Holothuria - Ichi ndi nyama yodabwitsa yomwe imawoneka ngati mbewu. nyama zimenezi wa gulu la invertebrates, mtundu wa echinoderms. "Soseji" awa, ndipo momwe amawonekera, ali ndi mayina ambiri - nkhaka zam'nyanja, nkhaka yam'nyanja, ginseng yam'nyanja.
Holothuria kalasi imagwirizanitsa mitundu yambiri, yomwe ndi 1150. Mtundu uliwonse ndi wosiyana ndi oimira ena mgululi m'njira zingapo. Choncho, onse mitundu ya holothuria anali amaphatikizidwa mu mitundu 6. Njira zomwe zimaganiziridwa pakulekanitsidwa izi zinali izi: mawonekedwe apabanja, akunja ndi chibadwa. Choncho, tiyeni tidziwe bwino za mitundu ya holothuria:
1. Opanda holothuria alibe miyendo ya ambulacral. Mosiyana ndi achibale awo ena, iwo kulekerera desalination wa madzi excellently, amene anakhudzidwa malo. Chiwerengero chambiri chopanda miyendo chikhoza kupezeka m'madambo a mangrove a Ras Mohamed reservation.
2. holothuria legless amaperekedwa ndi miyendo ambulacral pa mbali. Amakonda moyo kuzama kwambiri.
3. mbiya woboola pakati holothurians. Kapangidwe ka matupi awo ndi fusiform. chotero mtundu wa holothurium ndinazolowera moyo mu nthaka.
4. Chihema holoturia ndizofala kwambiri. Kwambiri nkhaka wosazindikira nyanja a mtundu uwu.
5. Mahema a chithokomiro amakhala ndi zolembera zazifupi zomwe sizabisala mkati mwa thupi.
6. Dactylochirotides kuphatikiza trepangs ndi tentacles 8 mpaka 30.
Holothuriam'madziChifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwake komanso kuthekera kuzolowera moyo wamtundu uliwonse, imapezeka pafupifupi nyanja zonse. Kuchotserapo ali yekha Caspian ndipo Baltic Pacific.
Malo otseguka a nyanja ndiabwino kwambiri kukhala kwawo. yaikulu kuchulukana nyanja nkhaka holothuria mu madzi otentha. Nkhaka izi zimatha kukhazikika m'madzi osaya komanso pansi panyanja. chitetezo chawo chachikulu ndi moti matanthwe ndi dothi miyala inamera zomera.
Thupi la okhala pansi pamadzi ndi losowa, mwina pachifukwa ichi amatchedwa nkhaka zam'nyanja. Khungu ndi waukali ndiponso litakwinyika. Minofu yonse imapangidwa bwino. Kumapeto ina ya thupi ndi pakamwa, ndi pa zina ndi chotulukira. Zilonda zimakhala pakamwa.
Ndi thandizo lawo, ginseng nyanja analanda chakudya ndi akutumiza izo m'kamwa. Amameza chakudya kwathunthu, popeza alibe mano. Chikhalidwe cha mizukwa amenewa sanali kupatsa ubongo, ndipo mantha dongosolo chabe misempha ochepa olumikizidwa ku mtolo wa.
Holothuria nyanja nkhaka
chosiyana mbali holothuria nyanja ginseng ndi kachitidwe kawo hayidiroliki. Mapapu am'madzi a nyama zodabwitsazi amatsegula patsogolo pa anus kulowa mu cesspool, zomwe sizachilendo kwa zinthu zina zamoyo.
Mtundu wa nyama ndi yowala kwambiri. Ndi zakuda, zofiira, zamtambo komanso zobiriwira. Khungu zimatengera pamene amakhala holothuria. mtundu awo nthawi zambiri zogwirizana pamodzi chiwembu mtundu wa m'madzi malo. Kukula kwa "nyambo zam'madzi zoterezi" kulibe malire. Iwo akhoza kukhala kuchokera 5 mm 5 m.
Zowona zazokhudza ma holothuri
Kodi kusiyana holothuria ndi echinoderms zina ziti?
Kwenikweni, kuchuluka kwa ma holothuri ndiko kupezeka kwa thupi, lokhala ngati nyongolotsi, mawonekedwe owoneka, mawonekedwe ozungulira sakhala wamba.
Komanso, holothurians mulibe spikes, khungu mafupa awo yafupika, tichipeza mafupa ang'ono Mbali yokhala ngati. Amakhala ndi ulalo wolimba wamitundu isanu, ndipo ziwalo zambiri zimapezeka mozungulira.
Holothuria (Holothuroidea).
Khungu la nkhaka zam'nyanja iyi ndizoyipa kukhudza, ndikugunda kambiri. Thupi ali khoma wandiweyani ndi turgor mkulu (kachulukidwe). Mizere yama minofu imapangidwa kwambiri. kum'mero wazingidwa ndi minofu kotenga, iwo amagwira kwa mphete Mbali yokhala ngati. Mbali ina ya thupi imayimiriridwa ndi kamwa, ndipo malekezero ena amakhala ndi anus. The m'milomo ndi korona tentacles, ntchito zawo ndi adani chakudya ndi kusamutsa kwa intestine, amene anapotoza mu mwauzimu ndi.
Pakupuma, ma holothuri amakhala ndi pulogalamu yapadera ya ambulacral (hydraulic), komanso mapapu amadzi. Iwo amakhala ndi matumba kuti kutsegula kutsogolo kwa chotulukira mu cloaca lapansi.
Mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya imadziwika kuti trepang.
Nyanja nkhaka kugona pansi, kumbali, amene si mbali khalidwe la zina echinoderms lapansi. Mbali yam'mbali imayimiriridwa ndi mizere itatu yamiyendo ya ambulacral, ndipo mbali yakumbuyo imakhala ndi mizere iwiri ya miyendo yotere. The mbali ventral amatchedwa trivium, ndi mbali dorsal ndi bivium. Ma holothuri ena omwe amakhala m'madzi akuya ali ndi miyendo yayitali kwambiri ya ambulacral, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati milu. Mitundu ina kusuntha mothandizidwa ndi minofu, amene yafupika ndi mtundu wa peristalsis.
Kwenikweni, ma holothuri ndimtundu wakuda, wobiriwira, nthawi zina wokhala ndi ma toni akuda. Kutalika thupi ngati kusuntha lonse, kuyambira 3 cm kwa mamita 2. Palinso mawonekedwe omwe kutalika kwake ndi mita isanu.
The zomera ano ukufanizidwa ndi mitundu 1150, ogaŵikana malamulo 6.
Zakudya ndi moyo wa holothuria
Nyanja nkhaka ndi kukwawa nyama zokwawa zazing'ono. Kufalikira mokwanira mu gawo lililonse la nyanja, pakuzama konse. Zikupezeka mu ngalande akuya, komanso katundu wambiri. Mathanthwe a Coral ndi malo omwe ma holothuri amadziunjikira makamaka ambiri. Nambala yaikulu ya mitundu kukhala moyo mwangwiro pansi Komabe, pali anthu amene amakhala mu ndime madzi kapena pafupi pamwamba. Khalidwe ili limatchedwa pelagic.
Mapeto pakamwa nthawi zonse anakweza. Plankton, komanso zotsalira zilizonse zopezeka mu silika, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, holothuri. Iwo kuyamwa pamodzi ndi mchenga ndi kuwapitirira kudzera thirakiti m'mimba, komwe chirichonse osasankhidwa. Koma mitundu ina imasefa ndi ma tententi omwe amaphimbidwa ndi ntchofu.
Mu Russia, pali mitundu 100 nkhaka nyanja.
Nthawi zakukwiya kwambiri, amataya gawo la matumbo kudzera mu anus, komanso gawo lamapapu amadzi. Mu njira iyi zapadera, ndiotetezedwa ku nkhondo, ziwalo zawo ndiye anabwezeretsa posachedwa. Zimachitika kuti amaponyanso machubu owopsa a Cuvier. Holothurians zambiri kuvutika gastropods, nsomba, ena nkhanu ndi starfish. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti m'mapapu awo mafunde amatha kukhazikika - nsomba zazing'ono komanso nkhanu.
The njira kafalitsidwe ndi mkombero chitukuko cha nkhaka nyanja
Chiwalo chogonana cha holothuria sichimodzi, choyimiriridwa ndi gonad, chomwe chimakhala ndi machubu omwe amasonkhanitsidwa. Dzira nthawi zambiri umuna kunja kwa thupi; chitukuko likugwiritsidwanso extracorporeally. Nthawi zina ma holothuri amaonetsa kusokonekera ndipo amagwira mazira ndi ma tentpent, ndikuwaponyera kumbali yakumbuyo, mwapadera dzira limakhala mkati mwa thupi.
The wamkulu holothurian mafupawa zapakati pa nthawi Silurian.
Dzira likusintha zingapo. Metamorphoses kuyamba ndi larva angathe kusambira, koma mawonekedwe koyamba, khalidwe la echinoderms onse ukufanizidwa ndi diplopleuria, umene masiku angapo amakhala auricularia, ndiyeno lobar. Palinso mitundu ina ya mphutsi, monga vitellaria ndi pentactules, yomwe imapezeka mumtundu wina wa holothuri. Nyanja nkhaka moyo, pafupifupi zaka 5-10.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mitundu ina ya ma holothuri ndiyothandiza, chifukwa chake, usodzi umapangidwa kwambiri ku China, Japan, ndi South Pacific. Jambulani akupezeka gawo Far East la Russia.
Madokotala achidwi amakonda zakumwa zopangidwa ndi nkhaka zam'nyanja, ndipo asodzi ena amagwira nsomba pogwiritsa ntchito machubu owopsa.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Ndi nkhaka nyanja Kodi
Chikaka cham'nyanja (trepang) kapena holothuria (lat. Holoturoidea) ndi nyama yopanda mtundu, yomwe ndi yamtundu wa echinoderms. Oimira wotchuka: Japanese ndi cucumaria. Cholengedwachi chimakhala chosiyana ndi kapangidwe kake, mawonekedwe ake, mphamvu zoteteza, ndipo ilinso ndi zinthu zingapo zofunikira. Iwo zikukangalika kuigwiritsa ntchito pa mankhwala, ndi zokoma mbale zakudya analandira kuchokera nyama trepang. Ku China wakale, nyamayo inkatchedwa "ginseng."
Ndi angati nanga mitundu ya nkhaka nyanja
Chiwerengero cha malingaliro: 1100.
Pali 6 mayunitsi:
Kufikira | Mawonekedwe |
Legless | Miyendo ya Ambulacral kulibe. Kumva kwambiri mu chilengedwe madzi oyera. Habitat: Madambo osungirako miyala yam'madzi ku Egypt Ras Mohammed (wotanthauzidwa kuti "Cape Mohammed"). |
Leggy | Kuyanjana kwa thupi kumakhala mbali ziwiri. miyendo Ambulacral ili mbali ya thupi. Amakhala m'malo akuya kwambiri. |
Mbiya woboola | Maonekedwe a thupi ndi fusiform. Ndinazolowera moyo mu nthaka. |
Makatani amitengo | Iwo ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri ndi kuchuluka. Moyo - wosagwira. |
chithokomiro tentacles | Mahema a chithokomiro ang'onoang'ono omwe samakokera mkati. |
Dactylochirotides | Zomangira zokhala ngati chala. |
Asayansi ndi holoturia anazindikiritsidwa mu Caribbean, amene ali zimasiyana kwambiri ndi anzawo. Enypni flav eximia kapena pinki nkhaka yamawonekedwe amawoneka ngati jellyfish. Akatswiri mwanthabwala amamutcha "nkhuku popanda mutu." Bioluminescence, kuyenda pagulu lamadzi (wokhoza kusambira mpaka 1 km) ndi maluso apadera a woimira.
