Nkhuku zoweta komanso zakuthengo ndi za a Fazanovs. Dongosolo lake ndi nkhuku, yomwe imaphatikizapo mitundu inayi ya nkhuku zakuthengo: mabanki, Ceylon, imvi, zobiriwira. Amatha kupezeka paliponse kupatula Antarctica. Awa ndi abale achindunji a opafira, ndipo sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa chokhoza kukwatirana.
Maonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha amphaka amadziwika ndi nkhuku ngati "zawo":
- Roosters ili ndi nthenga zowala komanso zokongola.
- Zizindikiro zomwe zimayikidwa nkhuku ndi tinthu tambiri m'mimba ndizofanana.
- Khalidwe lachiwerewere ndilofanana.
- Ngakhale nyimbo zomwe mbalame zimapanga zimafanana.
Kufanana pakati pa pheasants ndi nkhuku kumayambitsa maonekedwe a hybrids, omwe, komabe, sangathe kubereka. Jini ndi losiyana.
Zindikirani! Nkhuku zamtchire zimatchedwanso nkhalango chifukwa chokonda nkhwawa zamvula.
Nkhuku zakutchire zachilengedwe zimapezeka ku South Asia, Indonesia, ndi Philippines. Ngakhale nkhalango zachikondi zimakonda, biotope yawo imatha kutchedwa kuti m'mphepete. Mbalame zimakhala komwe zakudya ndizosavuta kupeza: mu udzu, zitsamba, nkhalango.
Agogo ake akale a mitundu yomwe amakhala m'midzi mwathu ndi nkhuku ya Banking jungle. Asayansi apanga lingaliro lotere, chifukwa ndi ofanana maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Amathanso kubereka ana omwe amatha kubereka. Nthawi zambiri mfundozi zimakhala zokwanira kutsimikizira chiyambi. Koma mitundu yonse yodziwika ya nkhuku zamtchire zimakhala ndi zizindikirozi. Izi zinayambitsa chidwi choti kubwezeretsa nkhuku kumachitika chifukwa cha mitundu ingapo. Chifukwa chake dzina lenileni la mtundu wa kholo ndi funso lotseguka.
Zosangalatsa! Nkhuku idayamba kusungidwa kuyambira zaka 8,000 zapitazo, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo iwo akhazikitsa nkhuku ku Asia, Africa ndi Europe. Adayamba kukhala ku America ndi ku Australia atazunzidwa ndi azungu.
Ngakhale nkhuku zoweta zimatha kubereka ana kuchokera m'nkhalango, mtundu wa mbalame zam'madera osiyanasiyana ndizosiyana. Kusiyanaku kumanenedweratu ku Pacific ndi South Asia. Zimasiyana ndi nkhuku zochokera kumadera ena. Izi zikutsimikizira kukhudzika kwa kubadwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Asayansi amati mtundu wachiwiri womwe nkhuku zoweta zinachokera ndi mbalame yotuwa.
Palinso chifukwa china chomwe mbalame zamtunduwu zimachokera m'madera osiyanasiyana ndizosiyana pang'ono: kusinthika kwa magawo akutali. Mtunduwu amaonedwa ndi asayansi ena kukhala wolondola kwambiri. Amatsutsa: kutsimikizira mtundu kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhuku idachokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtchire, kusiyana kwakukulu mu genome ndikofunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene kudutsa kungakhale ana opanda zipatso, zomwe sizichitika.
Kwa zaka zambiri asayansi amakambirana kuti nkhuku zamtchire zimadziwika kuti zimachokera kuti. Kupenda kwachilengedwe ndi maselo okha ndi komwe kumaika chilichonse pamalo ake: wobalitsira nkhuku ndi banker.
Jungle Hens: Makhalidwe
Nkhuku zakutchire ndi chitsanzo cha makolo akale a nyama zoweta zomwe zidapulumuka ngakhale anthu atayesetsa. Chifukwa chake, makolo a ng'ombe ndi kavalo adaphedwa mu Middle Ages. Tsopano nkhuku zamtchire ndizotetezedwa ngati gawo la zachilengedwe ndikupanga mitundu yatsopano. Pakadali pano pali subspecies pafupifupi 700, ndipo mitundu ikuluikulu ili ku Europe.
Zindikirani! Mothandizidwa ndi nkhuku zamtchire, osati mitundu yokha yomwe ili yabwino kuchokera pamalingaliro aogula yomwe imadulidwa, komanso yokongola.
Mitundu yonse ya nkhuku zamtchire zimadziwika ndi dimorphism yokhudza kugonana: kusiyana kwakukulu pamaonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna ndi akazi. Ntchito yotsirizayi ndikupangitsa mazira kuti azitha kuyang'anira ana, abambo kuti azikhala mwadongosolo, azimenyera akazi komanso kuteteza azimayi ku zoipa zonse. Chifukwa chamtundu wowala ndi machitidwe opusa a thukuta, amafa nthawi zambiri kuposa kuyika nkhuku. Mutha kunena kuti adzigunda.
