Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Pamtunda |
Jenda: | † Mammoths |
- † Mammuthus africanavus (Arambourg, 1952)
- † Mammuthus armeniacus (Falconer, 1857)
- † Mammuthus columbi (Falconer, 1875) - Mammoth Columbus
- † Mammuthus exilis (Vincent J. Maglio), 1970 - Dwarf Mammoth
- Mammuthus fraasi
- † Mammuthus ayi (Barbour, 1915)
- Imper Wogwirizanitsa a Mammuthus (Leidy, 1858)
- † Mammuthus jeffersonii
- Amm Mammuthus lamarmorae (Major, 1883)
- † Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) - Southern Mammoth
- † Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799) - Woolly Mammoth
- † Mammuthus rumanus (Stefanescu, 1924)
- Sub Mammuthus subplanifrons (Osborn, 1928)
- † Mammuthus sangari (Zhou, M.Z, 1959)
- Amm Mammuthus trogontherii (Polig, 1885) - Steppe Mammoth
- † Mammuthus creticus
zaka miliyoni | Era | F-d | Era |
---|---|---|---|
Th | Kuti koma th n za s za th | ||
2,58 | |||
5,333 | Pliocene | N e za g e n | |
23,03 | Miocene | ||
33,9 | Oligocene | P koma l e za g e n | |
56,0 | Eocene | ||
66,0 | Paleocene | ||
251,9 | Mesozoic |
Nyamazo zinafika kutalika kwa 5.5 metres ndi kulemera kwa matani 14-15, kotero mammmore anali olemera kawiri kuposa zazinyama zazikulu zamakono - njovu zaku Africa.
Kufotokozera
Mitundu yakale kwambiri yamtundu (Mammuthus subplanifrons, Mammuthus africanavus) adapezeka zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo ku Africa (ku Pliocene), mitundu ya malemu (Colombian, impern) itatha zaka 11,000 zapitazo. Kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyama zomwe zimapezeka ku ubweya waubweya, kuzilumba za Arctic zomwe anthu sangathe kuzikwanitsa, zinakhalako zaka 4,000 zapitazo.
Mammoth anali osinthika kukhala moyo wovuta nyengo yozizira, amakhala ku Europe, Asia, Africa ndi North America. Mawonekedwe awo anali chovala chowoneka. Poona zotsalira, adakhala m'magulu a anthu 10-30, komanso njovu zamakono.
Mafupa ambiri a mammon adapezeka m'malo a munthu wakale wa Stone Age; zojambula ndi zifanizo za mammons zopangidwa ndi prehistoric zimapezekanso.
Ku Siberia ndi Alaska, milandu ya kukhalapo kwa mitembo yofunika kwambiri, yosungidwa bwino chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa permafrost, imadziwika.
Kumene adachokera
Mawu achi Russia akuti "mammoth" amati amachokera ku Mans. mang ont ndi "nyanga ya dothi" (pali ma etymologies ena) ndipo amabweretsedwa pafupi ndi dzina Lachikristu Mamant, Dr. Mammoth, omwe m'Chigiriki amatanthauza "amayi", "akuyamwa mawere", kuchokera kumapeto μcyμα (mayi- - "amayi".
Kuchokera pachilankhulo cha Chirasha, mawuwa adagwera m'zilankhulo zambiri zaku Europe - makamaka, mu Chingerezi (mawonekedwe a Mammoth).
Phenotype
Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chofala, mammoni si makolo a njovu zamakono. Njovu zaku Africa ndi mammoni amachokera ku mbadwa wamba wa ku Africa kuchokera ku fuko lachilengedwe Primelephas mabanja a njovu zaka 5-6 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo mizere yawo idakhala yolingana. Zomera zaku Europe, zotchedwa mamoresi zochokera ku North America zidachokera ku mammor aku South zaka 1.5 miliyoni zapitazo, njovu zaku Asia zidawoneka zaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni zapitazo. Komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa chibadwa, kuthekera kwa kusakanikirana kwakanthawi pakati pa mizere ya njovu ndi mammony oya ku Eurasia ndikuloledwa.
Mammoth kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, zaka 30 - 12 zapitazo, ku Eurasia adayimiriridwa ndi mtundu umodzi (Ubweya wambiri) Ku North America, mitundu ya mitundu yawo panthawiyo inali yochuluka kwambiri, nthawi yomweyo panali mitundu isanu: Imperial, Columbus, Mammuthus jeffersonii, Dwarf Mammoth ndi Woolly Mammoth, omwe amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana .
Mitundu yayikulu ya mammon siinapitirire kukula kwa njovu zamakono, koma mitundu ya North America Mammuthus woyamba (Imperial Mammoth) inafika kutalika kwa 5.5 metres ndi unyinji wa matani 14, ndi mitundu yazifupi Mammuthus exilis ndi Mammuthus lamarmorae sanali kupitirira 2 metres ndipo anali wolemera mpaka 900 kg.
Poyerekeza ndi njovu zamakono, mammon anali ndi thupi lalikulu kwambiri (onani Lamulo la Bergman), miyendo yifupi, tsitsi lalitali, makutu ang'ono (onani Lamulo la Allen) ndi zibonga zazitali zokutira, zotsalazo zimatha kugwira ntchito ngati chopusa chakudya chachisanu pansi pa chipale chofewa. Mammoth molars okhala ndi mapuloteni angapo oonda a dentin-enamel anali oyenera kutafuna chakudya chomera cholimba.
Chombo chakumapeto chinali ndi chowonjezera, chomwe, poganiza, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchinga chipale chofewa, kupewa kutentha kwa thunthu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chipale chofewa kuthetsa ludzu. Chizindikiro cha thunthu la mammel chinali chopanda tsitsi, zomwe zimawonetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pakuchotsa chakudya.
Kumbuyo kwa mitundu yakumpoto kwambiri kunali kandondo, kamene, monga timaganizira kale, kanapangidwa ndi njira zazitali zamatsenga za vertebrae. Zotsatira zamtsogolo, komabe, zinawonetsa kuti palibe njira zazikuluzikulu zowonongera. Koma, monga ngamila, pamamoni pomweponso nkhokwe zamphamvu zamafuta.
Chifupa
Malingana ndi kapangidwe ka mafupa, matumba aubweya anali ofanana kwambiri ndi njovu yatsopano yakum India, yomwe imapitirira kukula kwake, mpaka 5.5 m kutalika ndi 3.5 m kutalika. Zazikulu zazikulu za mammoth - zazimuna mpaka 4 m kutalika, kulemera mpaka 100 makilogalamu - zinali m'chiwono chapamwamba, zinaima kutsogolo, zokhotakhota, ndipo pansi pake panali pomwepo. Mutu wa mayi uja unali wokulirapo kuposa njovu zamakono, kumbuyo ndiko kukugwa.
Zoyambira zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe mammon anali nazo theka lililonse la nsagwada, ndizofalikira pang'ono kuposa njovu, ndipo zimadziwika ndi kuchuluka komanso kuuma kwa makapisozi a enamelar enamel odzaza ndi mano. Momwe amavalira, mano a mammoth, ngati a njovu zamakono, asinthidwa kukhala zatsopano - kusintha koteroko kumatha kuchitika kangapo kasanu ndi kamodzi m'moyo wonse.
Mammoth genome
Mu June 2008 mu magazini "Kukula kwa National Academy of Science"Nkhani idasindikizidwa pakuwunika ma DNA a mitochondrial omwe amapezeka kuchokera ku zitsanzo zaubweya za mammondi 13. M'chaka chomwecho, nkhani yokhudza genome la mitochondrial ya mamm 5 ena adasindikizidwa mu magazini iyi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zizindikire nthambi ziwiri za phylogenetic za mammoths aubweya. Nthambi yambiri yambiri ya phylogenetic idakhala m'malo akulu kwambiri a Beringia. Nthambi ingapo yochepera inakhala mkati mwa mitsinje ya Lena ndi Kolyma ndipo inatha zaka masauzande angapo m'mbuyomu.
Mu Meyi 2015 mu magazini "Zamoyo zamakono"Nkhani idasindikizidwa yofotokoza zamitundu iwiri ya mammon. Nyamayi yochokera ku Oymyakon inakhala zaka pafupifupi 44,8 zapitazo, ndipo chowammidwa kuchokera ku Wrangel Island - zaka 4300 zapitazo. Zinapezeka kuti kuchuluka kwa mizimu ya makolo onse ammayi idadutsa kawiri konse "mmatumbo" - 285 ndi zaka 3,000 zapitazo, pomwe kuchuluka kwa mammothos kwachepa, ndiye nambala iyi idadzakhalanso anthu. Wachitatuwo udapangidwa ndi mtundu wa mammoth wa Chroma.
Mitundu yoyamwitsa yokhala ndi ubweya imagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- Gulu laku Asia, lomwe lidawoneka zaka zoposa 450 zapitazo,
- gulu la America lomwe lidawoneka zaka pafupifupi 450 zapitazo,
- gulu lozungulira lomwe linasamukira ku North America pafupifupi zaka 3,000 zapitazo.
Kutha
Zaka zoposa mamiliyoni angapo zakhalapo, mammores akumana ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyengo. M'zaka zana zokha zapitazi, mu zaka zomaliza za madzi oundana, mammoth anapulumuka magawo angapo ndikuwotha. Amayi ambiri mamamayi anamwalira zaka 14,000 zapitazo kumapeto kwa Pleistocene, kapena kumayambiriro kwa Holocene, nthawi yomweyo ndikutha kwa mitundu 34 ya nyama zazikulu (Great Holocene).
