Clubfoot baribal zae paliponse ... ayi, ayi, ayi. Imani. Timakonda nyama pano. Tiyeni tiyesenso.
Kupitiliza kutsatira zopempha zanu pokambirana, lero tikambirana za chimbalangondo.
Banja la chimbalangondo ndi gulu lopambana kwathunthu la nyama. Oimira zimbalangondo mosiyanasiyana amakhala ku Europe ndi ku America konse. Makamaka anthu olemekezeka adalowamo ngakhale zida za Boma la Russia.
Chimbalangondo cha Baribal kapena chakuda (ahahah) - alendo athu ochokera ku ̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶ North America. Izi ndi zocheperako pang'ono kuposa zimbalangondo zathu zofiirira ndipo nthawi zambiri zimalemera makilogalamu 200-300. Anagawa pafupifupi United States ndi Canada, kupatula kumpoto ndi kumwera.
Mosiyana ndi chimbalangondo chathu chofiirira komanso chokhala pafupi nacho, chimbalangondicho ndichopatsa chidwi. Pomwe mitundu ikuluikulu, mwaukali, imapita kukaononga zinthu zonse zamoyo (makamaka ngati ndi Dicaprio), baribal imathawa bwino, ikakanikizira mazira ake ang'ono.
Nthawi zambiri, baribal imakhala ndi mtundu wakuda kwathunthu, koma pali zosiyana zazing'ono. M'malo omwe nsomba zimawaza, mitundu yoyera ya zotulutsa imakula bwino. Kodi mfundozo zili kuti? Kulungamitsidwa, yang'anani mosamala. Nsombazo ndizosalimba, komanso sizimawona bwino. Nthawi zambiri, msodzi amatha kuwona chimbalangondo chakuda ndikugwera pamenepo, koma, choyera ndi kuthekera kotereku ndizochepa kwambiri, chifukwa zimaphatikizana ndi kuwala kwa tsiku lowonekera. Zotsatira zake zinali zakuti azungu omwe anali oyamwa adayakhula.
Kufotokozera
Baribal nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chida chakuda, makamaka kum'mawa kwa North America. Chizindikiro nthawi zambiri chimakhala chopepuka, chosiyana ndi tsitsi lakuda la nyama, ndipo pakhoza kukhalanso malo oyera pachifuwa. Chovala cha anthu akumadzulo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chopepuka. Magulu ena a zimbalangondo zakuda zochokera ku British Columbia ndi Alaska ndi zoyera zonona kapena zotuwa. Kutalika konse kwa thupi laimuna kumayambira 140 mpaka 200 masentimita, ndipo achikazi kuyambira 120 mpaka 160 cm. Kutalika kwa mchirawu kumayambira 8 mpaka 141. Amuna amalemera kuyambira 47 mpaka 409 kg, ndipo zazimayi kuyambira 39 mpaka 236 kg. Mtunda pakati pa fangs ndi pafupifupi 4.5-5 cm.
Zimbalangondo zakuda ndizosiyana ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira (Ursus arctos) matupi akulu okulirapo, opanda makutu a pubescent komanso bulge pang'ono m'mapewa.
Dera
Zimbalangondo zakuda zimapezeka kuchokera kumpoto kwa Alaska, kudutsa kum'mawa kwa Canada kupita ku Newfoundland ndi Labrador, ndi kumwera kudutsa mu Alaska, pafupifupi Canada, komanso ambiri a United States, mkati mwa Mexico (Nayarit ndi Tamaulipas).
Habitat
Kukhazikika kwa baribal kumadziwika ndi malo osafikirika, masamba owonda ndi chakudya chochuluka. Kummwera chakumadzulo, malire ake ndi ochepa, malo amapiri, ndipo kutalika kwake kumasiyana pakati pa 400-3000 metres pamwamba pa nyanja. Malo okhala chimbalangondo chakuda chimakhala makamaka cham'mapiri ndi nkhalango. Zimbalangondo nthawi zina zimachokera kumadera ena otseguka kupita kumadera ena ndipo zimadyetsa cacti.
Kusinthidwa kudera lamatabwa komanso masamba obiriwira amtunduwu mwina ndi chifukwa chakuti nyamazo zinakhalako ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zowopsa, monga chimbalangondo chomwe sichinatheretu komanso chimbalangondo chomwe chimakhalabe ndi moyo. Kuphatikiza apo, zotupa zimapezeka m'malo ambiri akuthengo, osakhudzidwa komanso madera akumidzi, amatha kusintha moyo wawo kukhala malo okhala ngati atakhala ndi mwayi wopeza chakudya.
Kuswana
Amuna amakumana ndi zazikazi nthawi yake ya zipatso. Amuna ambiri am'nyumba amagwirizana pang'ono ndi magawo a akazi angapo.
Nthawi yakukhwima imafika mpaka pa Juni mpaka pakati pa Julayi. Njuchi zachikazi zimatha nyengo yonseyo, kufikira nthawi yakukhwima. Monga lamulo, zazikazi zimabereka chaka chilichonse, koma nthawi zina zimatenga nthawi yopuma kwa zaka zitatu kapena zinayi. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi masiku 220, poganizira kuchedwa kunamizidwa. Mazira okhathamira saikidwamo m'chiberekero mpaka kugwa, ndipo kukula kwa embryonic kumachitika pakatha masabata 10 apakati oyembekezera.
Kubadwa kwa ana amuna kumakhala mu Januware ndi Febere, nthawi zambiri nthawi yachisanu wamkazi akamazizira. Chiwerengero cha ana mu zinyalala chimasiyana pakati pa 1 ndi 5. Pobadwa, baribaly imalemera 200 mpaka 450 magalamu. Amabadwa opanda chitetezo komanso khungu. Ana ake amakhalabe kuphanga ndi amayi awo nthawi yonse yozizira ndipo amadya mkaka wake. Chapakatikati, banja likachoka pakhomopo, ana amalemera kuyambira 2 mpaka 5 kg. Amaletsedwa kuyamwa mkaka wa amayi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, koma amakhalabe ndi amayi awo mpaka atafika zaka pafupifupi 17. Akazi a chimbalangondo chakuda amasamalira mbadwo wachinyamata ndikuwaphunzitsa maluso ofunikira pamoyo wawo wonse. Amuna samachita nawo maphunziro achindunji a ana, koma amatero mwanjira - amateteza ku mitundu yonse yowopseza.
Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 2 mpaka 9, ndipo amatha kubereka chaka chimodzi atatha kusamba. Amuna amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 3 mpaka 4, koma amapitilira kukula mpaka zaka 10 mpaka 12, ndiye mu msinkhu uwu kuti ndi okulirapo kuti azilamulira zimbalangondo zazing'ono popanda kumenya nkhondo.
Utali wamoyo
Zimbalangondo zakuda zimatha kukhala zaka 30 kuthengo, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 10, makamaka chifukwa cha kuwombana ndi anthu. Zoposa 90% zakufa kwa achiberekero, atakwanitsa zaka 1.5, ndizotsatira zakusaka, kutchera, ngozi zapamsewu kapena kuwombana kwina ndi anthu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Kudutsa konsekonse, zimbalangondo zakuda zimadya udzu, zitsamba, zipatso ndi zipatso. Komabe, zizolowezi zakudya zimasiyana malinga ndi malo omwe amakhala. Gawo laling'ono chabe la chakudya cha zimbalangondo limakhala ndi nyama, tizilombo ndi kachilomboka. Nyama zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zotupa. Izi zimbalangondo sizimangodya zodyetsa ndipo zimadyetsa ma vertebrates, ngati zingatheke.