Kusunga banki
Oyimira ake amadziwika ndi thupi lolimba, koma amalemera pang'ono poyerekeza ndi nkhuku zoweta. Amawuluka moipa kwambiri. Komabe, nkhuku za kubanki ndizolimba, zomwe zimawalola kukhala ndi moyo wamtunda mosangalala. Kulemera kwachimuna chamtchire ndizoposa kilogalamu, ndipo chachikazi sichikuposa 700 g. Unyinji wawung'ono chotere umachitika chifukwa cha moyo wamtchire. Ngati mukufunika kuthana ndi nyama zolusa nthawi zonse ndikusaka china choti mudyere, zopatsa mphamvu zimatha zokha.
Osunga ndalama amadya zonse zomwe amapeza m'nkhalango: nthangala, ma arthropod, mphutsi, mapira, zipatso ndi mbali zina za mbewu. Mbalame zimakhala pansi, monga nkhuku zambiri.
Zindikirani! Nkhuku zosungira banki zimakoma pang'ono chifukwa cha zovuta zaumphawi.
Nyama zimapulumuka chifukwa chobisala ndikuthamanga kwambiri. Ndipo chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi achibale komanso kuteteza tambala, amadziwa pasadakhale za kuopsa.
Mbiri yakubadwa
Popeza madera osiyanasiyana a Bankivsky hens ndi malo otentha otentha, mbalamezi zimatchedwanso nkhalango. Ngakhale amafanana ndi achifwamba, iwo siamtundu womwewo.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, nkhuku zouma zamtchire zinali zovekedwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia pafupifupi zaka 8 zapitazo. Pambuyo pake, iwo anayamba kukhala mu India. Poyamba, nkhuku za kubanki zimapatsidwa ndewu zachikhalidwe, popeza mtundu uwu umakhala ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yolimbana. Mbalame zakutchire, zopanda nyumba zomwe zimangokhala kumwera kwa Asia.
Nkhuku za kubanki ndizofanana kwambiri ndi abale apanyumba. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Charles Darwin adakhulupirira kuti ndi omwe amayambitsa zoweta zamakono. Anawobera, kuwoloka, kulandira mitundu yatsopano, zoweta zoweta.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Mitundu ya Bankivsky si yayikulu kukula. Kulemera kwa tambala nthawi zambiri kumaposa makilogalamu 1,2, ndipo nkhukuzo zimalemera pafupifupi magalamu 600. Amphongo amasiyana ndi wamkazi powoneka bwino. Khosi, kumbuyo ndi mapiko okutira ndi maonekedwe ofiira a golide komanso bulauni. Mtundu wonyezimira wakuda umapezeka pamimba. Nthenga zazitali, zomata zamtambo ndizobiriwira zakuda, ndi sheen wachitsulo. Mutu wawung'ono wa tambala umakongoletsedwa ndi chipeso chofiirira chowala komanso mlomo wofiirira. Miyendo yolimba ili ndi zida zoluka ndi nyanga. Mbalameyi ili ndi zala zinai, imodzi imatembenuzidwira kumbuyo.
Wamkazi sakhala wowoneka bwino ngati wamphongo. Ali ndi mchira waufupi, ndipo thupi lake limakutidwa ndi ma mankhwalawa. Khosi - ndi nthenga zazifupi zazifupi ndi chithunzi chachikaso. Mtundu wosatsutsikawu umagwira ntchito yoteteza. Zimathandizira nkhuku kuti idziwe popanda kukhala kuti ikhale ndi ana.
Nkhuku zamtchire zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi hens 3-5 ndi tambala 1. Banja lililonse loterolo limakhala m'gawo lomasuliridwa bwino lomwe, lomwe mwamunayo amalola pamaso pa paketi yonse. Ana a nkhuku omwe ali ndi miyezi 4 amakhala okha. Amapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu omwe amakhala ndi anthu ochepa, pomwe amakhazikitsa utsogoleri pakati pawo.
Nkhuku za Bankivsky zimasiyana ndi mitundu ina pomenya nkhondo. Mlomo wamphamvu, miyendo yolimba ndi spurs ndiye chida chachikulu polimbana ndi mdani. Amuna akuluakulu amenyera gawo, utsogoleri, chisamaliro cha akazi. Nkhuku sizikwiya kwenikweni, koma zimadza ndewu ngati ana awo ali pachiwopsezo.
Nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta kuti roost angapo azikhala m'gawo limodzi. Ngakhale ndi dera lalikulu la ndege, mikangano imachitika. Ngati mbalame ivulala, imasiyanitsidwa ndi ena onse. Kuwona magazi, abalewo amapha imfa yokhala ndi thukuta. Mbalame yomwe yabwezeretseka siyibwezeretsedwe - gululo sililandira “zatsopano”.
Kukhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira komanso luso, kusunga nkhuku za Bankivsky sikovuta. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mbalame zamtchire zimakonda malo.
Nyumba yankhuku
Mbalame imodzi imasowa mita 2-5 kuti ikhale yabwino. m lalikulu. Mukamazindikira kukula kwa aviary, izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa. Kudera laling'ono, achikulire azigwirizana pokhapokha ngati pali wamwamuna m'modzi pagululi. Kuti mbalamezi zisamawuluke mosavuta mnyumbayo, zimamangidwa mkati, kutalika kwa 4-5. Popeza mayendedwe a mbalamezi amakhala osokonekera nthawi yomwe amathawa, sipayenera kukhala zinthu zakunja kwa nkhuku.
