Nyama yaying'ono iyi ndi imodzi mwazinyama zofunikira kwambiri zonyamula ubweya, zikukhala pamalo otchuka pakuphatikizidwa kwa nyama zophera nsomba ku Russia. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa thupi lake ndi pafupifupi 50 cm, kulemera kwa 1-1,5 kg. Malo akuluakulu osungirako nyama zam'madzi ndizosowa komanso zopanda khungu zomwe zimakhala ndi mitengo yamkungudza, yokongola kwambiri komanso yolumikizira mitengo, imakhazikika m'nkhalango zamapiri zamtundu wa taiga. Izi zimangokhala moyo wongokhala, kutsatira malo enaake, zomwe zimangokhala pamalo owopsa kwambiri: moto wamalango, kudula mitengo mwamphamvu, kusowa kwa chakudya.

Chowoneka (Martes zibellina) -chizilombo cholusa komanso champhamvu kwambiri pakukula kwake. Ali ndi ma thunzi otambalala, omwe ma dothi ake ali okutidwa ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino (makamaka nthawi yozizira), amayenda mosavuta pa chipale chofewa. Ngati ndi kotheka, sable imatha kulowa mu chisanu ndikuyenda makulidwe. Nthawi zambiri sable amakhala pansi, amakwera mitengo bwino, koma kawirikawiri amakwera m'miyala yamtengo. Izi zimakonda kudumphadumpha masiku 30-70 cm. Masana, samawona bwino komanso samazengereza, koma usiku amapeza ukadaulo waukulu.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Kupita kokasaka zotheka Nthawi zambiri imadutsa mumtengo uliwonse wa mtengo wakugwa womwe unadutsa munjira yake, kuyesa mizu yolowera mkati, mitengo yowuma, zinyalala, zimbwe, komwe imapeza timiyala ta makoswe omwe amapanga chakudya chake chachikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma sable akuwombera mbalame zam'mlengalenga zosiyanasiyana (ma hazel grouse, agogo achikuda akuda ndi nkhuni grouse) ndi zolengedwa (agologolo, chipmunks, hares ndi pikas), sizimanyansidwa ndi abuluzi, achule, tizilombo, ma mollusks komanso zovunda. M'chilimwe, sable imakonda kusangalatsa zipatso zingapo (ma buluu, phulusa lamapiri, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, duwa lakuthengo). Malo akulu mu zakudya za sable amatanganidwa ndi mtedza wa paini. Kupeza chipmunk m'nyengo yozizira ndi mafuta ambiri a mtedza, sableyo amadya eni masheya ndi chakudya chake.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika kwa thupilo kumafika mpaka masentimita 56, mchirawo ndi mpaka 20 cm.

Mtundu wa zikopa umakhala wosiyanasiyana, ndipo mitundu yake imakhala ndi mayina apadera. “Mutu” ndiye wakuda kwambiri (pafupifupi wakuda). "Fur" - mtundu wake ndi wopepuka kwambiri, wachikasu wachikasu kapena fawn. Mitundu yapakatikati: "kolala" - yofiirira yokhala ndi lamba wakuda kumbuyo, mbali zopepuka komanso malo owala kwambiri pakhosi.

Kuswana

Kuchulukitsa ma sables kasupe. Amapanga zisa zobadwira ana m'maenje a mitengo yakugwa, m'miyala yakale, m'miyala pakati pamiyala, nthawi zina mumakumba matope. Nyamazo zimabisala pansi pabalapo ndi moss, masamba owuma, ndi ubweya. M'mwezi wa Epulo - Meyi, kuyambira ana awiri mpaka 7, akhungu ndi azungu, amawonekera mumsika, yemwe amakhala mumdima patatha masiku angapo. Ana amakula msanga ndipo m'mwezi womwe ayamba kuwona. Poyamba, mayi amadyetsa msawo ndi mkaka, pambuyo pake amawanyamulira nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame, ndikuwatsogolera akuluakuluwo, ndikuzolowera kupeza chakudya. Ma Sabata amakomera kwambiri mayendedwe awo, achizungu ngati nkhuku pomenyana, akulira kwambiri. Akakwanitsa miyezi iwiri, amasinthana ndi zakudya za akulu. Mu Ogasiti - Seputembala, ana amasudzulana, ndipo ana ang'onoang'ono amapita kumoyo wodziyimira pawokha.

Moyo

Munthu wokhala ku taiga ya ku Siberia. Wotsogola komanso wolimba kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Amakhala moyo wapadziko lapansi. Monga lamulo, imakhala m'mphepete kumtunda kwa mitsinje yamapiri, m'mitengo, pakati pa olemba miyala, nthawi zina imakwera pamakona a mitengo. Zimadumphadumpha. Kutalika kwa kudumpha ndi masentimita 30-70. Amakwera mitengo bwino. Imakhala ndimamva komanso kununkhira bwino, mawonekedwe amaso sachepa. Imayenda mosavuta pa chipale chofewa. Ambiri okangalika m'mawa ndi madzulo.

Sable (Martes zibellina)

SABLE (Martes zibellina)

zikopa zake mwina ndizofunika kwambiri. Nyama yabwino kwambiriyi ikuwoneka ngati yofera. Komabe, imakhala yotopetsa kwambiri, yokhala ndi mchira waufupi (malekezero ake samatulutsa kupitirira malekezero a miyendo yotalikirabe kumbuyo), makutu ofupikirako, omata, otambalala kwambiri okhala ndi matawulo ophimbidwa ndi ubweya. Thupi limakhala lalitali 32-58, mchirawo ndi 9- 17 cm, ndipo ukulu ndi 870-1800 g. Ubweya wowoneka bwino nthawi yozizira umakhala wakuda bii, wowonda, wosalala, komanso wamtundu wokongola kwambiri. Ndizabwino kwambiri ngakhale m'mitundu yazopepuka. Malo achikasu otsogola amakhala pakhosi ndi pachifuwa. M'nyengo yotentha, malo owoneka bwino ndi osiyana kwambiri, amawoneka kuti ndi oonda, aatali, ali ndi miyendo yayitali, ndi mchira wautali, wokhala ndi mutu wawukulu wopanda malire, koma wopindika.