Mabagi amafunika zakudya zamafuta ambiri komanso ochepa mapuloteni komanso mafuta. Chifukwa chake, amakonda zakudya zama protein ambiri kapena zamafuta, motero amatha kudya zakudya za anthu. Zimbalangondo zokhala ndi mapuloteni zimawonetsa kulemera kwakukulu komanso chonde chowonjezereka. Chapakatikati, zimbalangondo zakuda zitachoka kuphanga, zimayang'anizana ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya. Monga lamulo, osankhika amachepetsa thupi panthawiyi ndikupitirirabe chifukwa cha mafuta omwe amapezeka nthawi yachisanu chisanazizidwe. Amatha kudya zakudya zilizonse zamafuta komanso zomanga thupi zochuluka zokwanira kulimbitsa thupi. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama zimadya zipatso ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana. Chilimwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala nthawi yochulukirapo komanso yosiyanasiyana yazimbalangondo zakuda, kuzilola kuti zibwerere ku mphamvu yozizira komanso zoperewera za kalori yamasika. Baribal imadziunjikira mafuta ambiri mu kugwa, chifukwa cha zipatso, mtedza ndi ma acorn.
Khalidwe
Zimbalangondo zakuda nthawi zambiri zimakhala nyama zamadzulo, ngakhale kuswana ndi kudyetsa kumatha kusintha chithunzichi. Pofuna kupumula, osankhika amasankha madera m'nkhalango yokutidwa ndi masamba. Kwenikweni, izi ndi nyama zayekha kupatula wamkazi ndi ana ake. M'malo omwe chakudya chimagawika m'magulu, zimbalangondo zambiri zimasonkhana ndikupanga magulu azokambirana.
Zimbalangondo zakuda zimakhala ndi nzeru zambiri, zimawonetsa chidwi komanso kukhala ndi luso lanzeru. Baribali, monga lamulo, ndizinyama zamanyazi komanso zowopsa pokhudzana ndi anthu, koma zimawonetsa mndandanda wamitundu yayikulu komanso yapamwamba kuposa momwe amaganiza poyamba. Zimbalangondo zakuda zimakhala ndi luso lodabwitsa loyenda losamveka bwino.
Ntchito pa zachilengedwe:
Zimbalangondo zakuda zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe chifukwa zimathandizira kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Amathandizira kufalitsa mbewu za mbewu zomwe amadya. Ziphuphu zimadya unyinji wazikhalidwe ndi mphutsi, komanso zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono zazing'ono, monga akalulu ndi agwape.
Wabwino
Anthu amasaka nyama mwachisawawa, chifukwa cha kufunikira kwake kwa ziwonetserozo komanso ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi, kuphatikiza zikopa za zovala kapena matapeti, komanso nyama ndi mafuta. M'madera ambiri ndi m'chigawo cha North America komwe zimbalangondozi zimakhala, kumakhala kusaka kosaka. Pafupifupi anthu 30,000 akuda amwalira chaka chilichonse. Zikopa zochepa zimapita kumsika, popeza sizofunikira kwambiri ndipo malonda oterowo ndi osaloledwa.
Kafukufuku wazachipatala wa njira za metabolic akuda amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumvetsetsa njira zochizira kulephera kwa impso, cholelithiasis, kuwotcha kwambiri ndi matenda ena.
Zosasangalatsa
Zimbalangondo zakuda zimathanso kuwerengetsa ziweto, ngakhale izi zimasowa. Zimbalangondo nthawi zina zimawononga minda ya chimanga, matako ndi njuchi. Amavulala kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka amapha, anthu akukhala m'mayendedwe apaulendo ndi apaulendo omwe amawadyetsa. Komabe, chiwopsezo chokhudzana ndi kuzunza kwa zimbalangondo zakuda nthawi zambiri zimachulukitsidwa, anthu pafupifupi 36 anafa chifukwa cha mikangano ndi ziphuphu m'zaka za zana la 20. Anthu omwe amakhala kapena kukaona malo omwe zimbalangondo zakuda zilipo ayenera kudziwa njira zoyenera zopewera kuti asagundane nawo.