Ngati sizotheka kumanga mlengalenga kwa mbalame, adzadula nthenga. M'chilengedwe chawo, nkhuku zamtchire zimagona pamitengo usiku. Mukakonza malo omwe mbalame zizipuma, izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa. Njira yabwino ndi mtengo wouma kapena wamoyo mu aviary. Mbalame zakutchire zimathanso kuzolowera nkhuku zantchito za nkhuku zoweta, komabe izi zimatenga nthawi yayitali.
Dziko la Bankivsky hens ndi malo otentha komanso otentha. Pomanga nyumba za mbalame zotere, amafunika kubwezeretsanso zomwezi. Ngati nthawi yotentha imakhala yotentha kwambiri, ndiye kuti mumakonzekeretsa oweluka, konzani malo opanda phokoso ndi dziwe laling'ono. Samazipanga kwambiri, apo poti anapiyewo amira. Itha kukhala chidebe chilichonse chokhala ndi mbali yakuya masentimita 10 ndi nthenga 5. Nthenga zokhala ndi utoto, mulomo wotseguka pang'ono, komanso kupuma kwamphamvu kumawonetsa kutenthetsa mbalame.
M'miyezi yozizira, mbalamezo zimafunikira kutentha. Kutentha 25-30 ° C kudzakhala koyenera kwa iwo. Nyumba yotsekedwayo iyenera kukhala yopingasa, yoyatsa, ndi yowuma. Chinyezi chikhale chabwinobwino. Pansi ndi yokutidwa ndi mchenga wowuma, miyala yabwino, udzu.
Bankivsky hens molt, iwo amaponya nthenga zonse, amaliseche kwathunthu. Koma ngakhale zatsopanozi zikukula mwachangu, nyumbayo iyenera kukhala youma komanso yotentha.
Kuswana
Kuti zisagwire bwino bwino, nkhuku za ku banki ziyenera kupanga zinthu zofunika. Chipinda chokhala ndi mbalame chizikhala chotentha komanso chouma. Kuyala nkhuku kumabweretsa mtendere. Mwezi umodzi asanaikidwe mazira, nkhuku zimasinthidwa kukhala chakudya chapadera - zimapatsidwa mavitamini, ndipo chipolopolo cha pansi chimawonjezeredwa kudyetsa.
Nthawi yankhuku za nkhuku za m'nkhalango zimayamba ndikutuluka kwa nthawi ya masika. Mu clutch woyamba, wamkazi amayikira mazira 4-5. Pagawo lachiwiri, lomwe limayamba miyezi itatu itatha yoyamba, kuchuluka kwawo kumawonjezeka ndi kufika pa 11 ma PC. Oberetsa amawona kuti nthawi zambiri atagona nkhuku amaikira mazira ambiri. Amafotokoza izi podziwa kuti nkosavuta kuti nkhuku iziphike.
Amayi a nkhuku amakhala masiku 18, kenako nkhuku zimayamba kubadwa. Anapiye amphamvu amakoka tsiku 18-18; Nkhuku yokhala ndi mulomo wake imakometsera chigobacho ndikupumira mkati mwake. Kuzolowera chilengedwe chatsopano, chimakhala mkati kwa maola ena asanu, pambuyo pake chimatuluka.
Danga limatha kudzikhomera wothandizira kuti nkhuku zofooka zibadwe. Pambuyo poti ziuma, mwana yemwe wangobadwa kumeneyo amadzidalira pawokha - mwana wankhuku amadzichotsa yekha.
Mitengo ya Banking imakhala yamtengo wapatali ngati mtundu wokongoletsa. Amatchuka pakati pa osonkhetsa ndalama ndi akatswiri obereketsa akatswiri. Mbalame zamtunduwu ndizofunikira kwambiri kuswana. Kuswana kwawoko ndi kubereketsa kumatithandizanso kukonza mitundu ina.
Mverani mawu a tambala wa banki
Nkhuku zamtchire zimapanga mabanja a amuna amodzi ndi akazi angapo. Wamphongo amalamulira madera ake ndipo tambala wa munthu wina akatuluka, duel yamagazi ndiyothekera kuti akhale ndi ufulu wokhala ndi nkhuku. Kuyamba kwa nyengo yakukula matendawa, maubwenzi apakati pa amuna amalimba, ndewu zimatenga machitidwe mwadongosolo komanso kukongoletsa kwakukulu kwa amuna - akuthwa kwa spurs - amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zida zakumapeto zoterezi zimangopezeka ndi thukuta, koma mukaziyambitsa, mbalame zimatha kupweteketsa zilonda zakufa mukakumana nazo pafupi. Zikamalirazo, nkhuku zimayikira mazira mdzenje lomwe lili pansi pa chitsamba. Chiwerengero cha mazira oyera ndi 5-9.
Rooster wa ku Banki ndi kholo lakale la nkhuku zonse zapakhomo.