Kodi nyanja nkhaka moyo?
Malo akulu: China, Japan, malo azisumbu za Malaika, madzi a Pacific Ocean, zilumba zapafupi za Philippines.
Far East ndi malo yogwira nsomba kwa cucumaria ndi Japanese nyanja nkhaka chikuchitika.
Ziphuphu za mazira zimakonda malo otentha, osaya kwambiri, obisala mu mwala kapena m'malo oyala. Chinyama sakhala madzi (kupatulapo oimira kuti legless).
Mawonekedwe amachitidwe ndi mayendedwe
Holothurians moyo mu ng'ombe, koma kusuntha paokha, yekha. Kutengera ndi kukhalapo ndi kutalika kwa miyendo ya ambulacral, kuthamanga ndi kuthekera kosuntha ndikosiyana kwa aliyense. Anthu ena alibe outgrowths wapadera, kotero iwo kusuntha mothandizidwa ndi kayendedwe peristaltic, pokhala amaipidwa pamwamba ndi mafupa Mbali yokhala ngati.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Nthawi zambiri, nyama ndi wofooka, Potero, ndi mosavuta anthu ena a nyanja (nkhanu, nsomba, starfish). Kuti itetezedwe pakaukiridwa, holothurium imaponyera kumbuyo kwake ziwalo zamkati. Ichi ndi zododometsa, ndipo limachititsa chikopa patsogolo pa nkhaka nyanja. Kukonzanso kwathunthu kumachitika mkati mwa masabata a 6-8.
Owopsa kapena ayi
Chipewa cha dzira chimakhala ndi typiosis ndi nsomba. Iwo zili mkati nyama, ndicho mu chotulukira ndi madzi mapapo. Zinthu zapoizoni zimatulutsidwa zokhazokha kuti ziziteteza.
Choncho, chakupha kapena ayi? Mitundu ina imatha kumasula machubu owopsa ngati pangafunike. poizoni ndi owopsa okha nyama zing'onozing'ono m'madzi. Kwa munthu, ziphuphu zam'nyanja ndizotetezeka kwathunthu.
Kodi aziphedwa
Plankton, organic particles - maziko a zakudya za holothuria. Ndi kudutsa madzi tentacles ndi tizilombo ndi zomera azunguliridwa mkamwa nyama. Kuti muchite izi, pali mahema 10-30 omwe amayikidwa kuzungulira pakamwa.
Akatswiri amanena kuti holothurians ndi zida ochititsa kuti chakudya. Mwanjira ina, kudya zakudya kumachitika m'njira ziwiri: kudzera mkamwa ndi anus.
Kufunafuna chakudya ikuchitika madzulo kapena usiku. Mu nthawi yophukira-yozizira, ma holothuri pafupifupi samadya. Activization za kusaka kwa chakudya limapezeka pa chiyambi cha masika.
Pambuyo pofalikira, amphongo amabisala kuti apezenso mphamvu osadya chilichonse. Ndiye kudzuka, iwo anayamba ndi kufufuza yogwira chakudya.
Kuswana
Nthawi yophulika: Juni - Seputembara.
Pa umuna, anthu amuna ndi akazi asonkhanitsidwa pamodzi, naimirira ofukula za thupi, yambani kupeta. Ndondomeko imayamba pomwe zida zogonana zimasinthanitsidwa pomwe zotseguka zimalumikizidwa.
Mwa oimira pali akazi okhaokha (lithe akazi, amuna mahomoni kugonana) ndi dioecious. Kuchekera kwa maselo obala amuna ndi mazira kumachitika mu gonads, ndiye kuti zinthu zoberekera zimatulutsidwa kudzera mu genuct duct.
Mu holothurians ambiri, njira yomwe mayi ndi chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo ndi kunja. Mothandizidwa ndi ma tentpent, mazira amalumikizidwa kumtunda wa thupi. Nthawi zina mwana wosabadwayo mapangidwe amapezeka mkati mwa munthu wamkulu. Mazira amakhala mphutsi - ma dipleuroles. Patapita masiku ochepa, iwo kuwasandutsa auricularia, kenako mu lobes, vitellaria ndi pentatulum.
Chiyembekezo cha moyo wa holothuria pafupifupi zaka 10.
Mipweya
Nkhaka zam'nyanja zimakhala ndi mapuloteni azakudya. Muli kwa amino zidulo, zazikulu ndi microelements: potaziyamu, magnesium, ayodini, fluorine, cobalt, mkuwa, bromine, chlorine, faifi tambala, calcium, chitsulo. Zina zomwe zilipo ndizakudya zamafuta, mavitamini a polyunsaturated acid, B, C mavitamini, ndi nicotinic acid (PP). Acidity ndi 15,95.
Zothandiza pa mankhwala
Ubwino kudya nyama ya trepang ndi zotsatira zabwino pa umoyo
- Imathandizira nthawi yokonzanso pambuyo pakuchita opaleshoni kapena matenda.
- Kwa zaka zambiri, mankhwala ku Far East wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito yaiwisi trepang nyama kagayidwe matenda ndi magazi m'munsi.
- Imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino ndi nyamakazi (kutupa kwa mafupa).
- An Tingafinye ku trepang umapangitsa pa boma ya ubongo ndi mtima.
- Cosmetology imagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ozikidwa pa trepang panjira yokonzanso.
- Bwino dongosolo endocrine.
- Kuyambira kale, nkhaka zam'nyanja zimawerengedwa kuti ndi aphrodisiac wamphamvu. Izo zinali ntchito azichitira prostatitis anthu, komanso kubwezeretsa ntchito wamwamuna kugonana.
- Zopatsa mphamvu za calorie 100g: 35kcal. Choncho, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito holothuria edible kwa anthu amene amalamulira thupi lawo, ndi wangwiro kuwonda.
- Zabwino zopezeka ndi nkhaka zam'madzi zamankhwala ndizolinga zobwezeretsa chitetezo chamthupi.
- Depression chitadutsa, kutopa kusiyiratu.
Maphikidwe a Trepang
Pamaso kuphika, muyenera kudziwa kuti nyama zakudya za nkhaka nyanja silipita - ndi zoipa. Chifukwa chake, simuyenera kuyembekezera kuchokera pachakudyacho kuti musangalale ndi kukoma. Koma mbale amenewa adzabweretsa phindu lalikulu thanzi. Maphikidwe odziwika kwambiri pokonzekera zovomerezeka za holothuri:
- Anthu a mayiko Far East kudya trepang yaiwisi. Pachifukwa ichi, mtembowo umatsukidwa kwathunthu mkati, kutsukidwa. Ndiye finely akanadulidwa, kunena msuzi soya.
- Skoblyanka ndi chakudya chotentha chomwe chimaphikidwa chokha kapena monga mbale yam'mbali.
- Katungulume, kusema nkhaka zidutswa nyanja.
- Anyezi
- Mchere, tsabola, zonunkhira kuti mulawe
- Tomato
- Mpendadzuwa kapena mafuta.
Wiritsani mtembo mpaka zofewa. Mwachangu anyezi mpaka golide, kuwonjezera nyama yophika, mchere, tsabola, phwetekere. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono, musiye thukuta pafupifupi mphindi 5. Kuwonjezera adyo ngati n'koyenera.
- Ndi masamba - chakudya chokoma, chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbale yakumbuyo.
- Yophika nyama trepang 2-3pcs.
- Kaloti 2pcs.
- kabichi 200-300g
- Anyezi 2 ma PC.
- Kusuta Chicken m'mawere 100-150g
- Nthenga 3-4 nthenga
- ya parsley
- Ginger Root 100g
- Batala 6 tbsp
- Mchere, tsabola kuti mulawe.
- Zitsamba 1-3 tbsp.
Wiritsani nyama yophika, ginger. Sakanizani amadyera akanadulidwa ndi nyama. Kenako tumizani chakudyacho ku kabichi. Patapita mphindi 5 (kapena pamene kabichi ndi wokonzeka), kuwonjezera anyezi yokazinga ndi kaloti. Simmer pa moto wochepa mpaka kuphika kwa mphindi 10-15. Kutumikira ndi nthangala za zitsamba.
- Nkhaka zam'nyanja pa uchi ndi mankhwala. katundu zonse zothandiza ali opulumutsidwa.Kuti mukonze uchi kuchokera ku trepang nokha, muyenera kudula nyama m'mphete zowuma ndikuuma. Onjezani uchi, ndikuwona gawo la 1: 1. Limbikani m'malo ozizira kwa miyezi iwiri, oyambitsa zina. Tengani 1 tbsp. 15-20 mphindi asanadye.
Masterok
Matumba am'nyanja, nkhaka zam'nyanja kapena nkhaka zam'nyanja zimatchedwa zinyama, zomwe thupi lawo limakanikizidwa mwamphamvu pakakhudzidwa pang'ono, pambuyo pake, m'njira zambiri, imakhala ngati dzira lakale kapena nkhaka. Pafupifupi mitundu 1,100 ya makapu am'madzi am'nyanja amadziwika. Dzina "nkhaka zam'nyanja" zidaperekedwa kwa nyama izi ndi Pliny, ndipo mafotokozedwe amitundu ina ndi Aristotle.
Ma Holothuri ndiwosangalatsa pamawonekedwe awo akunja, mitundu yowala, njira yosangalatsa ya moyo, komanso zizolowezi zina, kuwonjezera apo, ndizofunikira kwambiri zachuma. Mitundu yoposa 30 ndi mitundu yonse yama holothuri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kudya. Ma holothuri osinthika, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa trepangs, akhala amtengo wapatali ngati chakudya chopatsa thanzi kwambiri komanso chopatsa thanzi, motero kuwedza kwa nyama izi kwakhala kukuchitika kuyambira nthawi zakale.
Asodzi akuluakulu a trepangs adadziunjikira makamaka ku gombe la Japan ndi China, m'madzi achisumbu cha Malay, kuchokera kuzilumba za Pacific Ocean, pafupi ndi zilumba za Philippines. Usodzi waukulu wawukulu umachitika mu Indian Ocean, mu Nyanja Yofiila, m'mphepete mwa America, Africa, Australia ndi Italy. M'mayiko akutali a Kum'mawa, mitundu iwiri ya zolengedwa zotchedwa holothurians (Stichopus japonicus ndi Cucumaria japonica) ndi zokumba, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika zakudya zam'chitini ndi zakudya zouma. Masculoskeletal sac a holothuria, omwe kale ankawagwirira ntchito pakuphika, kuyanika, ndi kusuta m'maiko ena, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Pazinthu zomalizidwa izi, msuzi ndi mphodza zakonzedwa. Ku Italiya, asodzi amadya nkhaka zamchere zophika popanda kuwagwiritsa ntchito pokonza.
Mwanthawi yaiwisi, ma holothuri onse omwe amadya amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya ku Japan, pomwe iwo, atachotsa zoimbira, amaduladula ndikuwadulira msuzi wa soya ndi viniga. Kuphatikiza pa masculoskeletal sac, okhala ku Japan ndi Pacific Islands amagwiritsa ntchito matumbo ndi ma gonads a edothurians odible, omwe amtengo wapatali kuposa mtengo. Makampani ena amakono ku Europe amapanga zinthu zamzitini kuchokera ku nkhaka zam'nyanja, zomwe zikufunika kwambiri. Usodzi wapadziko lonse wa Stichopus japonicus mu 1981 unakwana matani miliyoni 8098. Kuphatikiza pa usodzi, kuswana kwa holothuri kumachitidwanso, makamaka ku Far East.
