M'madera louma a pulaneti lathu, mutha kukumana ndi zolengedwa zodabwitsa zazikuluzikulu za arachnids. Sayansi ya Zoological imawatcha kuti ma saltpug. Tsopano nyama zamtchire zilipo mitundu yoposa chikwi ya abale apamtima a kangaude, okhazikika pafupifupi konsekonse. Osati ku Antarctica ndi Australia kokha. Tidzawadziwa bwino zolengedwa izi komanso kuwonetsa zithunzi zokongola za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya salpugs.
Pansi pa mayina osiyanasiyana
Kutanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini, dzina la dongosolo Solifugae limatanthawuza "kuthawa dzuwa." Mayina ena awiri ndiofala padziko lapansi - phalanx ndi bihorch.
M'madera louma kumwera kwa Africa, amatchedwa "ometa tsitsi" kapena "ometa." Izi ndichifukwa chakuti mafuko akumaloko ali ndi lingaliro loti ma arthropod amadula tsitsi la anthu, komanso tsitsi la nyama, kuti athe kukonzekeretsa chisa chawo ndi iwo.
Ku Asia, amatchedwa akangaude a ngamila, koma ku Europe mumatha kumva mayina "chinyontho champhepo", kapena "kangaude woyendera dzuwa." Nzika za Uzbekistan ndi Turkmenistan zimawatcha alli hussola, zomwe zikutanthauza mutu wa ng'ombe.
Kapangidwe ka thupi
Phalanges ndi malo akuluakulu a arthropod. Mwachitsanzo, achikulire a ku Central Asia saltpug amakula mpaka 7 cm. Mitundu yotsala, pafupifupi, kuyambira 4 mpaka 5 cm.
Thupi lawo lonse limakutidwa ndi tsitsi laling'ono, ndipo utoto umadalira malo. Kwenikweni, ndimchenga wachikaso, bulauni komanso yoyera. Thupi lagawidwa magawo atatu. Mutu wake ndi wamkulu, wotukutira. Chifuwa chimagawika m'magawo atatu ofanana. Koma pamimba pake pali magawo 9-10. Aliyense ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola modabwitsa.
M'tsogolo muli ziwalo zofanana ndi miyendo. Mapeto ndi zibowo zamphamvu zokutidwa ndi chikopa champhamvu. Pakati pa arachnids, ma salpug amakhala ndi cheliceurs amphamvu kwambiri, amatha kuluma wozunzidwa pakati. Mbali zitatu za miyendo zimamangiriridwa kumutu, ndipo zina zonse zigawo za thoracic. Miyendo yakumaso ya salpug ndiyotalikirapo kuposa zina zonse.
Osaphonya patsamba lathu kwambiri-be).ru zinthu zosangalatsa za TOP 20 akangaude okongola kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Zizolowezi ndi moyo
Mosiyana ndi ma arachnids ena, awa ndi zolengedwa zamtundu wamiyala. Zoyenera kudya mwachangu, zothamanga mpaka 2 km pa ola limodzi, zimasaka usiku. Koma pali osaka masiku. Ozunzidwa ndi nyerere, chiswe, mitundu ya kachilomboka, ma arthropod. Mahema amphamvu amalola kuti muthane ndi buluzi.
Amatha kutsatira zomwe agwirira, kuwathamangitsa, kenako nkuwazungulira kumbuyo. Adaphunzira kusaka kuchokera kwa obisalira. Ming'oma ya njuchi, timatumba tambiri tambiri timatatata. Wogwiridwayo amathandizidwa ndi ziwalo zogwira, pogwiritsa ntchito maso, ndikumvanso kugwedezeka kwa nthaka.
Makhalidwe ndi machitidwe a ma phalange amaphatikiza mawonekedwe a zolengedwa zakale ndi zizindikilo za bungwe lapamwamba. Poopa ngozi, amaponyera kumbuyo kwa thupi pamutu, ndikuyamba kufinya kwambiri. Kumveketsa mawu kumeneku kumapangidwa mwa kupukuta chelicera wina ndi mnzake. Nthawi yomweyo kudumpha ndikuzungulira m'malo. Pobisala kwa adani, ma salpug amakumba maenje akuya, ndipo makomo amakutidwa ndi masamba.