Hypotheses
Pakadali pano, pali malingaliro awiri ofunikira pakutha kwa zinyama:
- yoyamba idakhazikitsidwa chifukwa choti alenje a Upper Paleolithic adachita mbali yofunika kwambiri kapena ngakhale osankha pa izi,
- wina akufotokozera kutha kwa mammoths kwambiri pamlingo waukulu chifukwa cha chilengedwe (kusintha kwanyengo (kutentha kwanyengo) kwazaka 14-11 zaka chikwi zapitazo, kusowa kwa chakudya cha mammoths).
Pali malingaliro ena ochulukirapo, mwachitsanzo, zotsatira zakugwa kwa comet ku North America kapena ma epizootic akuluakulu, kudziunjikira zolakwika mu genetic code, koma omalizawa amakhalabe pamaziko a malingaliro omwe amatha kufotokoza gawo lokhalo, ndipo akatswiri ambiri sawathandiza.
Mammoth Hunters
Hypothesis yoyamba idayikidwa patsogolo m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi Alfred Wallace, pamene malo a anthu akale omwe ali ndi mafupa ochulukirapo amapezeka. Mafupa angapo owoneka bwino (scapula, vertebra, nthiti) ndi malangizo a makope a munthu woyamba kukhala mmenemu amapezeka pamalo a Yanskaya a munthu wakale, malo a Lugovsky, malo a Sungir, Kostenki. Kutembenuza kumeneku kunayamba kutchuka. Amakhulupirira kuti munthu wololera zaka pafupifupi 32,000 zapitazo adakhala kumpoto kwa Europe, adalowera ku North America zaka 15,000 zapitazo, ndipo mwina adayamba kufunafuna mosamala mammons. Komabe, m'malo abwino mu tundra-steppes, anthu awo anali okhazikika. Pambuyo pake, kunali kwanyengo, pomwe malo a mammoth adachepetsedwa kwambiri, monga zidachitika kale, koma kusaka mwachangu kunadzetsa kufafaniza kwathunthu kwamtunduwu. Asayansi otsogozedwa ndi David Noges-Bravo wa National Museum of Natural Science mu Madrid akutsimikizira zotengera zazikuluzikulu pochirikiza malingaliro awa. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwawo kopitilira muyeso, zinali zokwanira kupha mayi mmodzi wazaka zitatu zilizonse kwa munthu m'modzi kuti atulutsenso mitundu yonse ya zilondazo. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kopanda chiyembekezo, zinali zokwanira kuti anthu aphe kupha nyama imodzi mwa zaka 10 zilizonse kuti fuko la anthu 20 likwaniritse zomwezi.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wofukula m'mabwinja pazakudya zaku Neanderthals of Mousterian Europe, kusaka nyama ndi ma rhinos aubweya ndiwo inali chakudya chawo chachikulu komanso chosangalatsa. Amasaka masewera ocheperako komanso achangu (agwape, mahatchi atchire) nthawi zambiri, pokhapokha ngati herbivores yayikulu kwambiri. Ndizotheka kuti kuchepa kwambiri kwa chiwerengero cha mammams pankhani yampikisano wazosaka ndi anthu amtundu wamakono ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zakutha kwa Neanderthals.
Ku North America, kuli malo osachepera 12 omwe akupha ndi kupha nyama, omwe ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri pazikhalidwe zazifupi ngati Clovis. Dzuwa lokhala ndi chikhalidwe cha Clovis lidangokhala pachimake pakutha kwa megafauna, kotero kuti anthu atha kutenga nawo gawo pakutha kwake. Anthu oyamba zaka 15 - 14 zapitazo zapitazo amapezeka ku America amphaka am'madzi oopsa kwambiri omwe sachita mantha ndi anthu (mammoths, mastodons) omwe sakudziwa bwino anthu. Kupitilira zaka 2 - 3000, anthu, akuchulukirachulukira nthawi zamasewera, pang'onopang'ono anawononga nyamazo. "Zinali zotheka kubwera kudzanyamula nyama'zi, ndipo sanamvetsetse zomwe zikuchitika"" - a Stroplav Drobyshevsky, akulemba.
Zotsatira zakufufuza ku United States za malo odulira nyama ndi anthu a ku Clovis zikuwonetsa kuti munthu woyamba kusaka nyama amakonda kusaka anyani amphongo achimuna akuthamangitsidwa m khola la banja atafika paunyamata, monga momwe zimakhalira njovu. Kukusaka kunachitika nyengo isanayambe yozizira (Okutobala-Novembala), nyama ya nyama zoyamwitsa zomwe anagula zinagulidwa ndikusungidwa m'magulu omwera madzi oundana. Kusaka, nthungo zazifupi zopyapika ndi nsonga ya fupa kapena silicon idagwiritsidwa ntchito; atlatl idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera mphamvu yoponyera. Atatenga mkondo woterowo mkati mwa nyamayo, nsonga ija inamira m'matumbo mwake kapena ziwalo zamkati ndikulekanitsidwa ndi shaft, nyamayo pang'onopang'ono imafa ndi mabala komanso kutaya magazi.
Pokhapokha pa Russian Plain malo opitilira 30 a Late Paleolithic bambo ndi omwe adapezeka, m'khitchini momwe zidutswa zambiri za mafupa a nyama yopanda ubweya zimakumba.
Kukula kwa tundra mapazi ndi taiga, asayansi ena sawona chomwe chikuchititsa kuti megafauna atheretu, koma zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chakutha kwa anthu, popeza gulu la mammoths ndi rhinos, kudya zipatso zamtchire, sanalole kuti ifalikire kumapiri a tundra. Onani Ubweya wambiri Asanakhazikitsidwe kwamunthu wamakono, chinali pulasitiki kwambiri ndipo zaka 70,000 - 50 zapitazo zidagawidwa m'nkhalango zamtchire ndi nkhalango-tundra, m'nkhalango zotseguka, taiga, nkhalango zosakanizika ndi tundra, ku Eurasia ndi North America. Kutengera kutalika, nyengo m'maderawa zimatha kusintha pang'ono kapena pang'ono. M'madera akulu monga Siberia ndi North America, ngakhale panali kusintha kwanyengo, mwina panali magawo a nkhalango kapena tundra oyenera megafauna. Koma bambo yemwe anali kumapeto kwa Paleolithic anali kale ndi zida komanso njira zofunira nyama yosakira ndipo anali wokhoza kuwawononga, ngati zinthu zina sizingagwirizane. Chifukwa chachilengedwe chachilengedwe cha tundra, anthu, kuti apulumuke m'malo ovuta a Arctic, adakakamizidwa kusaka nyama iliyonse, makamaka yayikulu ngati mammams. Kummwera, m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha, munkakhala anthu am'banja lanyumba zam'madzi - ma mastodons ndi ma homefoterium ku America, stegodons ku Asia ndi njovu yolowera m'nkhalango ku Europe, yomwe anthu nawonso amasaka ndikufa nthawi yomweyo momwe anthu amakhalira, ngakhale kuti nkhalango zidapulumuka mpaka lero. Chifukwa choperewera pang'onopang'ono njovu, zimatenga pafupifupi zaka 10 mpaka 12 kuti zibwezeretsedwe zochuluka ku Arctic, zomwe zikuwonetsanso kusatetemera kwa nyama izi posaka kwambiri.
Pafupifupi. Wrangel ndi zilumba za Pribylov, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa anthu, mammmosa agundawa amakhala zaka 5000 atatha padziko lonse lapansi. Nyama zazikulu zomaliza pachilumba cha Wrangel zidatha zaka 4000 zapitazo chifukwa cha kubereka, pafupifupi. St. Paul - Zaka 50000 zapitazo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa magwero atsopano amadzi atsopano.
Kusintha kwanyengo mwachangu
Omwe akutsatira mfundo yachiwiriyi amakhulupirira kuti mphamvu za anthu zimachuluka. Makamaka, akuwonetsa nyengo ya zaka zikwi khumi, pomwe kuchuluka kwa mammon kudakula nthawi 5-10, kuti kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunayamba ngakhale anthu asanaonekere m'magawo awo, ndikuti mitundu ina yambiri ya nyama idafa limodzi ndi mammoni, kuphatikiza zing'onozing'ono zomwe "siziri za Cro-Magnons ngakhale adani kapena chinyengo kuti ziwonongedwe". Mamammoth akum'mwera kwa Siberia adakhalapo limodzi ndi anthu akale zaka 12,000. Chifukwa chake, mu malingaliro awa, kulowerera kwa anthropogenic kwapangidwa gawo lachiwiri, ndipo zoyambirira ndizosintha zachilengedwe mu nyengo komanso chakudya chamagulu, komanso dera la msipu. Kugwirizana pakati pa kuzimiririka ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kwawonedwa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma kwa nthawi yayitali kunalibe chotsimikizika chotsimikiza cha mkhalidwe wowopsa wa kutentha kumapeto kwa glaciation yomaliza, popeza mtunduwu udapulumuka kutentha kwambiri komanso kuzizira.
Funso lomwelo linadzutsidwa m'bukhu la "Mauthenga azachilengedwe"Mu June 2012, yomwe inafalitsa zotsatira za kafukufuku woyambirira wa gulu lapadziko lonse la asayansi lotsogozedwa ndi Glen MacDonald wa University of California. Adatsatira zosinthika zakunyumba zokhala ndi ubweya waubweya wam'madzi ndi momwe zimakhudzira kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyama ku Beringia pazaka 50,000 zapitazo. Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwazidziwitso pazojambula zonse za radiocarbon zanyama, kusamuka kwa anthu ku Arctic, nyengo ndi nyengo zimasintha. Mapeto akulu asayansi: Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu opitilira zaka 30,000 zapitazo asinthanso kusinthasintha kwa nyengo - nyengo yotentha kwambiri ya zaka 40-25 zapitazo (kuchuluka kwambiri) komanso nyengo yozizira pafupifupi zaka 25 mpaka chikwi zapitazo (uku kumatchedwa Kuwala komaliza ”- pomwe amayi ambiri anyama adachoka kumpoto kwa Siberia kupita kumadera akumwera kambiri).Kutha kunayamba chifukwa cha kusintha kwakuthwa kwa tundra kuchokera ku tundra steppes (mammoth prairies) kupita kumawondo aku tundra koyambirira kwa kutentha kwa Allerody, koma pambuyo pake ndi kumwera kwa mapiri kumwera kunalowedwa nkhalango zam'madzi. Udindo wa anthu pakuwonongeka kwawo udawerengedwa kuti ndiwofunika, palinso kufunikira kwaumboni wowonekera bwino wa anthu akusaka nyama zam'madzi. Zaka ziwiri izi zisanachitike, gulu lasayansi la Brian Huntley lidasindikiza zotsatira zake nyengo ya Europe, Asia ndi North America, pomwe zifukwa zazikuluzikulu za udzu wobzala m'madera akulu kwanthawi yayitali (zaka 100,000 - 15,000 zapitazo) zidadziwika: kutentha kochepa, kuzizira komanso kutsika Zambiri za CO2. Zotsatira zoyambirira za kutentha kwanyengo, chinyezi chikukwera komanso kuchuluka kwa CO zadziwikanso.2 m'mlengalenga - m'malo mwa udzu wokhala ndi nkhalango ndikuwonjezera kukula kwa chipale chofewa nyengo yozizira, yomwe kwambiri (pafupi 90%) idachepetsa dera la msipu. Mammoths adakhala nthawi yochulukirapo akusaka chakudya (nyama yachikulire imafunikira chakudya chambiri masamba 300 - 300 kg) patsiku. Mwambiri, kutha kwa megafauna sikunali koopsa mwachangu ndipo kunachitika pang'onopang'ono, limodzi ndi kutentha ndi kuwonjezereka kwa nyengo ya Arctic, komwe kunapangitsa kuti mapiri a tundra awonongeke. Kuchuluka kwa kutha kunachitika nyengo yotentha ya zaka 14 - 13 zapitazo, ziboda zazing'ono zomwe zinali zachilengedwe zinali zopanda ntchito.
Pamalo a Lugovskoye (dera la Khanty-Mansiysk), malo opatsirana modabwitsa anapezeka ali ndi mfuti zakugonjetsedwa ndi mfuti yake yayikulu (mwina, munthu atamaliza kuponya poyambira pafupi kwambiri). Kupeza kumeneku kunathandizira kuti pakubuke malingaliro atsopano pakusaka nyama yayikulu, kulimbikitsa kapena kutsutsa malingaliro akale pankhaniyi. Pofufuza momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimagwirira ntchito pakati pa munthu ndi mammor, wofufuza zinthu zakale Yu. B. Serikov anazindikira kuti nyamayi inali yoopsa komanso yosowa kwambiri kwa mlenje wa Paleolithic. Zotsatira zake, sipangakhale kusaka nyama zazikuluzikulu zoyang'anira mammmoni. Zikuwoneka kuti, anthu amakonda kusaka nyama zodyetsa zokhazokha zomwe zikuvuta kapena nyama imodzi yokha yofooka chifukwa cha matenda kapena kuvulala (kulembetsa kofunikira). Mammoths amadziwika kuti anali atakumba mgodi kuti apange mfuti zoyendera pamankhwala awo, ngakhale nyama mwachilengedwe idadyedwanso. Ku tundra, anthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mafupa ndi zikopa za mamina omwe anamwalira pazifukwa zachilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chamadzi osefukira) pomanga nyumba zawo. Kusaka kwathanzi la ziweto zonse sizinkagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachionekere. Kupanda kutero, gulu la osaka a Late Paleolithic aanthu 30-100 amathamangitsa nyama zonse zoyenda pafupi ndi mayendedwe awo (mkati mwa mayendedwe a makilomita 150-200) patadutsa zaka 5-10. Poona zofukulidwa za m'mabwinja, kuchuluka kwa okhala m'malo oimika magalimoto osaka osaka sikunapitirire anthu 25-30, kuphatikiza azimayi ndi ana, chifukwa chosaka mowongolera amayenera kutenga anthu ochokera m'midzi ingapo yomwe ili kutali ndi inzake, zomwe sizingatheke. Komabe, munthu sanasiye kusaka nyama zosafunikira, mwayi uliwonse unkagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa ndi kugula zakudya nthawi yayitali ku Arctic.
Mu 1993, magaziniyo "Zachilengedwe"Zofalitsa zokhudza zomwe zapezedwa ku Wrangel Island. Sergei Vartanyan, wogwira ntchito kumalo osungirako nyama, anapeza mabwinja a zilumbazi pachilumbachi, omwe zaka zake zimachokera zaka 7 mpaka 3.5, kutanthauza zaka 5000 atatha kutha kwawo. Pambuyo pake, zidadziwika kuti zotsalazo ndi zina mwa mitundu yaying'ono ya ubweya waubweya, womwe anthu ake amakhala ku Wrangel Island, pomwe mapiramidi aku Egypt adayimirira kale, omwe adasowa mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa a Farao Tutankhamun (cha m'ma 1355 mpaka 1337 BC). chifukwa cha kubzala, koma osati kusintha kwa nyengo (chilumbachi sichingadye mopitilira mamm 300).
Chifukwa chake, asayansi amawona mtundu wa kutentha kwambiri, kuwonjezera chinyezi komanso kusintha kwamasamba chifukwa chachikulu chakutha kwa zinyama zoyamwa kwambiri. Kutentha kwanyengo kunathandizira kuti anthu azikhalanso, kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Late Paleolithic, ndipo kusaka kwawo kumatha kumaliza kuchuluka kocheperako komanso kopanda mphamvu kwa mammoth, osawalola kuti ayambenso.
Mitundu ina ndi malingaliro
Maganizo a meteorite akutha kwa megafauna ku North America adaganizidwanso. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa phulusa lochepera lamoto (lomwe likuwoneka kuti ndi moto wamafuta akuluakulu), zopezeka zambiri za nanodiamondi, mapangidwe ammadzi ndi zinthu zina mdziko lonse la Africa, komanso kuchuluka kwazinthu zazikulu za iridium, platinamu ndi palladium, maopu angapo opangitsa chidwi. zikwizikwi anaphunzira) ozama ndi tizinthu tating'onoting'ono ta meteorite. Choyimbidwa chimayesedwa ngati comet yomwe idagwa padziko lapansi zaka 12,800 zapitazo, ndipo, mwina, nthawi yakugundana inali itasinthira kale sitimayi yonse yazinyalala. Mu Januwale 2012 muPNAS"Nkhani idasindikizidwa pazotsatira za ntchito ya gulu lalikulu la asayansi pa Nyanja ya Mexico Cuiceo. Olembawo adayesa kufotokoza tanthauzo la zovuta za Late Dryas - kuziziritsa kwanyengo kwa zaka chikwi, kuponderezana ndikuwononga zachilengedwe zomwe zidalipo, kutha kwa glgial megafauna. Koma izi sizikupeza chitsimikizo mu gawo la Asia. Hypothesis siyingafotokoze chifukwa chake, oimira ena ang'onoang'ono a megafauna aku North America (musk ng'ombe, njati, reindeer), komanso mammoths a Fr. Wrangel ndi zilumba za Pribylov. Palibe crater yomwe idakumanapo. Kutha kwa megafauna sikunachitike usiku umodzi, monga kuyenera kuchitika pakachitika zanyengo kapena kuphulika kwa comet, koma patadutsa zaka masauzande khumi zisanachitike komanso zitachitika kuti chikondwererochi chachitika. Kutha kwa mammoths padziko lonse lapansi kunayamba zaka 24 - 20,000 zapitazo, nsonga yazimirizi inachitika nthawi yakutentha 14.8 - 13.7 zaka zapitazo, ngakhale meteorite isanagwe ndikuzizira koopsa (zaka zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo), ndikutha pambuyo pake, pafupifupi 11 - 4 zaka zapitazo.
Zotsalira zazikulu kwambiri zam'derali zimapezeka kum'mwera kwa Siberia Mammutus primigenius (Anthu 19) ndi manda m'dera la Wolf Mane m'boma la Novosibirsk. Ena mwa mafupawo amakhala ndi momwe anthu adakonzera, koma gawo la anthu okhala ndi Paleolithic pakukokeka kwa mapiri a Wolf-Mane osawoneka bwino - linali loti kufa kwa mammons m'dera la Baraba Refugium kudayamba chifukwa cha kufa ndi njala (mammoths anali ku peninsula 8 x 1 km in marshes and lakes). 42% ya zitsanzo za mammoths aubweya opezeka m'tawuni yakale ya mtsinje wa Beryolyokh ali ndi zizindikiro za osteodystrophy, matenda amfupa am'mimba omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kusowa kwa micro- ndi micherements (kufa ndi njala kwamankhwala ochepa). Kuti apange kuchepa kwa mchere, mammoth amabwera kudzadya dongo m'mbali mwa mtsinje, pomwe iwo adamwalira zaka masauzande angapo chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi, kugumuka kwa nthaka kapena kumangika padothi louma. Zochitika izi zakusefukira kwa malo otsika komanso kufa kwa mammondi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kumachitika chifukwa cha olemba buku lachifundo lotentha komanso chinyezi chowonjezereka cha zaka 14 - 13 000 zapitazo, zomwe zidapangitsa kusungunuka kwa michere (desalination) yachilengedwe. Mwinanso chifukwa chomwe njalayo ili ndi chakudya cham'madzi chinali kusintha kwa mammoths kudya chakudya chamtundu wa msipu ndi msondodzi m'malo mwa udzu chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa dera la tundra steppes atatha kutentha. Kuchulukana kwa madera kumathanso kukhudza anthu pawokhapawokha, kupangitsa kuchepa kwamitundu mitundu.
Kuyesera Kuvala Mammoth
Monga gawo la pleistocene Park pulojekiti ndi zoyeserera zina zingapo, mwayi wofufuza uku akufufuzidwa kuti abwezeretse mamm kapena kupanga njovu zokhala ngati zazimuna zogwiritsa ntchito majini osungidwa m'mitembo youma ya nyama. Malingana ngati zotsatira za kubwezeretsanso matupi sizinachitike, pamakhala kukayikira kotsimikiza za kupambana kwa chiwukitsiro chathunthu.
Mbiri yophunzira
Mafupa ndi makamaka ma moles a mammoths amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'malo osungika azungu ku Europe ndi Siberia ndipo amadziwika nthawi yayitali komanso kukula kwawo kwakukulu, akuti amapatsa zimphona. Ku Valencia, molar molar anali kulemekezedwa ngati gawo la zifanizo za St. Christopher, ndipo mu 1789 ovomerezeka a St. Vincent anali kuvala chovala chachifatse m'magulu awo, nachipereka ngati chotsala cha dzanja la woyera mtima. Zinali zotheka kuti tidziwe bwino za matumidwe a mammor mwatsatanetsatane Tungus atatulukira mu 1799 nthaka yolimba ya Siberia pafupi ndi pakamwa pa Lena River mtembo wathunthu wa mammoth, wotsukidwa m'madzi a kasupe ndikusungidwa bwino - ndi nyama, khungu ndi ubweya. Patatha zaka 7, mu 1806, a Adams omwe amatumizidwa ndi Sukulu ya Sayansi adatha kutolera chigoba chonse cha nyama yokhala ndi mitolo yosungika pang'ono, mbali ya khungu, ma viscera ena, maso ndi mpaka mapaundi 30 a tsitsi, mimbulu, zimbalangondo ndi agalu adawononga zina zonse. Ku Siberia, nkhono zazikulu kwambiri, zosambitsidwa ndi madzi am'madzi ndipo zinatoleredwa ndi nzika, zinali nkhani yayikulu pamalonda atchuthi, m'malo mwa minyanga ya njovu posinthira zinthu.
Zikhalidwe za anthu ku Europe, Siberia ndi North America
A Komi, monga anthu ena Kumpoto, nthawi zambiri amapeza mafupa a mammoth kumaduma m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndikudula machubu amfupa, ma handulo, etc. kuchokera kwa iwo. Nthano za Komi zimasimba za zolumikizira zonse zopangidwa ndi fupa lalikulu.
Mammoth - "Ederhen Deer" - m'malingaliro a Komi (komanso Nenets, Khanty ndi Mansi) adakhalako nthawi zoyambirira za kulenga. Anali wolemera kwambiri mpaka anagwera pachifuwa. Mayendedwe ake adapangidwa ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje, ndipo kumapeto madzi adasefukira padziko lonse lapansi (Komi, wodziwa bwino za nthano ya m'Baibulo ya kusefukira kwa madzi, akunena kuti mammoth adafuna kuthawa mu chombo cha Nowa, koma sakanatha komweko). Nyamayi inasambira m'madzi, koma mbalamezo zinagwera "nyanga" zake, ndipo chilombocho chinamira. Ogwira ntchito ku Sysol Komi adalankhula mu kule - mzere wobisika womwe mbuto zazikulu zakale pansi.
Mu 1899, wapaulendo analemba nkhani munyuzipepala ya San Francisco yatsiku ndi tsiku, yomwe inafotokoza za Alaskan Eskimos pofotokoza njovu yaubweya, yojambula chithunzi chake pazida za mafupa a walrus. Gulu la ofufuza lomwe linafika pamalopo silinapeze mammoth, koma linatsimikizira nkhani ya woyendayo, komanso kuyang'anitsitsa zidazo ndikufunsa komwe Eskimos adawona njovu shagg, adalozera kuchipululu chakumpoto chakumadzulo. Mauthengawa atha kufotokozedwa ndikuti anthu amderali amadziwa bwino mitembo yam'madzi zomwe zimapezekabe.
Anthu achi Laplanders (Sami) omwe amakhala kumpoto kwakutali amakhulupirira kwambiri kuti kuli zimphona zazitali zomwe zimakhala pansi pa njoka zosatha. Ku Eskimos omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa Asia ku Bering Strait, nyamayi imadziwika ndi dzinali Kilu Crook, ndiye kuti, "nsomba yotchedwa Kilu." Mu nthano ya Eskimo, chinsombacho chidakangana ndi chilombo cham'nyanja Aglu, chomwe adaponyedwa pamtunda, koma chimalemera kwambiri ndikugwera pansi, chomwe chidakhala chogona chake - iye amakumba ndima ake ndi zibowo zazikulu.
Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Siberia, miyambo ya Chukchi imati mammoniwo ndiwonyamula mzimu woyipa, wokhala mobisika. Aliyense amene wapeza pansi atakumba pansi, ndiye kuti wamatsenga ataya mphamvu. Pali nthano yomwe a Chukchi adapeza kuti mafangumi akuterera pansi, ndikuzikumba ndikupeza mtembo wa nyama yonyumwa, ndipo fuko lawo lonse lidadya nyama yabwino yonse nthawi yozizira.
Kupitilira pa Arctic Circle, pakati pa anthu a mtundu wa Yukagirs omwe amakhala m'dera loyambira ku Lena Delta mpaka ku Kolyma, mammony amatchulidwa nthano pansi pa dzina Holhut. Asamudu a dziko lino amakhulupirira kuti mzimu wa chimphona umateteza miyoyo, chifukwa chake shaman yemwe ali ndi mzimu wopatsa mphamvu mosakayikira amakhala wamphamvu kuposa munthu wamba.
Malinga ndi a Jeff Jefferson, amwenyewo amatcha nyamayi, yomwe imapezeka ku America, "njati yayikulu". Malinga ndi nthano yomwe idalipo pakati pa Delaware, ng'ombe zamtunduwu nthawi ina zidapita ku Big Bone Lix ndikuyamba kuwononga nyama zonse "zomwe zidapangidwira zabwino za amwenye", mpaka pamapeto pake "Big Man Upstairs", wokwiyitsidwa, sizinasokoneze "njati zazikulu" zonse ndi mphezi . Ng'ombe imodzi imodzi yokha yomwe idapulumuka, yomwe idawombera mbali zonse ndikuvulazidwa m'mbali mwake, "idalumphira ndi ziphuphu zazikulu ku Ohio, Wobash, Illinois ndipo, pomalizira pake, kudutsa Nyanja Zabwino, kumadera omwe ikukhala kufikira lero", ndiye kuti, idapita kutali kwambiri Kumpoto Kenako Jefferson amafotokoza nkhani ya munthu wina wa ku Stanley, yemwe anali mu ukapolo pakati pa amwenyewo, ataona manda achisilamu: "nzika zake zidamuuza kuti nyama yomwe mafupa awo ndi omwe amapezekanso kumpoto kwa mayiko awo. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwawo, adaganiza kuti inali njovu. " Zambiri izi zimatipangitsa kuti tizikayikira kuti Amwenye anali ndi chikumbukiro chosadziwika bwino cha mammours ndi kubwerera kwawo kumpoto, kuyambira nthawi ya Paleolithic.
Kupeza mafupa akuluakulu ndi mafupa ku Europe zaka za m'ma 1800 zimapezeka chifukwa cha njovu zomwe zidasochera kuchokera kwa asitikali a Alexander the Great, Hannibal kapena Pyrrhus. Adayesetsanso kufotokoza zomwe zidapezekanso pafupi ndi Voronezh (pamalo a Kostenka) munthawi ya Peter Great kupita kwa njovu zakufa za Alexander the Great. Kupeza zikuluzikulu zazikulu zaikazi ku Greece wakale ndi bowo pakati pa thunthupo kumatha kupereka umboni wabodza wonena za zipolopolo zomwe zikusowa. Ku Middle East, mphekesera za mafupa akulu ndi zazikazi zimachokera ku Siberia ndi China.
Mu 1254, mfumu ya Underer Armenia Hetum idapita ku Mongolia kupita kubwalo la Golden Horde Khan Mengu. Pobwerera ku Armenia, adakambirana nkhani zomwe adamva kumeneko ndi wolemba mbiri Kirakos Gandzaketsi. Kirakos adalemba m'mabuku ake kuti: "...Pali chilumba chamchenga chomwe mtundu wina wamafupa amtengo wapatali umamera, ngati mtengo, womwe umatchedwa nsomba, ngati udulidwa, malo omwewo umakulanso, ngati nyanga". Akatswiri aku China adjambula zithunzi zosiyanasiyana zaluso kuchokera ku fupa ili. Linali funso la ma phukusi okongola, omwe amapezeka ku Siberia m'malo osamba a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Mammoth bone
Timu ta mammor ndiyamphamvu kuposa njovu ndipo imakhala ndi mtundu wina. Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri atakhala mobisalira, ma tchuthi adakhala akupitilira pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ndikupeza mithunzi yosiyanasiyana - kuyambira oyera ndi ofiira mpaka buluu. Amisiri onyamula mafupa amayamikirira kwambiri chilengedwe chakuda. Chifukwa cha mtundu wake, mammoth tusk adagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndalama zamtengo wapatali, ma snuffboxes, zifanizo, chess, crests, zibangili ndi zodzikongoletsera za akazi. Amakhazikikanso ndi zida.
Mu 2019, akuluakulu a Yakutia adafotokoza zakusintha kwawo boma "On Subsoil" kuti lipangitse lingaliro lanyumba yayikulu ngati chinthu choti chingagulitsidwe popanda kuwononga chilengedwe. Mu 2019, ku Yakutia, malinga ndi boma lakumadera, msika wogulitsa ndi kutumizira kunja mammoth ukadali wochokera ku ruble biliyoni ziwiri mpaka inayi. Chaka chilichonse, kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa kumakhala kumatenga matani 100, ndipo zosaloledwa, malinga ndi akuluakulu, kuchulukanso kawiri. Nthawi yomweyo, kupanga ndi kusinthanitsa ndi mafupa a mammoth akhazikitsidwa ku China ndipo zimabweretsa ndalama kumeneko.
Maonekedwe a mammon ndi mawonekedwe awo
Asayansi kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi amapeza zotsalira za mammon. Mafupa awo amapezeka ku Europe, North America ndi Asia. Fossil wakale kwambiri ali ndi zaka pafupifupi mamiliyoni anayi. Amayesedwa kuti ndi nthawi imeneyi kuti mitundu yoyamba ya zolengedwa izi idawonekera.
Zotsalira kwambiri "zotsalazo" zaka pafupifupi 10,000 zapitazo. Umunthu sunapezebe zatsopano, kotero titha kunena kuti zidasowa kuzungulira nthawi imeneyi.
Kunja, mammoni amafanana ndi njovu ndipo ndi makolo akutali a onyamula masiku ano a mitengo ikuluikulu. Komabe, mawonekedwe a zolengedwa zakale panali zosiyana zazikulu.
Kunja, mamina anali akulu.Kutengera mitundu, kutalika kwake kunkasiyana kuchokera 2m mpaka 4m. Kunena za kulemera kwake, amatha kufikira matani 10.
Chochititsa chidwi : Zaka milioni imodzi ndi theka zapitazo Impamm Mammoth adakhalako. Imakula mpaka mamita 6, ndipo kulemera kwake kudafikira matani 15.
Mosiyana ndi njovu, mammondi anali ndi mzere wa tsitsi womwe unawathandiza kupulumuka nyengo yozizira. Ntchito zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kukola matalala kuti apeze udzu ndi tchire zoyenera kudya. Mitundu ina ya mammon omwe amadzisonkhanitsa ndi mafuta m'makolo awo kumbuyo kwawo, idawapangitsa kuti ang'ungunuke ngati ngamila. Thunthu lake linali ndi khungu lakuda komanso mutu wamphete kumapeto. Inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza zinthu ndikubweretsa pakamwa. Komanso thunthu linathandiza nyama kuyeretsa njirayo: nthambi zinasunthidwa kwina, mitengo inakokedwa, ndi zina zambiri.
Ma molars a nyama anali ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo, chifukwa ndi omwe ankakonda kupera chakudya. Mano anali m'makona motsatizana. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ma molar a molar adasiyidwa pang'onopang'ono mpaka pansi, ndipo atsopano adakula m'malo awo.
Pepani, koma mulibe ma ruble okwanira owongolera kujambula.
Pezani ma ruble
kuyitanira anzanu ku Comte.
Panthawi ya Pleistocene komanso Holocene wakale ku Siberia, North America ndi Beringia, mammony ooneka ngati ubweya anali amodzi mwa mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazitsamba. Chinsinsi cha kutha kwawo kwakukulu sichikopa asayansi okha. Komabe, masiku ano, asayansi ali ndi mwayi wofufuza zinthu zakale zopezeka ndipo agwirizanitsa cholingachi ndi asayansi ochokera mayiko ena ochokera kumagawo osiyanasiyana a sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri a paleontologists amagwira ntchito ndi akatswiri a geology, chemist, geneticists ndi ena omwe amapereka ma labotale awo kuti aphunzire mafupa, dothi, mungu ndi zitsanzo zina.
Zongoganizira zilizonse zimayikidwa patsogolo pamaziko a zowona. Pakakhala zowerengeka, ma hypotheses amatha kukhala amtundu womwewo, pomwe kuchuluka kwa zowona kumawonjezeka, ndipo chidziwitso chatsopano ndi tsatanetsatane zimawonekera, malingaliro am'mbuyomu omwe samakumana nawo amakhala oti akhoza kuwunikanso ndikusintha. Iyi ndi njira yachilendo pachidziwitso chilichonse. Chifukwa chake, mpaka posachedwapa panali malingaliro onena za kulakwa kwa mtundu wa anthu pakuchotsa nyama. Tsopano zowonekera zatsopano zawonekera, ndipo lingaliro la kulakwa kwaumunthu limawoneka kuti ladzala kwambiri. Ndikupangira kuti mudziwe zomwe sayansi ya mammoth yaphunzira posachedwa.
Mamamu m'malo osiyanasiyana anazimiririka nthawi zosiyanasiyana, osati kwambiri komanso nthawi imodzi m'makondomu onse komwe amapezeka.
Malinga ndi chidziwitso chaposachedwa, nyamayi zomwe zaposachedwa kwambiri zomwe zidakhalapo zinali zilumba. Pazilumbazi, mammoni analipo kuchokera kwa anthu pafupifupi 3,700 zapitazo. Pamtunda waukulu, mammony adatha zaka 10,000 zapitazo.
A genetics adafufuza zamtundu wa mammony womwe ndi ubweya waubweya ku Wrangel Island (kumpoto kwa Siberia), womwe udakhala zaka 4,300 zapitazo, ndi mayi uja kuchokera ku Oymyakon (ku Yakutia), yemwe moyo wake udachokera zaka 45,000 zapitazo. Kuchuluka kwa ma Mammoth pamtunda waukulu anali (pafupifupi anthu 13,000), pachilumbachi - panthawi imeneyo panali anthu ochepa nyama pafupifupi 300 (kuchepa kwa nthawi 34). Pazitsanzo za zotsalira za mammary awiriwa, genetics idatsata momwe genome idachita pakusintha kwamphamvu mu kukula kwa anthu izi zisanachitike. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha omwe akhudzidwa ndi kubala anafooketsa masoka achilengedwe. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa masinthidwe oyipa kunachitika, zomwe zinayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa majini ambiri, mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la fungo linachepa mu nyama, zomwe zimagwira gawo lofunikira pakubala.
Kugwira ntchito kwa majini omwe amayambitsa kukonzanso kupuma ndi kuwonongeka kwa ma cell ku ma molekyulu a DNA, kayendedwe ka zinthu, njira za kaphatikizidwe ka RNA ka DNA ngati masanjidwe, kapangidwe ka ma ferromones, njira zachitukuko, ndi njira zina zambiri zofalirira zinasweka.
Asayansi atsimikiza nthawi yanthawi yoyambira kudzipatula kwa mammary ndi nyama zina ku Wrangel Island ndi nthawi yomwe adzawonongeke. Mu pepala lawo lasayansi lofalitsidwa, akuti:
"Mwa masiku 124 a radiocarbon pa mafupa a mamm, mamiliyoni 106 ali nthawi kuyambira 3700 mpaka 9000 zapitazo. Tikukhulupirira kuti masiku awa akukamba nthawi yodzipatula pa zilumba za Wrangel komanso kutha kwawo komaliza, zomwe timati ndizachilengedwe. Kusakhalako kwa zaka pakati pa zaka 9 mpaka chikwi zambiri mwina zikuwonetsa nthawi yomwe mammony anali atasowa pachilumba cha Wrangel. Mafupa aatali kwambiri ochokera ku Wrangel Island of the Holocene akuwonetsa kuti nyamazo zinali zofanana ndi nyama zomwe zinali kumtunda, ngakhale sizinali zazikulu, sizingatchulidwenso ngati zochuluka. Kupezeka kowonetsa kwa nyamayi ya Holocene pamtunda waukulu kumaganiziridwa. Kutengera mitundu ina ya zinyama zoyamwa zomwe zinapangidwanso pa Wrangel Island, kuphatikiza mahatchi, njati, nyama ya musk ndi ubweya waubweya, zinapezeka kuti mammoth ndiwo amtundu wa nyama zamtunduwu zomwe zinkakhala pachilumba cha Wrangel pakati pa Holocene. "
M'mbuyomu, abusa a Wrangel adaleka kupezeka kuti ndi nyama pachilumba cha St. Paul, chomwe chili pakati pa Alaska ndi Far East. Chilumba ichi chinali gawo la mlatho wa Berengi, dziko lolumikizitsa mayiko awiriwa. Madzi akuchulukirachulukira asintha mlathowo, zomwe zidasiya zilumba zingapo. Anthu ochulukirapo pachilumbachi omwe ali pamtunda wa 110 km2 anali kukhala kwayekha kwa zaka pafupifupi 8,000.
Motsogozedwa ndi a Russell Graham ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania, gulu la asayansi linazindikira nthawi yeniyeni gulu la mammores a chisumbu litasiya kukhalapo, ndipo pachifukwa chiti izi zinachitika.