Chitetezo
Zimbalangondo zakuda zinkakhala nthawi zambiri ku North America, koma kusaka ndi kulima zinawakhomera kumadera okhala ndi mitengo yambiri. Anthu okhala m'malo opulumuka amakhala m'nkhalango zowerengeka komanso otetezedwa ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe. Ndi mtundu waukulu komanso wotukuka, komabe ukukumana ndi zowopsa pamtunda chifukwa cha chiwonongeko cha malo okhala ndi kusaka. Zimbalangondo zakuda zalembedwa pa CITES Zowonjezera II.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Baribal imakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri zamitundumitundu, ndikupita kumalo otseguka - mayulu, madambo, zigwa, mapiri a mitsinje - pofunafuna chakudya, tsopano imapezeka m'malo opanda anthu ambiri komanso m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe. Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa tsambalo kumapezeka m'mapiri amtunda, pamtunda wamtunda 900 mpaka 3,000. M'njira yotentha, baribal ya paphiri imasaka chakudya pamiyala yodutsika ya kum'mwera ndi kumapiri a mitsinje ndi nyanja, ndipo nthawi yotentha imachotsedwa m'malo ozama a nkhalango zamapiri. M'nyengo yozizira, baribal hibernates, kukhazikitsa phanga pansi pa mizu ya mitengo, m'miyala yamiyala kapena m'mapanga. Nthawi zambiri, amangokumba kabowo pansi, kamene amakugoneka pomwe chipale chofewa chimayamba. Khomalo limakhala ndi masamba ndi udzu wouma. Khalidwe lawo nthawi yamadzulo kwambiri. Komabe, m'malo omwe malo ochotsera chakudya amapezeka, zotulutsa nthawi zambiri zimasinthana kukhala masana kapena usiku.
Zimbalangondo zakuda nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowerengera komanso zoweta, kupatula zazikazi zomwe zimakhala ndi ana, maanja mu nthawi yakuberekana komanso kuswana kwazinyama kwazinyama kumalo operekera zakudya. Potsirizira pake, phokoso lachiyanjano pakati pa nyama.
Baribal amadyetsa makamaka pazakudya zam'mera, tizilombo (nyerere, chiswe, mavu) njuchi, nthawi zina nyama, nsomba (nsomba), ndipo nthawi zina amazunza ziweto - nkhosa ndi nkhumba.
Zakudya za Baribal zimaphatikizapo ma acorns, hazelnuts, walnuts wakuda (Juglans nigra), ma chestnuts, zipatso zamkati, dogwood, bearberry (chimbalangondo), cranberries, blueberries, raspberries, mabulosi akutchire, sitiroberi (Fragaria virginiana), maluwa akuthengo, mphesa zamtchire,Rhamnus calfukicus), sassaparilla wabodza (Aralia nudicaulis), lupine, bedstraw (Galium boreale), wokhometsa msonkho, Ledum, dandelion, clover, nthula (Cirsium), hogweed, etc.
Zakudya zoterezi zimakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo, koma osakhala bwino m'mafuta komanso mapuloteni, chifukwa chake zimbalangondo zakuda kudya zakudya zosiyidwa ndi anthu. Baribali, omwe amalandira zakudya zama protein ambiri (mwachitsanzo, kumalo osungira nyama), akuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kulemera komanso chonde chachikulu. Mwachilengedwe, zotupa nthawi zina zimawononga minda yazipatso, njuchi ndi minda yamphesa. Mosiyana ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira komanso chosawoneka bwino, ochenjezawo amadya zovunda, motero sizomveka kunamizira kuti ndi zakufa pomwe baribal ikuwombera. Komabe, chimbalangondochi sichimakonda kuvutitsa anthu.
Adani achilengedwe a baribal ndi zimbalangondo zomvetsa chisoni. Mimbulu, coyotes ndi cougars amatha kusaka ana.