Kulumwa
Maonekedwe a salpug akuwopsa kwambiri. Pali nthano kuti iwo ndi owopsa ndipo amatha kupha anthu. Koma sichoncho. Kuluma kumakhaladi kowawa, koma sikuyika pachiwopsezo kwa anthu. Alibe poizoni kapena poyizoni wakupha. Mitundu ina iluma pakhungu laumunthu mosavuta.
Chokhacho chomwe chikuyenera kuchitika pambuyo kuluma ndikuchiritsa bala kuti pasapezeke matenda. Mu chelicera, zinyalala za chakudya zomwe zimayambitsa kutupa zimasungidwa. Chifukwa chake, ichi ndi cholengedwa chopanda vuto lililonse.
Mwa njira, patsamba lathu kwambiri-be).ru mutha kupeza mndandanda wa kangaude wowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Zinyama zazing'onozi zimatha kudziwika kwambiri ndi anthu kotero kuti adadziwika ndi mayina ambiri ndi maina azitchulidwe. Mwa njira, si onse omwe amagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe awo. Tiyeni tiyambe kangaude wa salpuga, ngakhale akatswiri asayansi ya zamankhwala ali m'gulu la arachnids, silikhala la kangaude, koma mu dongosolo lake la "saltpugs".
Ndiye kuti si kangaude chotere, koma wachibale wake yekha wapamtima, wofanana ndi thupi. Ma Solpug amakhalanso ndi ma shaggi asanu ndi atatu, ndipo adakutidwa ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino, Ngakhale poyang'ana koyamba zikuwoneka kuti pali khumi a iwo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kutsogolo kwa zolengedwa izi si miyendo. Awa ndi mahema otchedwa pedipalps.
Amasewera osati pakungoyenda, koma ambiri aiwo amapezeka kuti akukhudza. Miyendo yonse isanu ndi itatu ili ndi zibwano zolimba, komanso zopatsidwa makapu oyamwa ali pakati pawo, zomwe zimalola kuti eni ake azitha kukwera pamwamba osati pokhapokha, komanso pamalo osalala.
Monga akangaude, zolengedwa zathu zimakhala ndi thunthu lomangidwa mbali ziwiri zazikulu, yokutidwa ndi bristles ndi tsitsi. Yoyamba mwa iwo ndi cephalothorax wodzilekanitsa, wotetezedwa bwino ndi chipolopolo cha chitinous. Pamutu pa salpug, malovu awiri amatha kusiyanasiyana. Mwina ndi omwe adayambitsa dzina lina lamoyo: kangaude wa ngamira.
Pamaso pa nyama zotere, mawonekedwe ake omwe amatha kulingaliridwa bwino kujambulidwa salpugiziwalo zambiri zofunika zimapezeka. Zodziwika kwambiri mwa izo ndi opirira, olimba, ofiira, ofika zibwano zamphongo, ngati ma arachnids onse, omwe amadziwika ndi chelicera.
Crescent yoboola pakati, madera akumtunda komanso otsika a nsagwada zonse ziwirizi zolumikizidwa ndimalumikizidwe ndikupatsidwa mano. Izi ndi zida zofunika kwambiri podziteteza komanso kuukira. Palinso maso anayi pa cephalothorax kutsogolo ndi mbali zonse ziwiri.
Amapangidwa mwadongosolo, monga zinkhanira, abale ena apamtima a salpug. Ziwalo zoterezi zimatha kuwona osati kuwala kokha, komanso zimayankha mwachangu kuthamanga kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapatsa zolengedwa zotere zabwino pakusaka ndi kuteteza kwa adani.
Kumbuyo kwa thupi ndi khosi lalikulu, lofanana ndi khosi lomwe limalumikizidwa kutsogolo ndi mtundu ngati "chiuno". Amapangidwa ndimagulu khumi olekanitsidwa ndi poyambira osiyana siyana, omwe amafanana ndi mizere ya phalanx.
Ndipo izi zidapereka dzina lina la zolengedwa izi. "Phalanges" ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri, ngakhale sawerengedwa kuti si olondola. Zimangotipangitsa kusokoneza amuna athu okongola ndi abale enanso ochokera ku gulu la arachnid, phalanx kapena, mwanjira ina, hayfields.
