy amapanga pulasitala.
Potengera kukula kwa mayendedwe komanso mtunda pakati pawo, zinaonekeratu kuti chimphona chachikulu, chachitali pafupifupi mita 6, chinadumphira m'munda. Kungakhale megalania, buluzi wowunika, yemwe aliyense amawona kuti anatha kalekale.
Phylogeny
Kafukufuku angapo ayesera kukhazikitsa malo a phylogenetic a megalania mkati mwa Varanidae. Kungoganiza kuyandikana ndi buluzi wamkulu, buluzi wamakono kwambiri ku Australia, adapangidwa kutengera mtundu wakumbali wa chigaza. Kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri akuonetsa ubale wa mlongo taxon ndi buluzi wa Komodo, potengera kufanana kwina ndi buluzi wa motley monga wachibale wamakono kwambiri waku Australia. Mbali inayi, buluzi wamkulu wowonda amaonedwa kuti ndiogwirizana kwambiri ndi bulu wa gulu la Gould ndi buluzi wa Argus.
Mafupa amachititsa manyazi asayansi
Buluzi zamakono zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 20cm mpaka 2,5. Zonsezi ndizotsutsana komanso zoopsa zokhala ndi mawondo amphamvu, zibwano zakuthwa komanso mano osangalatsa. Megalania inali yosiyana ndi abale ake amakono okha kukula kwakukulu. Dr. Ralph Molner, woyang'anira wa dipatimenti ya Paleontology ku Queensland Museum, akuti: "Mafupa a Megalania, sizipezeka kawirikawiri." Nthawi zambiri pamakhala matendawa, komanso nthiti komanso mafupa a miyendo.
Ngakhale ndi kuperewera kwakupezeka, timaganiza bwino momwe nyamayo inkawonekera. Poona mawonekedwe a dorsal vertebrae, megalania anali wachibale wa abuluzi amakono, kapena, buluzi wamkulu kwambiri. ”
Megalania, mopanda kukayikira, anali wadyera, wokonda chidwi, akungoyang'ana mano ake, adawerama komanso akuthwa, adagwira ndikung'amba nyamayo. Akatswiri a Paleontologists sanapezebe fanizo lathunthu la megalania, koma adatenga ziwopsezo 80% za mafupa a buluzi wa 6 mita iyi, zomwe nkhani zowoneka bwino zikulidi pakati pa anthu aku Australia.
Chimodzi mwazomwe chimakhala ngati chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri cha buluzi wamkulu kwambiri chimakhala ndi mkati. Katswiri wazaka zam'madzi dzina lake Gregory Chikura akuti abuluzi otsogola m'madzi okhala ndi madzi okhala ndi zofananira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti megalania idali yopikisana mwamphamvu ndi wina wakale - nyama yamphaka. Mafupa a mlengalenga wokhala ndi mafuta zakale ku Queensland amapezeka kocheperako kuposa zotsalira za megalanias, mwina, izi zikusonyeza kuti buluzi wamkulu wowongolera anali ndi moyo panthawi yomwe inali pamwamba pa chakudya.
Akatswiri a Paleontologists amakayikira kwambiri kuti kuthekera kwa megalanias lero, koma pali chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimasokoneza mitima yawo. Ichi ndi chidutswa cha fupa la m'chiuno, koma kachidutswaka sikamapangidwa khungu, mwachizolowezi, koma kouma komanso kokhala ngati kuti nyama idamwalira zaka 200-300 zapitazo. Malinga ndi katswiri wa paleont Ralph Molner, "izi zikusonyeza kuti mwina megalania inamwalira kale kuposa momwe tikuganizira. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kudziwa zaka zenizeni za fupa ili. Mfiti, makamaka, sindikudziwa kuti abuluzi akulu amwalira liti. Tikudziwa za nthawi yomwe adawonekera, koma chomaliza chikasowa, sitikudziwa. ” Kupeza izi komabe kumatipatsa mwayi woti megalania idakalipobe mpaka pano.
Kukula
Kusapezeka kwa mafupa opangidwa ndi mafosili athunthu kapena pafupifupi okwanira kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa kukula kwa nyamayo, ngakhale kuti nthawi yomweyo zinadziwika kuti inali yayikulu kwambiri kuposa buluzi wamakono aliyense. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa asayansi osiyanasiyana, kutalika kwa megalanias yayikulu kuyambira 4.5 mpaka 9 m, ndipo kuchuluka kuchokera pa 331 mpaka 2200 kg.