Sable imagawidwa makamaka ku Russia, ndipo kudutsa malire ake imapezeka ku Mongolia, Northeast China, Peninsula ya ku Korea, komanso kumpoto kwa Japan.

Makamaka ubweya wamtengo wapatali uli mu Barguzin sables, ndiye Yakut ndi Kamchatka ena, otsalawo amakhala otsika kwambiri, popeza ali ndi malaya ovala bwino.

Sable ndi munthu wokhala kumapiri komanso kumapiri a mitengo yamapiri, makamaka mitengo yamkungudza, komwe amakopeka ndi makoswe komanso kututa kwa mtedza. Malo ochepera kwambiri, okhala m'mapiri m'nkhalangozi za mitengo ya mkungudza, m'nkhalango zowala zakumpoto, komanso ku Kamchatka, m'nkhalango za birch. Amadya nyama zamtchire ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimasiyana kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kulikonse, maziko azakudya ndi makoswe ngati mbewa, mtedza wa paini, ndipo nthawi yotentha mulinso zipatso ndi tizilombo. Grouse ndizofunikira kwambiri, ku Far East, nsomba poterera. Udindo wa gologoloyo, makamaka kwambiri chipmunk ndi pika, ndizochepa, ndikungochulukitsa mtengo wina wokha wokha wamtengo wamkungudza. Sable nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito zovunda.

Imasaka pamasamba ake amodzi, yomwe imangosiyidwa modabwitsa, pokhala nyama yokhazikika kwambiri. Ena, makamaka achikulire, amatenga mapando ndipo, monga tawonetsera ndi kuyika chizindikiro, patangopita miyezi yochepa amapita makilomita 120-150, nthawi zina amawoloka mapiri atali. Munthawi yolera ana ndi nthawi yozizira, amakhala m'malo okhala zisa - m'maenje, m'mau, pansi pa chitsime, nthawi zambiri pamiyala yamiyala ndi m'makola a dothi, komanso nthawi yozizira amatetezedwa ndi chipale chofewa. Sable imakwera bwino pamitengo, koma imakonda kugwidwa pamtunda, ndipo nthawi yozizira imakonda kulowa m'madzi oundana ndikuyenda.

Ana oyimba amawonekera mu Epulo ndi Meyi. Ziwerengero zawo zimachokera ku 1-2 mpaka 7. Agalu ocheperako sakhala ochezeka. Maso a ana amapepuka patsiku la 30-36. Pazaka imodzi ndi theka, amayamba kuchoka chisa, ndipo mu Ogasiti ana amasowa. Kutha mu nyama zazing'ono kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu. Ali mu ukapolo, ma sembe amakhala ndi zaka 15-18. Chonde sichitha kutchedwa chakwera, motero kusaka koyenera kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala kuti ziweto zizichepetsedwa.

Kufunika kwakukulu kwa ubweyawo kunapangitsa alimi aubweya wachilengedwe kupanga nyama zoweta m'maselo. Sobolovodstvo anafalikira.

Kumadzulo kwa gulu, komwe kumapezeka malo omwe amakhala ngati marten, amawolokera pakati pawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mwana akhale wakhanda. M'mitundu ina, zizindikiro za chimfine, mwa zina, zogulika.

Mawonekedwe

Sable si nyama yayikulu kwambiri yotsika. Mawonekedwe ake ndi awa:

• Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi 40-58 masentimita, pomwe chachikazi chimakhala chocheperako poyerekeza ndi chachimuna.
• Kulemera kwa nyama ndi pafupifupi 2 kg,
• Mutu wa sable ndi wobooka m'maso, wowoneka bwino kwambiri, maliseche ndi otsogola, makutu ndi akulu, okhala ndi mbali yayikulu, yopingasa,

Ubweya wa nyamayo ndi wofewa, wowoneka bwino, wakuda. Mtundu wake umakhala wowoneka bwino - wofiirira pakhungu, wakuda bii m'miyendo ndi mchira, nthawi zambiri wowala pang'ono kumutu kuposa thupi. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umakhala wopepuka pang'ono, nthawi yotentha kumakhala kowonda, kotero, kamvekedwe kake kamkulu kamasiyana kuchokera ku mchenga wachikasu ndimtundu wakuda. Palibe mawonekedwe otchulidwa pakhosi, mwa anthu ena okha omwe amapezeka ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, owoneka bwino ndi mtundu wopepuka poyerekeza ndi mtundu waukulu wa ubweya.

Malo okhala ndi malo okhala

Sable imagawidwa ku Eurasian taiga: kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kummawa - kuchokera kumpoto kwa mapiri a Ural kupita ku Pacific Ocean (pamodzi ndi zilumba zoyandikana ndi mainland), kumpoto - kufikira komwe kuli mitengo yankhalango. Pafupifupi magulu onse - ndipo makamaka awa ndi Far East ndi Siberia - ndi a ku Russia. M'mayiko ena komwe mungakumane:

• Mongolia,
• Korea,
• Kumpoto China
• Chilumba cha Hokkaido (Japan).

Kusodza kwakukuru kunatsogolera pamtunda wocheperako. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, madera omwe anthu amakhala ndi mapanga anali ochepa mphamvu, osaposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi. Iwo anali ochepa zidutswa, kudzipatula wina ndi mzake ziwembu. Tsopano malowa abwezeretsedwa kwakanthawi, komabe, ngakhale munthawi yathu ino, gawo logawanika silikhala kupitirira theka la magawo omwe adagawedwapo zaka mazana angapo zapitazo.

Malo omwe nyamayo imakhala ndi coniferous taiga. Woyendetsa "amakonda" fir, spruce ndi mkungudza, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wotchedwa taiga wakuda - yaiwisi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imadzaza ndi ma windfall, overgrown ndi mosses.