Tikuzindikiranso kuti poyerekeza ndi zolengedwa zina zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi iwo, ma salpug ndi achikale mbali imodzi, monga zikuwonekera ndi kapangidwe ka miyendo ndi thupi lawo. Koma mbali inayo, amatukuka kwambiri, chifukwa ali ndi pulogalamu yamphamvu kwambiri, yamphamvu yama tracheas yokhala ndi maulendo awiriawiri, yotuluka. Ziwalo zopumira izi zimaphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe amitsempha yamagalasi, omwe amayika thupi lonse la arachnids athu.
Mitundu ya zolengedwa zotere imatha kukhala ya bulauni, yachikaso, yoyera, komanso yosowa kwambiri. Kwambiri, zimatengera malo. Zipululu zosiyanasiyana zimapakidwa matoni amchenga, ndipo okhala m'malo otentha omwe ali ndi masamba ambiri ndiwowoneka bwino.
"Kubisala dzuwa" - Umu ndi momwe dzina lalikulu la cholengedwa limasuliridwira kuchokera ku Chilatini. Ndipo kuchokera apa, mawu oti "salpuga"Ndiponso sikuwonetsa zenizeni, ndiye kuti, zizolowezi zolengedwa. Inde, mitundu yake yokwanira imadziwika, yomwe imakonda usiku ndi tsiku ndikuyesera kuthawa kuchokera pakuwala kwa dzuwa pamthunzi.
Palinso mitundu ya thermophilic yomwe tsiku lake ndi nthawi yayikulu yogwira ntchito. Ndipo chitsimikiziro cha mfundo iyi ndi amodzi mwa mayina achingerezi pazomwe tafotokozazi, zomwe zimatanthauzira ngati "kangaude wa dzuwa."
Chipangizochi ndichachikulu kwambiri. Banja limodzi lokha, limaphatikizapo zidutswa 13. Amagawidwa kukhala genera 140, okhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi chikwi. Yakwana nthawi kuti mudziwane ndi ena oimira a bihorca (ili ndi dzina lina, ngakhale siligwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni).
1. Salpuga wamba omwe amagawidwa kwambiri kum'mwera kwa Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, ndi Middle East. Izi ndi zolengedwa zausiku, masana zikupeza chitetezo m'chilengedwe chapansi pansi pamiyala, komanso m'makumba omwe adakumbidwa ndi ntchito zawo kapena kusiya ndodo.
Pafupipafupi, ma arachnids otero okhala ndi miyendo amatalika pafupifupi 5 cm. Kapangidwe kake kamtundu wake ndi mchenga, kumtunda kwakuda pang'ono kuposa m'munsi. Zovala zawo za chelice ndizamphamvu.
Ndipo ngakhale chiwonetserochi chili cholimba kwambiri kotero kuti chimatha kupirira kulemera kwake kwa nyama zotere, mawonekedwe amkamwa oterewa sangakulume kudzera pakhungu la munthu. Ndipo kuluma nsagwada chifukwa cha kusowa kwa timinyewa tapoizoni m'makampaniyo kulibe vuto. Ndizowopsa, koma kwa akangaude ena ndi zinkhanira, komanso nyama zina zapakatikati.
2. Transcaspian bihorca imapezeka ku Central Asia. Ndiwotchukirapo kuposa oimira mitundu yam'mbuyomu ndipo ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 7. Mbali yakumbuyo ya zolengedwa zoterezi imakhala yofiyira, kumbuyo ndiko imvi. Pamwamba pamakhala timizere tatifupi komanso tatifupi tosinthika, nthawi zina timakhala ndi mzere wopendekera wautali wodutsa pakati pa kumbuyo.
3. Smoky Bihorch - woimira gulu lalikulu, wopezeka madera otentha pafupi nafe, makamaka ku Turkmenistan. Mbali yakutsogolo ya zolengedwa zotere ndi chikasu cholemera, mbali yakumbuyoyo imakhala yosuta, yodziwika ndi mzere wakuda wa bulauni pakati. Makulidwe amtunduwu amasiyana kwambiri.
Pali zoyerekeza zazing'ono, koma zazikuluzikulu za 20 cm zalembedwa. Sitingathe kudziwa mitundu yonse ya arachnids ochokera pachidziwikire ichi. Chifukwa chake, okhawo omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri kumayiko a ku Europe ndi omwe amaganiziridwa.
Koma ndikofunikira kunena kuti kuchokera ku mitundu ya ku Africa yokha asayansi ndi omwe adazindikira ndikufotokoza dongosolo la mitundu mazana angapo. Nyama zoterezi zimakonda kupezeka kumayiko a Asia ndi America. Ku Europe Salpuga amakhala makamaka kum'mwera: ku Greece, Portugal, Spain, ku Central Asia, kumwera kwa Russia.
Moyo & Habitat
Awa ndi nyama zolimba mtima, zopanda pake komanso zodala, zomwe zimatha kudzimenya molimba mtima ndikudziteteza mwanzeru. Zida zawo zazikulu ndizovala za chelicera. Pakumenyedwa, ma salpug adzalimbitsa ndi milomo yawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawu ofanana ndi kubowola. Kuwala kwa kusintha kwachilengedwe kumeneku ndikosangalatsa.
Anthu okhala ku South Africa amauza nthano kuti zolengedwa zoterezi zimayenera kudula tsitsi laumunthu ndi nyama ndi chelicera. Ndipo zifaniziro zofananira ndizosinthidwa ndi okhala pansi panthaka. Kuchokera pamenepa, anzathu adalandira dzina la osoka tsitsi kapena obanda. Koma kukhulupirika kwa nkhani izi ndizovuta kutsimikizira.
Komabe chimphona chachikulukukhala m'malo otentha kumatha kuvulaza osati khungu laumunthu ndi kuluma misomali, komanso kuonongeka mafupa osalimba a mbalame. Ngakhale zili zowopsa kwa anthu, zolengedwa zotere mulimonsemo sizingatheke.
Koma ma bichors amatha kudumphira kumtunda wa mita. Ndipo amathamanga mothamanga kwambiri kukula kwawo, chofanana ndi kuyendetsa njinga kapena kuthamanga kwa mphepo. Chifukwa cha talente iyi, adamupangira dzina limodzi - "zinkhanira zamphepo". Malo awo okhala nthawi zambiri amakhala malo achipululu, mulimonsemo, madera okhala ndi kotentha komanso kotentha. Ndipo mitundu yochepa yokha ndi yomwe imapezeka munkhalango.
Masamba ambiri amchere ndi omwe amabisala usiku m'malo obisalamo masana. Ndiwotchinga ndi chilengedwe. Komanso, zolengedwa ngati izi, ngati chitetezo, amakonda kusintha malo awo okhala momwe zingathere nthawi zambiri.
Komabe, ali pafupifupi osawopa anthu. Ndipo chifukwa chake, munthu m'dera lomwe ma arachnids omwewo adamera, kukumana nawo ndikosavuta. Nthawi zambiri amapita kukacheza kunyumba za anthu. Ndipo ngati wina akukumana ndi mantha nthawi yomweyo, okhalamo, ndi alendo osadziwika, m'malo mwake, amve ngati eni.
Koma ngakhale ma salpugs sawona kuti akuyenera kuwonekera popanda chifukwa, ndikokwanira kuyatsa moto poyera pamalo amdima usiku, ndipo zolengedwa zingapo zoterezi zimadzathamangira kukuwala kosakonekerako, kowoneka kutali.
Kuswana
Nthawi yakukhwima kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma phalanges zimatengera gawo lokhalamo. Matenga nthawi zambiri amapezeka usiku. Yaikazi imakopa amuna ndi fungo lapadera.
Amuna amabisa ma spermatophores, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi chelicera amawasamutsira ku kutsegulira maliseche a akazi. Njira yonseyi imatenga mphindi ziwiri mpaka zinayi.
Akakhwima, yamphongo imathawa mwachangu kuti mkazi asakwaniritse njala yake. Mu thupi la chachikazi, kakulidwe ndi kapangidwe kazakudya zophatikiza zimachitika. Munthawi imeneyi, amadya kwambiri, ndipo patapita kanthawi amaikira mazira mu kukhumudwa komwe anakonzera kale m'nthaka.
Ndipo tsopano mwatsatanetsatane tidzalankhula za mitundu ya salpugs omwe amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Common / Galeode araneoides
Mtunduwu, womwe umapezeka ku Russia komanso mayiko a Central Asia, umatchulidwanso kuti South Russia saltpug. Kuphatikiza kumwera kwa Russia, amapezeka kumaponda kwa Ukraine, Kazakhstan. Madera osiyanasiyana amakhala kuchokera ku Egypt kupita ku Afghanistan.
Amuna akuluakulu amafika masentimita 6. Akazi ndi ocheperako - osaposa 4,5 cm. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi mtundu wamtambo wachikasu, ndipo kumbuyo kwanu mumatha kuwona malo ang'onoang'ono akuda.
Akatswiri a zoology amakhulupirira kuti malo omwe amapezeka m'dera lamakono la Volgograd. Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba ndi katswiri wazamanyama waku Russia Peter Pallas. Mu 1772, adawonetsa nzika za kum'mwera kwa mapiri, zipululu komanso madera ena mwa gulu lasayansi.
Arab Salpuga / Galeode arabicus
Dera lokhalanso phaphalaph, lomwe limawoneka bwino, limangokhala mayiko a North Africa ndi Peninsula ya Arabia. Wotsogola "wa Arabia" amadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi ma arthropod ena.
Amakula mpaka masentimita 5. Thupi lonse ndi miyendo zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali. Amakhala moyo wamadzulo, ndipo masana amabisala dzuwa ndi adani pansi pamiyala, m'makola, pamingala.
Osakhala poizoni, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala kumapeto kwa nyumba. Kunyumba, ndi owonekera bwino, koma ndibwino kuti musamamwe.
Utsi / Galeode fumigatus
Anthu okhala kumadera achipululu ku Turkmenistan ali ndi mtundu wa bulauni. Palinso anthu akuda kwathunthu. Mtundu uwu, mwachidziwikire, umatha kuwopsa.
Amakula mpaka 7cm kutalika, chifukwa chake amawerengedwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa oyimira akuluakulu amtundu wa Galeode. Amawatsata usiku, pakati pa tsiku lomwe amabisala. Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito dzenje lomwelo, koma ambiri amapeza pobisalirako tsiku lililonse.
Yendani mwachangu ndi miyendo yoyenda. Kuchitachita ichi timawonjezera kuti amatha kuthana ndi zopinga zosadukiza.
Trans-Caspian Saltpug / Galeode Caspius
Mtunduwu umadziwikanso pansi pa dzina la Camel Spider. Dzinali linapatsidwa nzika za kumapeto a Kazakhstan ndi Kyrgyzstan, koma kwenikweni si kangaude konse.
Zikuwoneka zowopsa kwambiri, koma kwa munthu sizowopsa, popeza sizoyipa.
Zitha kupweteka kuluma. Maganizo ake ndi aukali. Itha kugwiranso ndi zinkhanira zoopsa. Chipilala chachikulu chomwe chimamera mpaka 7 cm chimatha kupirira mosavuta ndi cholengedwa chakupha.
Mtundu wa mutu ndi chifuwa ndi zofiirira zofiirira pang'ono. Koma pamimba pawo pali imvi.
Crimea mchere
Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kangaude wa Crimea ku madera ozizira a kumwera kwa chilumba, mutha kukumana ndi ma phalanges okongola. Mosiyana ndi ma tarantulas ndi karakurt, si oopsa.
Amafika kutalika kwa 5 mpaka 6. Mtundu wake ndi wopepuka. Zimagwira ntchito yakuda, osaka nyama, abuluzi ang'ono, zinkhanira.
Mtunduwu umakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziwalo zamawonedwe zomwe zimawapatsa chidwi. Sangowona wozunzidwayo, komanso akumva kuyandikira kwa kugwedezeka kwa nthaka.Ndizofunikira, koma saopa anthu ndipo atha kulowa nawo msonkhano woyatsa alendo.
Ammotrechidae
Timaliza ndi banja lalikulu la mitundu yoposa 80. Oimira banja amapezeka m'malo opezeka kumpoto ndi Latin America. Mtundu umodzi wa nyama zakale, dzina lake Happylodontus proterus, umapezeka ku amber Dominican ku Haiti.
Mitundu yonse ya 80 ndi yolumikizidwa ndi akatswiri azamanyama mu genera 20. Zinyama zodya usiku zimatha kuthana ndi chiswe, tizilombo tambiri, zazing'onozing'ono.
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nyama idapezeka m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ku Venezuela ndi Chile. Chithunzi cha salpug chimapezeka pazithunzi za Incas, fuko la Mayan.
Ndani ali wamphamvu: salpuga kapena chinkhanira?
Timaliza nkhani yathu yokongola kwambiri yokhudza ma saltpugs omwe ali ndi mfundo zosangalatsa za ma arachnids odabwitsa awa.
- Amadziwika kuti dzina lenileni la salpug "limathawa dzuwa", koma ku Spain amatchedwa "akangaude". Mtundu wa mchere wa ku Central Asia wokonda dzuwa ku Raga galeode heliophilus umathanso kudutsa tsikulo masana.
- Ngati salpuga iperekedwa ndi chakudya chokwanira chomwe sichikufunika kusakidwa, chimadya mpaka m'mimba chitaphulika.
- Anthu okongola olimba mtima padziko lapansi. Popanda mantha, imagwira nyama zomwe ndizochulukirapo koposa kukula kwake.
- M'madera akumwera kwa Russia pali mitundu pafupifupi 50. Ambiri aiwo alembedwa mu Buku Lofiira.
- Pa intaneti ya YouTube, mutha kupeza mavidiyo omwe salpuga amalimbana ndi tarantula, amalimbana ndi scolopendras ndi zolengedwa zina zapoizoni.
- Amathamanga kwambiri, akuswa masentimita 52 pamphindi 1. Amatha kudumpha mpaka mita, ndipo ena amatha kudumpha mpaka 3 mita kutalika.
- Mu 1913, nkhokwe zakale kwambiri za Protosolpuga carbonaria Petrunkevitch zidapezeka ku United States. Mupezeni mu zosungidwa za nthawi ya Carboniferous. Chifukwa chake, ma phalange oyamba adawonekera padziko lapansi 340-300 miliyoni zapitazo.
- Solpuga sapezeka kwenikweni mu nthano za anthu, koma pazina zingapo za nyama ku Kazakhstan pamakhala zojambula za wokhala modabwitsa pamatanthwewa.
Etymology
Latin squad dzina Solifugae kutanthauzira kumatanthauza "kuthawa dzuwa." Ku South Africa, salpug amatchedwa omangamanga (“Okonza tsitsi”) kapena oyeserera ("Ophunzira"). Mayinawa amatanthauza ma stereotypes am'derali omwe ma salpugs okhala ndi cheliceurs champhamvu amatha kudula tsitsi la anthu ndi nyama ndikuwongolera zisa zawo mobisa.
Chelicera
Ma chelicerae akulu ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zowoneka bwino za salpug. Mwa arachnids onse, ma salpug amakhala ndi cheliceurs wamphamvu kwambiri komanso okhazikika kwambiri omwe amatha kuluma ndi msomali wamunthu. Iliyonse ya chelicerae imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri zolumikizidwa ndi zolumikizirana, zomwe zimapanga chivundikiro chofanana ndi nkhanu. Pamano a chelicera amapezeka, kuchuluka kwake kumasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu. Mphamvu ya chelicera imalola ma salpug kudula tsitsi ndi nthenga za wogwidwayo kapena kugwa, kudula khungu komanso ngakhale mafupa owonda (mbalame). Akaukira, salpugi amatulutsa kuboola kapena kusefa kwa mikanganoyo.
Kufalitsa
Ma salpug ndi chikhalidwe cha malo achipululu. Kudera la USSR yakale, adapezeka kumpoto chakum'mwera kwa boma la Crimea, m'chigawo cha Lower Volga (Saratov, Volgograd, dera la Astrakhan, Kalmykia), ku North Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia, m'malo opezeka ku Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (Osh dera), Tajikistan, ku Europe amadziwikanso ku Spain, Portugal ndi Greece. Mwa ma kontrakitala palibe ku Australia ndi Antarctica.
Ma Synonyms
Ma salpug ali ndi mayina angapo asayansi (Solifugae Sundevall, 1833, Solpugida, Solpugides, Solpugae, Galeodea, Mycetophorae) ndi angapo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati (Russia - salpugs (also solfugs), phalaxes, bichors (nawonso bihorchs), Chingerezi - ngamila, ngamila zinkhanira, kangaude wa dzuwa, waku South Africa - amuna ofiira okonda, olemba moto, owongolera, Tajik ndi Uzbek - calli hussola (mutu wa ng'ombe).
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Ma Solpug ndi gulu la ma arachnids omwe ali ndi mayina osiyanasiyana wamba. Mitundu yamchere imakhala yokhayokha, ilibe poizoni wapoizoni ndipo siziwopseza anthu, ngakhale imakhala yolimba kwambiri ndipo imayenda mwachangu ndipo imatha kuyambitsa kupweteka.
Dzinali "salpuga" limachokera ku Latin "solifuga" (mtundu wa nyerere zapoizoni kapena kangaude), pomwepo, amachokera ku "fugere" (kuthamanga, kuuluka, kuthawa) ndi sol (dzuwa). Zamoyo zosiyanazi zimakhala ndi mayina angapo odziwika mu Chingerezi ndi ku Africa, ambiri omwe amaphatikiza mawu akuti "kangaude" kapena ngakhale "chinkhanira." Ngakhale sichikhala chimodzi kapena chimzake, kangaude ndiwabwino ndi chinkhanira. Mawu oti "kangaude" amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mitundu yomwe imagwira ntchito masana, yomwe imapewa kupewa kutentha ndikudziponya okha kuchokera kumithunzi kupita pamthunzi, nthawi zambiri imapangitsa chidwi kwa munthu kuti akumuthamangitsa.
Kanema: Solpuga
Mawu akuti "Roman ofiira" mwina amachokera ku liwu lachiafrikana "rooiman" (munthu wofiira) chifukwa cha mtundu wofiirira wa mitundu ina. Mawu omwe amatchuka kuti "woweta" amatanthauza "oteteza" ndipo amachokera ku chikhalidwe chodabwitsa cha zina mwa nyamazi akamagwiritsa ntchito khola la nyama. Zikuwoneka kuti salpug yachikazi imawona tsitsi kukhala malo oyenera chisa. Malipoti akuGauteng ati salpugs imadula tsitsi kumutu wa anthu osakayikira. Ma salpug sioyenera kudula tsitsi, ndipo mpaka zitatsimikiziridwa, izi ziyenera kukhala nthano, ngakhale zimatha kuphwanya thunthu la nthenga za mbalame.
Mayina ena a salpug amaphatikizapo kangaude wa dzuwa, akangaude a ku Roma, zinkhanira zam'mphepo, akangaude ammphepo kapena akangaude a ngamila. Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti amagwirizana kwambiri ndi pseudoscorpions, koma izi zimatsutsidwa ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa.
Gulu
Dongosolo ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 1,000 kuchokera ku genera 140, logawidwa m'mabanja 13.
- Ammotrechidae Roewer, 1934 - 20 genera ndi mitundu 80, Kumpoto ndi South America
- Ceromidae Roewer, 1933 - 3 genera, 20 mitundu, Africa
- Daesiidae Kraepelin, 1899 - 29 genera ndi mitundu 180, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia
- Eremobatidae Kraepelin, 1899 - 7 genera, mitundu 190, North ndi Central America
- Galeodidae Sundevall, 1833 - 9 genera ndi mitundu 200, Africa, Europe, Asia
- Gylippidae Roewer, 1933 - 5 genera ndi mitundu 25, South Africa, Asia
- Hexisopodidae Pocock, 1897 - 2 genera ndi mitundu 25, South Africa
- Karschiidae Kraepelin, 1899 - 4 genera ndi 40 mitundu, North Africa, Greece, Asia
- Melanoblossidae Roewer, 1933 - 6 genera ndi mitundu 16, South Africa, Vietnam, Indonesia
- Mummuciidae Roewer, 1934 - 10 genera ndi mitundu 18, South America
- Rhagodidae Pocock, 1897 - 27 genera ndi mitundu 98, Africa, Asia
- Solpugidae Leach, 1815 - 23 genera ndi mitundu 200, