Mikanda yam'madzi yapadziko lapansi (seismos yachi Greek - chivomerezi) ndi magawo omwe ali pakati pa zigamba za lithospheric, zomwe zimadziwika ndi kuyenda kwakukuru komanso zivomezi zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi, komanso ndimagawo omwe amaphulika mapiri ambiri. Kutalika kwa madera achisangalalo ndi masauzande makilomita. Madera amenewa amafanana ndi zolakwika zozama zapamtunda, komanso munyanja mpaka kukafika pakati pa nyanja ndi mafunde akuya panyanja. Pakadali pano, magawo awiri akulu ndiosiyanitsidwa: latitudinal Mediterranean-Trans-Asia ndi Pacific wodziwika. Malamba okoka nyambo amafanana ndi madera opanga mapiri komanso kuphulika kwa mapiri .Malinga aku Mediterranean ndi Trans-Asia amaphatikizapo mapiri a Mediterranean ndi mapiri ozungulira kumwera kwa Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, komanso ambiri a Central Asia, Caucasus, Kun-Lun, ndi Himalayas. Lamba ili ndi pafupifupi 15% ya zivomezi zonse padziko lapansi, zakuya zomwe zili zapakatikati, koma pakhoza kukhala zoopsa zowopsa.80% zivomerezi zimachitika mu lamba wamanyazi wa Pacific, womwe umaphimba zilumba ndi madambo akuya mu Pacific Ocean. Malo okangalika mwamphamvu a zilumba za Aleutian, Alaska, zilumba za Kuril, Kamchatka, zilumba za Philippines, Japan, New Zealand, zisumbu za Hawaii, ndi North ndi South America zili mu lamba ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pano zivomezi zimakonda kuchitika ndi zigawo zazovuta zakutsogolo, zomwe zimadzetsa mavuto, makamaka, zomwe zimadzetsa tsunami. Nthambi yakum'mawa kwa lamba la Pacific imachokera kugombe lakummawa kwa Kamchatka, imazungulira zilumba za Aleutian, imayendetsa gombe lakumadzulo kwa North ndi South America ndikutha. Kukhazikika kwakukulu kumawonedwa kumpoto kwa nthambi ya Pacific komanso ku California ku United States. Chisinthiko sichimatchulidwa kwenikweni ku Central ndi South America, koma zivomezi zachiwawa zimachitika nthawi zina m'malo awa. Nthambi ya Western Western Pacific lismic landais kuchokera ku Philippines kupita ku Moluccas, imadutsa ku Banda Nyanja, Nicobar ndi Sunda Islands kupita ku Andraman Archipelago. Malinga ndi asayansi, nthambi yakumadzulo kudzera ku Burma yolumikizidwa ndi lamba wa Trans-Asia. Zambiri zivomerezi zazing'ono zimawonedwa kunthambi yakumadzulo kwa lamba wamanyazi Pacific. Kuzama kwakulu kumakhala pansi pa Nyanja ya Okhotsk kudutsa zilumba za Japan ndi Kuril, ndiye kuti mzere wowoneka bwino wakufika kum'mwera chakum'mawa, kudutsa Nyanja ya Japan kupita ku Zilumba za Mariana. Malo am'madera osiyanitsa zinthu amasiyanitsa madera ena achitetezo: Atlantic Ocean, Western Pacific Ocean, ndi Arctic. Pafupifupi 5% zivomezi zonse zimachitika m'malo amenewa. Dera lanyanja la Atlantic Ocean limayambira ku Greenland, limadutsa kum'mwera kudutsa mgulu la Mid-Atlantic pansi pamadzi ndipo limathera kuzilumba za Tristan da Cugna. Kuwomba kwamphamvu sikuwonedwa pano. Gulu la malo osokonekera kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa Indian Ocean limadutsa ku Chigawo cha Arabia kum'mwera, kenako kumwera chakumadzulo kudzera m'matanthwe apansi pamadzi kupita ku Antarctica. Apa, monga kudera la Arctic, zivomezi zazing'ono zokhala ndi osaya chidwi zimachitika. Mikanda yam'madzi yapadziko lapansi imapezeka kotero kuti imawoneka ngati yopingidwa ndi midadada ikuluikulu ya kutumphuka kwapadziko lapansi - nsanja zomwe zidapangidwa kale. Nthawi zina amatha kulowa gawo lawo. Monga momwe zidatsimikizidwira, kukhalapo kwa malamba am'nyanja ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi zolakwika za kutumphuka kwapadziko lapansi, zakale komanso zamakono.

Munkhaniyi tikukuwuzani za lamba wakuthambo wa Alpine-Himalayan, chifukwa mbiri yonse ya mapangidwe a dziko lapansi ndi yolumikizana ndi chiphunzitso ndi mayendedwe omwe amayenda ndi izi komanso chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri, chifukwa chomwe mpumulo wapadziko lapansi wapangidwa ... kusuntha kwamapulogalamu a tectonic kumayendera limodzi Kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi, komwe kumayambitsa kupangika kwa zolakwika za tectonic ndi mapiri ofambalala mkati mwake. Kusintha kotereku komwe kumachitika pang'onopang'ono padziko lapansi kumatchedwa zolakwika ndi kupindika, motero kumabweretsa mahatchi ndi ma grabens. Kusunthika kwa ma tectonic mbale kumapeto kwake kumawonetsa kwambiri zamphamvu zam'madzi komanso kuphulika kwa mapiri. Pali mitundu itatu ya mayendedwe a mbale:
1.Mbale zosunthika zosasunthika zimakankhidwira mbali ina iliyonse, ndikupanga mapiri, onse munyanja ndi pamtunda.
2. Kulumikiza zigawo za tectonic zimagwera chovalacho, ndikupanga matumba amiyala padziko lapansi.
3. Kusunthira matayala am'madzi amiyendo pakati pawo, ndikupanga zolakwika.
Malamba omiza mwamphamvu padziko lapansi chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa dziko lapansi pafupi ndi mzere wolumikizana wa ma tectonic plates. Pali magulu awiri otere:
1. Alpine - Himalayan seismic lamba
2. lamba wachilengedwe wanyanja wa Pacific.