Umboni woyamba wosonyeza kuti anthu okhala pachilumbachi adapulumuka panyanja zazikulu zam'madzi zinali zotsatira zakuwunika kwa dzira la mano opezeka pachilumbachi. Zidapezeka kuti adakhalako zaka 7900 zapitazo. Zotsatira zomwe adapeza zidachitika zaka 6500 zapitazo.
Komabe, kudziwa zaka za mafupa omwe adapezeka sizinali njira yokhayo yomwe asayansi adazindikira nthawi ndi chifukwa chakutha kwa mabere pachilumbachi. Kuphatikiza pa zotsalira za nyama zina 14, gululi linatenga miyala yamiyala yomwe ili pansi pa nyanjayi. Miyala ya Sedimentary imakhala ndi zotsalira za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zomera ndi mungu - zambiri, zonse zomwe zapeza ndikuchuluka pazaka 10,000 zapitazo. Kuwerenga kwa zitsanzo zapakati ndi njira yachiwiri yofotokozera zochitika zakale.
Njira yachitatu (kapena m'malo mwake, ya 3, 4 ndi 5) inali yofunafuna bowa (mitundu itatu), ntchito yofunikira yomwe imachitika manyowa a nyama zodyetsera. Kuchuluka kwa spores wa bowa kumatengera ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe amadya udzu. Ndipo ma mammon ndi omwe amapanga manyowa ochuluka. Chifukwa chake, kutha kwa mammoms kuyenera kuyambitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha fungus spores mu sediments.
Njira zonse zisanu zomwe zidasinthidwa nthawi imodzi pamndandanda wotsatira - zaka 5600 zapitazo.
Kuphatikiza pa kuthandiza kudziwa nthawi, zigawo zoyambira kukhala magawo azidziwitso pazomwe zimatha, zomwe zinali kusintha kwa nyengo pachilumba china.
Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, zilombo zazikulu kwambiri za pachilumba zakhala ndi gawo lokwanira komanso udzu wambiri ukumerepo. Panalibenso zodyerana, monga chimbalangondo chomwe chili ndi polar komanso anthu. Zomwe zidatha zidatha. Ngakhale kunali mvula yokwanira, adakwanitsanso kuyatsa nyanja zazing'ono zazilumba ndi madzi abwino. Panthawi inayake, machitidwe mumlengalenga adasinthika, komanso kuwongolera kwam'mlengalenga kunayamba kusakhala bwino. Nyanja zimayamba kuuma. Kuphatikiza apo, nyanjayi idayambanso kukwera pang'ono pang'ono, ndipo madzi ake amchere amayambiranso kugwera m'madziwe amphepete mwa nyanja. Kwa mammakes oboya, omwe amafunikira madzi akumwa komanso kuzirala, akhala ochepa kwambiri. Nkhani yasayansi apa
Kodi nyamayi imafunikira zochuluka motani??
Pa ma hypotheses awiri omwe adalipo (a anthropogenic and climatic sababu), kuchuluka kwamankhwala osowa mchere kunachulukitsidwa. Malinga ndi iye, kumtunda waukulu chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana, malo adapangidwira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwa michere monga calcium, magnesium, sodium, ndi michere ina yomwe imalowa m'thupi kudzera mu chakudya. Izi zimakhudza momwe mafupa aliri. Asayansi a Tomsk adaphunzira zotsalira za mammoth kuchokera ku Berelyokh (Yakutia). Nkhaniyi yaikidwa ku Quaternary International.
"Kupenda kwa ma palemecological a mammoth opitilira 1,500 otsala kuchokera kumalo omwe sadziwika kwambiri a Berelёkh (BP13-12 zaka chikwi zapitazo) akuwonetsa kuti 42% yazinthu zakale zimawonetsa kusintha kowopsa (osteoporosis, osteolysis, osteofibrosis, osteomalacia, matenda ogwirizana, ndi zina). Panali kusowa kwa kutsekeka kwa khomo lachiberekero, kufalikira, komanso matumbo a intraarticular. Chithunzi chachikulu cha pathological chimafanana ndi chithunzi cha matenda a Kashin-Beck (kapena Level), etiology yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufa ndi njala. Mtundu (wa zakudya / zopatsa thanzi) wa osteodystrophy womwe unawonedwa ungafotokozeredwe ndi kuphatikizika kwamphamvu kwa malo amtundu wa geochemical, omwe amadziwonetsera yekha ku gawo la Northern Eurasia pambuyo zaka 30,000 zapitazo ndipo ali osiyana kwambiri ndi zaka zomalizira pa ayezi (zaka 15 mpaka 10,000 zapitazo). tsamba la Berelyokh likuwonetsa gawo lomaliza la kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zolengedwa zazikuluzikulu. " Kuchokera apa
"Berelyokh ndi amodzi mwa malo akulu kwambiri kumpoto kwa Europe ndi malo ena ambiri omwe adakhalako zaka 13 mpaka 1200 zapitazo mwa achikulire: mtsinje wakale wa mtsinje womwewo, komwe angathe kusefukira madzi. Mafupa ndi mano adatsekedwa mwachangu ndi mafunde. nyengo ndi kuwonongedwa kwa zilombo Zina mwa gawo la zosungirazo - pafupifupi theka la theka - zimasungidwa mu Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science of St. Petersburg, pafupifupi 50% yaiwo ali ndi zizindikilo zakusintha kowononga, komabe, akuphunzira zinthu izi zokha zipolowe, nkovuta kumvetsetsa kuti chinali chiani chenicheni cha nyama yodwala.
"Thupi limakhala ndi calcium, ndipo ma metabolic omwe amapanga thupi amapitilira ndi zinthu zonse zakunja kuchokera kunja, kotero kuphatikiza michere moyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa nyama zazikuluzikulu," akutero Sergey Leshchinsky, dokotala wa sayansi ya geological and mineralogical. - calcium, sodium, magnesium ndi zinthu zina zofunika zimasungunuka bwino m'madzi ndipo zimasambitsidwa msanga m'nthaka, zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe pafupifupi zaka 10,000 zapitazo kumpoto kwa Eurasia ndipo mwina kudapangitsa kuti ma mamon awonongeke.
Ma osteoblastoma akulu kwambiri kumapeto kwa matmoth tibia
Matenda ena a mafupa omwe amapezeka ku Berelyokh sanafotokozedwe kale m'mabukuwa pofotokoza za mammm. Yoyamba mwa iwo ndi matupi a mafupa a cartilaginous aulere: m'mabuku azachipatala nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "mbewa ya" kapena "mpunga wa mpunga". Ndi chiwonongeko cha cartilage, ndipo nthawi zina mafupa apansi, zidutswa zawo zimagwera molumikizana. Zotsatira zake, kupweteka kwambiri kumachitika, kusokonezeka kwa miyendo, komwe ndi khalidwe la nyama komanso anthu.
"Nthawi zambiri mafupa amawoneka pamalo owoneka bwino a mafupa: kwambiri, amapangidwa ndi mikangano yomwe imagwera pansi yolumikizana ndikukhala ngati yowawa, ndiye kuti," yang'anirani "mafupa," wofufuzayo akuwonjezera. - Ngati mbewa za "ularular "nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mwa anthu amakono, ndiye kuti njira yachiwiriyo siyachilendo: ndikutseguka kotseguka kwa khomo lachiberekero, komwe kuli mitsempha yamagazi ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha.
Pofufuza zotsalira kuchokera kumadera aku Poland kupita ku Siberia, wasayansiyo anati m'mamoms omwe amakhala zaka zopitilira 30,000 zapitazo, matenda a mafupa nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwana 5%, ndipo mwa omwe adakhala zaka 27,000, kuchuluka kwa ma pathologies adakula kwambiri - nthawi zina, kakhumi zambiri.
Sergey Leshchinsky anati: "Munthu amasiyana ndi mammoms ndi herbivores chifukwa amakhala ochulukitsa ndipo nthawi zonse (kupatula azamba) amagwiritsa ntchito nyama ndi mkaka wokwanira," akutero Sergey Leshchinsky. Zotsatira zake, sizichedwa kufa ndi njala. Komabe, umboni wa asayansi ukusonyeza kuti nthawi ya Paleolithic, anthu nawonso adadwala matenda oyamba ndi mafupa. Tsoka ilo, pali zambiri zochepa zoterezi: mabukhu aumunthu sapezeka kwenikweni kuti athe kuwunikira poyerekeza.
Wasayansiyo akufuna kukonza kafukufuku wina mderalo wa Novosibirsk, kuphatikiza, pamodzi ndi Institute of Archaeology ndi Ethnography ya SB RAS - komwe kuli Wolf Mane. Uwu ndi umodzi mwamanda achikumbu kwambiri ku Asia. "
Monga mukuwonera, sayansi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusaka, ndipo pazonsezi zifukwa zimakhala zawo. Momwemonso monga kugona-kusefukira kwamadzi nyumba zomwe njira zina zimavalira.
Kodi mammamu anali ndi moyo liti?
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti ma mammoth oyambilira adapezeka munthawi ya Pliocene (pafupifupi zaka 5.3 miliyoni zapitazo) ndipo analipo mpaka pafupifupi zaka VII milenia BC. Ambiri mwa iwo anali ndi zazikulu zofanana ndi kukula kwa njovu zamakono, koma panali mitundu yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa nyama, mpaka kutalika kwa 5 metres, ndi yaying'ono, ikukula mpaka mamita 2 okha.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mammoth ndi njovu kunali kukhalapo kwa chingwe chokhala ndi ubweya komanso zingwe zazitali zopindika, zomwe zinkathandiza kupeza chakudya kuchokera pansi pa chisanu nthawi yachisanu.
Madera akuluakulu a mammams anali North America, Africa, Europe ndi Asia. Nthawi zambiri, ofufuza amapeza mafupa awo amodzi, koma ku Siberia ndi Alaska pamakhala zochitika zakupezeka kwa mitembo yonse yomwe idatha kukhalabe ndi moyo mpaka lero ku permafrost.
Kodi mamoni anamwalira liti?
Ambiri mwa mammon adamwalira zaka 10,000 zapitazo, pomwe nthawi yotchedwa Ice ya Vistula idalamulira padziko lapansi. Unali womaliza motsatizana nyengo yamadzi oundana ndipo unatha pafupifupi 9600 BC.
Ndizachilendo kuti kuphatikiza pa mammoms, nthawi yomweyo, mitundu 34 ya zinyama zomwe zidasowa, kuphatikizapo nguluwe zazikulu komanso nyanga zamphongo. Kuwonongeka kunatsagana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kusintha kwa mapangidwe a tundra kukhala nkhono zamakono zamatchi-tundra ndi marshy-tundra biota.
Chifukwa chiyani mammoni adafa?
Asayansi akhala akukangana pazomwe zimayambitsa kutha kwa mamms kwazaka zambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ikuperekedwa, ngakhale yosakhala yachilendo, monga kugwa kwa comet ndi mliri waukulu.
Zambiri mwazoganiza sizothandizidwa ndi akatswiri ena, koma lero pali malingaliro awiri osachepera omwe angalongosolere kuwonongeka kwa zinyama. Amakhulupirira kuti mammoth amatha kukhala ozunza a Upper Paleolithic alenje kapena kufa chifukwa chakusintha kwanyengo.
Kuchotsa mammams ndi osaka
Mtundu wa asaka udakonzedwa ndi wasayansi wachilengedwe waku Britain Alfred Wallace kumapeto kwa zaka za XIX. Wasayansiyo adawona kuti ndiko kusaka nyamayi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziwonongedwe kwathunthu. Zomwe Wallace adapeza zidatengera kupezeka kwa malo akale amunthu momwe mudapangidwira mafupa ambiri anyama.
Amakhulupirira kuti pafupifupi zaka 3,000 zapitazo, anthu amakhala kumpoto kwa Europe, ndipo zaka chikwi 15 zapitazo adafika kumpoto kwa America ndikuyamba kufunafuna chakudya. Zachidziwikire, sizinathe kuwononga chilengedwe chonse, koma kutentha kwanyengo, komwe kunachitika pambuyo pa kuzizira kwa madzi oundana ndikupangitsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya zinyama, "idawathandiza".
Meteorite
Ganizo loyamba, lomwe likuwoneka kuti ndilochepetsetsa, ndi meteorite. Zodabwitsa kuti, nthawi imeneyo chidutswa cha mtundu wachilendo chinagwa pa Earth, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwamphamvu padziko lapansi. Panthawiyo kunali Ice Age ina, yomwe mwadzidzidzi inasiya. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kunapangitsa kuti nyama zambiri zizichoka, kuphatikizapo mammams. Izi sizinatsimikizidwe, popeza akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja sanapeze mbali za comet.
Hypothesis yachiwiri ikugwirizana ndi anthu.Zaka masauzande angapo zapitazo, makolo akale a anthu amakono adayamba kukhala Padziko Lapansi, adasaka nyama zosiyanasiyana.
Mammoth anali cholinga chofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso mawonekedwe ake anali osanunkha kanthu. Izi zidawalola kuti aukire pamalo obisika, kukodwa mumsampha. Inde, pakusaka, osaka angapo amatha kunena zabwino m'miyoyo yawo, koma fukoli linalibe nyama yoposa tsiku limodzi. Akatswiriwa akuti mammony anasowa chifukwa cha anthu omwe anayamba kuwasaka unyinji.
Kusintha kwanyengo
Hypothesis yachitatu imawonedwa kuti ndiyotheka kwambiri. Akuwonetsa kuti mammon adasowa chifukwa cha kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwakanthawi, osati chifukwa cha meteorite.
Zomwe hypothesis ndizowona - asayansi sanakonzekere kupereka yankho lenileni. Pomwe akuwerenga mbiri ya dziko lapansi komanso zolengedwa zakale, aliyense amatenga lingaliro, pamenepa pomwe amafuna chowonadi.
Pali malingaliro atatu oyesa kutsimikizira chomwe chinayambitsa kusowa kwa mamm. Yoyamba idakhazikitsidwa pakugwa kwa meteorite yomwe idasintha nyengo, chifukwa chomwe nyama izi sizingathe kuzolowera. Chachiwiri chimamangirizidwa ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe komwe kumachitika mwachilengedwe. Wachitatu akuti mammoni amatha kutha chifukwa cha anthu omwe anayamba kuwasaka.
Kodi umunthu ukudziwa chiyani za mammoni?
Mpaka pano, anthu adatha kuwonetsa moyenera mitundu yapitayi yazinyama zomwe zitha - mammoms. Mpaka nthawi, malingaliro onena za mawonekedwe awo amatha kumangidwa kokha pazotsalira za nyama - mafupa omwe anthu nthawi zina amafukula. Koma chiwonetsero chokha chikangolowa m'manja mwa ofufuza - thupi la nyama yaying'ono, yosungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chakuti pambuyo poti thupi la chinyama limafa linali lanyama, sizinasinthe, kenako asayansi anatha kuwonetsa molondola chithunzi cha nyama ya nthawi imeneyo.
Nanga tikudziwa chiyani za mammoni?
Mammoth ndi nyama zakale zomwe kale zinkakhala padzikoli. Adawonekera zaka 4-5 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo adakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali. Mammoths akukhala Padziko Lapansi kuyambira nthawi ya Late Pliocene mpaka Late Pleistocene.
Mammoths amadziwika kuti ndi makolo a njovu zamakono za ku Africa. Zowona, kukula kwawo kunali kokulirapo. Pafupifupi, mammore anali wolemera mpaka matani 6-8, ngakhale panali anthu ena omwe kulemera kwawo kunafika matani 12. Kukula kwawo kunalinso kofunikira - mpaka 5.5 m kutalika.
Kunja, thupi la mammayo lidakutidwa ndi utoto ndi tsitsi lalitali, lomwe lidawathandiza kutentha. Ndikukumbusani kuti nthawi imeneyo kunali kuzizira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Koma ngakhale zinali choncho, mammoth amatha bwino kutentha kwambiri.
Chonde dziwani: kumadera akutali a kumpoto panthawi ya zokumbidwazo zidapezeka, zomwe matupi awo adasiyana ndi ena mumphaka lalikulu. Poyamba, asayansi amati ndi nyama ina yomwe msana wake udang'ambika. Komabe, malingaliro awa adadzakhala olakwika. Phokoso lotere lidalipo m'mamoms ena opangira mafuta kuti ateteze thupi ku kutentha kwambiri.
Mammoths analinso ndi zosiyana zina:
- Thunthu lalitali, lokwera pang'ono pansi, lomwe linathandizira kulimbana ndi kuzizira ndikuyang'ana chakudya pakati pa chipale chofewa ndi malo oundana.
- Zovala zazikulu kwambiri komanso zazitali, zomwe zidafunikanso kuti ziswetse ayezi ndikupeza chakudya.
- Miyendo yayikulu ndi thupi, zomwe zimatha kuyenda mosavuta pakati pamagawo oundana a njirayo.
Nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa mammons imagwera pa nthawi yomwe anthu akale amawonekera padzikoli. Izi zitha kuweruzidwa kuchokera ku zojambula zomwe anthu oyamba amawasiya m'mapanga awo.
Komano chimachitika ndi chiyani?
Mamoni amasowa popanda kufufuza kuchokera ku nkhope ya Dziko lapansi. Anthu amapeza zotsalira zawo. Funso mosadzipereka limafunsa: bwanji mammon adasowa ngati mtundu, ngati adasinthidwa bwino kuzizira, ndipo nthawi imeneyo anali nyama zamphamvu kwambiri?
Zisanachitike | POPEZA |
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Mamamondi amakhala padziko lapansi ponseponse. Kupatula komwe kuli Australia ndi South America. | Mamamu sanapezeke pa dziko lililonse. Ngakhale kumpoto chakutali kwa North Pole, komwe kumakhalabe kozizira, mammore sakhalanso moyo. |
Amamore atamwalira: ambiri amaganiza asayansi
Kodi lingaliro ili lidachokera kuti?
Chilichonse ndichopepuka: zotsala zambiri zomwe zimapezeka zikuwonetsa kuti mammoth adamwalira zaka pafupifupi 10,000 zapitazo.
Koma, monga mukudziwa, sayansi ndi kafukufuku sizimayima. Pakalipano, asayansi akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira yotsirizira mammon.
Fotokozedwe chapadera cha nthawi yomwe mammmmore adatha
Popeza panali mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lapansi pano nthawi imodzi, asayansi akuganiza kuti onse sangathe kufa nthawi imodzi. Kuchokera apa kunabwera lingaliro lofufuza momwe kutha kwawo kunachitikira. Tsopano ntchito za asayansi zitha kufotokozedwa mwanjira yofotokozera.
Masiteji | Kufotokozera |
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Gawo 1. 285-130 zaka masauzande zapitazo | Kutha kwakukulu kwa mammony kunayamba mu 285 mpaka 130,000 zapitazo. Munthawi imeneyi, kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zidatsika ndi theka. Zomwe zidapangitsa izi sizikudziwika, koma izi sizowona kale. |
Gawo 2. Zaka 10 10,000 zapitazo | Gawo lachiwiri la kutha kwa mammoth limagwera ndendende nthawi yomwe asayansi adalankhula kale - zaka 10,000 zapitazo. M'mbuyomu, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti iyi inali gawo lomaliza la ntchitoyi. Koma, monga pambuyo pake, sizili choncho. |
Gawo 3. zaka 3,000 zapitazo | Mtsutso wokhudza ngati mammony adakhalako posachedwa nyengo yatsopano yayamba. Izi zidakhalapo mpaka ofufuza adapeza m'manja mwa ziwonetsero zowonetsera kuti zolengedwa zakale kwambiri zidalipo mpaka 2000s BC. |
Monga mukuwonera, patatha zaka zambiri atafufuza, asayansi adatulukanso zopambana. Zotsatira zake, mammony adakhalako zaka 3,000 zapitazo. Zowona, si onse, koma mitundu yake yosiyana ndi anyani am'madzi.
Zinali zing'onozing'ono - mpaka 2 m wamtali komanso zolemera pafupifupi matani awiri. Komabe, mfundo yoti iliko ndi yosatsutsika. Mitembo yawo idapezeka pachilumba cha Wrangel, ku Nyanja ya Chukchi.
Kwa nthawi yayitali chilumbachi sichimakhala, ndipo mammon adakhala komweko kwazaka zambiri. Panali ochepa a iwo - pafupifupi 300 anthu.
Koma tangolingalirani, lingaliro ili likutsimikizira kuti nthawi imeneyo, pamene mapiramidi anali atayimirira kale ku Giza, mammoth adayenda padziko lathu lapansi modekha. Zodabwitsa?
Zifukwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mammony aphedwe
Mwa malingaliro ambiri, zifukwa ziwiri zazikulu zidasankhidwa zomwe zili ndi ufulu kukhalapo, koma sizingatchulidwe kuti ndizokhazo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama zochulukazo zithe.
Chifukwa | Kutentha kokhazikika | Anthu osaka |
---|---|---|
Kufotokozera | Monga mukudziwa, pafupifupi zaka chikwi zapitazo, umodzi mwazaka za ayezi unatenga Dziko lapansi. Inali yocheperako, ndipo payokha sakanatha kupangitsa kuti nyama ziwonongeke, chifukwa mammary anali atazolowera kukhala mozizira. Komabe, izi zitangochitika kuti pulaneti lidatentha, ndipo ngakhale kusiyana kotereku sikunali kwakufunika, kungakhudze kwambiri chiyembekezo cha nyama. Chowonadi ndi chakuti munthawi yotentha tundra steppes adasinthidwa ndi swampy tundra, pomwe mammour anali ovuta kukhalapo - amasowa chakudya. Mammoths, monga njovu, anali herbivores. | Popeza mammams adakhala ndi munthu wakale nthawi yofananira, ndizodziwikiratu kuti omaliza adayamba kusaka nyama pakapita nthawi. Ndipo sanachite nawo chidwi ndi nyama zokha, komanso nsapato. Anthu awo amagwiritsa ntchito ngati zida popanga zida. Kodi zingatheke kuti munthu akhale chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mitundu yonse ya nyama izitha, ndizovuta kunena. Koma munthu adakulitsa, amafunikira chakudya, ndizotheka kuti kusaka nyama kwakhala kukuchulukirachulukira. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsalira za nyama zimachitira umboni izi, m'mafupa omwe zotupa zimapezeka ndi zinthu zakuthwa zopangidwa ndi dzanja la munthu. |
Kodi munganene chiyani ngati mutayang'ana pazifukwa izi?
Chimodzi chodziwikiratu: palibe imodzi yomwe ingavomerezedwe ngati yoyamba kapena yowonjezera. Chifukwa, ndifotokoza tsopano.
Munthu wa nthawi imeneyo anali wofooka mokwanira kusaka nyama zazikulu ndi zazikulupo. Mwachidziwikire, ankatha kupha nyama zodwala kapena zovulala kale. Ndipo, bwanji, chifukwa chiyani anafunikira nyama yambiri? Mitembo imodzi yam'madzi kwa anthu akale ikhoza kukhala yokwanira nthawi yonse yozizira kuti isafe ndi njala.
Zinafika poti kusaka sindiye chifukwa chokha.
Ponena za kutentha, zikadatha kuchititsa kuti mammoni asiyidwa opanda chakudya kuti akhale ndi moyo. Koma panali madera omwe mammary anali ndi chakudya. Chifukwa chiyani sanakhale komweko?
Ndikuganiza kuti zifukwa zonsezi zimagwirizana. Ndiye kuti, kunali kuwotcha ndi kusaka anthu, komwe kumapeto kunawononga banja la mamm.
Koma asayansi sanasiyire pomwepo, natchulanso zina zina zitatu zomwe zingakhudzidwe ndikutha kwa nyama:
Tsekani mating.
Ngati panali mamina ochepa kwambiri amtundu umodzi, adayamba kubereka, popeza anali pachibale chapafupi kwambiri. Izi zidathandizira kufooka kwamphamvu kwa majini, kusintha kwawo, zomwe zingathandizenso kuti azisowa.
Matenda kapena kachilombo.
Ndizotheka kuti m'masiku amenewo mammondi amatha kugwira mtundu wina wa matenda, mwachitsanzo, chifuwa chachikulu cha nyama. Koma popeza ambiri aiwo atha, chifukwa ichi sichingafanane ndi chofunikira, popeza mitundu ina ya nyama idakhalabe ndi moyo.
Kugwa kwa meteorite kapena asteroid.
Zotheka kuti m'masiku amenewo comet kapena asteroid ikhoza kugwa pansi. Zitha kuyambitsa moto, kuphulika kwa mapiri ndi zina zambiri. Kuthekera kotereku sikumayikidwa pambali, koma sikuti ndizomwe zimayambitsa kutha kwa mammondi.
Pofotokoza zifukwa zakutha kwa mitundu yakaleyi ya zinyama, tikukambirana za tsiku lomwe lidalandiridwa koyamba lomwe ndi lomwe mamanyama ambiri anamwalira. Komabe, tidakwanitsa kudziwa kuti nyama zina zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chiyani?
Chomwe chinapangitsa kuti moyo wa mitundu yayitali ya mayi akhale ndi moyo wautali?
Onsewa amakhala pachilumba cha Wrangel, komwe mabwinja awo amapezeka.
Kodi chinali chiyani pachilumbachi chomwe chimalola kuti nyamazo zizikhala nthawi yayitali?
Nditchulapo mfundo zazikulu:
- Nyengo yotentha - Chilumba cha Wrangel chimapezeka mwanjira yoti kulibe mphepo zamphamvu, ndipo sikumawombedwa ngati mbali zina zofanana ndi nthaka youma. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti moyo wa mammams anali bwino pamenepo - ozizira, koma osati mphepo.
- Zomera zowuma - ndizosiyanasiyana pachilumbachi. Ndikusankha kuti mammoni amathanso kudya zambiri.
- Kuperewera kwa munthu - Chilumba cha Wrangel sichinakhaleko kale, kotero zikuwonekeratu kuti munthu sakanatha kusaka nyama za m'madzi kumeneko, zomwe sizinachepetse kuchuluka kwawo.
Koma ngati kunali chakudya chochuluka, ndipo nyengo inali yabwino, bwanji mammami sanakhalepo mpaka lero?
Chifukwa chiwerengero chawo pachilumbachi sichinali chachikulu - anthu opitilira 300. Zachidziwikire, kuti kudutsa kwawo kudalumikizana kwambiri, kuchokera pamenepa anthu adayamba kuchepa. Mwinanso atha kudwala.
Kodi mamoni anamwalira liti?
Mwachitsanzo kuchokera ku mbiri ya kafukufuku: kodi ndizotheka kuti mammondi adakalipo?
Pomwe dziko lidadziwa za zomwe zapezeka pachilumba cha Wrangel, lidapeza zomwe zidasinthiratu nkhani yakale. Koma mlanduwu siwokhawo. Pambuyo pake, mzaka za 90s, nkhani idapezeka yomwe idati kumadera akutali a Siberia anthu adawona nyama yomwe imawoneka ngati mbewa yayikulu kwambiri. Inali ndi malaya azitali, ndipo inali yayikulu kukula kuposa njovu yaku Africa.
Pambuyo pake, zolemba zoterezi zidawonekera kangapo m'manyuzipepala komanso pawailesi. Koma sanapezebe chitsimikiziro kuchokera kwa asayansi. Ngakhale samakana kuti nkhalango zam'madzi za Siberia zilipobe. Nyama zakuthengo zimatha kulowerera kuti zipeze matupi awo, ndipo pofunafuna nyama zimatha kudula matupi a nyamayo.
Chifukwa chake timangodikirira ngati asayansi aphunzira zowona ngati mammoni angathe kukhala m'masiku athu. Pakadali pano chidziwitsochi sichinatsimikizidwe, koma sichinatsutsidwe, chifukwa mayendedwe apamtunda amatha kutembenuka ndikupitilizabe moyo monga nyama zina.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndinatha kuyankha kwathunthu funso la lero zomwe mammore adatha. Moona mtima, ndimaona mbiri yakale kukhala sayansi yosangalatsa, ndipo ndikhulupirira kuti mtsogolo tidzaphunziranso zambiri zokhudzana ndi mioyo ya makolo athu akale, zachitukuko komanso zanyama.
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Kwa moyo wake wonse amakhala kumadera akumpoto kwa dzikolo, ndipo sankaganiza kuti mammm mamatha kupezekanso pano. Moona, sindimakhulupirira izi, koma chenicheni chakuti adakhala nthawi yayitali chidandigwira.