Chifukwa chake, kuyerekezera koyambirira kunawonetsa kutalika kwazitali zazikuluzikulu 7 metres ndi kulemera kwa 600-620 kg. Koma mchaka cha 2002, potengera zomwe zidapezeka m'mabukuwo, a Stephen Vroe adawonetsa kutalika kwa megalania kutalika kwa 4.5 m ndi kulemera makilogalamu 331, ndikulingalira kwakufunika kwa akulu azikulu 3.5 m na 97-158 kg. Adanenanso kuti kuwerengera komwe kumakhala kovomerezeka koyambirira kwamamita 7 kutengera njira zolakwika komanso kuphunzira sampu, mwina osati megalanium. Koma mu 2009, Vroe, monga m'modzi wolemba nawo kafukufuku wina, adasiya kuwerengera koyambirira, popeza zidali zochokera pazosowa kwambiri za mabuku, ndikuwonetsa kutalika kwa megalania wamkulu osachepera 5.5 m, ndi kulemera - 575 kg .
Komabe, masiku ano ndizofunikira kwambiri ndikuyerekeza kukula kwa megalania kuchokera ku Ralph Molnar. Mu 2004, adaganiza kukula kwakakulu kwa buluzi wamkulu yemwe samasamala pochulukitsa kuchokera pachiwopsezo cha abale ake amakono. Malinga ndi kuwerengera, anthu ambiri achikulire a megalania anali a 2.2-2.3 m kutalika, kupatula mchira, ndipo chifaniziro chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chidawerengedwa mu kafukufukuyu chinali chotalika 3.8 m.Pakuti padalibe mafuta okwanira mchira, kutalika kwake kumayesedwanso ndi kuyerekezera ndi abale amakono a megalania. Ngati megalania ikadakhala ndi mchira wautali, ngati polojekiti yamakono yama motley (pafupifupi nthawi 2.5) kuposa thupi), zitsanzo zotalika 3.8 mamita popanda mchira zikadakhala ndi kutalika kwamamita 9.5. Ndipo kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwa buluzi wa Komodo ndi mitundu ina yambiri ikuluikulu (mchirawo ndi wautali kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa thupi), megalania iyi imatha kutalika pafupifupi 7.6 mita. Popeza kutalika kwa mchira wa abuluzi amakono ndi njira zamakono zogwirira ntchito za megalania, olemba ambiri amadziwa njira yachiwiriyi kuti ndiyabwino kwambiri. Molnar adafotokozanso za kukonzanso kwa megalanias kachitatu kuchokera ku Hecht (1975), yemwe amakhulupirira kuti megalanias anali ndi mchira waufupi, kutengera kupezeka kwazomwe zapezedwa ndi phokoso lapaudzu komanso chifukwa choti abuluzi akuluakulu owunikira ali ndi michira yocheperako kuposa ang'ono. Pakadali pano, kutalika konse kwa megalania yokhala ndi thupi la 3.8 m kungafike mamita 5.7. Ngakhale ziyenera kudziwidwa, pazinthu zonse zitatuzi, kumangidwaku mwina mwina ndizocheperako - palibe aliyense wa abuluzi amakono omwe ali ndi lalifupi kwambiri ndi thunthu la mchira. Kutenga kutalika kwa 7 m ndi thupi lofanana ndi kachiwongola zamasiku ano, Ralph Molnar adayerekeza kulemera kwa megalania pa 1940 kg (zoyerekeza zowonjezereka ndi pafupifupi makilogalamu 1500), yomwe ili pafupi ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa ng'ona yamakono.
Paleobiology
Mtunduwu unkakhala ku Australia munthawi ya Pleistocene, kuyambira pa 1.6 miliyoni zapitazo ndikutha zaka 40,000 zapitazo. Megalania ndiye buluzi wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano. Anali ndi thupi lolemera, mafupa a mafupa mkati mwa khungu, miyendo yamphamvu ndi chigaza chachikulu chokhala ndi kachikumbu kakang'ono pakati pa maso, ndi nsagwada zodzala ndi mano osakhazikika ngati masamba. Mano a Megalania anali okulirapo kuposa a buluzi wa Komodo, ndipo chigaza chake sichinasinthe komanso chinali chachikulu.
Megalania mwina amakonda kukhazikika m'malo obzala udzu ndi m'nkhalango zowerengeka, komwe amasaka nyama zazikulu monga diprotodons, palorhests, ndi zygomaturus. Monga abuluzi amakono a Komodo, mwina sizinanyoze mtembo, komanso zimatha kudya nyama zodya zinzake ndikudya mwamwayi kudya mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mbalame, nyama zazing'ono ndi zapakati, nyama, makamaka zaka zoyambirira za moyo. Mu 2009, Erickson et al adapeza kuti kukula kwa zitsanzo za megalania komwe adaphunzira kunali 14 cm / chaka pazaka 13 zoyambirira za moyo. Kenako idatsika mpaka 10 cm / chaka pazaka 2 zapitazi. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wamtunduwu wa buluzi umakhala wolimba, womwe umasunga nthawi yayitali ndikuyamba kukhwima pang'ono. Kuchedwetsa kwakutheka kwa kukula kwakukulu mwina kunalola ma megalaniani kulanda anthu ochulukirapo a megafauna, kuyambira pa kangaroo, pomwe mdani anali akadali ndi liwiro komanso mafoni, ndipo kutha ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri, zosakwiya pang'onopang'ono za kontinentiyo ndi zovunda, megalanias itakwana kukula kwathunthu.
Monga buluzi wamakono wa Komodo, megalania imayenera kusaka anthu obisalamo ndi kupatsa mphamvu wogwira mwamphamvu pomalizira, ndikupangitsa kuti matanowo akhale ndi mano akuthwa. Pambuyo pa izi megalania itang'amba m'mimba mwa wovutayo, ndikuluma khosi lake kapena kungoyambitsa kudya ili ndi moyo. Popeza buluzi wamakono wa Komodo amachita ndi ziweto zochulukirapo kuposa nthawi khumi ndi zinayi, megalania sangakhale ndi vuto lililonse ndi kuphedwa kwa oyimira amakono a megafauna. Pali malingaliro akuti megalanias ikhoza kukhala yapoizoni, ngati abuluzi amakono oyang'anira. Koma popeza abuluzi amakono a Komodo amapha wovulalayo kokha mwa kuwononga makina, lingaliro la Brian Fry ponena za gawo lalikulu la poyizoni pochita zakutchire megalania silokwanira. Mwambiri, poizoni wa megalania udachitanso ntchito zina, monga kuchita nawo chimbudzi.
Kupezeka kwa zinthu zakale kumasonyeza kuti megalania ndiyemwe anali wolamulira padziko lonse ku Australia.Komabe, akatswiri ena amati sizokhazo. Amaonanso kuti mikango yamakedzana imachulukirachulukira m'madambo a Pleistocene ndipo mwina inali nyama zomwe zimakonda kulimbana ndi megafauna wa ku Australia chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwachilengedwe. Quincans ndi mtundu wa ng'ona zam'mlengalenga, zina zomwe zinafika pamtunda wa 3 (mwina 6-7 kapena kupitirira), zimadziwikanso ngati imodzi mwazomwe zimadya kwambiri ku Australia. Buluzi wina wamkulu, kuphatikizapo abuluzi a ku Komodo omwe ankakhala nthawi imeneyo, anali ofunitsitsanso ku megafauna aku Australia.
Anatinso kuti pofuna kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe zomwe zinalipo ku Australia chisafike kutha kwa Pleistocene-Holocene ndikubwezeretsanso zachilengedwe, ndikofunika kubweretsa Komodo kuti ayang'anire abuluzi ku Australia kuti akhale mtundu wa "megalania analogue" ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwazinyama zazikuluzakukula monga njati. , mahatchi ndi ngamila, zomwe palibe munthu wolimbana ndi dziko lathu la Australia masiku ano sangapirire, kusiyapo ndi ng'ona yamadzi yolumikizana yamadzi, ikungokhala okhulupirika m'dzikoli. Komabe, poganiza kuti buluzi wamtundu wa Komodo udalipo ku Australia ngakhale megalania isanachitike, idalumikizana ndi megalania m'malo ena ndipo, mwina, idafa limodzi ndi ena onse a megafauna, kutanthauzira kwake ngati cholumikizira kwachilengedwe cha megalania ndizotheka kwambiri.