Pansipa timakhala pa lamba wam'madzi a Alpine-Himalayan, omwe amachokera kumapiri a Spain kupita ku Pamirs, kuphatikiza mapiri a France, mapiri apakati pakumwera ndi kumwera kwa Europe, kumwera chakum'mawa ndi kupitilira - Carpathians, mapiri a Caucasus ndi Pamirs, komanso mawonekedwe awonetse mapiri. Iran, kumpoto kwa India, Turkey ndi Burma. Mu gawo ili la kuwonekera kwamachitidwe a tectonic, zivomezi zowopsa kwambiri zimachitika, zikubweretsa masoka osawerengeka ku maiko omwe akugwera m'dera la Alpine - Himalayan seismic lamba. Chiwonongeko chowopsa m'midzi, anthu ambiri ovulala, kuphwanya zida zanyumba ndi zina ... Chifukwa chake ku China, mu 1566, mudachitika chivomezi champhamvu m'maboma a Gansu ndi Shaanxi. Pa chivomerezichi, anthu opitilira 800 miliyoni adamwalira, ndipo mizinda yambiri idawonongeka padziko lapansi. Calcutta ku India, 1737 - anthu pafupifupi 400,000 afa. 1948 - Ashgabat (Turkmenistan, USSR). Ozunzidwa - opitilira 100,000. 1988, Armenia (USSR), mizinda ya Spitak ndi Leninakan idawonongedwa kwathunthu. Adapha anthu 25,000. Mutha kulembanso zivomezi zamphamvu zamphamvu ku Turkey, Iran, Romania, limodzi ndi chiwonongeko chachikulu ndi ovulala. Pafupifupi tsiku ndi tsiku, ntchito zowunikira zam'mlengalenga zimachita zivomezi zocheperako kuzungulira gawo la Alpine-Himalaya. Amawonetsa kuti njira za tectonic m'malo awa sizimayima ngakhale kwa kamphindi, kayendedwe ka matepi a tectonic sikunayimire, ndipo chitachitika chivomerezi china champhamvu komanso kupumulanso kwina kwamphamvu kwakumapeto kwa dziko lapansi, kumakulanso mpaka povuta, pomwe, posachedwa - mosalephera, kutulutsa kwina kwa dzimbiri lapansi kudzachitika, kuchititsa chivomerezi.
Tsoka ilo, asayansi amakono sangadziwe malo ndi nthawi ya chivomerezi chotsatira. M'madera okhathamira a dziko lapansi kutumphuka, ndiwosapeweka, chifukwa kayendedwe ka matenti amtundu wa tectonic ndikupitilira, chifukwa chake kuwonjezeka kwa kusokonekera kwa malo osanjana. Ndi makina a digito, ndikubwera kwa makina apamwamba kwambiri komanso othamanga kwambiri, makina amakono azidzayandikira kuti adzatha kupanga masamu modabwitsa pamachitidwe a tectonic mu, zomwe zingapangitse kuti azitha kudziwa molondola komanso molondola mfundo za chivomerezi chotsatira. Izi, zidzaperekanso mwayi kwa anthu kuti akonzekere masoka oterewa ndikuthandizira kupewa zovuta zambiri za anthu, ndipo matekinoloje amakono komanso odalirika angachepetse zowononga za zivomezi zamphamvu. Dziwani kuti malamba ena okokomeza padziko lapansi pano amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mikanda ya chiphala chamoto. Sayansi yatsimikizira kuti nthawi zambiri kuphulika kwa mapiri kumakhudzana mwachindunji ndi zochitika zam'mlengalenga. Monga zivomezi, kuchuluka kwa miliri yamoto yomwe ikuphulika kumabweretsa chiwopsezo pamoyo waanthu. Mapiri ambiri amapezeka m'malo okhala anthu ambiri, omwe ali ndi mafakitale otukuka. Kuphulika kwadzidzidzi kwa mapiri kumakhala koopsa kwa anthu okhala m'dera lamapiri. Kuphatikiza pa izi, zivomerezi zam'nyanja ndi nyanja zimayambitsa tsunami, zomwe sizowononga malo am'mphepete mwa zivomezi zokha. Ndi chifukwa chake ntchito yopititsa patsogolo njira zakuwonera zamisili yokhazikika imakhala yothandiza nthawi zonse.

Zivomerezi zam'mphepete mwa mapiri

Ngakhale anthu osadziwa kwenikweni vutoli amadziwa kuti pali malo ena padziko lapansi omwe nthawi zambiri amabweretsa zivomezi. Tiyeni tiwone lipoti la International Seismological Report lofalitsidwa chaka chilichonse, lomwe limatchula zisokonezo zonse za chaka chonse ndikupereka mawonekedwe awo. Tidzakhala otsimikiza kuti nthawi zambiri zivomerezi zimachitika m'maiko a Pacific, makamaka ku Japan ndi Chile. Koma mndandandawo sukupereka chithunzi chonse cha kukula kwa zisokonezo zam'nyanja, chifukwa sizikuwonetsa kukula komanso zivomezi zonse, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, zimachitidwa chimodzimodzi. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti muchidule ichi, kusokonekera kwa mayiko otukuka bwino kwachuma kwachulukirachulukira, popeza pali kusokonekera kwambiri kwa nthaka kumene kumapangitsa kuti nthaka isasunthe pang'ono.

Komabe, sitinganene kuti umboni wonena za zivomezi zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi poyerekeza ndi gawo lakum'mwera sizowona. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi gawo lathu ladziko lapansi lomwe likuyimira mabwalo a zochitika zazikulu zam'malo: 90% ya masoka achilengedwe amachitika kumpoto kwa madigiri 30 kumwera chakumwera.

Apa tili ndi chilengedwe, chomwe zigawo za zivomezi zonse zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu International Seismological Report zaka 22 zakonzedwa. Zomwe tikuganiza ndizotsimikizika: zivomezi ndizokhazikika m'malo ena enieni, osadziwika bwino ndipo sizikhudza mbali zambiri za dziko lapansi.