Ma Holothuri ndi nyama zazikulu, zomwe kukula kwake ndi kutalika kwa 10 mpaka 40. Komabe, pakati pawo pali mitundu yocheperako yomwe imafikira mamilimita ochepa, ndipo zimphona zenizeni, zomwe kutalika kwake ndi mainchesi ang'ono - pafupifupi 5 cm - zimatha kufika 2 m, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale mamita 5. Ma holothuri ndi osiyana kwambiri mawonekedwe amthupi kuchokera kwa oimira magulu ena a echinoderms. Zambiri mwa izo zimafanana ndi mphutsi zazikulu, koma mitundu ina imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana kapena opindika, ndipo nthawi zina imazungulira kapenanso kuzungulira thupi.
Ngakhale mawonekedwe amtunduwu, ma holothuri amatha kusiyanitsa momveka bwino pakati pa mbali zakumaso ndi zamkati, ngakhale mbali yakumbuyo yakeyo siyogwirizana ndi nyama zina zofanana. Amakwawa mbali zawo, ndipo pakamwa kumakhala kutsogolo, chifukwa chake mayina "m'mimba" ndi "dorsal" mbali ndi zofunikira, koma ndizoyenera. M'mitundu yambiri, mbali yamkati imakulitsidwa ndipo imasinthidwa kuti inyamuke. Mbali yam'mimba imaphatikizapo ma radii atatu ndi ma interradiuse awiri, motero nthawi zambiri amatchedwa trivium, ndipo mbali ya dorsal, kapena bivium, imakhala ndi 2 radii ndi 3 interradiuses. Kukhazikika kwa miyendo pakatikati pa dzira lakutsogolo kwa dzira kumakulitsa kusiyana pakati pa dorsal ndi mbali zonse zamkati, popeza miyendo yolimba kwambiri ya trivium, yolumikizidwa ndi radii kapena nthawi zina yopezeka pazinthu zosafunikira, imakhala ndi makapu oyamwa ndikutumiza kusuntha nyama, pomwe miyendo ya bivium nthawi zambiri imalephera kugwira ntchito ya mota, kutayika makapu oyamwa amakhala ocheperako ndipo amakhala ndi ntchito zowonda. Ma Holothuri alibe kudzipatula kwa mutu, ngakhale mu mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, mwa oyimira mkati mwa nyanja yayikulu mwatsatanetsatane wa ma holothurians oyenda miyendo, munthu amatha kuwona kugawanika kwakumapeto kwa thupi lonse, chifukwa chake nthawi zina amatchedwa mutu.
Pakamwa, yopanda njira iliyonse yodulira chakudya ndi kutsekeka ndi mkamwa woyandikira, imakhala chakumaso kwa thupi kapena kusunthidwa pang'ono mbali yakumbuyo, anus amayikidwa kumbuyo. M'mitundu ingapo yomwe imabisala mu silika kapena yolumikizana ndi miyala, kamwa ndi anus zimasunthira mbali yakumanzayo, kupatsa nyamayo chozungulira, chochulukirapo, kapena chosemphana. Zingwe zowazungulira pakamwa, zomwe zasinthidwa miyendo ya ambulacral, ndizodziwika bwino kwa ma holothuri onse. Chiwerengero cha mahema amachokera ku 8 mpaka 30, ndipo kapangidwe kawo ndi kosiyana kwa oyimira madongosolo osiyanasiyana. Makataniwo amakhala obzalidwa mtengo ndipo ndi akulu kwambiri, amaphimba madzi ambiri posodza, kapena ofupikitsa, chithokomiro, chomwe chimafanana ndi maluwa ndipo chimapangidwa makamaka kuti atolere michere kuchokera panthaka, kapena yosavuta ndi njira zingapo zopangira chala, kapena cirrus, omwe amathandiza kukumba holothuria pansi. Zonsezi, monga miyendo ya ambulacral, ndizolumikizana ndi njira za aquiferi ndipo ndizofunikira osati kungokhala ndi chakudya, kuyenda, komanso kukhudza, komanso nthawi zina kupuma.
Chinthu chinanso chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi ma kapisozi am'madzi a nyanja ndikupezeka kwa khungu lofewa m'mitundu yambiri. Oimira ochepa okha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma templo holothurians ndi dactylochirotides ali ndi mafupa akunja omwe amadziwika ndi maliseche ngati mawonekedwe a mbale omwe amakhala moyandikana wina ndi mnzake ndikupanga mtundu wamtundu. Chikopa cha khungu la otsala a holothuri chimakhala ndi ma cell osasuntha a mawonekedwe osangalatsa kwambiri komanso okongola modabwitsa.
Pamodzi ndi mbale zosalala zokhala ndi mabowo ochepa, titha kupeza "mabasiketi", "magalasi", "timitengo", "mabatani", "ma tennis rackets", "turrets", "mitanda", "mawilo", "anchor" . Kuphatikiza pakhungu la thupi, ma cell a calcareous amatha kupezeka m'matenti, pafupi ndi pakamwa, m'miyendo ya ambulacral, komanso kumaliseche. Mitundu yocheperako ndiyomwe ilibe ma cell opanda calcare; chifukwa mitundu yambiri, imakhala yodziwika ndipo imagwira gawo lofunikira pakuwonetsetsa.
Unyinji waukulu kwambiri wam'mimba umapezeka mkati mwa thupi la holothurium ndipo umazungulira pharynx. Mphete ya calaryous calcareous ya holothurians imatha kukhala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana: yopanda njira, yonse kapena yopangika, ndi zina zambiri, koma, monga lamulo, ili ndi zidutswa 10, 5 zomwe zimagwirizana ndi radii ya nyama, 5 ku interradiuses. M'mitundu ingapo, mphete ya pharyngeal imakhala malo ofanikirana ndi minofu isanu ngati riboni (minyewa yotulutsa) yomwe imabweza mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi limodzi ndi mahema.
Kuwongolera chakumapeto kwa thupi ndi kukulira kwa matenti kumatsimikizika ndi zomwe zimachitika minofu ina isanu ndi riboni (minyewa ya protractor) yophatikizidwa ndi mphete yokhala pafupi ndi othinana. Minofu yokhala ndi ma kapisozi am'madzi am'nyanjayi imapangidwa mokwanira ndipo imakulitsa mphamvu ya maumbidwe awo; minculoskeletal sac imakhala ndi minyewa yosunthika ndi pawiri la matepi amtundu wautali omwe amakhala pafupi ndi radii.
Mothandizidwa ndi minofu yolimba chotere, ma holothuri ena amasunthira pansi, ndikuboweka pansi ndikulimba kwambiri thupi pakukwiya pang'ono. Kapangidwe kamkati ka ma kaphokoso ka mazira a nyanja kaganiziridwa kale ndi mtundu wa A. Mwinanso, munthu ayenera kungoyang'anira chida chapadera choteteza - ziwalo za Cuvier zamagulu ena a ma holothuri, ndi ziwalo zapadera zopumira - mapapu amadzi. Ziwalo za Cuvier zimapangidwa mwa oimira osiyanasiyana a dongosolo la chithokomiro cha helo-hema holoturia. Ndi ma glandular tubular formations omwe amagwera pakukula kwa matumbo apambuyo pake - cloaca.
Nyama ikakwiyitsidwa, imatha kuponyedwa kunja kudzera pachipolopolo ndikugona pachinthu chomukwiyitsa. Mapapu am'madzi, omwe sapezeka mu holothuri yonyamula miyendo komanso yopanda miyendo, amalumikizidwa ndi cesspool ndi duct wamba. Ndi mitengo ikuluikulu iwiri yokhala kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa chovalacho ndipo yolumikizidwa ndi khoma lam'thupi ndi matumbo a matumbo mwa zingwe zopyapyala kwambiri. Mapapu amadzimadzi amatha kupakidwa utoto wamalalanje ndikupanga gawo lalikulu la thupi la chinyama.
Nthambi za m'mapapo zikuluzikulu za m'mapapo zimakhazikikapo ngati timiyendo tating'ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri mapapu amanzere am'madzi amatulutsidwa m'mitsempha yamagazi. Makoma a mapapu amadzi ali ndi minofu yolimba kwambiri, kumasuka kwake komwe kumapangitsa kukulitsa kwa patsekeke la m'mapapu ndi kujambula kwa madzi am'nyanja kudzera pa cloaca mkati, ndikuchepetsa kuthamangitsidwa kwa madzi kuchokera m'mapapu. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha kugundana kwamphamvu komanso kupumula kwa masiponji ndi mapapu amadzi, madzi am'nyanja amadzaza nthambi zazing'ono kwambiri zomalizirazi, ndipo mpweya womwe umasungunuka m'madzi kudzera m'makoma awo owonda umalowa m'matumbo amthupi ndikufalikira mthupi lonse. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zosafunikira zam'madzi zimatulutsidwa kudzera m'mapapu amadzi. Makoma owonda a m'mapapu amadzi amang'ambika mosavuta, ndipo amoebocyte omwe amadzaza ndi zinthu zowola amatulutsidwa. Pafupifupi ma holothuri onse ndi opanga mitundu, ma hermaphrodites pakati pawo ndi osowa kwambiri, ndipo ambiri mwaiwo ali pantchito yama holothuri yopanda miyendo.
Nthawi zambiri, mu hermaphrodites, tiziwalo togonana timatulutsa maselo oyamba obala amphongo - spermatozoa, kenako wamkazi - mazira, koma pali mitundu yomwe mitundu ya amuna ndi akazi imapangika mu gland yomweyo. Mwachitsanzo, Labidoplax buskii (kuchokera pagulu la miyendo yopanda miyendo), wokhala kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic, amachoka m'mbali mwa Sweden kumapeto, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Disembala. Nthawi imeneyo pachaka, hermaphroditic gland yokhala ndi khungu lodzala ndi akazi komanso amuna, koma holothurium aliyense amatulutsa mazira m'madzi choyamba, ndipo patatha tsiku limodzi kapena awiri - umuna, kapena mosemphanitsa.
Kutulutsa kwa zinthu zoberekera m'madzi kumachitika pang'onopang'ono komanso m'malo ang'onoang'ono. Zowonera zambiri zawonetsa kuti ma holothuri amasesa zogulitsa zamadzulo usiku kapena usiku. Zikuwoneka kuti, mdima ndi womwe umalimbikitsa kutuluka. Nthawi zambiri, kubereka kumachitika mchaka cha chilimwe kapena chilimwe ndipo kumalumikizidwa ndi kutentha, koma mitundu imadziwika yomwe mitengo yobala okhwima imatha kupezeka chaka chonse, koma kukula kwake, mwachitsanzo, ku Holothuria tubulosa, kumawonedwa mu Ogasiti kapena Seputembala. Kuchulukana kwa nyengo sikusiyana kwa mitundu yosiyana, komanso pamtundu womwewo ngati uli ndi gulu lalikulu.