Nthochi zimabadwa kamodzi pachaka, ngakhale zili zachilengedwe. Otsukawo amawuma msanga, ali ndi miyendo yolimba, ndipo tsiku lotsatira atabadwa amakhala okonzeka kutsatira nkhuku. Mtundu wa zodzitchinjiriza umawapangitsa kuti asawonekere kwa adani, ndipo nzeru za mayiyo zimawateteza ku adani. Nkhuku ndizokoma kwa nyama zambiri, zimagwidwa ndi mbalame zazikulu zodya nyama, njoka, anyani ochepa amawasaka. Pakati pa adani a nkhuku zamtchire zimatha kupangidwa ndi anthu.
Ngakhale nkhuku zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kale, koma pali wokonda nkhuku zambiri. Kuyesera koyamba kukwezera tambala wamtchire samalumikizana konse ndi nyama ya nkhuku, koma ndi mphamvu ya roosters kulinganiza zokopa zomwe mbalame zimawonetsa luso la kumenya. Anthu adayamba kulimbikitsa thukuta kumenya nkhondo yamwambo, ndipo pambuyo pake adatsimikiza kukoma kwa nyama ndi mazira a mbalamezi. M'mayiko a Southeast Asia, kulimbana ndi kuweta nkhuku ndi kofunikabe.
Tambala ndi nkhuku yachimuna yachimuna.
Ntchito yobereketsa ndi thukuta zamtchire idabweretsa zotsatira zabwino, mbalamezo zidakhala zopangidwa mwapulasitiki ndipo zoweta sizinapangidwe osati ndi mikhalidwe yolimbana, komanso dzira ndi nyama - dzira. Ngati muyesera kuyankha funso: kodi ndi mbalame ziti padziko lapansi zomwe zimakhala kwambiri? Yankho limabwera nthawi yomweyo - zoona, nkhuku ndizomwe zimapanga mbalame zambiri. Amakhala kulikonse komwe kuli anthu. M'midzi yaku Papuan, Negro, Native American, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimanyamula mazira ndikupatsa nzika nyama.
Chikuku (Banking nkhalango).
Mafamu omwe amakhala mozungulira mizinda yayikulu amadyetsanso nkhuku. Pafupifupi, nkhuku zoweta zimatenga mazira 126 - 200 pachaka, mbiri yodziwika ya nkhuku yoikira mazira idakhazikitsidwa - mazira 1515 muzaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Kholo la ziweto zoweta - nkhuku yankhoma yakuthengo sinalotenso nkomwe kuyikira mazira ambiri. Izi obereketsa akwanitsa izi. Pakadali pano, nkhuku zoposa 100 za nkhuku zimadziwika, iliyonse imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake. Ndipo zonse zinayamba ndi nkhuku yakuthengo, kapena tambala tambala, yomwe imakopa munthu wokhala ndi mzimu wopanda chiyembekezo.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Tambala wamtchire
Tambala wamabanki amatha kusangalatsa ndi kukongola kwake. Minofu ya nkhuku imapangidwa bwino mu mbalame, ngakhale kuti ikulephera kuuluka bwino. Choyamba, thupi limazolowera kuthamanga, ndipo pokhapokha - kuthawa. Kugundana kumathandizanso kuti mbalameyi imenyane ndi agalu ena ndi adani ena. Mwambiri, mawonekedwe a tambala wamtchire amafanana ndi apakhomo: mutu wawung'ono, chisa chachikulu komanso khosi lalitali. Chosiyana ndi miyendo. Amatalikirana pang'ono ndi "m'bale" wakunyumba.
Briteni adatcha tambala wamtchire kuti ndi wofiyira, ngakhale zinali zomveka kunena kuti "mbalame yamoto", wopatsidwa utoto wa mbali zina za thupi lake. Zoyipa zamtunduwu ndizovuta kubisa. Koma safuna tambala. Kubisalira kumbuyo kwazomera ndikofunikira kwa akazi omwe amabereka mazira. Ntchito yamaula owala kwambiri a tulo ndi kukopa chidwi cha akazi ndi abambo ena kuti athe kumenyera malo m'malo akuluakulu.
Makatani a tambala wa Ceylon amathanso kutchedwa kuti moto:
- Mutu wonse ndi wofiyira.
- Pakatikati pa kaphiriko pali mzere wachikasu.
- Nthenga zina ndi ginger.
Nthawi yomweyo, kuthekera koziteteza ku nyumba za jungle za Ceylon kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri chifukwa cha mtundu wakuda wa thupi lonse.
Aliyense amadziwa kuti amuna nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamipikisano yotchedwa cockfights. Mtundu wa banki ndi woyenera makamaka kupangira mitundu yosangalatsa. Mikhalidwe yabwino imapangidwira thukuta lanyumba, kotero palibe chifukwa chomenyera chuma ndi nkhuku, amaiwala momwe angamenyere.
Steppe nkhuku
Munthawi zambiri, mutha kupeza ntchitoyi: "nkhuku yotsika, zilembo 5." Yankho lolondola ndi bustard. Zowona, mbalameyi si nkhuku, imangofanana ndi yakunja. Koma kuchokera pamawonedwe achilengedwe, ili pafupi kwambiri ndi kakhwawa.