Tikuwona madera omwe chivomerezachi chachitika, choyamba tikuwona mzere (kumanja kwa mapu), womwe umayamba ku Kamchatka, umayenda m'mphepete mwa zilumba za Japan ndikubwera kummawa, kenako nthiti yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa gombe la North ndi South America ikukugundani (pamapuwo). Magulu awiri, wina waku Asia, winayo aku America, akuyandikira kumpoto, pafupi kuzungulira Nyanja ya Pacific. Ichi ndiye lamba wachisangalalo cha Pacific. Zochitika zozama zonse zimachitika pano, kuchuluka kwakukulu kopanda chidwi komanso kusokonezeka kwapakati kwapakati.

Chith. 20. Kugawidwa kwa ma epicenters azisokonezo zamadzi mu 1913 mpaka1935 (malinga ndi Colon).

Gawo lina lachitetezo champhamvu ndi mzere ndikuyamba pachilumba cha Sulawesi. Imakwera m'mphepete mwa malo aku Indonesia, kuyambira kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo, kukhudza Himalaya, kenako ndikupitilira ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, Italiya, Gibraltar mpaka ku Azores. Lamba uyu amatchedwa Eurasian, kapena Alpine, chifukwa chimangokhala khola lalikulu, chimodzi mwazomwe zimalumikizana ndi mapiri a Alps. Zivomezi zazikulu zonse zimachitika mozungulira Nyanja ya Pacific, kapena m'mphepete mwa lamba wa Europe.

Kuphatikiza pa ziwiri zazikuluzikuluzi, madera ang'onoang'ono okondweretsa amadziwika komwe kumachitika zivomezi zokhazokha zomwe sizikuchitika. Limodzi mwa magawo amenewo limadutsa pakati pa Nyanja ya Atlantic ndikufika ku Arctic, lina limachokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera ku Indian Ocean.

Kukonzekera kwadongosolo kwamtunduwu kumeneku kumadzutsa funso lakuti: "Chifukwa chiyani?"

Yankho lochepa loyamba lidaperekedwa ndi Montessu de Ballore, zomwe madera azinyanja nthawi zambiri amakhala m mapiri atali kapena kumapeto am'nyanja. Umboni wotsimikizika wa izi umaperekedwa ndi kusokonekera kwa madera onse awiri a Pacific Ocean, momwe ma bedi akuzama amakulitsa, kusakhazikika kwa Tibet ku Himalayas kapena Italy ndi Greece, pafupi komwe mabowo a Nyanja ya Mediterranean akudutsa.

Popeza tadziwana bwino ndi izi, tiyeni tisanthule kuti mapiri atali kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi ena achichepere. Chifukwa chiyani? Inde, chifukwa nyengo ikadapanda kuwawononga. Zowonadi, ma Himalaya, Alps, Andes, Rockies - onse adawonekera mu Tertiary, ndiye kuti, malinga ndi miyeso ya chilengedwe, ikukhudzana ndi dzulo. Koma ndikunena kuti mapiriwa ndi achichepere, pamenepo tikuvomereza kuti akadali mkukula. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti sizimasiyana m'mafomu omwe atsirizidwa kale ndi kale, ngati Vosges kapena Central Massif, ndipo amangomangidwa. Zitha kutenga zaka mamiliyoni angapo ntchito yawo isanamalize, koma zilibe kanthu. Chachikulu ndichakuti magulu onse a mapiri - Alps, Himalayas, Andes ndi Rockies - akupangidwabe. M'malo akale a geosynclines, komwe kumanga mapiri a Alpine komwe kumayambira, malo otsetsereka akupitilizabe kusinthana, ndipo zigawo zimagundika.

Chifukwa chake, palibe chodabwitsa m'chochitika chakuti munthawi zopitilira izi kuwonongeka kumawonedwa nthawi ndi nthawi, miyala ikakumana ndi mavuto ambiri, kuphulika, kuphulika ndikuchitika chivomezi. Ndiye chifukwa chake madera omwe ntchito yopukutayo ikupitirirabe, ndiye kuti, komwe mapiri ang'onoang'ono kapena maimuna awo amatuluka, ali bwalo lokonda zivomezi.

Izi zikufotokozera kusokonekera kwa mapiri osati m'malire amtali okha, komanso kuzama kwam'nyanja. Kumbukirani kuti kupezeka pansi pamadzi si kanthu koma ma geosynclines, maenje komwe kukokoloka kumachitika. Ma Geosynclines amapitilira mosalekeza, ndipo zomera zomwe zimadziunjikira mkati mwake ndizosanjikiza, chifukwa chosowa malo, zimapangidwa ndikugundika kukhala zigawo, ndikupanga "mizu" yamapiri amtsogolo. Kudzikundika kotere ndikuphwanya miyala yosiyidwa sikungokhala popanda kupsinjika ndi zophulika, zomwe zimayambitsa chivomerezi.

Lamba wanyanja wanyanja waku Pacific

Lamba wachilengedwe wanyanja wa Pacific ndi zitsanzo zosiyanasiyananso zingapo za izi zapansi panthaka, zomwe zimakhala ndi mapiri atali kapena malo abwinopo pansi pamadzi. Kodi kulumikizana kwa dera lino ndi zolakwika, ming'alu ndi mitundu yonse yazinthu zamtundu wa tectonic sizitsimikiziridwa kuti zikugwirizana ndi mphete yamoto ya Pacific? Kumbukirani unyinji wamapiri ophulika omwe ali pagombe la Pacific. Mu mkuyu. Chithunzi 21 chikuwonetsa lamba wamadzi am'madzi a Pacific chonse, ndipo tidzayesa kufotokoza pofotokoza, kuyambira kum'mwera, koloko.

Kodi lamba uyu wabowoleredwa ku South Pole monga akuwonetsera pamapupo? Palibe amene akudziwa izi, ngakhale ndizotheka kuti madera azisangalalo amayenda motsatira Antarctica, kenako ndikufika pachilumba cha Macquarie ndi New Zealand, pomwe zivomezi zamphamvu zachitika mobwerezabwereza. Mu 1855, ku New Zealand, chivomerezichi chinatha ndi vuto la makilomita 140 m'litali ndi mita 3 mmwamba. Zivomezi zamphamvu za 1929 ndi 1931 zidakulitsa vutoli ndikupangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu.