Kuphatikiza pa masamba awa, miyoyo yovomerezeka:

• m'nkhalango zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka ku East Siberian Plateau,
• Pakati pa kurums (m'matanthwe omwe amakhala ndi zitsamba), ngati nyamayo ikhazikika kumapiri moyandikana ndi taiga.

Mawonekedwe abwino azakudya

Nyama iyi, ngati mafuta onse, ndi nyama. Zakudya zake zazikulu zimakhala ndi:

• makoswe ngati mbewa
• mbewa ndi ma bulu,
• chipmunks,
• mbalame za banja lodyera, komanso nkhuku (grouse wakuda, phala).

Yoyenda ndi nyama

Pochepera, poyerekeza ndi ena marten, sables amadya mapuloteni. Amuna akuluakulu amabera nyambo.

Kuphatikiza apo, kutengera nyengo, chakudya cha nyama iyi nthawi yozizira chimakhala nyama zambiri, ndipo nthawi yotentha, yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje yayikulu, nthawi zambiri imasowa nsomba zosamukira.

Chithandizo chapadera chofunikira ndi uchi wa njuchi zakuthengo.

Kuchokera ku zakudya zam'mera, nyama imakonda:

• zipatso ndi zipatso - lingonberry, Magulu a phulusa laphiri, etc.
• paini mtedza.

Zowona, pankhani ya mtedza, nyamayo sizivutika kuyisonkhanitsa kuchokera kunthambi za mitengo ya mkungudza, koma imaba ndalama zomwe zimapangidwa ndi agologolo, ma willes, ma chipmunks, ndi mitengo ya mkungudza.

Voterani

Nthawi zina amapereka mawu. Monga martens, imalira pakakhala mantha komanso kukwiya, ndipo imangofuula pomenyana ndi mdani. Pakusangalala, imangokhalira kukweza mawu, kukumbukira kukuwa. Masewera a mating amaphatikizidwa ndi kudula, ndikubwereza mwachangu mawu amtundu wamatenda komanso grung.

Adani achilengedwe

Palibe nyama kapena mbalame yosakira nyama. Koma ali ndi awiri omwe akupikisana nawo pakusaka - mzati ndi mzake. Ndi iwo, magawo amagawana makoswe onga mbewa okoma kwambiri kwa iye. Chifukwa chake, akapezeka kuti akumana ndi chimodzi mwa zilombozi, kuti aphe "mnansi" wosafunikirayo, msambowo umasiya ngakhale nyama yomwe idadikirira ndikuyang'ana kwa mdani.

Mwa ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo nthawi zambiri amakhala achichepere ndi achikulire omwe ataya ulesi wawo ndikuyenda kwawo mwachangu. Amatha kugwidwa ndi adani omwe ali akulu kuposa iwo.

Khalidwe la nyama

Nyama imasaka nthawi iliyonse masana. Nthawi yomweyo, amasankha kuyenda pansi, osakwera mitengo yayitali, amalowa m'madzi ngati njira yomaliza. Pafupifupi, malo ogulitsira amathamangira mpaka 3 km pa tsiku losaka. Mtunda woyendayenda umachuluka kwambiri nthawi yozizira, nyamayi nthawi zina ikakakamizidwa kukhala ndi moyo wosasunthika pofunafuna chakudya, ndikuchepera mchilimwe, pomwe pali mwayi wopezeka wotsalira pachilombo chachikulu chophedwa ndi winawake. Koma ngakhale nthawi yotentha, ngati chaka chovuta chidayenda bwino, amayenera kuthamanga kuchoka pa 10 mpaka 20 km.

Mayendedwe osuntha mu chisanu

Zowonetsera zowoneka bwino (zikwangwani) yakeyake chiwembu chomwe chakhala chikusaka kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngati mulibe chakudya chokwanira, ndiye kuti nyamayo imakhazikika pamalo amodzi, ndikupanga bowo ndi kupondaponda mayendedwe onse pakati pa malo okhala ndi malo omwe adapeza chakudya. Pafupi ndi nyama zazikulu zomwe zaphedwa, mbewazo zimakokera mabowo osakhalitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe ake, ndikuchepera kuchoka kumunsi kupita ku "chipinda chodyeramo" choterechi.

M'nyengo yozizira, nyamayi imakonda kuyenda pansi pa chipale chofewa, kuyika ngalande zonse m'makulidwe ake osasiya pansi kwa milungu ingapo. Mwambiri, mayendedwe omwe amayenda kudera lache akusaka, aphimbani ndi netiweki.

Sable ikhoza kupanga nesting pansi pamizu yamitengo, m'maenje (kuphatikiza mitengo ikuluikulu), olemba miyala.

Kufalitsa

Pakadali pano, sable imapezeka kudera lonse la Russia kuyambira ku Urals kupita kugombe la Pacific kupita kumpoto mpaka kumalire a mitengo yamitengo. Amakonda taires yofunda yamtundu wakuda, makamaka ngati kedrachi. Zimapezekanso ku Japan, pachilumba cha Hokkaido. Kuma Urals chakum'mawa, nthawi zina ma hybrid a sable ndi pine marten, otchedwa kidus, amapezeka.

Mpaka zaka za zana la 17, sable idapezekanso ku Finland, ndipo mpaka zaka za zana la 19, ku Karelia, mayiko a Baltic ndi Western Poland.

Kuchulukitsa

Ponseponse, gululi lili ndi masamba 17 omwe amasiyana kukula ndi mtundu. Nayi ena a iwo:

• Martes zibellina zibellina - Nkhani ya Tobolsk
• Martes zibellina princeps - Barguzinsky sable. Izi zofunikira ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda ndi ubweya wofewa komanso wowoneka bwino.
• Martes zibellina sahalinensis - Sakhalin sable
• Martes zibellina yenisejensis - Yenisei sable
• Martes zibellina sajanensis - Sayan sable
• Martes zibellina jakutensis - Yakut
• Martes zibellina kamtshadalica - Kamchatka sable
• Martes zibellina tomensis - Kuznetsk sable
• Martes zibellina averini - Sayan sable
• Martes zibellina vitimensis - Vitimsky sable
• Martes zibellina arsenjevi - Ussuri sable
• Martes zibellina obscura - chikoysky sable
• Martes zibellina brachyura - Kuril sable, ali pangozi

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Zomwe zimapezeka posaka kukula kwa mitunduyi ndizochepa. Ku Miocene, mtundu umapezeka, womwe uli woyenera. Panthawiyo, nyama zodyerazi zinkakhala m'malo akulu kumadzulo komanso kumwera kwa Europe, South-West ndi Central Asia, ku North America.

Mitundu yapafupi ndi yamakono ili ku Pliocene. Zotsalazo zidapezeka ku Late Pleistocene ku Urals, Altai, Cisbaikalia, kupita ku Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin. Zinthu zakale zimasungidwa m'chipinda cha Upper Pleistocene chomwe chili kumapeto kwa Eastern Sayans komanso chigwa cha mtsinje. Hangars. Mu nyengo yapamwamba, chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa biocenoses yatsopano, mustine idasiyanitsidwa. Nthawi imeneyo, sable adapeza mawonekedwe omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya banja ili.

Kanema: Yoyenera

M'mbiri yakale, malo amenewa adafalikira kuchokera ku Finland yamakono kupita ku Pacific Ocean. Pakati pa Pleistocene ndi Holocene, nyengo yachisanu itatuluka ndikuwoneka nkhalango, chilombo chija chidachoka kumalire a dera la mapiri ndikukhazikika m'malo abwino. Zaka 20,000 zapitazo, mdani wina adapezeka ku Urals, koma sanafike nthawi yayitali (zaka 8-11 zapitazo).

Mafupa a nyama omwe amapezeka ku Altai ali ndi zaka zoposa 100,000. Ku Zauralie ndi Siberia, palibe zotsalira zomwe zidapezeka zaka zoposa 20, ngakhale izi sizitanthauza kuti zolengedwa sizinapezeke kale. Pachitukuko cha chisinthiko cha banja la ofera, kusiyanako kudakhazikitsidwa pakusiyana kosinthana ndi malo okhala, chakudya ndi njira yosaka.

Kusodza ndi malonda aku Russia ku dera la Mangazeysk (XVII century)

M'zaka za m'ma 1600, ku Western Siberia, anthu aku Russia adakhazikitsa mzinda wa Mangazeya, pomwe ubweya wopangidwa ndi osaka umasambira. Sable inali yofunika kwambiri yamalonda yakunja ku Moscow.Ma furaya odziwika "ochokera ku Muscovy", chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo komanso kufunikira kwakukulu ku Western Europe, adapanga maziko a bajeti ya Moscow Grand Duchy, kenako boma la Russia. Mangazeya yekha ankapereka zikopa zikwizikwi 85 zamafuta apamwamba kwambiri pachaka kuchokera ku Siberia yaku Western. Kusodza kunachitika popanda lamulo lililonse ndipo zaka zopitilira 70 zinapangitsa kutsika kwa magawo m'derali.

Udindo wa anthu

• Malo ochitira zanyama zachilendo
• Malo okhala zisa zogona
• Malo omwe malo okhala zisaoneke
• Chiwerengero cha anapiye mu ana
• Chiwerengero
  • Mphamvu yozizira
    • Mu nkhalango larch
    • Mu nkhalango za paini
    • Mu nkhalango zamdambo zamdima
    • M'mudzi wa Anavara
  • Mphamvu ya masika
    • Mu nkhalango larch
    • Mu nkhalango za paini
    • Mu nkhalango zamdambo zamdima
    • M'malo osefukira
  • Mphamvu yamalimwe
    • Mu nkhalango larch
    • Mu nkhalango za paini
    • Mu nkhalango zamdambo zamdima
    • Mu nkhalango za birch
    • Panjira zamadzi
    • M'madambo
    • M'mudzi wa Anavara
  • Zambiri zophukira
    • Mu nkhalango larch
    • Mu nkhalango za paini
    • Mu nkhalango zamdambo zamdima
    • M'malo osefukira
    • M'nkhalango zonse za m'nkhalango
• Kutsata
• Mtundu wa kutalika
• Zomwe zimakhala

Zojambula m'zaka za zana la 20

Chiwerengero chonse cha nthawi yophukira mu 1973 chinali pafupifupi mazana awiri, ndipo malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa 1961-296 miliyoni.Pofika zaka za 30s, zaka zana la 20, sable inali itangotsala pang'ono kufalikira konse mu Krasnoyarsk Territory ndipo idatsalira pano ochepa m'malo ochepa. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha njira zodzitetezera, chiwerengerochi chidabwezeretsedwa pamlingo woyambirira, womwe unali m'zaka za XVII. Mu 1961-1963, kuchuluka kwa ma sabro m'chigawo kudafika kwakukulu. Kenako, chifukwa chogwirira nsomba m'malo ambiri, masheya olimba adayamba kuchepa, ndipo mkhalidwe udapangidwa womwe udawopseza chitukuko chokhazikika cha chuma chosaka, chomwe sichinakonzedwe mpaka pano. Chiyerekezo chotsatira chakuyerekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa mapikisidwe adatengedwa: ambiri - ma boti oposa 25 pa 100 km², sing'anga - 12-25, ochepa - osakwana 12, osowa - amodzi. Nthawi zina gradation imawonekera - yochulukirapo - yoposa 50, koma ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, kotheka, monga lamulo, amakhala m'malo ena okha, osati malo akulu.