Pakafukufuku yemwe adafalitsidwa mu 2009 omwe adagwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera kwa Steven Vroe, kuchuluka kwa megalania potengera kuwerengera kwa mitundu 18 yokhudzana kwambiri ya buluzi kukuyerekeza kukhala 2.6-3 m / s. Kuthamanga kumeneku ndikofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa ng'ona yamakono ku Australia. Koma apa ndikofunikanso kuganizira kuti megalania, monga abuluzi amakono, imakhala yolimba kwambiri kuposa mamba pamene ikuyenda pamtunda.
Megalania mu cryptozoology
Chakumapeto kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, panali malipoti ambiri komanso mphekesera zambiri zokhudzana ndi megalanias okhala ku Australia kapena ku New Guinea. Katswiri wa zachuma wa ku Australia Rex Gilroy idati megalania idakalipobe masiku ano, ndipo ndi nkhani ya nthawi isanadziwike. Nkhani zingapo zachikhalidwe za Aaborijini aku Australia zimanenanso za abuluzi akuluakulu, zomwe zimawonetsa kuti amakumana ndi megalanias kapena chifuwa cha zotungira mwina nthawi zakale.
Zotheka kuti kuchuluka kwa abuluzi ambiri kumidzi yaku Australia sanatheretu sizingachitike, chifukwa malipoti osiyanasiyana abuluzi wamkulu atangoyambidwa kumene mu megalania afotokozedwa koyamba mu sayansi.
Chiyambi cha dzinalo megalania
Dera la Megalania prisca linaperekedwa kwa buluzi ndi Sir Richard Owen mu 1859. Ponena za dzina loti Megalania, lili ndi mawu awiri: "Mega", lotanthauza lalikulu, lalikulu, ndi "Lania", lomwe ndi mtundu wa mawu achi Greek "wander". "Prisca" (mitundu epithet) potanthauzira kuchokera ku Russian kuchokera ku Greek amatanthauza "akale". Zotsatira zake ndi dzina lathunthu, lomwe potanthauzira kuchokera ku Chigriki kupita ku Russia limatanthawuza "wopondaponda wakale." Zowona, chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa liwu lachi Greek l lania "lania" ndi liwu lachi Latin lofanana, lomwe limatanthawuza "wopha nyama" (kapena m'malo mwake, "woperekera chikho", popeza ndi liwu Lachilatini lotanthauza chachikazi), kutanthauzira kolakwika kambiri ngati "wopanga chikho wamkulu" adapangidwa.
Malo ndi nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa Magelania
Megalanias analipo ku Quaternary, kumapeto kwa dipatimenti ya Pleistocene. Ndiye kuti, pafupifupi zaka 40,000 zapitazo (Gulu Lakale la Pleistocene). Megalanias amakhala kudera lamakono la Australia, kotero, makamaka, oyimira aku Australia okha a homo sapiens ndi anthu okhawo omwe adaziwona.
Megalania (Megalania prisca).
MALANGIZO 600 A OGWIRA NTCHITO
Ngati paleontologists amangoyang'ana mafupa a megalania, ma cryptozoologists akuyembekeza kuti apeza buluzi wamkulu wa moyo ali moyo.
Osati mitengo itatu yokha yomwe idawonapo nyama yayikuluyo, Rax Gilroy adatha kutolera mazana asanu ndi awiri (!) Zowona ndi maso za misonkhano ndi nyama iyi. Mwambiri, anthu onse owona ndi maso momveka bwino adatchulanso zofanizira - buluzi wamkulu wowunika kuyambira 4 mpaka 6, nthawi zina mpaka mpaka 10 m. Thupi lake lofiirira lomwe limawoneka lamphamvu kwambiri, makamaka zopatsa chidwi. Mosakayikira, onse owona ndi maso anali amantha kwambiri ndi msonkhano wotere.
Kutalika kwa megalania ngakhale kudakwanitsa kuyesa molondola, kumene, osati ndi tepi muyeso, koma mothandizidwa ndi mpanda. Buluzi wamkulu wowunika, amene amayenda m'mbali mwa hedomo, anaona mlimiyo, ndipo anaganiza kutalika kwa chokweramo limodzi ndi zipilala zake ziwiri. Kutalika kwake kunali mikono 6, ndipo mwina onse asanu ndi awiri, chifukwa buluzi wa polojekitiyi anali ndi mchira wautali kwambiri.
AUSTRALIA AMAKHALA NDI ZINTHU ZINA ZOSAVUTA
Zaka 40 zapitazo, anthu akale anali akusaka kale m'chipululu cha Australia, zojambula zawo zamwala, kuphatikiza nyama zina zomwe sizikupezeka, pali zithunzi za megalania. Ndizotheka kuti mdani wamkuluyu adalowanso mndandanda wazomwezi.
Kodi ma cryptozoologists ali ndi mwayi wopeza prehistoric reptile? Australia ndi dziko lalikulu, ndipo kuli anthu 18 miliyoni okha, omwe amakhala m'mizinda komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kuchulukitsa kwa dziko lino sikunasanthulike mokwanira ndipo chaka chilichonse mitundu yatsopano ya nyama imapezeka mdziko muno.
Zitsanzo za abuluzi onse aku Queensland omwe akudziwika masiku ano amasungidwa kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale ku Brisbane. Katswiri wodziwitsa za ziweto, a Gregory Chikura, akumabweretsanso buku lake, abuluzi 7 ndi chule mmodzi atchulidwa kale, adatengapo gawo pofotokoza mitundu yatsopanoyi. Chikura akuti: "Tikufufuza mitundu yatsopano ya nyama yomwe imati ikatha. Australia ndi dziko lalikulu. Zilipo zokhazokha: kuchokera kumapiri ndi nkhalango zamvula kupita ku Barrier Reef. Ndipo kulikonse komwe kuli nyama zambiri, kuphatikizapo zomwe sizimadziwika ndi sayansi. Ngati mungatenge, mwachitsanzo, dera langa la herteryology, ndiye ku Australia mchaka kuchokera 15 mpaka 20 mitundu yatsopano ya abuluzi imapezeka. Brisbane ndi umodzi mwamizinda yayikulu kwambiri ku Australia, ndipo zaka zopitilira 15, mkati mwa makilomita 50 kuchokera pakatipa, tapeza mitundu 6 yatsopano. Awa ndi abuluzi ang'onoang'ono. Amakhulupirira kuti nyama zazikulu zonse zidapezeka kale. Ili ndi lingaliro lolakwika, pakati pa mitundu yomwe yapezeka posachedwa pali abulu akulu kwambiri mwa njira wamba. Chifukwa chake mitundu yatsopano ndi yayikulu ndipo imadziwika kwambiri. "
Ku Australia, nyama zazikulu ndizosavuta kubisala pamaso pa anthu, kotero ndizotheka kuti megalania ikungoyendayenda m'malo osaphunzitsidwa pang'ono komanso osakhala m'dziko lino. Malinga ndi olemba ma cryptozoologists, nyama yolusa imeneyi imatha kuyika anthu pachiwopsezo china, ndizotheka kuti osaka ena osowa, alendo ndi alimi adachitidwa chipongwe ndi buluzi wamkulu.
Pali kuwombera kwapadera komwe munthu kujambulidwa pafupi ndi buluzi wamkulu. Ena amaganiza kuti chithunzichi ndi zabodza, ena - umboni wolemba wosonyeza kuti pali bulu wamkulu woyang'anira. Zachidziwikire, ndizokayikira kuti pakhoza kukhala wolimba mtima wokhoza kuyandikira ndi kukhudza chilombo chotere. Zowona, zimadziwika kuti m'mawa komanso nyengo yozizira, abuluzi samayang'anira chilichonse mwanjira yake ndipo samachita nawo kanthu mwaulesi. Mwinanso woyeserera adagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ngati imeneyi?
Komodo, nayenso, sakhulupirira VARANOV
Pokomera zenizeni zakupezeka kwa megalania amalankhula nkhani ya buluzi wa Komodo. Zamoyo zazikuluzikuluzi, mpaka 3 m, zidangotchulidwa zaka 104 zapitazo, mu 1912. Izi zisanachitike, asayansi kwa nthawi yayitali sakhulupirira kuti chinjokacho chilipo, pokhulupirira kuti apaulendo ndi okhala komweko amawauza za ng'ona wamba. Mwa njira, malinga ndi asayansi, makolo akale a buluzi wa Komodo amawonekera koyamba ku Australia ndipo pafupifupi zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo adasamukira kuzilumba za Indonesia kudzera pa mlatho wakutali. Buluzi wa pompopompo ndi osambira abwino, chifukwa amatha kuthana ndi mavuto ang'onoang'ono m'njira zing'onozing'ono.
Ndizotheka kuti zodzikongoletsera zazikulu zimapezeka ku Australia kokha. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India, anthu amderali amalankhulabe chokweza chachikulu mpaka ma mita 3-4 kutalika kwake ndi mizere itatu ya zitunda, matako omata ndi phokoso lalitali. Nyama iyi imatchedwa borax. Mu 1948, kufufuza kwakukulu kwa a Boer kunapangidwa, koma sanapeze kalikonse. Mwina chithokomachi chinawonongedwa ndi anthu am'deralo ngakhale asayansi asanadziwe za icho.
Chamoyo china chachikulu chomwe chimakhala pamitengo chinauzidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi a Papuans aku New Guinea. Pakati pawo, mchira wa mzere - monga iwo amatchulira nyama iyi - imawerengedwa kuti ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri. Ngakhale Rowe ndiye Papuans wamkulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ng’ona, asayansi sanapezebe nyama imeneyi. Ndikotheka kuti mzere womaliza wadya kale.
Chifukwa chake megalania yaku Australia inali ndi mwayi wambiri kuti ikhale ndi moyo, chifukwa idapulumutsidwa ndi kutalikirana kwakukulu kwa malo okhala. Tili ndi chiyembekezo kuti m'zaka zikubwerazi, ma cryptozoologists akadatha kupeza nyama yodziwika bwinoyi.
Mitundu ya megalania komanso mbiri yakale yopezeka
Pakadali pano, pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa megalania womwe umadziwika, womwe, ndi mtundu wamba.
Kufotokozera koyamba kwa megalania kunapangidwa ndi Richard Owen. Zidachitika mu 1859. Zinthu zakale za Megalania zapezeka ndi asayansi a m'dera la Darling Downs ku Australia ku Queensland. Pazilombozi, katswiriyu wamtundu wina watulukira mtundu wina.
Komabe, nkhaniyi sinathere pompo, ndipo katswiri wina wa paleontologist waku Great Britain - Richard Lidecker - osagwirizana ndi Owen mu 1888, adaphatikizira megalania mu genus Varanus. Kuphatikizidwa mumtunduwu kumavomerezedwa pano kwa mitundu yonse yomwe ilipo ya abuluzi. Zotsatira zake, malinga ndi Richard Lidecker, mtunduwu umatchedwa Varanus priscus. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nkhaniyi idatsimikiziridwabe mpaka pano, popeza gawo limodzi la asayansi likuyimira mtundu woyamba wa Owen, pomwe lachiwiri likuwona kuti mtundu wa Lidecker ulondola kwambiri.
Malingaliro a megalania omwe amafotokozedwa nthawi imeneyo amayimiridwa ndi gulu la ma vertebrae. Ma vertebrae awa adalembedwa kuti BMNH 32908a-c. Popeza kunalibe holotype, chithunzi cha BMNH 32908c pano chikuwoneka ngati lectotype. Tsoka ilo, mafupa athunthu a megalania, omwe angapangitse chithunzi chotheratu cha nyama yosowa iyi, sanapezekebe. Chifukwa chake, chithunzi cha megalania chimabwezeretseka pang'ono. Monga lamulo, paleontologists amangowona mano ndi vertebrae amodzi.
Kwenikweni, dzina lathunthu la mitundu iyi ya abuluzi amatha kumasulira kuti "malo opondera kale kwambiri."
Kapangidwe ka thupi megalania
Nthawi zambiri, megalania inali ndi kutalika kwamamita pafupifupi asanu ndi awiri. Kutalika kwake kunafika mamita 1.3. Kulemera kunayesedwa kuti ndi toni.
Poyerekeza, abuluzi amakono a Komodo omwe amatha kugwedeza aliyense ndi mphamvu zawo samayesa kutalika kwamtali wautali ndi ma kilogalamu mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu m'litali (chithunzi chachikulu kwambiri cha buluzi wa Komodo chinali chachikulu mamita atatu ndi khumi ndi atatu komanso wolemera makilogalamu 166 ndi chakudya chosasokoneza) . Chifukwa chake, megalania inali yotalikirapo koposa kawiri komanso yolemera sikisi. Koma nthawi imodzimodzi, ndikofunikira kutchula kuti, poyerekeza ndi abuluzi a nyanja ya Mesozoic, ma Mosasaurs, megalania anali ocheperako.
Komabe, sanakhale ku Mesozoic, komanso osati m'madzi. Zowona, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, kutalika kwa megalania kudali pakati pa 4.5 ndi 9 metres. Ponena za kulemera, ma kilogalamu 331 akuwonetsedwa ngati cholembera chochepa, ndi ma kilogalamu 2,200 monga momwe angakwaniritsire. M'magulu asayansi (kuti asasokonezedwe ndi sayansi yodziwika bwino), zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri ndizoyerekeza za Ralph Molnar, yemwe mu 2004 adatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa megalanias.
Tsoka ilo, mafupa athunthu a megalania sanapezeke, koma malinga ndi malingaliro a asayansi, ndiye buluzi wamkulu kwambiri yemwe adakhalapo Padziko Lapansi.
Anakwanitsa izi mwa njira yosavuta yowerengera, pogwiritsa ntchito vertebrae ya thoracic ngati poyambira. Tikaganiza kuti mchira wa megalania ndiwotalika komanso wowonda ngati polojekiti ya motley, ndiye kuti kutalika kwake kumatha kufika 7.9 metres. Ngati kuchuluka kwa megalanias kuli ngati kuchuluka kwa buluzi wowunika wa Komodo, ndiye kuti kutalika kwake kudzakhala kotsika - mpaka mita 7. Njira yachiwiri imaganiziridwa kuti ndiyotheka. Kutenga kutalika kovomerezeka kwa megalania kwamamita asanu ndi awiri, Ralph Molnar, powerengera, akuyerekeza kulemera kwakukulu kwa megalania pa 1940 kilogalamu, yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi kukula komanso kulemera kwa ng'ona yamakono.
Zamoyo zazikuluzikuluzi zimayenda pansi pamiyendo yonse inayi yolira. M'makonzedwe amakono amakono a megalania, makulidwe amafupa a miyendo akugunda. Mwambiri, megalania inali yocheperako kuposa "chamodo chinjoka" chamakono, monga abuluzi ochokera ku Chilodo Island amatchedwanso, momwemonso, iye amatha kuchita zinthu mwachangu kwambiri pamtunda wautali. Chilichonse mwa miyendo inayi ya megalania chinali ndi zala zisanu zotanthauzira bwino, chilichonse chinali ndi chinsalu chachikulu komanso chakuthwa.
Khosi la megalania linali lalifupi ndipo linali ndi makulidwe akulu, komabe, monga abale ake amakono. Malinga ndi asayansi, kutalika kwa chigaza cha nyama imeneyi kumatha kufika masentimita makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu anayi! Nsagwada zonsezi zinali ndi mano akuthwa kwambiri, owongoka. Kukonzekera kwa nsagwada koteroko sikunangopereka chiwopsezo cha megalania ndikuwonongeka kwakukulu, komanso sikunalole kuti nyama yomwe ikugwira kuti ibwere kuchokera kukugwidwa ndi wachiwembu uku.
Chifukwa chakuti maula ang'onoang'ono azikopa (osteoderm) adalowa mu genermis ya megalania, khungu loyang'anira linali mawonekedwe enieni amakalata.
Thupi la megalania lero ladziwika kuti ndi loyipa kwambiri pakati pa abulu onse, koma nthawi yomweyo lidazungulira. Inakutidwa ndi sikelo zamphamvu, zomwe maonekedwe ake amafanana ndi khungu la makono amakono.
Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse autali wonse wam'mimba anali mchira waukulu komanso wolimba. Pomaliza, polankhula za mawonekedwe a megalania, titha kunena kuti inali buluzi yolemera kwambiri komanso yolimba kwambiri, yomwe mwachionekere inalibe adani achilengedwe ndipo idatenga gawo lalikulu la piramidi, chifukwa chokhoza kuthana ndi woimira aliyense wa nyama zam'deralo.