Baribal ndi nyama yabwino komanso yoopsa kwambiri kuposa chimbalangondo. Osachepera, amapewa kukumana ndi munthu ndipo, ngakhale atavulazidwa, amakonda kuthawa osati kuwukira. Ngakhale chiwonekedwe chake chimalemera komanso chovuta, nyamayi ndi nyama yolimba, yolimba, yodwala komanso yolimba yomwe imathamanga mwachangu, imasambira ndikukula mitengo.
Udindo wazambiri ndi kufunika kwa anthu
Kudera la chimbalangondo chakuda kuyambira chiyambi cha zaka za zana la 20. idachepetsedwa kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha njira zotchinjiriza, idachulukanso m'malo ambiri aku North America, ndipo idachulukanso m'malo osungirako mayiko. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa, pali anthu mpaka 600,000 padziko lapansi, omwe ambiri mwa iwo amakhala kumadzulo kwa kontrakitala. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumasiyana kwambiri - ngati zimbalangondo 30,000 zikukhala ku Minnesota, ndiye ku Iowa, komwe malo amalimidwa kwambiri, palibe omwe atsalira. Kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala ku Louisiana ndi Florida, komanso ku Mexico.
M'malo ena, baribal ndi chinthu chosaka (khungu limagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi zambiri nyama ndi mafuta). Zovala zazitsulo ndi ma thumba achimbalangondo chakuda zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala azikhalidwe ku China, Japan ndi Korea. Mabaibulo nawonso amawomberedwa ngati tizirombo tikuukira ziweto (ngakhale kuwonongeka komwe zimayambitsa ndikokokomeza kwambiri), minda yowononga, minda ndi malo owetera. Baribali, omwe amakonda kudyetsa pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu; pamakhala zochitika pamene zimbalangondo zimavulala kapena kupha anthu omwe amawaletsa. Komabe, m'zaka zonse za XX. ku North America, anthu 52 okha amwalira chifukwa chovutitsidwa ndi baribal (nthawi yomweyi, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimapha anthu makumi asanu, oyera - 5). Pali chifukwa chokhulupirira, kuti, chiwerengero china cha anthu omwe anamwalira sichinawerengeredwe, ndizokhazo zomwe zapezeka zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwa zomwe zitha kuonedwa kuti ndizokwanira. Zimbalangondo zakuda, mosiyana ndi zofiirira, zimakhala zamanyazi ndipo sizimazunza anthu, ngakhale zitavulala. Chimbalangondo chokhala ndi ana mukakumana ndi munthu amakonda kuthawa kapena kukwera mumtengo.
Mukakumana ndi baribal, sizikulimbikitsidwa kunamizira kuti ndi wakufa kapena kukwera mtengo (monga momwe mukumana ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira), popeza eni baribre amadya zovomerezeka ndikukwera bwino, ndikuyesera kumuwopseza ndi phokoso lalikulu kapena kuvulala.
Kodi zimbalangondo zakuda zimakhala kuti?
Zimbalangondo zakuda zimapezeka ku Canada, USA (kupatula gawo lapakati la Great Plains), kumpoto kwa Mexico. Nthawi ina mtunduwu unkakhala wofala kwambiri ndipo unkakhala pafupifupi malo onse okhala ku North America kuyambira kumpoto kwa Canada mpaka ku Mexico.
Baraba amakhala onse munkhalango zowirira, tchire, komanso m'malo owonekera. Mwambiri, chimbalangondo chakuda ndi nyama yapulasitiki kwambiri. Amatha kukhala m'nkhalango zouma za Mexico, nkhalango zowirira za Alaska, mapiri a kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States komanso malo osawoneka bwino a Labrador. Malo okhala zimbalangondo zakuda m'malo ambiri zimayenderana ndi malo okhala ndi zimbalangondo zonyansazi.
Kodi baribal amawoneka bwanji?
Kukula kwa zotupa kumasiyana kutengera malo ndi nyengo (anthu okulirapo amapezeka kumpoto ndi kum'mawa).Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa 1,2 mpaka 1.9 metres, kutalika kwa kufota ndi 0.7-1.0 m. Amuna amalemera pafupifupi 60-220 kg, koma m'malo ena omwe zakudya zosakanikirana zimaperekedwa kwa baribals, kulemera kwake kumatha kufika 300 komanso mpaka 400 kg. Akazi ndi ocheperako, amalemera makilogalamu 40-150, nthawi zina kulemera kwawo kumafika 200 kg. Zimbalangondo zakuda ndizochepa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi zofiirira.
Chovala chovala pamtunda chimakhala chakuda, chofiirira, chofiirira, nthawi zina chokhala ndi zikwangwani pachifuwa. Nthawi zina ku Briteni ku Canada ndi Canada kumakhalanso zimbalangondo zokhala ndi utoto wamafuta oyera (ngakhale izi si ma alubino). Utoto wa chimbalangondo chakuda kuchokera ku chimbalangondo chovuta ndichovuta kusiyanitsa, popeza ambiri aiwo ali ndi bulauni. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa baribals ndi grizzlies ndikuwonetsa mwachindunji (m'malo mwa concave) mbiri ya muzzle ndi kusapezeka kwa kufota kwakukulu. Kuphatikiza apo, nsapato za zimbalangondo zakuda ndizoyenera kukwera mitengo kuposa kukumba, chifukwa chake ndizochepa kakang'ono kuposa grizzlies.
Chakudya chimbalangondo chakuda
Monga mitundu yonse ya zimbalangondo, kupatula zoyera, zakudya za baribal zimakhala makamaka zakudya zam'mera: zipatso, mtedza, ma rhizomes ndi ma tubers. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamayi imadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tiana tating'onoting'ono, komanso nsomba.
Zakudya zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi ya chaka. Chapakatikati, chimbalangondo chakuda chimatumidwa makamaka ndi udzu, mphukira, masamba achichepere, mtedza wotsalira kuchokera nthawi yophukira, nthawi zina kuvunda. M'chilimwe, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayamwa timangowonjezera pamwambapa. M'dzinja, mtedza ndi zipatso zitacha, zimakhala chakudya chachikulu cha baribal.
Kum'mwera kwambiri kwa masanjidwewo, kumakhala chakudya chochuluka chaka chonse, kotero azimayi oyembekezera okha ndi omwe amagwera m'mapanga. M'madambo akum'mwera, alendo amawongolera malo okhala pamitengo. Mosiyana ndi izi, kumpoto, nyama zimakonda kupanga zovala zapansi pansi kapena pakati pamizu yamitengo ndipo imatha kukhalamo mpaka miyezi 7, ndipo ku Alaska ngakhale mpaka miyezi 8.
Kusamalira zimbalangondo zakuda mwachilengedwe
Chimbalangondo chakuda chaku America ndichoposa chofala. Pazonse, pali anthu pafupifupi 8 miliyoni. Chiwerengero chokwera choterechi chimachitika chifukwa chakuti osakwatiwa amalolera kukhalapo kwa munthu. Anthu, nawonso, chifukwa chamtendere zimbalangondo, akhala okhulupilika kwa iwo. Komanso, zimbalangondo zakuda, zomwe zimadya zotsalira za chakudya cha anthu (mbewu, zipatso, zinyalala, ndi chakudya cha ziweto), zimatha msanga m'mimba ndikubereka ana ambiri kuposa zimbalangondo zomwe zimadya chakudya chachilengedwe. Kumbali inayo, munthu ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa pakati pa achiunjawo. Ku North America, asaka chaka chilichonse amathamangitsa zimbalangondo zakuda 40,000, ndipo mwanjira imeneyi izi ndi 5-6% ya anthu onse, koma m'malo ena 20% ya anthu amakhala asodzi a asodzi.
Ngakhale zimbalangondo zakuda zimavutika kwambiri ndikusaka kwalamulo, kusaka kumeneku kumawongoleredwa mosamala kwambiri kotero kuti baribaly ndi mtundu wokhawo wa zimbalangondo womwe umakula paliponse.