Mbalameyi imakhala kumapiri ndi mapiri a Eurasia. Nthawi zina nthumwi za mtunduwu zimapezeka kumpoto. Kutengera ndi malo omwe amakhala, nyama imakhala yosiyana.
Zindikirani! Mu steppes, amatsogolera moyo wokhazikika, ngati amakhala kumpoto - mwadzidzidzi, zomwe sizodabwitsa.
M'zaka za m'ma 1900, amuna ankakonda kwambiri kusaka nyama. Chifukwa chaichi, yasanduka mtundu wachilendo kwambiri, ngakhale umakhala m'mizere.Amwalanso chifukwa chosintha maonekedwe komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka makina azolimo. Mwambiri, chifukwa chachikulu chomwe mbalame imalembedwera mu Red Book ndi munthu ndi zochita zake.
Ndi mbalame iti yomwe imawoneka ngati nkhuku?
Zambiri, mitundu 250-263 ndi ya nkhuku padziko lathuli, motero zonse sizingatheke. Gulu la nkhuku limaphatikizapo mabanja 5:
- Goacin. Amakhala ku South America.
- Udzu wankhuku. Amakhala ku Australia, Polynesia, Indonesia.
- Nkhuku zamatanda.
- Fizanti. Banja lodziwika kwambiri lomwe lili ndi "maofesi oyimira" pafupifupi m'maiko onse padziko lapansi. Amawerengera mitundu 174, 12 mwa yomwe ikupezeka ku Russia.
- Gule.
Oyimira onse a mabanja awa pamlingo wina kapena wina amafanana. Koma zambiri zakumwa zonse zimakhala za chiweto chathu. Mbalamezi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi nkhuku.
Nkhuku zamtchire zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi zoweta. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitunduyi ndi moyo. Moyo wa mbalame zakutchire ndizovuta kwambiri, motero ayenera kupulumuka. Ziweto zimakhaladi m'paradiso. Uku ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa awiriwa. Ndipo mwacibadwa ndi ofanana kwambiri, mwakuti amatha kubereka ana ochulukirapo.
Mawonekedwe
Kwa banja lonselo la pheasant, makamaka kwa nkhuku, kutchulidwa kodziwika bwino kopititsa patsogolo kugonana ndi chikhalidwe. Amuna a nkhuku za kubanki ndi akuluakulu kuposa akazi, ali ndi maula ambiri owoneka bwino.
Tambala (wonani chithunzi pamwambapa) amasiyanitsidwa ndi wopindika wamkulu - nthambi yamtundu pamutu wofiira wofiira, ndi "mphete" zazikulu, pansi pamlomo, komanso masaya opanda kanthu. Kutalika, kumatha kufika 75 cm, ndipo chachikazi - osaposa 46 cm.
Utoto wamphongo ndi wokongoletsa kwambiri, wowala, maula ndizokongola, zonyezimira, zonyezimira ndi dzuwa. Mutu ndi thupi la tambala - khosi, m'munsi kumbuyo, gawo lammbuyo komanso thupi lotsika - lakutidwa ndi maula ofiira owoneka ngati malalanje.
Msana waukulu ndi chifuwa ndizakonzedwa zofiira. Mchira ndi mapiko ake ndi kunyadira kwapadera kwa mbalameyo ndipo zokongoletsera zake ndi zakuda komanso zobiriwira, zowala bwino padzuwa ndi chitsulo chobiriwira. Nthenga za mapiko makamaka nthenga za mchirawo ndi zazikuru, kutalika ndi kutalika, zopindika.
Mtundu wa zowonjezera zazikazi sizowala pang'ono, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowonjezera, nthenga zimakhala zazifupi, zimaphimba thupi lonse, popanda kusiyanitsa. Mafuta ndi mphete ndizochepa kwambiri, nthawi zina sizimadziwika.
Mbiri pang'ono
Nkhuku za ku nkhalango (banker) zidayamba kupezeka ku Southeast Asia. Zinachitika pafupifupi malita 6,000. BC. Pambuyo pake, pafupifupi malita 3,000. BC. iwo anali antchito aku India. Malinga ndi C. Darwin, ndi omwe adakhala kholo la mitundu yambiri yomwe ilipo ya ziweto zapakhomo.
Mitundu yambiri ya nkhuku zoweta zomwe zilipo masiku ano ndizofanana kwambiri ndi nkhuku zofiira, koma kufananaku ndizapanja chabe.
Masanjidwe
Jungle nkhuku - Gallus kapena Junglefowl - kuphatikiza mitundu inayi yayikulu:
- Greens - Gallus Varaus (lat.) Kapena Green Junglefowl (eng.)
Mu chithunzi - imodzi mw mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya nkhuku zamtchire - Green Forest
Chikuku cha Banking Red - Gallus gallus (lat.) Kapena Red Junglefowl (Chingerezi) ali ndi mitundu yawo:
- Mabungwe aku India - Gallus gallus murghi (lat.). Habitat - Bangladesh, Nepal, India.
- Burmese - Gallus gallus spadiceus (lat.). Habitat - Sumatra, Malaysia, Myanmar.
- Tokinsky - Gallus gallus jabouillei (lat.). Habitat - China (Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan) ndi Vietnam.
- Indochinese - Gallus gallus gallus (lat.). Habitat - Thailand, Indochina.
- Malo apamwamba, ambiri komanso ambiri, Gallus gallus bankiva, amawonekera mosiyana.
Moyo
Nthawi zambiri masana, mbalame zimagona pansi, kupeza chakudya, koma zimapumira ndikugona usiku wonse pamitengo.
Zimawuluka bwino kwambiri ndipo zimathamanga kwambiri. Pozindikira kuopsa, amawuluka mumtengo mwachangu kapena kuthawa, kukabisala mumtambo. Ndege zawo zimasinthana mapiko ndikuuluka.
Liwu limakhala ngati nyumba, koma kwambiri mokulira (makamaka mwa akazi) ndi akuthwa.
Mwachilengedwe, nkhuku zakuthengo zimakhala makamaka m'maiko otentha, otentha. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nkhalango - shrubby kapena nkhalango, m'mapiri, ndipo ndizosowa kwambiri pamapiri. Amakonda nkhalango zowirira, komanso m'nkhalangozi, komwe amapeza chakudya mosavuta ndikubisala kwa adani. Amatha kukwera mapiri, nthawi zina mpaka kutalika pafupifupi 2 m.
Adani a nkhuku zamtchire amatha kutchedwa pafupifupi onse oyendayenda komanso mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimadyera komwe amakhala.
Mwachilengedwe, amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 3-5, kutengera nyengo yazakudya komanso kukhalapo kwa adani.
Mu chithunzichi - wamwamuna wamkulu Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus murghi
Kubadwira mwachilengedwe
Amuna achichepere achichepere osakwanitsa zaka zisanu ali okhwima kale. Nkhuku zokhwima pambuyo pake, pafupi miyezi isanu ndi iwiri.
Komabe, tambala amayambanso kupanga harem pokhapokha miyezi 12 ya moyo, atakula. Nkhuku yodzutsa ikhoza kuyikira mazira okhathamiritsa m'miyezi 10 mpaka 11, ndipo imatha kukhalako kwa zaka zitatu.
Nthawi zambiri, kubereka kumachitika munyengo yamvula, mu Marichi-Meyi. Mwambo wa chibwenzi champhongo chachimuna, ndipo amasamalira nkhuku zingapo nthawi imodzi, umakhala mukuwonetsa chovala chake chapamwamba, chanzeru - zambiri.
Amadziwika ndi mitala. Nthawi yakubzala, tambala amapanga gulu lake laling'ono la nkhuku zitatu kapena 5, ndikukhwima ndi zonsezo pakubzala kwapano.
Chisa cha nkhuku chimakonzedwa mu dessel pansi, chomata ndi udzu ndi masamba. Nkhuku imayikira mazira oyera anayi mpaka 9 ndipo imadzipaka yokha (imodzi). Tambala pakadali pano amateteza nkhuku.
Nest mu vivo - ma testic atatu okha omwe adayikidwa.
Makhalidwe
Roosters amasamalira ana a nkhuku, amateteza ndi ana amphaka. Nkhuku zazing'ono zimakhala zodziyimira zokha, kufikira miyezi inayi, pomwe nthawi imayamba kupanga magulu awo "achichepere", pomwe achinyamata amawonetsa mikhalidwe yawo, akumenya mikhalidwe ndikukopa akazi achichepere.
Nkhuku zosungira banki zimakhala ndi njira yochitira ena zinthu. Komanso, utsogoleriwo umakhalapo pokhapokha kwa nkhuku ndi tinthu tambiri.
Poyamba nyengo ya chisa, tambala wamkuluyo ndi amene amawona gawo lake, ndikuyivomereza pamaso pa anthu ena pagululo. Madera osankhidwa okha (zidutswa za 3-5) omwe amapezeka m'derali.
Achinyamata panthawiyi amakhala mosiyana, pawokha, pagulu la anapiye atatu. Magulu ena a achinyamata atha kukhala ndi anthu 50.
Nkhuku zamtchire zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mikhalidwe yolimbana. Tating'ono tating'ono tomwe timalimbana timawonetsa mphamvu komanso kuthekera kuteteza zazikazi kwa adani, potero zimadziyang'anira. Akuluakulu amatha kumenyera gawo, ndikuthamangitsidwa - m'malo mwa mtsogoleri.
Nkhuku ndizofatsa, komanso zilinso ndi mikhalidwe yolimbana nayo - imatha kumenyana wina ndi mnzake ndi mbalame zina, mwachitsanzo, kuteteza nkhuku.
Ali mu ukapolo, tawuni tambiri timatha kukhala mu malo amodzi pokhapokha ngati pali malo okulirapo, koma pankhani iyi, ndewu nthawi zina zimawoneka.
Pankhondo, atambala ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Ali ndi mlomo wolimba, miyendo yolimba ndi ma spurs, omwe ali "chida" chawo chachikulu kunkhondo. Ali muukapolo, nthawi zambiri amamenya nkhondo mpaka kufa, potero amachotsa mdani m'gawolo, chifukwa chake ayenera kupatulidwa.
Ma hen bankers nkhuku ali ngati zokongoletsera. Amakhala otetezedwa bwino, ndipo kusungika kwawo muukapolo sikubweretsa mavuto ambiri. Amafuna malo, chifukwa chake malo okhala kuti awasamalire akhale akulu.
Moyenera, mbalame imodzi imayenera kukhala ndi 2 mpaka 4 sq.m. m'khola lankhuku, koma m'malo ang'onoang'ono amakhala bwino, pokhapokha ngati pali gulu limodzi wamwamuna. Roost angapo sangathe kugawana gawo laling'ono.
Popeza nkhuku zofiira za kubanki zimawuluka bwino, kutalika kwa nyumbayo kuyenera kukhala lokwanira, mpaka 4-5 metres, komanso ndibwino ndikakhala ndi chotseka chotseka.
Pamwamba pa mpanda atha kungotseguka pokhapokha ngati alendowo apatsidwa mtendere, ndipo sadzachita mantha. Kutalika kumeneku ndikofunikira chitetezo, chifukwa iwo, monga zinziri, amachita manyazi kwambiri, ndipo amawopa, amawuluka pomwepo.
Kuuluka, amakhala osanunkha kanthu ndipo sangasinthe njira kuti atembenukire - kutembenuka, chifukwa chake ndikwabwino ngati palibe zinthu zowonjezera mkatikati mwa nkhuku.
Nkhuku zonse zakutchire zimagona pamitengo, chifukwa chake payenera kukhala malo apadera osangalalira mu ndege. Itha kukhala mtengo waukulu wamoyo, wokhala ndi nthambi zamphamvu, zomwe zimamera mwachindunji mu aviary, kapena mtengo wouma wodalirika.
Mutha kupangira zingwe wamba ndi zopingasa, zokomera anthu wamba, koma osunga ndalama azizolowera kupanga izi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Njira yabwino ikakhala yophatikiza mkati ndi nyengo ya chilimwe, aviary, kuti nyama zimve momasuka.
Njira yotentha
Nkhuku zamtchire ndi mbalame zotentha, zomwe zimakhala zachilengedwe kumayiko otentha kwambiri, chifukwa chake mu ukapolo amafunanso zofananira.
M'nyengo yotentha, palibe chomwe chimafunikira mlengalenga, koma ngati nyengo yatentha kwambiri, ndiye kuti malo opanda mthunzi amayenera kukonzedwa muvi.
Ndikofunikanso kupanga dambo laling'ono lathyathyathya - ikani chidebe mbali mwa 10 cm kuti nkhuku zazing'ono sizitha kulowa m'madzi ndikunyowa. Kuzama sikuyenera kupitirira 5 - 7 cm.
Nthenga zokhala ndi fumbi komanso mulomo wotseguka, komanso kupuma, ndi zizindikiro za kutentha kwambiri.
M'nyengo yozizira
M'nyengo yozizira, amafunika kutentha. M'malo okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, amasungidwa m'nyumba, kutentha ndi kuwuma, koma popanda mpweya wambiri.
Kutentha kachipinda nthawi yozizira kumakhala mkati mwa 25 °, koma osapitirira 30 °. Chipinda chozizira chimayenera kukhala chachikulu, chowala, chokhala ndi zida zopumira. Mchenga wokulirapo (mtsinje) wokhala ndi miyala yabwino, udzu ndi udzu umathiridwa pansi pansi.
Pa nesting
Mukakhala munthawi yabwino nyengo yozizira, nkhuku za banki zimayamba kuyikira mazira molawirira, nthawi zambiri kumayambiriro kwa Marichi, ndipo ndi chisamaliro choyenera ndi kudyetsa, ana awiri a nkhuku amatha kutha chaka chimodzi. Kanema wachiwiri akuyamba mu June.
Mwezi umodzi chisanafike nyengo ya nesting, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa February, ndikofunikira kupereka mavitamini ndi calcium, kusakaniza chipolopolo pansi ndi mchere mu chakudya.
Pakumanga komanso makulidwe, osunga ndalama amafunikira kupumula, kutentha, ndipo muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti palibe chinyezi pamalo omwe zisa zili.
Mawonekedwe Amphamvu
Mwachilengedwe, nkhuku zamtchire zimadyera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu ndi zitsamba, zipatso zake, zipatso, zipatso zamasamba, zipatso, ndipo zimadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri.
Muukapolo, ndibwino kutsatira zakudya zachilengedwe - mbewu monga chimanga, mbewu za mbewu, zitsamba zatsopano. Sangakukanani ndi nyongolotsi ndi mankhusu, kuchokera kwa mbozi ndi nkhono zopanda zida.
Kuphatikiza apo, mchenga wowuma ndi miyala yabwino ayenera kukhala nthawi zonse. Mwachilengedwe, nkhuku za banki zimakhazikika pamiyala yaying'ono yofunikira pakugaya bwino, chifukwa chotungira sichimatha kupera chakudya ..
Malinga ndi zochitika za obereketsa ambiri, ochokera kumayiko ena ndi aku Russia, nkhuku zamtchire zimatha kudyetsedwa ndi tirigu wowotchera ndi mbewu zosaphika za tirigu wosakanizika aliyense. Koma simuyenera kunyamulidwa ndi chakudya chotere, popeza m'chilengedwe chake amadya zakudya zouma.