Mpaka pano, ndizosatheka kukhazikitsa ubale wabanja ndi megalania. Cholinga cha izi ndi kugawa kwamisala kwatsalira. Mu 1996, ntchito ya Michael Lee (wasayansi waku Australia) idasindikizidwa, pomwe adaphunzira zamtundu wakumpoto kwa chigaza cha buluzi wamkulu, akuvomereza kuti megalania idagwirizana kwambiri ndi buluzi wamkulu wamakono yemwe amakhala ku Australia, polojekiti iyi ndi yachiwiri kukula kwambiri pambuyo pa Komodo kuyang'anira abuluzi ndipo amatha kufikira mita awiri ndi theka.
Ngakhale kuti kuchedwa kumapitilira komanso kuchedwa, megalania, komabe, imatha kuthamanga mtunda wautali.
Komabe, zaka khumi ndi zitatu pambuyo pake, nkhani idasindikizidwa pomwepo asayansi atatu (Paul Barett, Emily Rayfield ndi Jason Head) kuti maubwenzi apabanja pakati pa megalania ndi motley ndi chifuwa cha okoka ndiwotheka kwambiri. Buluzi woyang'anira motley amakhalanso m'dera la Australia ndipo limakhala locheperako pang'ono mpaka kukula kwa buluzi wamkulu (kutalika kwa buluzi wa motley amatha kufika mpaka mamitala awiri). Komabe, ngakhale zili choncho, bwalo labale lomwe lingatheke ku megalania ndilopapatiza ndipo m'tsogolomu zidziwitso zatsopano zithandizanso kumveketsa bwino nkhaniyi.
Moyo ndi chakudya megalania
Pankhani yosankha malo okhalamo, megalania idakonda nkhalango zowerengeka, zigwa zokhala ndi mitengo yambiri komanso masamba. M'malo otere, nyama zodyetsa kwambiri zoterezi zinkamasuka kwambiri ndipo zinali ndi malo ambiri obisalira komanso chakudya chokwanira. Akuluakulu megalania amakonda kusaka nyama zapakatikati ndi zazikulu.
Amaganiza kuti ngakhale ma wombat akuluakulu - ma diprotodons - atha kukhala ozunzidwa. Kuchokera kwa omwe amawabisalira, megalania imatha kuyang'ana wina wokhala naye pafupi wamkulu - nkhono yamaso yayifupi, kangoporodi. Ngati mwayi utaperekedwa, mbalame yopanda ndege yakomweko, mwachitsanzo, geniornis, imatha kugwiriridwa ndi megalania. Pafupifupi kumbuyo kwa boti, buluzi amatha kugwira mwana wa ng'ona.
Zotheka kuti kuchuluka kwa abuluzi akuluakulu kumidzi yaku Australia sanatheretu nkokayikitsa.
Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti, monga pachifuwa zamakono zamakoka, megalania anali ndi mwayi wofanana ndi chakudya chochuluka. Ngati zoterezi zikaperekedwa kwa iwo, amathanso kudya nyama zam'madzi zambiri, zokwawa komanso zoweta zazing'ono. Amadyanso megalanias ndi mazira, kufunafuna komwe amapeza zisa mbalame. Mokulira, carrion amatenga gawo lambiri pazakudya za buluzi.
Kukula kwakukulu kunandipatsa megalania kuthekera kuyendetsa pafupifupi aliyense wopikisana naye kuchokera ku nyama zakufa, kuphatikiza mikango yamkati yomwe inali yofala panthawiyo. Ndani angaike pangozi moyo wa megalania yokha? Poona kuti akuluakulu amtunduwu anali kumapeto kwenikweni kwa chakudya ndipo analibe adani owopsa kupatula ena akuluakulu a megalanias, titha kuganiza kuti abwana okhaokha a buluzi wamkulu uyu amatha kukhala akuvutitsidwa ndi nyama zina. Zikuwoneka kuti mkango wakumbuyo umatha kupirira ndi kamwana ka megalania kapena, ikaphatikizidwa pagulu ndi mikango ina, ndi yaying'ono.
Zachidziwikire, anthu adakumana ndi buluzi wamkulu, monga zikuwonekera ndi kuchuluka kwa zojambula m'mapanga.
Zojambula za mphanga za aborigine aku Australia ndi nthano zawo zimalongosola zolengedwa zowopsa, zomwe mawonekedwe ake amafanana kwambiri ndi megalania.