Malo omwe zinthu zofunikira m'derali zikuyendera motere (Numerov, 1958, 1973, Lineytsev ndi Melnikov, 1971, etc.):

Okhazikika amakhala kumapiri a Sayan ndi Kuznetsk Alatau okhala ndi anthu ambiri m'derali. Pafupifupi, pali malo "ambiri" osakanizidwa kulikonse, komanso "ochulukirapo" m'malo ambiri m'nkhalango za mkungudza. Kuchulukana kwa anthu m'nkhalango za pine za udzu ndi mbewa kumafikira 150 komanso 200 pa 100 km². Izi ndizizindikiro zazikulu za dziko. Pambuyo pa 1964, manambala ndi kupanga kuno ziyamba kutsika chifukwa chakuwonjeza. Kukolola kwakukulu kwa zikopa kwa 1960-1970. anakwana 18,000, ndipo mu 1973-1974. idatsika mpaka kukhala 5.1 miliyoni. Mu gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu, gawo lonselo limachotsedwa, ndipo m'chigawo chonse chiwerengerocho ndi theka la malo.

Dera lokhala ndi anthu ambiri lili ndi zigawo zazikuluzikulu za m'nkhalango komanso chigwa cha Chulym. Kuno, m'nkhalango zosakanikirana, zilumba za taiga, komanso m'malo otentha, nthawi zina mitundu yambiri inali yambiri. Kwakukulu, kumayambiriro kwa 60s chiwerengero chawo chinali 20-25,000, ndipo kukolola kwakukulu kwa zikopa kunafika pa 8.5 miliyoni. Chifukwa chakuwedza kosachedwa ndi gulu lalikulu la asaka amateur m'malo ambiri, malo ogulitsawo adachotsedwa. Chiwerengero chake chonse sichidapitilira 4-6,000, komanso kukonza zikopa mu 1973-1974. zidakwana 1 000 zidutswa zokha.

Ku taiga chakumwera, komwe kumaphatikizapo dera la Angara komanso pafupifupi dera lonse la Yenisei, pali "zambiri" zamasamba omwe ali ndi madera amdima, ndipo pakuwala kwawebwera ndi "average". Apa, kuyambira mu 1968, kuchepa kwakukulu kukolola kumayambikanso, kenako kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nyama chifukwa chakuwonjeza. M'maboma anayi a Angarsk, kukolola kuchokera kumtunda wambiri mpaka 10,000,5 kutsika mpaka 4,5. Mu taiga yapakati, pali "mapangidwe" ambiri kumadera ena okhala ndi malo amdima (gawo la Baikitsky, Yenisei taiga m'chigawo cha Turukhansky). M'mayiko otsala manambala ndi "pafupifupi", ndipo m'malo akulu "ang'ono".

Munthawi ya kumpoto kwa taiga, manambala amakhala "apakati" komanso "ochepa". Pakati ndi kumpoto kwa taiga kokha ku Evenkia kulibe nsomba zochulukirapo (kutukula kwa nthaka pofika 80%), ndipo kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe kumayandikira kukula kwa chiwonjezeko, ndiko kuti, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwabwinoko. Ku Turukhansk Territory, kupangidwanso kumakhala koyenera, koma kuwedza kwambiri kumawonedwa kale m'malo omwe ali ndi Yenisei ndi Bakhta. Mabillets adachepa, koma osati kwambiri ngati kumwera: ku Evenkia - kuchokera zikopa 26 mpaka 22,000. Kudera lakutali kwambiri kumpoto, malo osungirako sapezeka kulikonse, kupatula malo ena omata, koma malo omwe ali ndi zigawo zabwino za m'misamba sangakhalepo. Ma sables amodzi amakhalanso mu nkhalango-tundra: pa Yenisei kupita ku Potapov ndi Nikolsky, kum'mawa kupita ku Kotuykan pamtsinje. Kotui ndi r. Fomich, kazembe wa Parrot.

Zotsatira zake, kum'mwera kwa dera lomwe kuli madera abwino kwambiri zinthu zofunikira pakulima kosakwanira sizikuyenda bwino. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kukuchepa. Billets idagwa kwambiri chifukwa chakutopa kwakukulu kwa zikopa ku "msika wakuda", komanso chifukwa chakuchotsa mapasa. Njira yamavuto imayamba. Pankhani yovutayo "lumo" amapezeka: zikopa zikapita kumbali, zimakhala zovuta pakukwaniritsa ntchito zomwe zapezeka m'mafamu, ndipo kulimba kwa asodzi kumakulirakulira.

Posachedwa titha kuyembekezera kuchepa kwachuma ku zigawo zakumpoto komanso kuchepa kwa mabizinesi ambiri. Njira zothanirana ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti muchepetse kupanga, makamaka kuteteza kutsekemera kwa zikopa, ndiye kuti, kuthana ndi kuba.

Chisanu chakuya chisati chikugwe, mapenga amasakidwa ndi mankhusu. Pambuyo pake adasinthana ndi ndege, makamaka misampha, zina pussi. Nthawi zambiri nsabwe zimakonda kusaka mahatchi pamahatchi. Obmet amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Kukolola mwachisawawa kwausodzi m'minda yabwino ndi masapu 40-50. Ena osaka ena amalandila 70-80 komanso ma saputa a 100-140.

Chifukwa cha ubweya wokongola, wolimba komanso wodula, sugu amatchedwa mfumu ya ubweya wakuthengo - "golide wofewa". Likakhala lakuda kwambiri, khungu limakhala lofunika kwambiri. Barguzinsky sable, yemwe amakhala m'nkhalango za Baikal, ndiye wakuda kwambiri kuposa onse omwe amapezeka ku Siberia motero amayamikiridwa kwambiri pamalonda apadziko lonse a fur. Wofufuza wamkulu kwambiri wa mtundu wa Barguzinsky sable ndi wasayansi waku Russia E. M. Chernikin.

Mitundu yofunikira kwambiri yosaka m'derali ndichikhalidwe cha kusaka kwachuma kwa dera la taiga. Bukhu la Krasnoyarsk Territory limakhala pafupifupi 33% ya mitundu yonse yaku Russia yopanga ndipo ndi yoyamba pa izi. Sable imapezeka ku Russia kokha, komanso m'maiko oyandikana: North Korea, Mongolia ndi China. Russia itasiya kulamulidwa ndi boma pantchito yokolola ubweya kuyambira 1997, ntchito zamigodi ndi kukolola, nthawi zambiri, zidapitilira m'manja mwa anthu wamba.

Zochitika pakalipano pamsika wogulitsa.

Sable imapangidwa malinga ndi malire opanga, omwe amavomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ku Russia.

Kuyerekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa zikopa zovekedwa pamsika wa ubweya wa St. Petersburg wokhala ndi malire pazomwe zimapangidwira zikuwonetsa kusiyana kwawo. Kuyambira 2000, kuchuluka kwa zikopa zomwe zimagulitsidwa kwadutsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mapasa omwe amaloledwa kusaka. Kusiyana kumeneku kukukulira chaka ndi chaka, ndipo mu 2013 kuchuluka kwakukulu pamalonda kunali 193 peresenti. Kusiyana pakati pa malonda ndi kupanga wamba kunali kokulirapo ndipo mu 2013 kunali 323 peresenti. Pambuyo pa izi, chifukwa chakusintha kwa msika wa furs, panali kutsika kowoneka bwino pamitengo ya zikopa zonse ndi kuchuluka kwa malonda. Komabe, mchaka cha 2017, kuchuluka kwa malonda kwakuthupi kudakulanso, zomwe mwina zitha chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa malonda a Baikal apadziko lonse ku Irkutsk. Mu 2017, kugulitsa kupitilira muyeso wopanga ndi nthawi 1.5, ndipo voliyumu yolengezedwayo - nthawi 2.15.

Chiwerengero cha anthu, malire okhazikitsidwa, chiwonetsero chazopezeka komanso kuchuluka kwa chindapusa pochotsa kumbuyo kwa malonda a zikopa za shopu ku St. Petersburg fur auction (2011-2017)

* Kugulitsa pamsika wa Baikal fur, womwe udayamba ntchito mu 2017 ku Irkutsk

Kugwirizana kwa malire opanga, kupanga magwiridwe antchito ndi malonda a zikopa zosavuta pamisika yamayiko akunja

M'zaka 3-4 zapitazi, makampani aku Russia akuyamba kuchita nawo gawo lochulukirapo pamitengo yamapasho. Chifukwa chake ubweya wabwino kwambiri pamtunda wa Baikal MPA unapezeka ndi wopanga ubweya waku Russia wazopangira ubweya.

Malinga ndi akatswiri VNIIOZ iwo. prof. B.M. Zhitkova, kutulutsa kwamkati kwa zikopa zolimba ndi pafupifupi 25% ya zotuluka. Chifukwa chake, kuti tiyerekeze kuchuluka kochepa kwa ogulitsa enieni, zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamasitomala ziyenera kuchulukitsidwa ndi 1.25. Chifukwa chake, kuchotsera, mwachitsanzo, mu 2017 kudaposa mtengo wa anthu 770,000, ndikuganiza zotsogola kwambiri za ubweya wambiri ku China, komanso kugulitsa zinthu zazing'ono koma zodula pamisika yogulitsa Copenhagen ndi Vancouver, titha kulankhula molimba mtima za momwe amapangidwira zopitilira mazana 800,000, zomwe ndizoposa 55% zaanthu olembedwa. Izi zikuchitika mobwerezabwereza ndi kusinthasintha kwazaka zambiri kuyambira chiyambi cha 2000. Izi, zikuchitira umboni kuchuluka kowerengeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu aku Russia Federation.

Komabe, kuwunika kwa kugulitsa kwamphamvu kukusonyeza kuti kupanga kwa sable, kogwirizana ndi kugulitsa kwamalonda pafupifupi 700 zikwi zambiri, mwina kumapitirira malire amomwe nsomba zikuyenera kupirira. Mapeto ake amafunsidwa poyerekeza kusinthasintha kwamitengo yamitengo ndi kugulitsa kwamisika pamisika.

Chisamaliro chikuyenera kulipira kuyambira nthawi ya 2010. Kukwera kwamitengo kunapangitsa kuti nsombayi ikhale yowonjezereka komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kupezeka ndi kugulitsa kwa malonda pamsika. Pali kulumikizana kwabwino kwa izi ziwiri. Peak idafikiridwa mu 2013, pomwe mtengo wamba wa pakhungu udali $ 267, ndipo zikopa zikwizikwi 720 zidakhazikitsidwa pamsika (675,000 amagulitsidwa). Mu 2014, alenje adapita kukawedza akuyembekeza mitengo yapamwamba ya ubweya, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zopindulitsa kukhazikitsa madera akutali omwe sanadziwepo, ganyu othandizira, ndi zina. Mu theka loyamba la nyengo, pomwe zochuluka za ubweya zimakololedwa, ziyembekezo izi zidakwaniritsidwa ndipo ogula adagula ubweyawo pamitengo yokwera, kuyang'ana pamitengo yayikulu pamsonkhano wa December 2013 ndi msika wa Januware 2014. Koma ngakhale pansi pa izi, opitilira 520,000 sakanakhoza kuyika nawo malonda .skins. Izi zitha kuwonetsa kuchepa kwa malo osungirako ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Zaka ziwiri zotsatira zotsika mtengo ndipo, monga chotulukapo, kutsika kwa chiwerengero cha asodzi pa anthu, kudaloleza kuchira, ndipo mchaka cha 2017 618.6 zikopa zodalirika zidagulitsidwa kudzera mumisika iwiri yaku Russia ngakhale poyambira pamitengo yotsika mtengo. Ngati m'zaka zotsatira mtengo wamtengo ukakwera kapena ngakhale utsalira, koma motsutsana ndi izi, kuchuluka kwa malonda kumatsika, izi zitipangitsa kunena motsimikiza kuti kupanga zinthu, zofanana ndi kugulitsa anthu 550-600 zikwi kumigawo, ndiye malire kuchuluka kwa nsomba komwe anthu owoneka bwino akhoza kupirira.

Kodi maselamu amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Chosungika mu chisanu

Nyama yaubweya imapezeka ku Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Japan ndi North Korea. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino za Siberia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa, amadutsa mapiri a Ural kumadzulo. Gawoli lili m'mapiri a Altai ndi mapiri akumadzulo a Sayan. Malire akumwera afika 55 ° ku Western Siberia, mpaka 42 ° kum'mawa kwa Siberia.

Dera limafalikira kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa Korea Peninsula ndi Hokkaido, nyama yolusa imapezeka ku Sakhalin. Ku Mongolia, imagawidwa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo, mozungulira Nyanja. Hubugul. Ku Transbaikalia, komwe kuli nyengo yozizira kwambiri kwampweya, nyama zofunikira kwambiri zamtchire zimakhala m'nkhalango. Kummawa wa Kazakhstan, mumakhala mitsinje ya Uba ndi Bukhtarma. Ku China, kuli kumpoto kumapiri a Southern Altai, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo - m'chigawo cha Heilongjiang, komanso kumapiri a Phiri la Changbai. Malo omwe nyama zodyeramo nkhalangoyi ndi mdera lamamiliyoni 5 m2.

Woimira banja la a Kunih amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango za mkungudza, m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri, pomwe pali phala la mkungudza. Apa ndipamene pali makoswe ambiri omwe amakopeka ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya - mtedza wa paini. Munthu wooneka bwino amatha kukhala m'mapiri komanso kumapiri, komwe amakonda kuthyolako mphepo ndikugwa. Nyamayi imakhala, koma imakhala yochepa kwambiri m'nkhalango zazing'ono zazikazi komanso za paini, pamayendedwe ndi kuwotchedwa, komanso m'malo otentha. Pa Peninsula ya Kamchatka, imakhazikika m'miyala yamiyala ya miyala, m'nkhalango zowirira ndi mkungudza. M'mapiri amatha kukwera mpaka m'nkhalango za m'nkhalango zing'onozing'ono.

Kodi ma sable amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Chowoneka bwino nthawi yozizira

Chinyama chambiri chomwe chimadya kwambiri nyama zomwe zimayamwa - zimapanga zakudya 60-80%. Kuphatikiza pa mbewa, ma voles akumunda ndi makoswe ena omwe amapezeka pazakudya zake amatha kudya chipmunks, agologolo, hares, pika, muskrat. Amatsutsanso ophedwa: ermine, chikondi. Nyama imatha kutsatira njira ya mimbulu kapena zimbalangondo kwanthawi yayitali, kenako nkugawana nawo chakudya. Pafupi ndi mitembo ya nyama zazikulu zomwe zidayamba kuzunzidwa ndi zilombo zina, nyama yamawangamawa imakhala ndi kudya kwa masiku angapo.

M'nthawi ya chipale chofewa, pakakhala zovuta kugwira nyama zina, msodzi amangosaka yekha ngakhale muswe wanyumba. Ndipo pafupi ndi wozunzidwayo, wamkulu kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa mdaniyo, anthu angapo amatenga phwando. Nyama zikuluzikulu zimayang'aniridwa ndi mlenje wocheperako ndi kulephera kwa mtedza wa mkungudza ndi mtedza wamiyala ya mkungudza (gawo lawo limatha kufikira 33-77%, kutengera kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa zakudya zina). M'chilimwe, amadya zipatso: rosehip, lingonberry, chitumbuwa cha mbalame, phulusa lamapiri (4-33%).

Mbalame, makamaka zokhala ndi grouse, zimagwiritsa ntchito 6-12%, zimapezanso mbalame zazing'ono, zowononga zisa, kudya mazira, amphibians, mabulangete, tizilombo, komanso sizinyansidwa ndi zovunda. Wotchire Kum'mawa amadya nsomba mutatulutsa. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa michere ndi michere yambiri. Ngati palibe chakudya chokwanira, ndiye kuti amafikira anthu. Nyama imasowa chakudya mokwanira 20% ya kulemera kwake, izi ndi zofanana ndikupanga ma mbewa a ma shamba a 6-8 tsiku lililonse.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Zinyama zimatayidwa

Nyamayi ndi yokalamba komanso yamphamvu, yotopa, yokhala ndi makutu abwino komanso luso losaka bwino. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti agule nyama, kuzindikiritsa chinthucho ndi fungo komanso dzimbiri. Chilombochi chimagwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse masana kapena usiku, zonse zimatengera nyengo komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Mu chisanu, sichitha kutuluka m'nyumba masiku angapo.

Sable ndi cholowera pamtunda, ngakhale chimatha kukwera mosavuta mumtengo, koma sichitha kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Imayenda bwino pamtunda wa chipale chofewa ndipo imatha kuthawa kuti isangothamangitsa, koma imangokhala pamtunda, ndipo imakonda kukhala m'malo obisalirako m'malo mongotsatira. Munthu wokongola m'nkhalango amasuntha kudumphadumpha kwa 40-70 masentimita, koma kuchoka kutali ndi kuthamangitsidwa, amatha kuwonjezera kutalika kwawo mpaka 3-4 m.

Nyamayi imakhala ndi malo mpaka 4 km 302, ndipo ilinso ndi magawo angapo osakhalitsa komanso malo osakira. Kukula kwa ziweto ndi ntchito zimadalira zaka, jenda, nyengo ndi nyengo, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kupezeka kwa chakudya. Nthawi zambiri, amayenda pafupifupi 9 km pa tsiku.

Kutsata njira yokhazikika, makulidwe sachoka pagombelo, osapitilira 30 km kuchokera kumalo osungira chizindikiro. Anthu akuluakulu amatha kutenga mtunda wautali mpaka makilomita 150, zomwe zimatenga miyezi yambiri kuti zithe. Sakonda kukondera yekha, koma akufuna malo oyenera kubadwira ndi kulera ana, komanso nthawi yozizira.

Nyumbayo ili ndi udzu wouma, ubweya, nyemba, nthenga, pothawira:

• pansi pa mitengo yakugwa
• Zopumira
• pamtengo wakufa,
• osema miyala
• m'maenje omwe amakhala pansi pamwamba pa nthaka.

Pakanthawi, kuthawa osathamangitsa, amathawira m'miyala yamiyala, m'miyala, m'makona a mitengo kapena m'ming'alu yobisika. M'nyengo yozizira, maluwa amapaka pansi pa chipale chofewa. Nyamayi imawongola kawiri pachaka: kumapeto kwa chakudyaku, kuyamba kwake kuli mu Marichi, ndipo kutha kumakhala mu Meyi, nthawi yophukira nthawi imeneyi imayamba kuyambira mwezi wa Ogasiti mpaka Novembala.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Sable ndi wosungulumwa mwachilengedwe, ali ndi mitala. Zimagwiritsa ntchito zotulutsa zonunkhira zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa pamimba polemba malowa. Mpikisano umayamba mu Julayi ndipo umatha mu Ogasiti. Nthawi ya bere imatenga masiku 245 mpaka 297. Kuchokera panthawiyi, miyezi isanu ndi iwiri imagwera gawo lam'mimba, pomwe mazira samakula. Kutenga kwaubwino kumeneku kumachitika mwachilengedwe kuti ana awoneke nthawi yabwino.

Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala obadwa mu Epulo, ndipo amakhala ndi khungu lotuwa. Pakhoza kukhala ana awiri kapena asanu ndi limodzi pa zinyalala zilizonse. Kutalika kwa thupilo ndi 11-12 cm, masekeli 25-30 g. Amayamba kumva patsiku la 22, ndipo pofika mwezi, amadzawoneka, pofika tsiku la 38 ali ndi incisors. Pa miyezi 3-4, mano aana amasintha kuti akhale okhazikika. Pofika miyezi 1.5-2. ana amayamba kuchoka chisa, nthawi yomweyo amasiya kudya mkaka wa amayi ndikulemera pafupifupi 600 g, ndipo pofika Seputembala amafikira kukula kwa akulu ndikuyamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Kutha kubereka moonekera kumawonekera ali ndi zaka ziwiri.

Nyama pa nthawi ya kukonzekera ndi chibwenzi zimapanga mawu ofanana ndi meow, komanso kubuula larynx. Akakhala okondwa kapena osakhutira, amapuntha, ndikuwawopsa, amalankhula mokweza. Kutalika kwa moyo wa chilombo m'chilengedwe ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu ndi zitatu, mu ukapolo, pafupifupi, zaka 15-16, koma pakhala zolembedwa zomwe anthu omwe anapulumuka mpaka zaka 18-20, ndipo akazi amabala ana zaka 13 mpaka 14. Nyamayi imalumikizidwa mosiyanasiyana, imadya kapena kudya nyama) Zinyama 36, ​​mbalame 220, mitundu 21 yazomera.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Zithunzi Zosalala

Ubweya wowoneka bwino nthawi zonse umakhala wamtengo wapatali ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndalama. Kuchotsa kwakukulu kwa nyama yodzala ndi ubweya kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 15 - 16, pamene ubale wamayiko aku Russia udayamba kukula. Nzika zakomwepo ubweya usanakhale ndalama, zimasakidwa pang'ono chinyama ichi. Ngati agwera mumsampha, ndiye kuti ma mittens ndi zipewa zimasoka ku ubweya ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati chokongoletsera.

M'zaka za zana la XVIII. ku Europe ku Russia, machitidwe ake abwino atha chifukwa cha kufafaniza. Kupitilira pa Urals, ku Siberia, malo okhala adachepa, ndikugawikana padera. Wosaka m'modzi nthawi imeneyo nthawi yamkaka amatha kupeza zikopa za 100-150. Kuletsa pang'ono komwe kunachitika kale panthawiyo kunali kovuta kugwirira ntchito komanso kusawongolera kwenikweni. Kuletsedwa kwathunthu mu 1913-16. olamulira nawonso sanachite bwino. Pofika zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, nyamayo inali itatsala pang'ono kutha. Anthu ambiri anakhalabe kumadera osowa, ndipo ngakhale panthawiyo chifukwa chosagawika. Mu 1935, kuletsa kusaka kwathunthu kunayambitsidwa. M'mafayilo, migodi yololedwa idaloledwa.

Chofunika kwambiri pakuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu chinali kupangidwa kwa zinthu monga:

• Barguzinsky,
• Kronotsky,
• Kondo-Sosvinsky,
• Chialtaic,
• Pechora-Ilychsky,
• Sikhote-Alin,
• Sayan.

Njira zachitetezo zomwe zidaloledwa kubwezeretsa pang'onopang'ono m'maderawa, kuchokera pamenepo nyama zimakhazikika m'malo oyandikana nawo. Kubwezeretsanso kudachita mbali yabwino, nyamayo idamasulidwa kupita kumalo komwe inkapezeka, koma idawonongedwa kwathunthu. Pakadali pano, kusaka kwotseguka kuli kotseguka. Udindo wapadziko lonse lapansi - amatanthauza mitundu ya zinthu zomwe sizingade nkhawa kwambiri.

Podzafika mu 2013, panali nyama 1346300 mu nyama zachilengedwe ku Russia, ngakhale mu 2009 mudali nyama 1481900. Kutsika pang'ono kudachitika chifukwa kuwerengera kwa ziwerengero mpaka 2010 kudachitika nthawi yokolola isanachitike, poganizira kukula kwachaka, komanso zaka zotsatila, kwa omwe adzakolole. Kuchulukitsa kwa ziweto pachaka ndi 40-60%, panthawi imeneyi pafupifupi theka limakhala ndi ana a chaka. Koma kupulumuka kwawo sikokwanira kwambiri, chifukwa chosadziwa zambiri, ambiri aiwo sapulumuka nthawi yozizira.

Zoyenera - kunyada kwa Russia, ndikofunikira kusamalira kuti malo azikhala mwanjira yake yoyambirira. Sitiyeneranso kulolera kuwonjezeka kosasamala kwa chinyama chodabwala ichi. M'madera omwe chiwerengero chake ndi chaching'ono, ndikofunikira kuletsa kusaka, kuyang'anira kupereka chilolezo, ndikupatsa asodzi ena ziwembu.