Kuswana kwaumboni
M'nyengo yoyamba ya nesting, wachichepere wachichepere akuyala nkhuku amatha kuyikira mazira 4-5 opatsa zipatso mtsogolo, kuchuluka kwawo kumachuluka, ndipo makamaka kufika pa 9-10, nthawi zina 11.
Monga momwe alimi amaonera, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mazira osawerengeka m'makola, chifukwa pamenepa nkosavuta kwa nkhuku kuti izigawe pansi paiwo pakubzala.
Nkhuku zimayamba kuwonekera patsiku la 18 la kuwaswa; Choyamba, nkhukuyo imaluma dzenje mu chipolopolo chomwe chimawulula mulomo wake ndikuyamba kupuma.
Chifukwa chake amakhala kwa pafupifupi maola asanu - amazolowera nyengo yozungulira, pambuyo pake amafesa mwachangu chigombacho ndikuzungulira. Ikangotha kuyamwa, mwana wakhanda wakhandayo amakhala ndi miyendo ndipo amatha kudya yekha.
Malinga ndi obereketsa, anapiye olimba amaswedwa patsiku la 18-19 la makulidwe, iwo ofooka amaswedwa pa 20-21, ndipo nthawi zina kubadwa kwawo kumafunika kuthandizidwa. Ngati nkhuku zatulutsidwa ndi nkhuku, zimawathandiza podulira chipolopolo.
Kufalitsa
Imapezeka ku South ndi Southeast Asia, kuphatikiza kumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Hindustan, Southeast China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan Island), Indochina, zisumbu za zilumba za Mala. Mwina adawonetsedwa ndi munthu ku Philippinesp, Islands, New Guinea, Society Islands, Marquesas, Fiji, New Hebrides ndi ena, komwe adapitanso kuthengo. Mitundu itatu yokhudzana ndi nkhuku zamtchire (G. lafayetii, G. sonneratii, G. mitundu) amakhala kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa India, Ceylon, Java ndi zilumba zina zazing'ono pafupi ndi Java.
Anthu ndi Banking Jungle Kuku
Monga C. Darwin adakhazikitsa, mtunduwu ndi kholo la nkhuku zoweta. Nkhuku zakutchire zosungira ndalama zimasungidwa mosavuta. Kulanda kwawo kunachitika ku China ndi Southeast Asia pafupifupi 6000 BC. e., ku India - pafupifupi zaka 3000 BC. e. Kuchokera pano nkhuku zoweta, zomwe zikuoneka kuti kudzera mu Iran ndi Asia Little, zidafalikira ku Europe.
Malinga ndi chidziwitso cha katswiri wa zamankhwala A.D. Numerov, osunga mabanki kapena woweta nkhuku amalemba ndalama 16 ndipo ndi atsogoleri onse amtundu wa mbalame zomwe zasonyezedwa ndalama (zokhazokha komanso zokumbukira).
Mitundu
Nkhuku Yanyumba (Gallus gallus) Ndi chinthu chodziwika kwambiri cha mbalame pakati pa mbalame, chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zamtundu wakale komanso zamakono. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kusintha kwa masinthidwe, kupanga mapu olumikizana a gene, ndi zina zotero.
Mitundu ya maselo
- Zotsatira za ma nucleotide omwe asungidwa munkhokweEntrezNucleotide, GenBank, NCBI, USA: 884 453 (kuyambira pa Epulo 15, 2015).
- Zotsatira za mapuloteni omwe adasungidwa mu database Msangalatsi, GenBank, NCBI, USA: 53,250 (kuyambira pa Epulo 15, 2015).
Nkhuku ya Banking nkhalango ndi anthu ake akuphatikizidwa mu kafukufuku wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ubale wa phylogenetic, komanso ubale wamalingaliro pakati pa mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhuku zoweta komanso mkati mwa mtundu Gallus Nthawi zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ma microsatellite ndi zolembera zina.
Mtundu: 1.25 pg (C-mtengo). Kuku idakhala mbalame yoyamba komanso petulo yoyamba yomwe mamapu opanga ndi majini apangidwe ndipo mndandanda wathunthu wa genomic unatsatiridwa (mu 2004). Choyambirira pantchito yopanga mapu amtundu wa nkhuku ndi kufalitsa mu 1930 ndi asayansi aku Soviet Union A. S. Serebrovsky ndi S. G. Petrov.
Nkhalango yaku Banking ndi nkhuku zoweta zapakhomo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mamapu opanga ma genetic, ma microsatellite ndi zolembera zina, ma library a genomic LHR, komanso kutsata mtundu wonse wa mtundu Gallus gallus .
Chifukwa cha mtundu wabwino kwambiri wamsonkhano womwe umachitika pakati pa mitundu yonse ya mbalame, genome G. gallus amagwira ntchito ngati "muyezo" poyerekeza ndi ma genomes ena, makamaka, kufananizira genomics kufotokozera kusinthika kwa avian genomes ndi vertebrates ambiri. Mtundu G. gallus Imaphatikizidwanso osakatula a genomic ambiri komanso apadera.