Chifukwa chake, nkhaka zam'nyanja Cucumaria frondosa, zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri ku Barents ndi Kara Seas, zimafalitsa nyanja izi mu June - Julayi, ndikupita ku Great Britain ndi Norway mu February - Marichi. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zoberekera zimatulutsidwa m'madzi, pomwe mazira amathiridwa umuna ndikukula. Pambuyo pophwanya, mphutsi zaulere zoyandama zimapangidwa. Ambiri auricularia ali ndi kukula kwakukulu - kuchokera 4 mpaka 15 mm. M'magulu angapo a holothuri, mphutsi, zisanakhale zofanana ndi munthu wachikulire, zimadutsa mbali ina yopanga mbiya - lobolaria, kenako gawo lomaliza la mphutsi, lotchedwa pentactula.
Komabe, si onse a holothuri omwe amakula motere. Tsopano mitundu yoposa 30 ya makapu am'madzi am'madzi amadziwika, omwe amasamalira ana ndikubala ana. Mumtundu wotere, womwe umagawidwa makamaka m'madzi ozizira, gawo la mphutsi loyandama limatayika ndipo mazira amakula chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa yolk, kapena kulandira chakudya kuchokera mthupi la mayi. Mwanjira yosavuta, mazira ndi ana amapanga pamwamba pa thupi la mayi, mwachitsanzo, amatetezedwa ndi zigamba zodzaza, kapena pakatupa kwakatumbu kakumbuyo kumbuyo, kapena kungomangika pakungoluka kokha. Kusintha kwina kunapangitsa kupangika kwa khungu, zipinda zamkati mwa ana ake, zomwe zimatuluka mkati mwa thupi lamkati, komanso m'malo angapo omangika a nthambi za m'magazi. Munthawi zonsezi, kugonana kwa holothuri kumasiyanika mosavuta, pomwe nthawi zambiri izi zimakhala zosatheka.
Mu ma holothuri, zochitika zapadera za kubereka kwatha zimafotokozedwa, nyama ikagawika pakati ndipo theka lililonse limabwezeretsa zomwe zidasowa. A Holothurians amakhala, ngati ma echinoderm onse, kunyanja, koma poyerekeza ndi magulu ena a gululi samvera kwenikweni kufalikira. Chifukwa chake, a echinoderms omwe ali mu Nyanja Yakuda yofunika kwambiri, makamaka ma holothuri amapezeka, ndipo ena oimira ma holothuri opanda miyendo amatha kukhala m'madzi okhala ndi mchere wambiri wamatanthwe. Makapisozi am'nyanja ndi nyama zapansi, nthawi zambiri zimakwawa pansi mothandizidwa ndi miyendo ya ambulacral, ma tent tent kapena minofu contractions ya thupi, nthawi zambiri ikaikidwa pansi. Pali milandu yodziwika yosambira pamwamba panthaka, koma mitundu yochepa chabe, ndi mitundu yambiri ya mabanja a pelagoturiids (Pelagothuriidae) amakhala moyo wawo wonse akusambira m'madzi, ngakhale akuzama kwambiri, kukhala mitundu yosatsika. Ma Holothuri amadya nyama zazing'ono, zomera ndi detritus. Pokhala nyama zomwe zimangokhala, zimakhala zopanda chitetezo pamavuto osiyanasiyana komanso othandizira. Magawo osiyanasiyana, ma gregarins amakhazikika pamtunda, m'mapapu amadzi, m'matumbo, m'mitsempha ya thupi komanso m'mitsempha yamagazi ya makapisozi am'nyanja, kulandira malo ogona, chakudya, mpweya kuchokera kwa iwo popanda "kulipira", ndi izi. Koma sikuti zophweka zokha zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito holothurium. Nthawi zina mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, ma mollusks, crustaceans, komanso nsomba zomwe zimangokhala pamwamba kapena mkati mwa thupi lawo, matumbo, ma cellicular vesicles, ziwalo zina zosiyanasiyana zimavulaza kwambiri holoturia. Ma Holothuri amagawika m'magulu 6.
Nkhaka yam'madzi yayikulu
Ma halothuri mamitala, omwe amakhala ndi moyo wokhala ndi njira zambiri komanso nyumba yokhazikika kwa anthu ena okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi, amatha kupopa mpaka mamililita 800 amadzi tsiku lililonse. Chamoyo cha nyama izi chimachotsa oxygen ku zinthu zina zamadzi zam'nyanja ndikukwaniritsa maselo ake nayo.
Dr. William Jaeckle waku Wesilean University of Illinois ndi Richard Strathmann aku Washington University adaganiza zophunziranso zodabwitsa ndi zinthu zina zambiri.
Adapeza kuti dongosolo lamitsempha yamagazi lomwe limalumikiza matumba opumira a matumbo kupita m'matumbo (omwe amatchedwa kuti rete mirabile) silinapangidwe kuti litenge mpweya m'matumbo. Malinga ndi lingaliro la asayansi, zingakhale zomveka kuganiza kuti kapangidwe kameneka ndikofunika kuti asamutse chakudya kuchoka pamatumbo kupita m'matumbo, osati motsutsana, monga momwe zimakhalira nyama. Zoologists anaganiza kuyesa malingaliro awo.
Kuti atsimikizire malingaliro awo, ochita kafukufukuwo adadyetsa nkhaka zingapo zazikulu zam'nyanja ndi algae radioactive yomwe inali ndi tizinthu tachitsulo. Mothandizidwa ndi njirayi, gulu lidatha kutsata njira yonse yomwe chakudya chimatenga mu echinoderms. Kuphatikiza apo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe timadziunjikana mbali yomweyo ya thupi komwe dzenje lomwe zolengedwa zimadyamo chakudya limapezeka.
Zotsatira za phunziroli zidawonetsa kuti ma holothuri amadyera pakamwa.Koma kuchuluka kwambiri kwa ma radio ndi chitsulo kumaonekeranso modabwitsa, komwe kumatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anus ngati pakamwa lachiwiri ndi nkhaka zam'nyanja. Zotsatira zake kuti anus zolengedwa izi zimagwira ntchito zitatu zofunika kwambiri: kupuma, zakudya komanso kuperewera.
Asayansi amati kuphunzira mtundu umodzi wokha wa nkhaka zamadzi sizitanthauza kuti amangogwiritsa ntchito njira yopuma ya zakudya. Pambuyo pake, akatswiri a zachilengedwe akufuna kuphunzira zamtundu wina wa echinoderms.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zidafalitsidwa mu magazini ya Invertebrate Biology.
Mwa mitundu yambiri ya ma holothuri, trepang ndi cocumaria ndizofunikira kwambiri posodza. Trepang ndi cucumaria ndi ofanana mu kapangidwe ka thupi ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi nyama. Trepang imakhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri (zokupatsani mphamvu), zomwe zimatchedwa kuti muzu wamoyo (ginseng) m'maiko Akum'mawa ndipo imalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwa iwo omwe akuvutika ndi kuchepa mphamvu kwa thupi komanso kutopa kwambiri. Kudya trepang kumathandizira kulimbitsa dongosolo lamanjenje. Kusodza kwa Trepang kumachitika mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira kokha ku Far East. Mphepete zomwe zimachotsedwazo zimadulidwa kumalo komwe akuwedza - pamimba limadulidwa ndipo zotupa zimachotsedwa. Ma trepangs osambitsidwa amatsukidwa ndikuwaphika kwa maola awiri, mpaka nyama itakhala yofewa, pambuyo pake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika mbale zophikira.
Skreplyanka ndi trepang mu msuzi wa phwetekere.
Dulani nkhaka zam'madzi zophika kukhala tizidutswa tating'ono ndi mwachangu mu mafuta limodzi ndi anyezi, ufa ndi phala la phwetekere. Sakanizani zonse, ikani poto, kuwonjezera madzi pang'ono ndi kuwira kwa mphindi 10-15 pa moto wochepa.
400 g wa trepangs, chikho cha 3/4 cha mafuta, anyezi 3, supuni 4-5 za phwetekere, 2 2. supuni ufa, 4 tbsp. supuni ya madzi, mchere kulawa.
Trepangs yokazinga ndi anyezi.
Dulani nkhaka zam'nyanja ndi anyezi ndi mwachangu payokha, kenako sakanizani, onjezani zonunkhira ndikuthira kutentha pagome. Kuwaza ndi anyezi wobiriwira.
400 g wa trepangs, mitu iwiri ya anyezi, 1/2 chikho cha masamba mafuta, supuni 1 ya allspice, 100 g ya anyezi wobiriwira, mchere kulawa.
Nkhaka zam'nyanja zolowa.
Sungunulani batala mu poto yokazika ndikuyika nkhaka zowiritsa zamchere zophika zigawo, simmer kwa mphindi zitatu. Onjezerani mkaka, mchere, tsabola ndikubweretsa. Tumikirani mokongoletsedwa ndi tsabola wofiyira.
250 g wa trepangs, 4 tbsp. supuni margarine kapena masamba mafuta, 1 tbsp. supuni ya mkaka, tsabola wakuda, tsabola wofiira, mchere kulawa.
Trepangi ndi masamba.
Dulani nkhaka zam'madzi zophika kukhala zidutswa ndi mwachangu. Kuwaza kabichi watsopano, kuwaza masamba (mbatata, kaloti, zukini, tomato) ndikusakaniza ndi trepangs, ikani sosepan ndi simmer pamoto wochepa mpaka masamba ataphika.
300 g trepang, 1/4 foloko ya kabichi yoyera yatsopano, ma PC atatu. mbatata, kaloti 1-2, zukini 1-2, kapu imodzi ya mafuta, tomato 2 kapena 2 tbsp. supuni ya phwetekere phala, tsabola, shuga, mchere kulawa.
Trepang wopatsa nkhuku.
Ikani ma trepang ophika mu chotengera cha nkhuku yophika kapena yokazinga, nyengo ndi msuzi wophika ndi simmer pamoto wochepa mpaka kuphika.
200-300 g wa trepangs, 1/2 nkhuku. Kwa msuzi: 1-2 tbsp. supuni ya phwetekere puree, 1 tbsp. supuni ya 3% viniga, 2 tbsp. supuni ya vinyo (doko kapena Madeira), 2-3 tbsp. supuni batala, 1/2 chikho nyama msuzi.
Trepangi wokhala ndi horseradish.
Ma trepangs owiritsa amadulidwa kukhala magawo. Viniga ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi, kuwonjezera grated horseradish, mchere, shuga ndikubweretsa kwa chithupsa. Ndiye kutsanulira owiritsa, magawo osankhidwa a nkhaka zam'nyanja. Mbaleyi amadyera ozizira.
Yophika trepangs 70, tebulo viniga 40, grated horseradish 10, shuga 2, mchere
Sendani trepang, kuthira madzi otentha. Pakadutsa mphindi pafupifupi 1, kukhetsa madzi, kudula trepang mzidutswa.
Msuzi: msuzi wa soya 2 tbsp., Garlic 3 cloves (Finyani), mayonesi 1 tbsp. Sakanizani zonse. Zokoma kwambiri.
Saladi ndi trepang.
Suppangs yophika amadulidwa mutizidutswa tating'onoting'ono, yophika mbatata mu cubes, ikani nandolo zobiriwira, dzira losankhidwa, kuwonjezera mandimu, mchere. Zinthu zonse zimasakanizidwa, kenako zokometsedwa ndi mayonesi komanso zokongoletsedwa ndi saladi wobiriwira ndi dzira.
Yophika trepang 80, mbatata 80, dzira 0,5 ma PC., Green nandolo 40, mayonesi msuzi 40, mandimu, mchere.
Zimatengera mtundu wa echinoderm, nyama yosavomerezeka. Amatchulidwanso nkhaka yam'nyanja kapena kapisozi panyanja. Pakati pawo pali mitundu ya nyama, yomwe imatchedwa "trepang".
Holothuria imaphatikizapo mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu, mitundu yopitilira 1100, mitundu yonse imagawidwa m'magulu 6. Kusiyana pakati pa madongosolo ndi mawonekedwe amitundu yosema ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a mphete yamkati. Kapangidwe ka ziwalo zamkati kamasiyana pakati pa oimira malamulo osiyanasiyana.
Pali mitundu 100 yokha yomwe imapezeka ku Russia. Zotsatira zakale za mitundu yonse ya ma holothuri zimagwirizana ndi nthawi ya Silurian (nyengo yachitatu ya Paleozoic, kutsatira Ordovician).
Trepang
Trepang ndi zakudya zachilendo zam'madzi zomwe zimakonda kwambiri zakudya zam'mawa ndipo ndizosowa kwenikweni kwa azungu. Kupanga kwake kwakanthawi kwamankhwala ndi kupezeka kwake kwa thupi kumapangitsa kuti ma invertebrates osagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano akhale malo abwino kuphika, koma chifukwa cha zovuta kukonza, malo okhala, trepangs siofala. Ku Russia, adayamba kupeza munthu yemwe amakhala mwam'madzi momwemo wokhala m'ma 1900.
Chiyambidwe chowonekera ndi kufotokoza
Trepangs ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yamnkhaka zam'nyanja kapena nkhaka zam'nyanja - invertebrate echinoderms. Pazonse, pali mitundu yoposa chikwi ya zinyama zam'madzi izi, zomwe ndizosiyana ndi zina ndi ma tententi komanso kupezeka kwa ziwalo zowonjezera, koma ndi trepangs zokha zomwe zimadyedwa. Ma Holothuri ndi abale apafupi kwambiri a starfish wamba ndi hedgehogs.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi trepang imawoneka bwanji?
Pofuna kukhudza, thupi la trepans limakhala lachikopa komanso loyipa, nthawi zambiri limakwinyika. Makoma a thupi lenilenilo amakhala odukadukiza okhala ndi mitolo yolimba. Kumapeto kwake kuli kamwa, mbali inayo. Ma tententi angapo ozungulira pakamwa ngati mawonekedwe a corolla amapangira chakudya. Kutsegula pakamwa kumapitilizidwa ndi matumbo ozungulira. Ziwalo zonse zamkati zili mkati mwamthumba wachikopa. Ichi ndi cholengedwa chokhacho chomwe chimakhala papulaneti chomwe chili ndi maselo osalimba, chimasowa ma virus kapena ma virus pang'ono.
Ma trepang ambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, wakuda kapena wobiriwira, koma zitsanzo zofiira ndi zamtambo zimapezekanso. Mtundu wa khungu la zolengedwa izi zimatengera malo - umalumikizana ndi mtundu wamtunda wamadzi. Kukula kwa nkhaka zam'nyanja kumatha kukhala 0,5 cm mpaka 5 metres. Sakhala ndi ziwalo zapadera zam'mutu, ndipo miyendo ndi ma tententi zimagwira ngati ziwalo zogwira.
Mitundu yonse yama holothuri imagawika m'magulu 6, gulu lirilonse lomwe liri ndi mawonekedwe ake:
- opanda miyendo - alibe miyendo ya ambulacral, kulekerera kusungunuka kwa madzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madambo a mitengo yaminga.
- kukwirira - amakhala ndi miyendo m'mbali mwa thupi, amakonda kuya kwakuya,
- chowumbidwa mbiya - okhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ozungulira thupi,
- trepans tentpans ndiye gulu lofala kwambiri,
- chithokomiro cha chithokomiro - chikhala ndi zolembera zazifupi zomwe nyama sizibisala mkati mwa thupi,
- dactylochirotides - trepangs, wokhala ndi 8 mpaka 30 anayamba kupanga mahema.
Chosangalatsa: nkhaka zam'nyanja zimapumira kudzera pa anus. Kudzera mu iyo, iwo amatunga madzi mthupi lawo, pomwe amamwa oxygen.
Kodi trepang amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyanja Trepang
Trepangs amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja akuya kwa mamita awiri mpaka 50. Mitundu ina yamnkhaka zam'nyanja sizimilira pansi, kutaya moyo wawo wonse m'madzi. Zosiyanasiyana kwambiri zamitundu, kuchuluka, nyamazo zimafika m'mbali mwa nyanja komwe kumatentha kwamadzi, momwe timagulu tating'ono kwambiri tokhala ndi biomass tofika pa 2-4 kg pa mita imodzi iliyonse.
Ma Trepangs sakonda dothi losuntha, amakonda ma bande otetezedwa ku mkuntho ndi miyala yamchenga, poyala miyala, ndipo amatha kupezeka pafupi ndi malo okhala, pakati pa matanthwe a m'nyanja. Habitat: Japan, China, Nyanja Zamchere, gombe la Japan pafupi ndi gombe lakumwera kwa Kunashir ndi Sakhalin.
Ma trepang ambiri amakhudzidwa makamaka pakuchepetsa mchere wamadzi, koma amatha kupirira kutentha kosinthika kuchokera kuzizindikiro zoyipa mpaka madigiri 28 ndi kuphatikiza. Mukamasula munthu wamkulu, kenako ndikuwuma pang'ono pang'ono, moyo wanu. Ochuluka a zolengedwa izi amakana kuperewera kwa oxygen.
Chosangalatsa: Ngati muyika trepang m'madzi atsopano, ndiye kuti umataya mkati mwake ndi kufa. Mitundu ina ya trepangs imachita izi pochita ngozi, ndipo madzi omwe amataya kunja kwawo ndiwowopsa m'miyoyo yambiri ya m'madzi.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nyanja ya trepang imapezeka ndi zomwe zikuthandizira. Tiwone zomwe amadya.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Kum'mawa kwa trepang
Trepang ndi nyama yomwe imangokhala phee, makamaka ikakonda kukhala pagombe pakati pa mwala kapena poyala miyala. Imakhala m'malo ambiri, koma imakwawa pansi yokha. Nthawi yomweyo, trepang imayenda ngati mbozi - imakoka miyendo yakumbuyo ndikuyimangirira pansi, kenako, ndikuthyoka miyendo ya pakati ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi, ndikuponyera patsogolo. Ginseng yam'nyanja imayenda pang'onopang'ono - mu gawo limodzi imapambana mtunda wosaposa masentimita 5.
Kudyetsedwa ndi maselo a plankton, zidutswa za zomera zakufa, limodzi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili pamenepa, trepang amagwira ntchito kwambiri usiku, masana. Ndikusintha kwa nyengo, chakudya chake chimasinthanso. M'dzinja, koyambilira kwa nyundo, nyamazo sizichedwa kufuna chakudya, ndipo kasupe zimakhala ndi chidwi chachikulu. M'nyengo yozizira, mitundu ina ya nkhaka zam'nyanja imabisala kumtunda kwa Japan. Zinyama zam'madzi izi zimatha kupangitsa matupi awo kukhala olimba komanso onyezimira, pafupifupi amadzimadzi. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awa, nkhaka zam'nyanja zimatha kukwera mosavuta kulowa m'miyala yaying'ono kwambiri mwamiyala.
Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: nsomba yaying'ono yotchedwa karapus imatha kubisala mkati mwa trepangs pomwe siyikuyang'ana chakudya, koma imalowa mkatikati mwa dzenje lomwe ma trepang amapumira, kutanthauza kudzera mu cloaca kapena anus.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nyanja Trepang
Trepangs amatha kukhala ndi zaka 10, ndipo kutha msinkhu mwa iwo kumatha pafupifupi zaka 4-5.
Zitha kubereka m'njira ziwiri:
- mazira opatsirana pogonana
- asexual, pomwe holothuria, ngati chomera, imagawidwa m'magawo, momwe anthu patapita nthawi amapanga.
Mwachilengedwe, njira yoyamba imapezeka. Trepangs imawonekera pamadzi kutentha kwa madigiri 21-23, nthawi zambiri uwu ndi nthawi kuyambira pakati pa Julayi mpaka masiku omaliza a Ogasiti. Izi zisanachitike, njira ya umuna imachitika - chachikazi ndi champhongo chimayang'anana moyang'anizana, kufikira chakumapeto kwa thupi mpaka pansi kapena miyala, ndikupatsanso caviar ndi madzimadzi am'mimba kudzera pakabudula komwe kamakhala pafupi ndi kamwa. Wamkazi mmodzi amameza mazira oposa mamiliyoni 70 nthawi imodzi. Pambuyo pofalikira, anthu ofooka amakwera m'misasa, pomwe amagona ndikupeza mphamvu mpaka Okutobala.
Pakapita kanthawi, mphutsi zimatuluka mazira okhathamiritsa, omwe amadutsa magawo atatu mu chitukuko: diplopleur, auricularia ndi lobar. M'mwezi woyamba wa moyo wawo, mphutsi zimasinthasintha, zimadya alicellular algae. Munthawi imeneyi, ambiri aiwo amwalira. Kusintha kukhala mwachangu, mphutsi iliyonse yamadzi yam'madzi yam'madzi imatengera nyanjayo ya anfelia, pomwe mwachangu imakhala mpaka itakula.
Adani achilengedwe a trepangs
Chithunzi: Nyanja Trepang
Trepangs alibe adani achilengedwe, chifukwa ziwalo za thupi lake zimadzaza ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimawoneka zamtengo wapatali kwambiri kwa anthu, zomwe ndizopweteka kwambiri kwa ambiri omwe amadyetsa m'madzi. Starfish ndiyo cholengedwa chokha chomwe chimatha kusangalala ndi trepang popanda kuvulaza thupi lake. Nthawi zina nkhaka yam'nyanja imakhala yozunzidwa ndi ma crustaceans ndi mitundu ina ya gastropods, koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri, chifukwa ambiri amayesa kupewa.
Mphepo yochititsa mantha imasonkhana mu mpira, ndipo, kudziteteza ndi ma spicule, imakhala ngati hedgehog wamba. Pangozi yayikulu, nyamayo imaponyedwa pamatumbo ndi m'mapapu amadzi kudzera mwa anus kuti isokoneze ndikuwopseza omwe akuwopsezawo. Pakapita nthawi yochepa, ziwalo zimabwezeretseka. Mdani wamkulu wa trepangs amatha kutchedwa munthu mosamala.
Chifukwa chakuti nyama ya trepang imakhala ndi kulawa kwabwino kwambiri, yokhala ndi mapuloteni ofunikira, ndi nkhokwe yeniyeni yazinthu zothandiza m'thupi la munthu, imachotsedwa munyanja kwambiri. Amayamikiridwa makamaka ku China, komwe mankhwala ambiri opanga matenda osiyanasiyana amapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo, ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu cosmetology ngati aphrodisiac. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pouma, yophika, ndi zamzitini.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Kodi trepang imawoneka bwanji?
Kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya mitundu ya trepang kwasautsika kwambiri ndipo kwatsala pang'ono kutha, pakati pawo ndi Farpro trepang. Mkhalidwe wa mitundu ina ndizokhazikika. Kugwira nkhaka zam'nyanja ku Far East ndizoletsedwa, koma izi sizikuyimitsa ozembe aku China, omwe amaphwanya malire, amalowa m'madzi aku Russia makamaka nyama iyi yamtengo wapatali. Kupanga mosaloledwa kwa trepangs za Far East ndikokulira. M'madzi aku China, kuchuluka kwawo kwatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka.
Achichaina aphunzira kulima nkhaka zam'nyanja mochita kupanga, kupanga mafamu athunthu a trepangs, koma mikhalidwe yawo nyama yawo imakhala yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi omwe adagwidwa kumalo achilengedwe. Ngakhale pali adani ochulukirapo, chonde ndi kusinthika kwa nyamazo, zatsala pang'ono kutha makamaka chifukwa cha zolakalaka zosafunikira za munthu.
Kunyumba, kuyesa kubereka nkhaka zam'nyanja nthawi zambiri kumatha polephera. Malo okwanira ndiofunika kwambiri kwa zolengedwa izi. Popeza pachiwopsezo chochepa chomwe amadziteteza nacho pakuponya madzi ena ndi poizoni m'madzi, pang'onopang'ono amadzadziwopseza okha mu aquarium yaying'ono popanda kusefa madzi okwanira.
Woyang'anira Trepang
Chithunzi: Trepang kuchokera ku Red Book
Trepangs akhala mu Red Book of Russia kwa zaka makumi angapo. Kugwira nkhaka yam'nyanja ya Far East ndi yoletsedwa kuyambira Meyi mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala. Pali ndewu yayikulu yolimbana ndi zankhanza komanso bizinesi yamithunzi yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kugulitsa kwa trepang omwe amapezeka movomerezeka. Masiku ano, nkhaka yam'madzi ndi chinthu chomwe chimasankhidwa kukhala ngati genomic. Mikhalidwe yabwino idapangidwanso kuti ipangidwenso nyama zapadera izi m'malo mwawo, mapulogalamu adapangidwa kuti abwezeretse anthu awo ku Far East Nature Reserve, ndipo pang'onopang'ono akupanga zotsatira, mwachitsanzo, ku Peter the Great Bay, trepang idakhalanso nyama wamba yomwe ikukhala m'madzi amenewo.
Chosangalatsa: Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu za Soviet kuyambira 20s ya zaka zapitazi, kuwedza kwa trepangs kunachitika kokha ndi mabungwe aboma. Zinatumizidwa kunja kwambiri. Kwa zaka makumi angapo, kuchuluka kwa nkhaka zam'nyanja kudawononga kwambiri ndipo mu 1978 chiletso chonse chodziwidwa chidayambitsidwa.
Pofuna kukopa anthu kuvuto lakutha kwa ma trepang apaderadera chifukwa chodana ndi nsomba zosaloledwa, buku la "Trepang - Treasure of the Far East" lidasindikizidwa, lomwe lidapangidwa ndi mphamvu ya Far East Research Center.
Trepang, yemwe kunja kwake sakhala cholengedwa chokongola kwambiri cha kunyanja, amatha kutchedwa kuti cholengedwa chofunikira kwambiri. Nyama yapaderayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu, nyanja zam'dziko lapansi, motero ndikofunikira kuyesetsa kuti ikhalebe mtundu wam'badwo wam'tsogolo.
Habitat
Mutha kukumana ndi holoturia kapena trepang ku Far East, makamaka, ku Blue Sea, Nyanja ya Okhotsk, Nyanja ya Japan ndi East China Sea.
M'nyanja zikuluzikulu za Shukin, kum'mawa kwa Japan kuli anthu ambiri okhala pafupi ndi Sakhalin, kum'mawa kwa Kunashir ndi Korea, chilumba cha Kyushu, ku Gulf of Peter the Great, Kagoshima ndi zilumba za Kuril.
Kuyesera kusankha trepang, malowa ndiwotentha komanso oszama kwambiri, amakonda kubisala m'nkhokwe zamadzi zamadzi pansi pa chivundikiro cha massels kapena kumtunda kwa silt.
Madzulo amawuka pamwamba pa madzi. Ndipo m'mphepete palokha ndi malo omwe amakonda.
M'masiku otentha kwambiri, imadzamira mpaka kufika pakuya mamita 150 - amene akufuna kuwotcha dzuwa.
Trepang saopa nsomba, mbalame, arthropods, zinyama. Koma ali ndi adani - uyu ndi munthu komanso nyenyezi
Khalidwe
Trepang amawoneka ngati nyongolotsi wamkulu. Yakutidwa ndi mbali, imakula mpaka 40 cm. Thupi lake limakhala ndi magawo awiri:
- Kumbali ina kuli pakamwa ndi m'mapapo oyandikira (zidutswa 20), pomwe zimayimitsa ndikuimitsa komanso matumbo akumtunda kuti atumizire tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'madzi mkamwa.
- Gawo lachiwiri ndi kutuluka kwachilengedwe, ndiye kuti, ndi anus.
Mkati mwa trepang, magawo awiriwa amalumikiza matumbo.
Kapangidwe kameneka amatchedwa kachepetsedwa, ndiko kuti, ziwalo zambiri ndi ziwalo za thupi zomwe sizigwira ntchito chifukwa cha holothuria zinasowa pakanthawi, ndikungosiya zofunikira kwambiri.
Kumbuyo kwa trepang kuli zophuka za conical - papillomas kapena papillomas zomwe zili m'mizere inayi. Papillon utoto kapena zoyera
Zosangalatsa! Ngati trepang mwangozi kapena mwapadera adagawika m'magawo atatu, ndiye kuti ziwalo zopangidwazo zimangokhala zodziyimira zokha ndikusokera. Yapakati imagona pang'ono komanso kukhala munthu wamoyo, yochepa kwambiri.
Trepang sachita mantha ndi anthu okhala m'madzi ngati nkhwangwa ndi agalu, mbalame, arthropods, zinyama zazikazi ngati zinkhanira za umuna.
Koma ali ndi adani - uyu ndi munthu komanso nyenyezi.
Zosangalatsa! Trepang wamantha kapena wamantha amasonkhana mu mpira, ngati hedgehog, kudzitchinjiriza ndi ma spicule - spikes.
Kumbuyo kwa trepang ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi gawo lam'mimba. Pamimba pamimba pamakhala patsekeke tamkati mozungulira, ndipo mtundu wake ndi wofiirira kapena maolivi. Kumbuyo kumakhala kwamdima, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kubiriwira kwamdima kapena chokoleti, nthawi zina kumakhala kwakuda. Khungu limakhala lakukhudza kukhudza, zotanuka zimapatsidwa kwa iye ndi chiwalo chimodzi chamkati - m'mimba
Zofunikira
Kumbuyo kwa trepang kuli zophuka za conical - papillomas kapena papillomas zomwe zili m'mizere inayi. Utoto wa papillas ndi zofiirira kapena zoyera.
Pamimba pali miyendo ya ambulacral, mothandizidwa ndi yomwe trepang imayenda pang'onopang'ono pansi.
Kwa adani trepang amateteza masiponji - khungu losakhazikika.
Zosangalatsa! Kuyenda kwa holothuria pansi kumafanana ndi kuyenda kwa mbozi. Trepang imasonkhana ndi mtanda, imasunthira miyala yake, imayandikira pansi kapena masamba a algae ndi kumbuyo. Mbali yakutsogolo imawongola ndikupeza chithandizo, kenako imakoka kumbuyo.
Simungathe kuyitanitsa ochita kudya nyama. Akudutsa madzi m'matenti, amakola tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, tinthu tating'ono tating'ono, ma cell a plankton ndikuwadyera chakudya
Mtengo
Mphamvu zakuchiritsa za trepangs zidadziwika m'zaka za zana la 16.
Kenako adadyedwa ndi mafumu kuti atalitse moyo wawo ndikukhalanso wathanzi.
Amadziwika kuti "ginseng panyanja" chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apamwamba kwambiri.
Muli zinthu zomwe zimapangitsanso thupi:
- mavitamini ndi mafuta,
- phosphorous ndi ayodini,
- magnesium ndi mkuwa
- thiamine ndi riboflavin,
- chitsulo ndi calcium
- mapuloteni ndi manganese,
- mafuta acids ndi phosphatides.
Mapangidwe olemera oterowo amatha kudzitamandira. Kodi akuwagwirira chiyani? Matenda ambiri:
- shuga,
- gastritis, kapamba,
- matenda endocrinological
- kudzimbidwa
- mastopathy ndi uterine fibroids,
- avitaminosis,
- mabala
- nyamakazi,
- matenda kupuma ndi maso
- prostatitis,
- helminthiasis ndi matenda ena angapo.
Monga mankhwala, makampani opanga mankhwala amapanga mafuta omwe amapaka ndi uchi. Kuphatikiza pa umunthu wamankhwala, imakhala yamtengo chifukwa chotsutsana ndi kukalamba komanso luso lolimba mwachangu mabala ndi zipsera.
Zosangalatsa! Trepang, monga nyama zam'madzi zilizonse zam'madzi, ndi aphrodisiac yamphamvu, chifukwa chake amalimbana ndi zovuta zakugonana.
Anthu ophika ku Asia amaphika mphodza ndi zitsamba ndi anyezi, mokometsera ndi zonunkhira, zouma ndi kuzifutsa.
Mosiyana ndi ma mollusks, ma holothuri amafunika kuphika nthawi yayitali. Kuchokera pamenepa nyama yawo imakhala yofewa komanso yofewa.
Monga mankhwala, makampani opanga mankhwala amapanga mafuta omwe amapaka ndi uchi.
Kuphatikiza pa umunthu wamankhwala, imakhala yamtengo chifukwa chotsutsana ndi kukalamba komanso luso lolimba mwachangu mabala ndi zipsera.
Zofunika! Trepangs sayenera kudyedwa ndi ana osaposa zaka 15, amayi apakati ndi ogona, anthu omwe ali ndi magazi ochepa.
Trepang: cholengedwa chofunikira kwambiri
Anthu okhala kumayiko akum'mawa omwe amapezeka munyanja analogue ya ginseng - iyi ndiye Far Eastern trepang. Nyama ya ginseng chifukwa cha malo ake imayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi madokotala komanso akatswiri azolowera.
Trepang (holothuria) ndi nyama yam'madzi yopanda mtundu wa echinoderms. Malo okhala amakhala kuchokera pagombe lakumpoto kwa zilumba za Kuril ndi madzi akumwera kwa Sakhalin kupita kudera lapakati la Republic of China (Hong Kong). Ma Holothuri amakonda makina otetezedwa ndi mvula yamkuntho ndi miyala yamiyala ndi poyala miyala. Anthu amatcha nyamazo "nkhaka zam'nyanja" kapena "makapisozi", chifukwa zikakwiya, zimachedwa, ndikusandulika "mpira".
Trepang ndi nkhokwe yosungirako yazakudya zomwe zili ndi kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni, ma organic acid ndi mchere wamchere. Chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwapadera kwamankhwala, zopangidwazo zimakhala ndi mphamvu yothandizira, kupatsa mphamvu komanso kupatsirana kwa bacteria. Kuphatikiza pa zabwino zamapangidwe amitundu, nyama ya holothuria imasiyanitsidwa ndi kununkhira kwapadera (kukumbukira komwe kumachitika ndi sturgeon chord ndi cholembedwa cham'madzi). Ndi machitidwe omwe amapatsa thanzi omwe amasiyanitsa mcherewu ndi zakudya zina zingapo zam'madzi.
Kapangidwe ka trepang
Trepang ndi wokhala mosiyana ndi anthu am'madzi omwe amawoneka ngati mbozi yayikulu. Holothuria imakhala ndi thupi lokwera, pamphepete pomwe pali pakamwa ndi miyendo ya ambulacral (tentpent). Kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi, nyamayi imagwira ndikusira chakudya chophatikiza (kuchokera pansi). Chiwerengero cha mahema mu trepang chimasiyana kuchokera 10 mpaka 30 zidutswa. Khungu la mollusk limakutidwa ndimitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, pamtunda wake wa dorsal pali zofewa zokhala ngati zofewa zokhala ndi "spikes" yoyera.