Chith. 21. Nyanja ya Pacific ndiyomwe ili ndi zigawo zomwe sizimalimbana ndi chivomerezi, koma yazunguliridwa ndi lamba woopsa (malinga ndi Gutenberg ndi Richter).

1 - madera okhazikika a kontrakitala (osagwirizana ndi zivomezi), 2 - osaya, 3 - pakati kwapakati, 4 - mozama.

Kuchokera ku New Zealand, lamba limakwera kupita kuzilumba za Tonga, kenako kutsikira kumadzulo ku New Guinea. Kuno, kungotuluka pachilumba cha Sulawesi, chimadumphira, kukwera kumpoto. Nthambi imodzi imapita kuzilumba za Caroline, Mariana ndi Bonin, inayo - kupita kuzilumba za Philippines ndi Taiwan. Izi zimadziwika ndi mafunde akuya kwamadzi, pomwe zivomezi zamphamvu kwambiri zimasefukira. Nthambi ina imapangidwa ndi zitunda zapansi pamadzi, mapiri ake omwe amatuluka pamwamba pa mawonekedwe a zilumba za Caroline, Marian ndi Bonin. Pakati pa nthambi ziwirizi, Nyanja ya Pacific ili ngati nyanja yam'madzi yokhala ndi pansi, phokoso lomwe limasinthika kwambiri ndi gawo lozungulira la mzere wozungulira. Ndikokwanira kukumbukira ngozi yamkuntho yomwe idawononga Taiwan pa Marichi 17, 1906, ndikupha anthu 1,300 ndikuwononga nyumba 7,000, kapena chivomerezi ku Philippines mu 1955, pomwe mudzi wonse udasowa pansi pa nyanjayo.

Nthambi zonse ziwiri zimalumikizana kumpoto pafupi ndi zisumbu za Japan ndikufalikira m'mphepete mwa kum'mawa. M'dzikomo munapezekanso malo ozama, ndipo sitiyenera kukumbukira ngakhale zamphamvu zachilengedwe m'derali. Tidzangonena kuti kuyambira 1918 mpaka 1954 Gutenberg adawerengera zivomerezi 122 zazikulu 7 kapena kupitirira m'derali (kuphatikiza Northeast China, Taiwan komanso kumwera kwa zilumba za Kuril Islands, 85 mwa izo sizinali zapamwamba ndipo 17 anali ndi chidwi chachikulu.

Kupyola mu Zilumba za Kuril, lamba wachikopa wa Pacific akudutsa kumpoto. Imatseka nyanja, kudutsa gombe lakummawa kwa Kamchatka ndi zilumba za Aleuti. Zilumba zokongola kwambiri zimakhala ndi madera okuya momwe zivomezi ndi tsunami zili ponseponse. Zivomerezi zaposachedwa (1957) zinali ndi mndandanda wazomwe zimagwedeza ndi ukulu 8. Zodabwitsazi sizinayime kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Chingwe cha Aleutian Islands chikugwirizana ndi malo achisangalalo kwambiri ku Asia osagwiranso ntchito ku America pankhaniyi. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi Alaska. Chivomerezi chidawonedwa kumeneko ku Yakutat Bay mu 1899, zomwe sizinawononge zinthu zambiri, koma zidapereka chitsanzo chosangalatsa cha kusinthaku. Mzere watsopano (kutalika kwakukulu kwa mita 14) unanyamuka m'derali ndi malo otsetsereka. Kusokonezeka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu ndi kukula kwa 8.5 kunalembedwa ndi zikwangwani zamayilesi onse padziko lapansi.

Kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku Mexico, lamba amayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma amapatuka pang'ono kupita kunyanja, kotero zivomezi pano, ngakhale zimachitika kawirikawiri, sizowononga monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa. Sitingokhalira kusokonekera kwa madera awa, makamaka California, zomwe zanenedwa kale, koma tiwone zomwe zikuchitika ku Mexico. Zivomezi ku Mexico sizimveka zambiri, ngakhale sizoyipa pamenepo. Zivomezi zamphamvu zinachitika ku Mexico mu 1887 ndi 1912. Kumpoto kwa dzikolo (dziko la Sonora) zitachitika chivomezi, gulu lonse la zolakwika ndi zochotsedwa zinawonekera, ndipo midzi ingapo idawonongedwa.

Malamba akuluakulu kwambiri padziko lapansi

Malo amenewo a pulaneti momwe ma ploses a lithospheric amakumana ndi inzake amatchedwa malamba a seismic.

Chithunzi 1. Chigawo chachikulu kwambiri cha dziko lapansi. Author24 - Kusinthana kwa intaneti kwa ntchito za ophunzira

Chofunikira kwambiri pamaderawa ndikuwonjezereka kwa kuyenda, zomwe zimapangitsa zivomerezi zambiri komanso kuphulika kwa mapiri.

Maderawa ali ndi kutalika kwakukulu ndipo, monga lamulo, amatambalala kwa makilomita masauzande.

Mikanda iwiri yayikulu ikuluzikulu imasiyanitsidwa - imodzi imatalikirana mulitali, inayo - m'mphepete mwa Meridian, i.e. koyambirira kwa woyamba.

Lamba la latitudinal la seismic limatchedwa Mediterranean-Trans-Asia ndipo limayambira ku Persian Gulf, mpaka limafika pakati penipeni pa Nyanja ya Atlantic.

Dera lanyanjali lomwe limadutsa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi mapiri oyandikana ndi Southern Europe, limadutsa kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Asia Minor. Kupitilira apo, lamba amapita ku Caucasus ndi Iran ndipo kudzera ku Central Asia amapita ku Himalaya.

Ntchito yomaliza pamutu womwewo

Zogwira ntchito modabwitsa mdera lino ndi Carpathians aku Russia, Iran, Balochistan.

Madzi a pansi pa madzi am'madzi amapezeka munyanja zam'madzi za Indian ndi Atlantic, ndipo pang'ono pang'ono amalowa mu Arctic Ocean.

Ku Nyanja ya Atlantic, madera achisangalalo amadutsa ku Spain ndi Nyanja ya Greenland, ndipo ku Indian Ocean imadutsa ku Arabia kumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kukafika ku Antarctica.

