Kodi ndi mbalame zamtundu wanji? Ndikwabwino kuyamba kudziwana ndi woyimira wowoneka bwino wa omwe amadutsa nthawi yozizira, mukayang'ana kumbuyo kwa chipale chofewa komanso mapiri ofiira amoto wa phulusa, mbalame zokongola zojambulidwa bwino.
Kuwotcha nthawi yozizira pa nthambi. Waxing wamba pa mzere.
Chingwecho chinatchuka ndi nyimbo yaphokoso "sv-ri-ri-ri", chokumbukira kulira kwa chitoliro. Pazifukwa zomwezi, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zojambulajambula - zoseweretsa zojambulidwa - zungu, zomwe sizingatheke kuti abusa azichita.
Padziko lapansi pali mitundu ya mitundu isanu ndi inayi yokha ya waxwings, yomwe yambiri imaphunziridwa kwambiri.
Gulu la waxwings
Mitundu 9 ya mbalame zomwe zafotokozedwa mpaka pano zimapanga mabanja awiri: zopotera ndi zopindika, ndipo kupatukana kudachitika posachedwa, ndipo m'mbuyomu mitundu yonse 9 inali ya banja limodzi.
Banja la waxing limaphatikizapo mtundu umodzi ndi mitundu itatu yokha. Pakati pawo, waxwing wamba komanso wamba amadziwika kuti ndiwofala komanso wofala kwambiri.
Banja la silky waxwings limapangidwa ma genera awiri amtundu wa 6 ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya mbalame, zomwe zimaphunzitsidwa mwakuda kwambiri.
Oimira mabanja onsewa amasiyana malo, momwe amakhalira komanso mawonekedwe.
Waxing wamba pa mzere.
Kodi mawayilesi amawoneka bwanji?
Awa ndi mbalame zazing'onoting'ono zazitali kutalika kwa 16 mpaka 23. Kulemera kwa thupi la waxwings kumakhala kochepera 100 g ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi 60-70 g.Pafupipafupi wamba, zithunzi za kugonana sizimafotokozedwa, zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimawoneka chimodzimodzi.
Mtundu waukulu wa mankhwalawo ndi pinki-imvi, mapiko okha, mchira ndi pakhosi ndi utoto wakuda. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira kupendekera kwa mchira wowala wachikaso ndi mikwingwirima yachikasu ndi yoyera pamapiko. Mzere wakuda woonda umadutsanso m'maso mwa mbalame.
Chiphuphu wamba, mtundu wa mbalame kuchokera pansi. Waxing wamba pa mzere.
Ngati mutayang'ana sera wamba pafupi, mutha kuwona kachidutswa kofiyira pamapiko, awa ndi malangizo osintha a nthenga zachiwiri, zofanana ndi mbale. Mtundu wofanana ndi wa Amur (Japan) waxwing, koma mbalamezi ndizocheperako ndipo zimakhala ndi mawanga ofiira osati pamapiko, komanso mchira.
American (mkungudza) waxwing - nthumwi yachitatu ya banja lofiirira limapenta mosiyana. Mbalamezi ndi zakuda zongokhala ndi mulomo komanso malo ozungulira maso awo, popanda mikwingwirima yowoneka bwino pamapiko, ndipo m'mimba ndi nsonga yakenthu ya mchira ili ndi utoto wa mandimu.
Koma pazopusa zazingwe, kupsinjika kwa kugonana kumatchulidwa kwambiri. Amuna am'banjali ndi malasha - wakuda kapena kutsogola - imvi; nthenga zawo zimaponyedwa ndi sheen wabuluu. Zachikazi zimazimiririka, mitundu imvi kapena bulauni.
Chithunzi chokongola cha sera. Chithunzi chokongola cha sera. Kuthawa kuthawa.
Kusiyana kowonekera pakati pa mabanja ndi kutalika kwa mchira. Kwa zingwe zopota, mchirawo ndi waufupi, pomwe zopindika za silky zimakhala ndi mchira wautali. Maonekedwe a maso a omwe akuyimira mabanja ndiosiyana: mbalame za maso akuda, mwachitsanzo, maso amtambo wakuda ndi ofiira, makamaka owala achikazi.
Mitu ya zopota zonse imakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe. Pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha paphapo pamakhala zodziwika bwino, ndipo mitundu isanu mwa isanu ndi itatu ya ulusi wokhala ndi nsonga yayitali imakhala yokhazikika.
Kodi ma wax amakhala kuti?
Oimira banja lodziwika bwino amakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira komanso zosakanikirana zam'madera otentha kuchokera ku Scandinavia Peninsula kupita ku Far East, Canada ndi mayiko aku kumpoto kwa US.
Zingwe zopangidwa ndi silky zimakonda mitundu yosiyana kwambiri ndipo zimakhala m'malo achipululu kapena malo otentha a Mexico, m'nkhalango za North ndi Central America mpaka ku Isthmus of Panama.
Kukutira panthambi yopingasa.
Moyo wofatsa
Nthawi iliyonse pachaka, mbalamezi sizipezeka zokhazokha, zimangosunga nkhosazo ndipo nthawi yopuma zimangokhala chete komanso zachinsinsi.
Sawopa nyengo yozizira ndipo sapota maulendo ataliatali kuchokera komwe amakhala. M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, mbalame zimasamukira kumwera, ndipo nyengo yotentha nthawi zambiri sizisiya malire a chilimwe.
M'nyengo yozizira, namsongole amakhala wokhalamo okhala pakati pa Russia; ndizosangalatsa kuti mbalamezi sizimawopa anthu ndipo zimatha kuwoneka muulemerero wake wonse. Kodi chimayandikira nthenga nthawi yanji nthawi yozizira ndiyandikira anthu? Gwero lokhalo lazakudya ndi mitengo yazipatso yomwe imakula m'minda ndi m'mapaki omwe sataya mbewu ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira, chifukwa chakudya cha mbalamezi chimasiyana kwambiri kutengera nthawi ya chaka.
Ming'aluyo inawulukira ndipo ma blizzards anakuwa.
Kodi mawotchi amadya chiyani?
M'chilimwe, mbalamezi sizikondwerera m'mizinda; chakudya chimapezeka m'nkhalango, m'malo owetera. M'nyengo yotentha, gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha serafini makamaka chakudya cha nyama - tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tomwe mbalame zimakonda kugwira ntchentche. Zimatha kukhala udzudzu, midges, dragonflies, agulugufe, masika, mbalame zimagwira mphutsi.
Ming'alu simakonda kugwa pansi ndipo gawo laling'ono la chakudya chawo cha chilimwe limaphatikizira mphukira zazing'ono zazomera zazitali komanso zipatso zoyambirira kucha, monga mistletoe ndi mabulosi. Kumayambiriro koyambira, mbalame zimasenda masamba.
Phula limadya phulusa laphiri. Pazifukwa zina nthenga zimadya chipale chofewa. Ming'alu ikulimbana ndi apulo. Ming'alu ikulimbana ndi apulo. Chingwe chothawa chimaphulika phulusa la phiri.
Pamadyedwe a sera wokonda kutentha, zipatso za tchire la Santal zimapezekanso, mbalamezo sizikana zipatso za juniper, ndipo chakudya chanyama chimadyedwa malo achiwiri.
M'nyengo yozizira, ma wax amasinthana kwambiri amasintha kwambiri ndipo zakudya zimakhazikitsidwa ndi zipatso, makamaka mapala am'mapiri, omwe samapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango zowirira ndipo amakula m'malo otseguka, kupatula pafupi ndi malo okhala. Mbalame zimadya phulusa lamapiri zochuluka, pakati pa zipatso zamphepo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka, ndipo kudya kotereku kwadzetsa malingaliro ena olakwika pakati pa anthu.
Drunk Waxwing
Chokondweretsa ndichomwe njira yodya zipatso za phulusa laphiri. Mwachitsanzo, malo okhala pamtunda ndi mtundu wina wa ku Europe wakuda, amatola zipatso zakugwa pansi, koma utoto sugwera pa chipale chofewa chomwe amakonda ndi zakudya zomwe amakonda ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala ndi zipatso za nthambi.
Popeza adya zipatso zophatikiza bwino, mbalame zanjala zimasiyiratu malo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafa, zikudziuluka ndikuthawira kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ena amamenya m'mawindo a nyumba zanyumba, ndipo ngati olemba anganyoza momwe mbalamezi zimagwirira ntchito zawo, ndiye kuti pakati pa anthu osalakwa, waxingings wolakwayo idakhala mtundu wamtundu woyipa: ntchentche imamenya pazenera - kukhala pamavuto.
Zingwe zimangoyimba kuthengo, zokha zimasowa.
Thupi la mbalame yaying'ono silingathe kugaya zipatso ndi zipatso zambiri, motero mbali yake imatuluka. Momwemo ma wax amathandizira kwambiri, zimathandizira kufalikira kwa mitengo yazipatso ndi zitsamba.
Izi zimachitika nthawi yozizira, ndipo nthawi yotentha, nthenga zimakhazikika, zimatsata zakudya zoyenera komanso ndi udindo wonse amatulutsa anapiye.
Zambiri Zofalitsa
Ziphuphu ndi mbalame za mitala, ndipo chaka chilichonse amapanga zatsopano. Ngakhale nthawi yakusamba, sasintha mayanjidwe awo ndipo maanja nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi. Kutengera ndi malo omwe akukhalako, nthawi yobzala imagwera pa Meyi - Julayi, ndipo nthawi ino palibe mbalame kapena kuyimba kwawo komwe kumawoneka kapena kumveka. Masewera olimbitsa thupi a ntchofu ndi owongoka, amuna amadyetsa akazi ndi zipatso, kenako mbalamezo zimayamba kukwatirana ndikumanga chisa.
Zisa za waxx zimapezeka m'nkhalango zowerengeka komanso kumapeto kwake, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi nyanja ndi madamu. Zingwe zimapangidwa mu korona wapamwamba wa mitengo ndikuwoneka wooneka bwino kapu. Monga zomangira, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito nthambi za spruce, udzu, udzu, mbewa komanso tsitsi la nyama.
Kukutira pa malo othirira. Bombycilla garrulus - wamba nyongolotsi.
Tizilombo ta chachikazi timayikira mazira atatu mpaka 6, mazira achikazi a silky. Kubwatcha kumatenga pafupifupi sabata ziwiri. Malinga ndi owonera, makolo onsewa nthawi zambiri amakhala akathandizidwa ndi zingwe zazitali, zazikazi zokha ndizometa, ndipo amuna amakhala ndi tizilombo komanso zipatso.
Makolo sasamalira ana kwa nthawi yayitali, kudyetsa anapiye ndi tizilombo. Pakupita masabata awiri atabadwa, ntchofu zazing'ono zakonzeka kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira, kusiya makolo awo ndipo banja lithe. Zingwe zamtundu wa silky zimatha kumera mobwerezabwereza, zikuwuluka ngati kunja kukutentha kwambiri mpaka kumakhala malo ozizira komanso ozizira.
Ziwombankhanga zimafika pa kutha msinkhu wazaka 1, koma mbalame zina zimafa zazing'ono kuyambira mbalame zazinyama zodyera komanso zokwera mitengo.
Adani a waxwings ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu
Kupatula kunja kwa akazi a nondescript okhala ndi zopindika za silky, mitundu yambiri ilibe mtundu woteteza ndipo mbalame zowala zimakonda kugwidwa ndi mbalame zazikulu - nkhumba, kadzidzi komanso khwangwala. Omwe amamuyimira gologolo ndi mabanja onga makanda nthawi zambiri amadya mazira ndi anapiye a sera.
Waxwing albino ndimakonda kwambiri. Ming'alu yozizira.
Nthawi zina, nthenga zimakhala ndi zaka 13 ndipo nthawi zina zimasungidwa kunyumba. Monga mbalame zambiri, nthenga zokhazokha zimasowa ndikuyima kuyimba, koma mbalame zingapo zomwe zimakhala m'khola lalikulu zimamva bwino.
Mitundu ina ya serafini imakhala yosamvetseka bwino, komabe, malinga ndi IUCN, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi masiku ano ndi kwakukulu kwambiri ndipo sizimayambitsa nkhawa pakati pa asayansi.
Zikuwoneka bwanji
Akuluakulu amakula pafupifupi 20 cm ndipo amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 60. Mbalameyi imasiyanitsidwanso ndi kukhalapo pamutu pa wojambula komanso wowoneka kwambiri. Mtundu waukulu wa manambala ndi pinki-imvi ndi kukhalapo kwa nthenga zakuda, zachikaso ndi zoyera pamapiko. Mchira, mmero, ndi malo amaso ndi zakuda. Mapeto a mapiko achiwiri amajambula utoto wofiyira, womwe umagwira kwambiri patali kwambiri. M'mphepete mwa mchira mujambulidwa utoto wonyezimira wachikasu, womwe umakhala ngati mtundu.
Mtundu wa maula zimadalira mtundu womwe mbalame yokongolayi ili. Ma wax kapena ma Japan amakhala ndi zazikulu zazing'ono thupi (pafupifupi pafupifupi masentimita 16), ndipo nsonga za nthenga za mchira, komanso mapiko omwewo, zimapakidwa zofiira. Ma wax a ku America kapena mkungudza amakhala ndi zowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino kwambiri. Ziphuphu wamba zimadziwika ndi mtundu wofewa, makamaka wofiirira wokhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda ndi achikaso.
Mphindi yosangalatsa! Achinyamata asanafike molt yoyamba amapentedwa muzithunzi zakuda zofiirira, zokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira wam'mimba. Mbalame zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mfuti ya chifuwa, komanso mtundu wowala wachikaso, wopezeka mchira ndi mapiko.
Zingwe zazingwe zokhala ndi mlomo waafupi koma wautali wofanana ndi mlomo wa mbalamezi. Zovomerezeka ndi zowongoka, ndipo zomwe zimapangidwira zimapindika. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi miyendo yolimba, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zokhotakhota kuti izigwire bwino nthambi, pomwe mbalamezo siziyenda mwachangu. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, ndipo nthenga za mchira zimakhala pafupifupi zofanana. Mapikowo ndiotalikirapo, okhala ndi nthenga zopangidwa ndi nthenga wachitatu ndi nthenga zoyamba.
Zochita ndi moyo
Mbawala zamtunduwu zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala kuti zitha kugona, ngakhale nthawi yakubzala zimasonkhana pagulu lambiri ndikuyenda mofunafuna chakudya. Mbalamezi zimawumba kamodzi kokha pachaka, ndipo nthawi yosungunula imachitika m'miyezi ya Okutobala / Novembala. Ngati achikulire amadwala mosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti kwa achinyamata njirayi ndi yochepa, ndipo nthawi yoyambira yolawa imagwera khumi zapitazo.
Kale m'mwezi wa Seputembala, malo akuda akuwonekera mwa achinyamata. Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yophukira, mbalame zazing'ono zimasinthidwa makamaka maula ochepa, ndipo zochulukazo sizimakhudzidwa mpaka chaka chamawa.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Maamur kapena ma Japan a waxwings amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Zimapezekanso mkati mwa Dera la Amur, komanso kumpoto kwa Primorye. Mbalame zapadera izi nthawi yozizira ku Japan ndi Korea, komanso zigawo zakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. M'madera a nkhalango ku Canada, komanso kumpoto kwa United States, kumakhala mitengo ya ku America kapena mkungudza. Pakusala nthawi yozizira, mbalamezi zimawulukira kumwera kwa United States, pomwe zimapezekanso kumayiko ena, monga Ukraine, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, ndi zina.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa! Malo okhala zachilengedwe a waxwings amagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo obiriwira, makamaka ma conifers, komanso ma birch groves. Nthawi zakudzu, mbalamezi zimapezeka m'nkhalango zowuma.
Ma waxwings wamba, monga lamulo, amakhala kumpoto kwa dera, kufalikira ku gawo la taiga. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamayi imapezeka m'malo a nkhalango zowerengeka, komanso malo okhala ndi malo obiriwira osakanikirana, m'malo ometera, komanso m'mapiri ophimbidwa ndi masamba. Ziwombankhanga zimawulukira kumwera ndikayamba nyengo yozizira yeniyeni, komanso kugwa kwa chipale choyamba.
Mosasamala kanthu za momwe zimakhala, ma waxwings amapita kumadera otakasuka kwambiri kuposa pakati pa mwezi woyamba wa yophukira. Pakati pa nthawi yophukira mpaka mwezi woyamba wozizira, magulu ambiri a sera amapezeka. Kubwereranso ku malo okhala kumachitika, m'malo mwake, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Zomwe zimadya
Amur kapena ma waxwings aku Japan amadziwika ndi kudya zakudya zam'mera m'njira yazipatso ndi zipatso. Ndi kumayambiriro kwa masika, amadya masamba a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, zakudya zawo zimakulitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zovulaza. Kuyenda m'magulu, amagwira tizilombo mosavuta pa ntchentche, pomwe salekana ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, komanso masamba obiriwira ang'onoang'ono.
Mu nthawi ya chilimwe, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito zipatso zosiyanasiyana monga chakudya kuchokera pazomera. Zipatso za viburnum, lingonberry, mistletoe, hawthorn, mtengo wa maapulo waku Siberia, mlankhuli, ntchentche ya duwa, chitsotso ndi zipatso zina ndi zitsamba za mabulosi zimadyedwa. M'nyengo yozizira, maziko a chakudya cha mbalamezi ndi zipatso za phulusa la kumapiri, kotero magulu a mbalamezi amapezeka nthawi zonse kumadera omwe mbewu iyi imakula.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Ma waxwing omwe amawoneka kuti ndiwo mitundu yodziwika kwambiri, chifukwa chake amapezeka m'mabotolo osiyanasiyana ndipo amakonda kukhala chomera pamitengo yayitali m'nkhalangomo. Ali ndi zaka 1 zakubadwa, mbalamezi zimakhala zokhwima. Nyengo ya kuswana imayamba pa nthawi yogwira nesting, yomwe imagwera pa Meyi / Julayi miyezi. Chisa chimapangidwa pamwamba penipeni pa mtengowo ndipo chili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chikho. Kupanga chisa cha sera, zopangira zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zoimira udzu, tsitsi la nyama, moss wouma, komanso nthambi zazing'ono zamitengo kapena zitsamba. Gawo lam'munsi la chisa, monga lamulo, limakhazikika ndi zinthu zofewa, ndipo zinthu zolimba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhoma la chisa, mawonekedwe a nthambi, kuphatikizapo conifers. Zisa zimakhala makamaka mkati mwa nkhalango, pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, komanso pafupi ndi ena "mabanja".
Waxwings amapeza zibwenzi zatsopano chaka chilichonse.Njira yokhala pachibwenzi imalumikizidwa ndikuti wamwamuna amadyetsa mnzake ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana. Akakhwima, yaikazi imakhazikitsa mazira asanu a ubweya wamtambo wamtambo pachimodzimodzi. Yaikazi imadzisungira yokha mazira ndipo imatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Munthawi imeneyi, yamphongo imachita chibwenzicho chifukwa imadzidyetsa yokha ndi mkaziyo ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza nyama zoyambira ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Pambuyo pobadwa, patatha milungu ingapo, mbalame zazing'ono zimadziyimira pawokha.
Zofunika kwambiri! M'mwezi wa Ogasiti, ana onse amapita kumapiko ndikuyamba kupanga magulu ambiri am'nyengo yozizira.
Ma wax a ku Japan kapena ku Amur amakonda kubzala m'nkhalango zowuma ndi mitengo yamkungudza, pomwe nthawi yawo yobereketsa imagwera pachimake. Wamkazi amayikira mazira mu chisa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimamangidwa pamitengo yayitali ya mitengo yayitali. Chisa chimapangidwa chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi. Chovala chilichonse chimakhala ndi mazira 2-7 amtundu wa imvi. Njira yokhazikitsira mazira imatenga sabata limodzi, ndipo mawonekedwe onse a ana omwe akuchoka chisa chake ndi pafupifupi masiku 24. Ana omwe amabadwa amakhala odyetsedwa ndi makolo onse awiri.
Adani achilengedwe a waxwings
Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe, zoyimiriridwa ndi nyama zolusa komanso mbalame zolusa. Titha kunena kuti mbalamezi zimakhala ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri pakachulukidwe ka zakudya zachilengedwe, zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi njira zofunika zachilengedwe zosungira chilengedwe chathu.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Mitundu yambiri ilibe mitundu yoteteza, yomwe imapangitsa kuti iwoneke kwa adani ambiri achilengedwe. Zisa za mbalamezi zimawonongeka ndi agologolo ndi oyimira ambiri am'banja la marten.
Ponena za serafini enieniwo, udindo wawo pakukhazikitsa tizilombo tambiri tambiri ndikululu. Kuphatikiza apo, kudya zipatso, zipatso, komanso mbewu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, mbalamezi zimatenganso gawo lachilengedwe zakukhazikitsanso mbewu zambiri, zitsamba, mitengo ndi zitsamba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Masiku ano, mbalamezi, ngakhale zimaphunziridwa, sizokwanira, pomwe chidziwitso cha IUCN chikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero chonse cha mbalamezi ndichachikulu ndipo tsogolo lawo silimabweretsa nkhawa. Ngakhale izi, ma Amur waxwings adalembedweratu mu Red Book.
Kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chonse cha kutulutsa sera kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwidwa osagwirizana ndi mbalame zikauluka nthawi yozizira kumadera aku kumpoto kwa China. Achichaine samangokhala ndi mbalamezi monga zokongoletsera zapakhomo, komanso amadya, akukonza mbale zingapo.
Pomaliza
Dziko lachilengedwe limasiyana kwambiri mwakuti nthawi zina, mumadabwitsidwa mutaphunzira za mitundu ndi mitundu ya nyama zomwe zimapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ma waxwings ndi amodzi mwa oimirira zachilengedwe ngati amenewo. Izi ndizowala komanso zowoneka bwino kuchokera ku mbalame zakutali, zomwe timakonda kuziona nthawi yozizira, zikamadya zipatso za phulusa lamapiri m'masukulu ambiri. Tsoka ilo, makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa, kwakhala kocheperako komanso kosavuta kuwona mbalame zoterezi. Zomwe zimachitika izi palibe wina koma munthu amene amaganiza kubzala mbewu zina mosaganizira, popanda zomwe zimavuta kuti mbalamezi zizichulukirachulukira, popeza zina mwa izo zimakhalabe nthawi yachisanu ngati nthawi yozizira siikhala yoopsa.
Udindo wofunikira pakuchita izi umaseweredwa ndikuti alimi amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri kupha tizirombo, ndipo mbalame zimadziwika kupha ambiri mwa tizilombo. Ngati palibe tizilombo, ndiye kuti chakudya chimakhala chochepa kwambiri, chomwe chimakhudza kudyetsa kwa ana omwe adabadwa. Pankhaniyi, ngati pali mazira ambiri mu clutch, ndiye kuti si ana onse omwe amakhalapo chifukwa chosowa chakudya.
Pofunafuna zokolola zambiri, alimi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ambiri, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo mwamunayo. Izi sizongolekeredwa pamenepa, chifukwa munthu amawononga nkhalango yonse, pomwe ntchire ndi mbalame zina zimagwiritsidwira ntchito chisa, motero amayenera kuyang'ana magawo ena omwe amakhala osavomerezeka komanso osapeza chakudya chochuluka.