Mtundu wa "kapisozi wa mazira" umasiyana kuchokera ku imvi yopepuka mpaka ya bulauni (kutengera malo ndi nyama). Chifukwa chake, "pathanthwe" pamakhala mitundu ya "green" ya trepangs, pamwala kapena mwala - "yofiyira", komanso pamchenga (pagombe) - "buluu" (albinos).
Makulidwe ofanana am'madzi am'madzi: m'lifupi - 3-4 cm, kutalika - 13-15 masentimita, kulemera - 0,7-0.8 kg. Pamodzi ndi izi, m'chilengedwe mulinso anthu ochepa kwambiri (kukula kwa 0.5 cm) ndi oyimilira akuluakulu a banja la echinoderm (kutalika kwa masentimita 50). Unyinji wa trepangs yaying'ono ndi 0,02-0.03 kg, ndipo wamkulu - 1.5-3 kg.
Chowoneka mosiyana ndi ma holothuri ndi kuthekera kwawo pakusintha. Ngati nkhaka yam'nyanja idulidwa m'magawo atatu ndikuponyedwa m'madzi, gawo lotayika la thupi (miyendo, singano, hema, ziwalo zamkati) lidzachira pakapita nthawi. Poterepa, gawo lirilonse la nyamayo limasinthidwa kukhala chinthu chamoyo. Nthawi yobwezeretsa ndi miyezi itatu kapena isanu ndi iwiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ma trepang ali ndi katundu wodabwitsa kusintha makatani a thupi.
Chifukwa chake, poopseza moyo (kuchokera kwa olusa), matupi awo amakhala okhazikika, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, thawirani m'malo ovuta kufikirako - ofewa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala
Mphamvu zakuchiritsa za trepang zakhala zikudziwika kwa anthu kuyambira kalekale. Komabe, chidziwitso cha mtengo wake wa mankhwala adalowa ku Europe kokha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16 (kuchokera ku chikhalidwe cha ku China wakale). Ochiritsa am'mawa Akum'mawa adagwiritsa ntchito zochotsa pamollusk ngati chida champhamvu komanso chothandiza. Kuphatikiza apo, mafumu achifumu ku China adagwiritsa ntchito kulowetsedwa kwa trepang monga kupangitsanso eloxir (kukulitsa ufumuwo). Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti kale, mankhwalawa ankawagwirira ntchito ngati mphamvu zozizwitsa.
Pakadali pano, phindu la mankhwala a trepang limatsimikiziridwa ndimaphunziro ambiri oyesera ndi zamankhwala. Popeza kuti tinyama ta nyama tili ndi zinthu zopitilira 200 michere, zopangidwa mwaluso ndi zovuta zake zimapangidwa pamaziko ake. Zotsatira zazikulu za mankhwalawa ndizosangalatsa, oncological, antiviral, antioxidant, immunomodulating, hematopoietic, hypotensive. Kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse zakusitolo zomwe zakonzedwa kale.
Kukonzekera tincture wa mankhwala (ndi uchi):
- Kuchotsa mtembo watsopano wa khungu ndi viscera. Ngati mollusk wouma amagwiritsidwa ntchito, amathiridwa m'madzi ozizira kwa maola 10-12.
- Dulani nyama yokonzedwa muzidutswa zazing'ono. Ngati mukufuna, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chopukusira nyama.
- Ikani zida zosaphwanyika mu kapu kapena chidebe cha dongo.
- Thirani nyama ndi uchi wachilengedwe (kotero kuti umaphimba filimu), sakanizani bwino.
- Limbikani m'malo amdima, ozizira kwa miyezi 1-1,5.
Mankhwala okonzedwa moyenera amakhala ndi khungu lakuda komanso mawonekedwe opakika (osakanikirana).
Momwe mungagwiritsire tincture wa trepangs?
Kwa mankhwala, osakaniza amadyedwa 15 ml kawiri pa tsiku mphindi 20 asanadye. Kutalika kwa mankhwala ndi mwezi umodzi. Patatha milungu itatu, mankhwalawa amayambiranso (ngati pakufunika).
Pazolinga zodzitetezera, kapangidwe kameneka kamagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dzinja nyengo yachisanu isanayambe komanso mu nthawi yophukira kuti alimbikitse chitetezo chokwanira (5 ml katatu patsiku). Komabe, sabata yoyamba ya zamankhwala, kukula kwa kutumikira kamodzi sikuyenera kupitirira madontho 15 (chifukwa champhamvu chothandizira). Kuphatikiza apo, pamene mukutenga kuchokera ku trepang, ndikofunikira kuti muwongolere kugunda kwa mtima. Ngati ndi kotheka, amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo usiku (kuchepetsa nkhawa).
Zotsatira zakugwiritsira ntchito kwa trepang infusions (malinga ndi ndondomeko yalandirani):
- kumalimbitsa chitetezo chathupi, kumalimbitsa kukana kwa thupi kwa othandizira tizilombo,
- kukhazikika magazi
- sinamoni lipid ndi cholesterol kagayidwe,
- zimawonjezera kupenya kwamaso,
- imathandizanso kukonzanso kwa magawo owonongeka a dermis (kuphatikizapo minofu yamafupa),
- amachepetsa shuga
- kumalimbikitsa mphamvu yaimuna,
- imakongoletsa ntchito ya chithokomiro,
- kumawonjezera mphamvu,
- imathandizira kuchotsedwa kwa ma carcinogens mthupi,
- amachepetsa kukula kwa njira yotupa (potengera),
- Amawongolera malingaliro am'maganizo,
- ali ndi antibacterial zotsatira,
- imawonjezera chitetezo cha antitumor, imachepetsa kukula kwa zotupa.
Pamodzi ndi makonzedwe amkamwa, kuchotsera kwa trepang kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphera tizilombo toyambitsa thupi kunja. Mwachangu, zochizira zotupa pakhungu, makulidwe amkamwa patsekemera (pakulowera mano), kukhazikitsa mphuno, mafuta a makoma a nyini (ndi myoma).
Kumbukirani, kuphipha kuchokera ku trepang sikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa hyperthyroidism ndi ziwengo ku zinthu za njuchi ndi zam'madzi.
Kodi kuphika chakudya chokoma?
Trepangs ndi yabwino pamitundu yonse yophika: kuwira, kutsitsa, kuphika, kulakatula ndi kulakatula. Chigoba cha nyama, chomasulidwa ku khungu ndi viscera, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Pamaziko a nkhaka zam'nyanja, amakonza zokhwasula-khwasekha (kuzizira komanso zotentha), komanso zida zam'mbali zingapo, marinade, mavalidwe ndi maphunziro oyamba. Nyama ya Trepang imaphatikizidwa ndi zakudya zam'nyanja zonse, msuzi wotentha, anyezi, phwetekere, phwetekere.
Holothuria imagulitsa makamaka mu mawonekedwe owuma kapena achisanu. Lingalirani za momwe mungaphikire chakudya.
- Sumutsani mitembo pansi pamadzi (pakutsuka ufa wa malasha).
- Zilowerere nyama mwatsopano madzi kwa maola 24. Nthawi yomweyo, sinthani madzi pakapita maola atatu aliwonse.
- Tsitsani mitembo yakhathamira, tsanulirani madzi atsopano, ikani pachitofu.
- Wiritsani nyama kwa masekondi 60 pa moto wochepa, ndiye kuti muichotse pamoto, tsitsani msuzi (kwa maola 20).
- Kukhetsa zinyalala. Mitembo yokhazikika pakati.
- Tsitsani mankhwala odulidwa ndi madzi ozizira kenako ndikuphika kachiwiri kwa masekondi 60 pa moto wochepa.
- Limbikirani trepang mu madzi oyamba kwa maola 20 (mobwerezabwereza).
Ngati mankhwala atatha masiku awiri mnofu suuma (ndi fungo losasangalatsa la ayodini), ndiye kuti kuphika kumachitika mobwerezabwereza (kwa masiku 3-7). Pambuyo pofewetsa, mankhwalawo amayikidwa kwa mphindi zitatu mumadzi otentha owira. Kuzungulira kokwanira kwa ma trepang owuma kumatenga masiku awiri mpaka asanu ndi awiri (kutengera mtundu wa kuipitsidwa).
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mitembo yozizira, imakhazikika pa alumali pamwamba pa firiji kapena m'madzi ofunda (kutentha kwa madigiri a 10-15). Kenako zida zosemedwazo zimadulidwa ndikusambitsidwa pansi pamadzi. Pambuyo pake, mankhwalawa amawiritsa m'masinthidwe angapo amadzimadzi (nthawi 3-6). Njirayi imabwerezedwa mpaka msuzi utatha kuda (chifukwa cha ayodini wambiri). Nthawi ya chithandizo chilichonse sayenera kupitirira mphindi 5-8. Mukatha kuphika, nyamayo imatsukidwa pansi pa madzi ozizira (mpaka utazirala), kenako ndikuyika mufiriji. Nthawi yomweyo, amayang'anira ukhondo wa mbale, popeza zikakhudzana ndi mafuta, malondawo amayamba kufooka.
Nthawi yosungirako ya trepangs pa kutentha kwa 0 mpaka + 5 madigiri ndi masiku 3-4. Kuti muwonjezere moyo wa alumali (mpaka miyezi iwiri), nyama yomalizidwa imayikidwa mufiriji.
Makotoni a holothuri ali okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito popanda chithandizo chanyengo chisanachitike.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, zomwe amazidula zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira ina yaazitona ndi bowa.
Msuzi wa pea ndi nkhaka zam'nyanja
- trepangs - 100 magalamu,
- nandolo (mphodza) - 30 magalamu,
- kaloti - 15 magalamu,
- Muzu wa parsley - 20 magalamu,
- nyama yankhumba (mafuta) - 20 magalamu,
- amadyera - 20 magalamu.
- Wiritsani amayenda m'magawo angapo am'madzi, odulidwa mu ma cubes.
- Mwachangu nsomba zam'madzi, kaloti ndi mizu ya parsley (m'mafuta).
- Wiritsani nandolo mpaka theka kuphika (mphindi 20-30).
- Onjezani zosakaniza zokazinga, zitsamba, zokometsera ku msuzi.
Tumikirani msuzi wa mtola ndi kirimu wowawasa kapena msuzi wa mpiru.
Trepang yokazinga ndi masamba
- nkhaka zam'nyanja - 300 magalamu,
- mafuta masamba - 45 mamililita,
- kabichi yoyera - magalamu 400,
- kaloti - 200 magalamu,
- zukini - 200 magalamu,
- mbatata - 300 magalamu,
- tomato - 200 magalamu,
- mayonesi - mamililita 150,
- tchizi - 150 g.
- Wiritsani nkhaka zam'nyanja m'magulu atatu amadzi (mutatha kuwira tsiku ndi tsiku).
- Mwachangu ma trepangs mumafuta a masamba (kwa mphindi 5).
- Pogaya masamba. Dulani kabichi m'mphetezo theka, mbatata - "maudzu", kaloti ndi zukini - ma cubes. Grate tomato.
- Sanjani masamba osakaniza pamoto wotsika (mphindi 5).
- Phatikizani kabichi, kaloti, zukini ndi mbatata ndi trepangs, uzipereka mchere ndi zokometsera.
- Ikani misa yokonzedwa patsamba lophika.Thirani mu msuzi wa phwetekere.
- Kuphika mbale mu uvuni kwa mphindi 20 (kutentha kwa madigiri a 180).
- Finyani mbale yomalizira yophika ndi tchizi, chovala ndi mayonesi, (Mphindi 10 musanaphike).
Tumikirani wokazinga ndi msuzi wa phwetekere ndi bowa wowuma.
Pomaliza
Trepang ndiye mtengo wofunika kwambiri wa echinoderm mollusk womwe umakhala m'madzi amphepete mwa Nyanja za Japan, Yellow ndi East China Seas. Tizilombo ta nyamayi timakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zokhala ndi zinthu zambiri: zomanga thupi, zomanga thupi, zomanga thupi, zomanga thupi, zomanga thupi komanso zomanga thupi. Chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa michere, nyama ya trepang imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ichepetse kukalamba kwachilengedwe, kuchepetsa kukwiya, kuthamangitsa khungu, komanso kuwonjezera mphamvu. Pamodzi ndi izi, nsomba zam'nyanja zimathandiza kwambiri ku chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, ubongo, ziwalo zoberekera, komanso mtima wama mtima. Kuti mupeze njira yochizira yatsopano kuchokera ku chinyezi chatsopano, mumakhala mawu enaake kapena otulutsa (mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangidwa kale).
Kukonzekera kochokera ku trepang ndikofunikira kuti mugwiritse ntchito ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa chitetezo chokwanira, kuchepa kwa vitamini, zomatira, kutopa kwakanthawi, mabala am'mimba, nyamakazi yamatumbo, kusabala, mastopathy. Kuphatikiza pa kuchiritsa ndi kupatsa thanzi, nyama ya "dzira" imakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino kwansomba. Poganizira izi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika kuphika (makamaka m'maiko a East Asia). Ndizabwino pamitundu yonse yamakonzedwe a chakudya: kuphika, kuyanika, kuphika, kuyanika, kusungunuka, kusungidwa ndi kukoka. Msuzi, hodgepodge, mbale zam'mbali, masaladi, kudzazidwa kwa ma pie, soseji, marinades zakonzedwa kuchokera ku echinoderm mollusk. Mankhwalawa amafunika chithandizo chisanachitike: akuwukha kwa tsiku limodzi m'madzi ozizira, kuwira masinthidwe angapo amadzimadzi (okhala ndi maola 12). Sungani mufiriji (osaposa masiku 2) kapena mufiriji (miyezi 1.5-2).
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa holothuria
Khalidwe la Holothurian -osagwira ntchito. Sakufulumira, ndipo akukamba pang'onopang'ono kuposa akamba. Amayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo kumbali zawo, chifukwa ndi pomwe ali ndi miyendo.
Wojambulidwa holothuria marins ginseng
Mutha kuyang'ana njira yachilendo ngati imeneyi chithunzi holothuria. Pamaulendo oterowo, amakhala ndi zojambula m'makoma kuchokera pansi.
Amamva bwino kwambiri. Chifukwa chozama makilomita 8, ginseng yam'nyanja imadziyesa yokha yokhala ndi zochitika zambiri, ndipo sizodabwitsa. Amapanga 90% ya onse okhala pansi mwakuya kwambiri.
Koma ngakhale "eni pansi" awa omwe ali ndi adani awo. A Holoturia ayenera kudziteteza ku nsomba, nyenyezi, crustaceans ndi mitundu ina ya ma mollusks. Kuteteza, nkhaka zam'nyanja zimagwiritsa ntchito "chida chapadera" Pakachitika ngozi, amatha kupweteka ndikuponya ziwalo zawo zamkati m'madzi.
Monga lamulo, awa ndiye matumbo ndi kumaliseche. Chifukwa chake, mdani watayika kapena amadyerera pa "chomenyera" ichi, pomwe kutsogolo kwa nkhaka kuthawa kunkhondo. Ziwalo zonse zomwe zikusowa mthupi zimabwezeretseka m'masabata 1.5-5 ndipo holothuria ikupitilizabe monga kale.
Mitundu ina imatetezedwa munjira zosiyana. Panthawi yolimba ndi mdani, amapanga ma enzyme oopsa, omwe ndi poizoni wakupha kwa nsomba zambiri.
Kwa anthu, izi sizowopsa, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti sizilowa m'maso. Anthu asintha kuti agwiritse ntchito izi pazolinga zawo: kuwedza ndi kuthamangitsa shaki.
Kuphatikiza pa adani, ginseng panyanja ali ndi abwenzi. Pafupifupi mitundu 27 ya nsomba za banja la Carapus imagwiritsa ntchito holothurians ngati nyumba. Amakhala mkati mwa nyama zachilendozi, zomwe amazigwiritsa ntchito ngati pobisalira pangozi.
Nthawi zina "nsomba zamatango" izi zimadya ziwalo zoberekera komanso zopumira za ma holothuri, koma chifukwa cha kubwezeretsa kwawo, izi sizibweretsa mavuto kwa "eni".
Edible holoturia osangoganiza zokhala pansi pamadzi okha, komanso anthu. Trepangs amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzera zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi, komanso pharmacology. Ndizovuta, koma thanzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mukangofika pamwamba pa nkhaka yam'nyanja, muyenera kuwaza ndi mchere kuti ikhale yovuta. Kupanda kutero, akakumana ndi mpweya, mbewa zakuchepa zimachepetsa ndikufanana ndi zakudya.
Kanema: Holothuria
Oyang'anira ma echinoderms anali nyama zopanda moyo zokhala ndi mitundu iwiri. Kenako Carpoidea anawonekera, anali atangokhala kale. Thupi lawo lidakutidwa ndi mbale, ndipo pakamwa pawo ndi anus adayikidwa mbali imodzi. Gawo lotsatira linali Cystoidea kapena ma ballo. A Grooves adawonekera pakamwa pawo kutola chakudya. Zinali zochokera pa ma globulars pomwe ma holothuri adachokera mwachindunji - mosiyana ndi magulu ena amakono a echinoderms, omwe adachokera kwa iwo, koma kudutsa magawo ena. Zotsatira zake, ma holothuri amakhalabe ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zimadziwika ndi ma globulars.
Ndipo ma holothuri enieni ndi gulu lakale kwambiri lomwe lasintha pang'ono pazaka mazana mamiliyoni zapitazo. Adafotokozeredwa ndi katswiri wazowona za nyama ku France A.M. Blanville mu 1834, dzina la kalasi ku Latin ndi Holothuroidea.
Chosangalatsa: Pali zambiri za vanadium m'mwazi wa nkhaka zam'nyanja - mpaka 8-9%. Zotsatira zake, chitsulo chamtengo wapatali ichi chimatha kupangidwanso kwa iwo mtsogolo.
Kodi holothuria imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyanja Holoturia
Mitundu yawo ndi yotakata kwambiri ndipo imaphatikizapo nyanja zonse ndi nyanja zambiri za Dziko lapansi. M'malo mwake ma nyanja osowa omwe ma holothurian sanapezeke, mwa iwo, mwachitsanzo, Baltic ndi Caspian. Ambiri mwa ma holothuri amakhala m'madzi ofunda kwambiri otentha; amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi miyala yamiyala yamchere, komanso amakhala munyanja yozizira.
Mutha kukumana ndi ma holothurians m'madzi osaya kumphepete mwa nyanja, komanso mwakuya, mpaka kumazama kwambiri: zoonadi, izi ndi mitundu yosiyana, yosiyana kwambiri. A Holothurians amakhalanso m'malo ozama kwambiri a pulaneti, Mariana Trench, kumapeto kwake. Amapanga gawo lalikulu la anthu ocheperako, nthawi zina limangokhala phokoso nawo. Pakuzama kwakukulu - zoposa 8,000 m, ma macro-fauna (ndiye kuti, omwe amatha kuwoneka ndi maso aanthu) amayimiridwa makamaka ndi iwo, pafupifupi 85-90% ya zolengedwa zazikulu zonse zomwe zili m'gulu la holothurian.
Izi zikusonyeza kuti, ngakhale zili zolengedwa zamtunduwu, zimatha kusinthika kukhala ndi moyo mozama ndipo zimatha kupatsa mutu wabwino kwambiri kuyambitsa zinyama zovuta kuzimvetsa. Mitundu yawo yamitundu mitundu imangotsika pambuyo pa 5,000 m, kenako pang'onopang'ono. Ndi nyama zochepa zomwe zimatha kupikisana nazo mosadzikuza.
Pali mitundu ya holothuria, nsalu yomwe imapereka kuthekera kwa kuwuluka m'madzi: zimangozimitsa pansi ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono kupita kumalo atsopano, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zosambira poyendetsa. Koma amakhalabe pansi, kupatula mtundu umodzi womwe umakhala m'madzi: ndi Pelagothuria natatrix, ndipo umasambira monga momwe wafotokozedwera.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe holothuria imapezeka. Tiwone zomwe amadya.
Adani achilengedwe a holothuri
Chithunzi: Kodi holothuria ikuwoneka bwanji?
Pali nkhaka zambiri zam'nyanja pansi, pomwe sizichedwa kutetezedwa komanso chifukwa chake adani ambiri amawasaka nthawi ndi nthawi.
Koma ndi mitundu yochepa chabe yomwe imadya pa iwo nthawi zonse. Izi ndichifukwa choti poizoni wambiri umasonkhana mu minofu yawo (waukulu waiwo umatchulidwanso moyenera - holoturin), komanso kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi nkhaka zam'nyanja ngati chakudya ndizovulaza m'madzi.
Mwa mitundu yomwe holothuria ndiyo gwero lalikulu la zakudya, ndikofunikira kuwunikira makamaka migolo. Mollusks awa amalimbana ndi holothuria, amawalowetsa poyizoni, ndikuyamwa tiziwalo tofewa kuchokera kwa wolumala. Poizoni alibe vuto kwa iwo.
Komanso nsomba zimatha kudyetsa anthu okhala pansi, koma sizichita izi kawirikawiri, makamaka zikafika osapeza nyama ina. Pakati pa adani, ma holothuri amafunikanso kukhala anthu odziwika, chifukwa mitundu ina imawoneka ngati yopatsa thanzi ndipo imagwidwa pamakampani azinthu.
Chochititsa chidwi: Holothuria imatha kudziteteza kwa zilombo mwanjira imodzi yokha: imataya ziwalo zina zamkati mwake, ndipo limodzi ndi poizoni yemwe amawopseza osaka agwera m'madzi. Kwa nkhaka yamadzi payokha, izi sizoyipa, popeza zimatha kukula ziwalo zatsopano m'malo mwa zotayika.
Holothuria zakudya
Nkhaka zam'nyanja zimawerengedwa kuti ndi mndandanda wa nyanja zam'madzi ndi nyanja. Amadyetsa zotsalira za nyama zakufa. Mapeto amilomo yawo amakula nthawi zonse kuti agwire chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito mahema.
Chiwerengero cha mahema amasiyana mitundu. Kuchuluka kwawo ndi ma PC 30, Ndipo onsewa akusaka chakudya mosalekeza. Iliyonse ya mahema a holothurium alternating malawi.
Mitundu ina imadyera pa mwala, ina yotsalira ndi nyama zazing'ono. Ali ngati oyeretsa phula, amatola chakudya chosakanikirana ndi silt ndi mchenga kuchokera pansi. Matumbo a nyama izi amasinthidwa kuti asankhe michere yokha, ndikutumiza zochuluka zonse.