Lamba lachiwiri lachitetezo cham'madzi ndi Pacific, lomwe limagwira ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri ndipo limapangitsa 80% zivomezi zonse komanso kuphulika kwa mapiri.

Gawo lalikulu la lambayu limakhala pansi pa madzi, koma palinso madera, mwachitsanzo, Zilumba za Hawaii, pomwe zivomerezi zimakhalapo kwamuyaya chifukwa cha kugawanika kwa dziko lapansi.

Lamba wanyansi wachilengedwe wa Pacific umaphatikizapo malamba ang'onoang'ono okoka padziko lapansi - Kamchatka, zilumba za Aleutian.

Mchengawo umayenda m'mphepete mwa gombe lakumadzulo kwa America ndikutha kumapeto kwa South Antilles ndipo madera onse omwe amakhala pamzerewu amakhala ndi kugwedezeka kwamphamvu.

M'dera losakhazikika ili, American Los Angeles ili.

Madera a kusokonekera kwachiwiri kumachitika kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo m'malo ena samveka konse. Koma m'malo ena ma echoes amatha kupitilira, koma izi ndizofanana ndi malo omwe amakhala pansi pamadzi.

Malo omwe ali ndi kukokoloka kwanyanjaku amakhala kunyanja za Atlantic ndi Pacific, ali ku Arctic komanso m'malo ena a Indian Ocean.

Zadzidzidzi zamphamvu zimachitika kum'mawa kwa madzi onse.

Kuyamba

Zamoyo zakuthambo za dziko lapansi zimatchedwa malo omwe mapangidwe a lithospheric a dziko lapansi amakumana. M'malo awa, pomwe malamba am'madzi a dziko lapansi amapangika, pamakhala kusunthika kwamphamvu kwa kutumphuka kwapadziko lapansi, ntchito zamapiri chifukwa cha ntchito yomanga mapiri, yomwe imatenga zaka chikwi.

Kutalika kwa malamba awa ndi kwakukulu kwambiri - malamba amatambasuka kwa makilomita masauzande.

Makhalidwe a Sebelic Belt

Zingwe za seismic zimapangidwa molumikizana ndi mbale za lithospheric.

Meridian Pacific Ridge ndi imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri, kutalika kwake konse kuli mitundu yayitali kwambiri yokwera mapiri.

Pakatikati pazosokoneza apa ndikwachidziwikire, motero imafalikira mtunda wautali. Rout iyi ya meridi ili ndi nthambi yolimba kwambiri yamchenga kumpoto.

Zowawa zomwe zikuwoneka pano zikufika pagombe la California. San Francisco ndi Los Angeles, omwe ali mdera lino, ali ndi mtundu wa chitukuko cha nthano imodzi, ndipo nyumba zokulirapo zimangokhala pakatikati pamizinda.

Popita kum'mwera, chisokonezo cha nthambiyo chimakhala chotsika ndipo kugombe lakumadzulo kwa South America kugwedezeka kumakhala kofooka. Koma, komabe, subcortical foci ikadasungidwa pano.

Chimodzi mwa nthambi za Pacific Ridge ndi Kum'mawa, kuyambira kugombe la Kamchatka. Kupitilira apo, imadutsa zilumba za Aleutian, imazungulira America ndikufika kumapeto kwa Falklands.

Zivomezi zomwe zimapangidwa kudera lino ndizochepa mphamvu, chifukwa chake malowa si owopsa.

Mayiko a zilumbazi ndi Pacific ali kale m'malo a Antilles seismic loop, pomwe zivomerezi zambiri zidawonedwa.

M'nthawi yathu ino, dziko lapansili lakhala likugwedezeka pang'onopang'ono komanso kugwedezeka kwamunthu aliyense, momveka bwino, sikuwonongeranso moyo.

Malamba okokomezeka amenewa akakhala kuti ali pamwamba pa mapu, munthu amatha kuwona zodabwitsazi, zomwe zili zotsatirazi - nthambi yakum'mawa ya Pacific Ridge imayendetsa gombe lakumadzulo kwa North ndi South America, ndipo nthambi yake yakumadzulo imayambira ku zilumba za Kuril, imadutsa Japan ndikugawika nthambi zina ziwiri. .

Chodabwitsachi ndikuti mayina amalo osokonekera amasankhidwa mosiyana.

Nthambi zochoka ku Japan zimadziwikanso kuti "Zakumadzulo" ndi "Kummawa", koma, pamenepa, ubale wawo ndi malo amofanana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka ambiri.

Nthambi yakummawa, monga zikuyembekezeredwa, imapita kum'mawa - kudutsa ku New Guinea kupita ku New Zealand, imakhala m'mphepete mwa zilumba za Philippine Islands, Burma, zilumba kumwera kwa Thailand ndikugwirizana ndi lamba la Mediterranean-Trans-Asia.

Dera ili limadziwika ndi kugwedeza kwamphamvu, nthawi zambiri zonga zowononga.

Chifukwa chake, mayina a madera akumizu a dziko lapansi ndi ofanana ndi malo awo.

Mphepo Yamkuntho ya Pacific-Trans-Asia

Lamba amayenda mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi mapiri oyandikira kum'mwera kwa Europe, komanso mapiri a North Africa ndi Asia Minor. Kupitilira apo, imafalikira m'mbali mwa Caucasus ndi Iran, kudutsa Central Asia, Hindu Kush mpaka Kuen-Lun ndi Himalayas.

Malo omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri kumalire a Mediterranean-Trans-Asia ndi gawo la Carpathians ya Romanian, Iran ndi Balochistan. Kuchokera ku Balochistan, malo okokoloka amasamukira ku Burma. Kuwombera koopsa nthawi zambiri kumakhala mu Hindu Kush.

Ma bandeji ochita pansi pa madzi a lamba amapezeka ku Atlantic ndi Indian Oceans, komanso pang'ono ku Arctic. Dera lokhala ndi mapiri a Atlantic limadutsa Nyanja ya Greenland ndi Spain kudutsa Mid-Atlantic Range. Dongosolo la ntchito ya Indian Ocean kudutsa ku Arabian Peninsula imayambira pansi kumwera kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Antarctica.

Mafunde am'madzi

Mphamvu imasunthika kuchokera kwa epicenter ya chivomerezicho mbali zonse - awa ndi mafunde am'mlengalenga, chikhalidwe cha kufalikira kwa zomwe zimatengera kuwuma komanso kutanuka kwa miyala.

Choyamba, mafunde amtundu wautali amawonekera pama seismograms, komabe, mafunde amtali olembedwa kale.

Mafunde amtundu wa longitudinal amadutsa pazinthu zonse - zolimba, zamadzimadzi ndi zamagetsi ndipo zimayimira kusinthana kwa mapindikidwe ndi kukula kwa miyala.

Mukamasiya matumbo a Dziko lapansi, gawo lamphamvu yamafunde awa limasinthidwa kupita kumlengalenga ndipo anthu amawazindikira ngati phokoso pamagetsi opitilira 15 Hz. Pa mafunde amthupi, amathamanga kwambiri.

Mafunde osunthira mu sing'anga yamadzimadzi samatulutsa, chifukwa ma modula a shear m'madzi ndi zero.

Mukuyenda kwawo, iwo amasunthira mbali zakumanzere kumanja kwa njira yawo. Poyerekeza ndi mafunde aatali, mphamvu yamafunde am'munsi ndiyotsika ndipo akamayenda amasunthira dothi pansi ndikuyika m'malo mokhazikika.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa mafunde osoka ndi mafunde akunyanja. Mafunde amayenda pansi, ngati mafunde pamadzi. Pakati pamafunde amodzi ndi omwe amadziwika:

Kusuntha kwa mafunde a chikondi kuli ngati njoka, iwo akukankha mwala m'mbali mwa ndege yopingasa ndipo amaonedwa kuti ndiowononga kwambiri.

Pakulumikizana pakati pama media awiri, mafunde a Rayleigh amawuka. Amagwira pazinthu zazing'onoting'ono ndikuzipangitsa kuti ziziyenda mokhazikika komanso mokhazikika mu ndege yoyimirira.

Poyerekeza ndi mafunde a chikondi, mafunde a Rayleigh ali ndi liwiro lotsika, ndipo omwe akuya ndikuchokera kutali ndi epicenter amasintha mofulumira.

Kudutsa pamiyala yokhala ndi katundu wosiyanasiyana, mafunde am'nyanja amawonekera kuchokera kwa iwo ngati mphezi yowala.

Akatswiri amafufuza kapangidwe kakang'ono ka Dziko Lapansi, akuwunikira kufalikira kwa mafunde amnyanja. Chiwembu apa ndi chosavuta ndipo chimakhala kuti m'malo ena mlandu umayikidwa pansi ndipo kuphulika kwapansi panthaka kumachitika.

Kuchokera kumalo komwe kuphulikako, funde lanyanjidwe limafalikira mbali zonse ndikufika mbali zosiyanasiyana mkati mwa dziko lapansi.

Pa malire aliwonse omwe amafikira, mafunde amawoneka omwe amabwerera padziko lapansi ndikujambulidwa kumalo osanjikiza.

Lamba wanyanja wanyanja waku Pacific

Zoposa 80% zivomezi zonse pa Earth zimachitika mu lamba waku Pacific. Imadutsa m'mphepete mwa mapiri ozungulira Nyanja ya Pacific, m'munsi mwa nyanja momwe, komanso kuzilumba za kumadzulo kwake ndi Indonesia.

Gawo lakummawa kwa lamba ndilokulira ndipo limayambira ku Kamchatka kudutsa Zilumba za Aleutian komanso madera akumadzulo kwa America ndi mpaka ku South Antilles. Kumpoto kwa lamba kumakhala ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimamveka mu mgwirizano wa California, komanso m'chigawo cha Central ndi South America. Gawo lakumadzulo kuchokera ku Kamchatka ndi zilumba za Kuril kufalikira mpaka ku Japan.

Nthambi yakum'mawa ya lamba lodzala ndi zopindika komanso zotembenuka. Imayambira pachilumba cha Guam, imadutsa kumadzulo kwa New Guinea ndipo imatembenukira molunjika kum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Tonga, pomwe imatembenukira kumwera. Zomwe zimawona dera lakum'mwera lanyanja la Pacific, ndiye kuti panthawi ino sizinaphunziridwe mokwanira.

Lamba waku Pacific

Lamba la Pacific latitudinal lamba wa Pacific Ocean kupita ku Indonesia. Zoposa 80% za zivomezi zonse zapadziko lapansi zimachitika m'zigawo zake. Lamba uyu amadutsa kuzilumba za Aleutian, zomwe zimaphimba gombe lakumadzulo kwa America, Kumpoto ndi South, kumafika ku Japan Islands ndi New Guinea. Lamba waku Pacific uli ndi nthambi zinayi - kumadzulo, kumpoto, kum'mawa ndi kumwera. Izi sizimamveka bwino. Zochitika zamanyazi zimamveka m'malo awa, zomwe pambuyo pake zimabweretsa masoka achilengedwe.

Mphepo ya Mediterranean-Trans-Asia

Kuyamba kwa lamba wachisokonezoyu ku Mediterranean. Imadutsa m'mapiri kumwera kwa Europe, kudutsa North Africa ndi Asia Minor, ikafika kumapiri a Himalayan. Kudera lino, madera omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi awa:

• Carpathians aku Romanian,
• Dera la Irani
• Balochistan
• Hindu Kush.

Ponena za pansi pamadzi, zalembedwa munyanja zam'madzi za Indian ndi Atlantic, zimafika kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Antarctica.

Ma Belts Aang'ono Am'madzi

Zigawo zazikuluzikuluzikulu zaphokoso ndi Pacific ndi Mediterranean-Trans-Asia. Azungulira gawo lalikulu la dziko lathuli, lalitali. Komabe, munthu sayenera kuyiwala za zodabwitsazi monga lamba zamkati zanyanja. Magawo atatu oterewa amatha kusiyanitsidwa:

• Dera lotchedwa Arctic,
• munyanja yaku Atlantic, / li>
• munyanja yaku India. / li>

Chifukwa cha mayendedwe a mizati ya lithospheric m'malo awa, zochitika monga zivomezi, tsunami ndi kusefukira kwamadzi kumachitika. Mwakutero, madera oyandikana nawo - makontinenti ndi zilumba amakhala ndi masoka achilengedwe.

Malo achinyanja mu Nyanja ya Atlantic

Malo osokonekera mu Nyanja ya Atlantic anapezeka ndi asayansi mu 1950. Dera lino limayambira m'mphepete mwa Greenland, limayandikira kufupi ndi Mid-Atlantic pansi pa madzi, ndikutha kumapeto kwa zisumbu za Tristan da Cunha. Zochita zamanyazi pano zikufotokozedwa ndi zolakwika zachinyamata za Middle Ridge, popeza ma lithospheric mbale akuyenda pano.

Zochitika zamanyazi za ku Indian Ocean

Kuzungulira kwa Nyanja ya India kumachokera ku Chigawo cha Arabia kumwera, ndipo pafupifupi kukafika ku Antarctica. Dera lokhazikika pano ndilolumikizana ndi Middle Indian Ridge. Zivomezi zamphamvu komanso kuphulika kwamoto pansi pa madzi kumachitika pano, magawo sanali ozama. Izi ndichifukwa cha zolakwika zingapo tectonic.

Malo okoka zachilengedwe a Arctic

Kudera la Arctic, kusokonekera kumawonedwa. Zivomezi, kuphulika kwa mapiri ophulika, komanso njira zowonongeka zosiyanasiyana zimachitika pano. Akatswiri amawona malo akuluakulu omwe zivomerezi zili m'derali. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti pamakhala kusokonekera kochepa kwambiri, koma sichoncho. Mukakonzekera chochitika chilichonse pano, muyenera kukhala atcheru ndikukonzekera zochitika zosiyanasiyana zazisangalalo.

Lamba wachikopa cha Alpine-Himalayan

Alpine-Himalayan amadutsa kwathunthu ku Africa ndi ku Europe konse.M'mphepete mwake, zivomezi zowopsa kwambiri komanso kuphulika kwa mapiri kumachitika.

Mwachitsanzo, ku China mu 1566, anthu opitilira 800 miliyoni adamwalira chifukwa chamayendedwe a mbale, ndipo anthu 400 miliyoni adafa ku India mu 1737.

Lamba wachikopa cha Alpine-Himalayan chimakwirira mapiri amayiko opitilira 30: Russia, India, China, France, Turkey, Armenia, Romania ndi ena ambiri.

Kutulutsa kwa ma seismic

Chikhalidwe cha kufalikira kwa mafunde am'madzi makamaka zimatengera zinthu zotanuka komanso matanthwe a lithospheric.

Onsewa agawidwa m'mitundu itatu:

Longitudinalmafunde - imawoneka mumadzi, olimba ndi zinthu zamagesi. Amayambitsa kuvulaza kachilengedwe.

Mafunde osuntha - ali ndi mphamvu kale chifukwa cha kukula kwawo. Zitha kutsogolera zivomezi za magawo 2 ndi 3. Mafunde osuntha amangodutsa zinthu zolimba komanso zamagetsi.

Mafunde akumtunda - zoopsa kwambiri zamanyazi. Chitani pokhazikika padziko lapansi.

Nyanja yayikulu

Lamba wanyanja mu Atlantic Ocean imayambira ku Greenland, imadutsa Atlantic ndikufika pachilumba cha Tristan da Cunha. Awa ndi malo okhawo omwe ma lithospheric ma plates amayendabe, ndichifukwa chake pali ntchito yambiri.

Mayina a madera akumizu a dziko lapansi

Pali malamba awiri akuluakulu padziko lapansi: Mediterranean-Trans-Asia ndi Pacific.

Chith. 1. mikanda yapadziko lapansi.

Mediterranean-Trans-Asia lamba limachokera pagombe la Persian Gulf ndipo limatha pakati pa Nyanja ya Atlantic. Lamba uyu amatchedwanso latitudinal, popeza limatalika mofananirana ndi equator.

Lamba waku Pacific - chachilendo, chimatambalala mpaka ku lamba la Mediterranean-Trans-Asia. Ili pamzere wa lamba uyu komwe mapiri ambiri omwe amaphulika amapezeka, nthawi zambiri kuphulika kumachitika pansi pa nyanja ya Pacific.

Ngati mujambula mikanda ya Earth pa mapu a contour, mumakhala ndi zojambula zosangalatsa komanso zodabwitsa. Zingwe, ngati kuti zikumalire ndi nsanja zakale za Dziko Lapansi, ndipo nthawi zina zimapinda. Amalumikizidwa ndi zolakwika zazikuluzikulu za kutumphuka kwapadziko lapansi, zakale ndi zazing'ono.

Tinapfundzanji?

Chifukwa chake, zivomezi sizimachitika m'malo osowa konse Padziko Lapansi. Zovuta zam'mlengalenga za dziko lapansi zitha kuloseredwa, popeza zivomezi zochulukirapo zimachitika m'malo apadera omwe amatchedwa mabingu a Earth. Pali awiri okha padziko lapansi: lamba wa Latitudinal Mediterranean-Trans-Asia wachikonde, womwe umafanana ndi Equator ndi lamba wodziwika wa Pacific seismic, wokhala pafupi ndi latitudinal.

Kukambirana mwatsatanetsatane pankhaniyi

Mukamaliza bwino phunziroli, ophunzira athe. Fotokozani za zomwe zimayambitsa zivomerezi, zindikirani madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu padziko lonse lapansi, kambiranani za kusakhazikika kwa Canada ndi Briteni ndipo gwiritsani ntchito magawo oyesera zivomerezi, monga kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa zivomezi. Kugwedeza chivomerezi chachitika chifukwa champhamvu yomwe imatuluka mwadzidzidzi. Chivomerezi chimachitika pamene nkhawa m'miyala ya kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi yamasulidwa mwadzidzidzi.

Kanthawi kakang'ono

Chivomerezi cha Wenchuan chinawononga msewu wapamsewu pamsewu wawukulu wa Dujianyan-Wenchuan. Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira ya magulu opulumutsa idatsekedwanso. Chivomerezicho chimayezedwa kasanu pamlingo wa Richter, ndipo mweziwo panali kuzungulira kwadzidzidzi kwamphamvu kwambiri 8 kapena kupitirira khumi. Mphamvu yomwe idatulutsidwa ndi chivomereziyo inali yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti idapangitsa kuphulika kwa mapiri asanu ndi limodzi omwe adalipo ndipo idapanganso yatsopano zitatu. Tsunamis yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi chivomerezi idasesa Pacific Ocean mwachangu makilomita 850 pa ola limodzi, zomwe zidakhudza malo akutali ndi Hawaii ndi Japan.

Mkuyu. 3. Lamba wanyanja wanyanja waku Pacific.

Gawo lalikulu kwambiri lamba uno ndi Kum'mawa. Chimayambira ku Kamchatka, kudutsa kuzilumba za Aleutian komanso madera akumadzulo a North ndi South America molunjika kumunsi kwa South Antilles.

Chivomerezi cha Wenchuan chinali chozama, chosadziwika ndi mphamvu yowononga kwambiri. Monga momwe chithunzi chikuwonetsera, ngakhale akachisi paphiripo. Dutuan wochokera ku Mianyang adagwa. Gawo lachiwiri lalikulu la kukokoloka kwa madzi ndi lamba wam'madzi wa Mediterranean-Himalayan. Ma Azores omwe ali mu nyanja ya Atlantic ndi malire ake akumadzulo, kuchokera pomwe amadutsa mu Atlantic Range, m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, njira yonse mpaka ku Myanmar, kenako kumwera, akulumikizana ndi mphete ya Moto ku Indonesia.

Lamba la kunyanja la Mediterranean-Himalayan limaphatikizapo mapiri akuluakulu angapo: kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kummawa, limapempha kumapiri a Alps ndi Balkan Peninsula ndikuchokera kumpoto kupita kumwera, kudutsa mapiri a Asia Minor ndi chigwa cha Irani, ndipo pamapeto pake Himalayas, phiri lalikulu kwambiri mndandanda. Mapiri atali kwambiri m'chilengedwe chotetezekachi ndi achichepere - kwenikweni, ndiam'ng'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi. Apa ndipamene zivomezi zazikulu zakale zinachitika, zomwe tikudziwa kuyambira kalekale.

Nthambi yakummawa sindimayikirapo ndipo samamvetsetsa. Yadzaza ndi mokhota komanso mokhota.

Kumpoto kwa lamba kumachitika mwamphamvu, komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri ndi anthu aku California, komanso Central ndi South America.

Gawo lakumadzulo la lodziwongola bwino limachokera ku Kamchatka, mpaka ku Japan ndikupitilira.

Madera osokonekera awa ali ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana - zojambula pamwamba kwambiri. Mphepete zam'mapiri mulinso achichepere, ndipo zinthu ziwiri izi ndi chifukwa chake kapangidwe kazinthu zazikulu za lamba wamsoka amatha kuyenda kwamphamvu motere.

Zivomezi ndizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa ma tectonic plates, ndipo malire pakati pa ma mbale ndi pomwe zivomezi zazikulu zimachitika. Malire pakati pa maplasi a ku Europe ndi Australia kumadzulo, mbale ya ku America chakum'mawa ndi mbale ya Antarctic kumwera amapanga mphete ya Moto. Lamba waku Mediterranean-Himalayan wanyanja ndi malire pakati pa maplate aku Europe, Africa ndi Australia.

Zivomezi zamphamvu kwambiri mzaka za 20-21

Popeza Pacific Ring of Fire imakhala ndi 80% ya zivomezi zonse, zovuta zazikulu zokhudzana ndi mphamvu komanso kuwonongeka kunachitika m'derali. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kutchula Japan, yomwe yakhala ikuwonongedwa mobwerezabwereza. Choopsa kwambiri, koma osati champhamvu kwambiri pakugwedezeka kwake, chinali chivomezi cha 1923, chomwe chimatchedwa Great Kanto Earthquake. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, pakati pa izi ndi zomwe zidachitika anthu 174 afa, ena 545,000 sanapezeke, chiwerengero chonse cha ozunzidwa chikuyerekezedwa ndi anthu 4 miliyoni. Chivomerezi champhamvu kwambiri ku Japan (chokhala ndi kuchuluka kuchokera pa 9.0 mpaka 9.1) chinali ngozi yotchuka kwambiri ya 2011, pamene kusefukira kwamphamvu chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwamadzi pansi pa gombe la Japan kunapangitsa kuwonongeka m'mizinda yam'mbali, ndi moto pamalo opangira mafuta ambiri ku Sendai komanso ngozi pa Ma Fokushima-1 NPP adadzetsa chiwopsezo chachikulu pa zachuma chonsecho komanso chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi.

Wamphamvu kwambiri Mwa zivomerezi zonse zolembedwa, chivomerezi chachikulu ku Chile ndichipere chomwe chili ndi mphamvu yakufika pa 9.5, chomwe chidachitika mu 1960, chilingaliridwa (ngati mutayang'ana pamapuwa, zikuonekeratu kuti zidachitikanso kudera lanyanja la Pacific). Tsoka lomwe linapha anthu ochuluka kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 21 linali chivomerezi cham'madzi cha Indian Ocean cha 2004, pomwe tsunami wamphamvu yomwe idachitika ndi yomwe idapha anthu pafupifupi 300 kuchokera m'maiko pafupifupi 20. Pamapu, malo omwe chivomerezi chimayang'ana kumpoto kwa Pacific Ring.

Mu lamba lamanyazi la Mediterranean-Trans-Asia, zivomerezi zamphamvu zambiri zowononga zinachitikanso. Chimodzi mwazomwezi ndi chivomerezi cha 1976 ku Tangshan, pomwe pokhapokha malinga ndi data yochokera ku PRC 242,419 anthu adamwalira, koma malinga ndi malipoti ena kuchuluka kwa ozunzidwa kupitirira 655,000, zomwe zimapangitsa chivomerezichi kukhala chimodzi chakufa kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu.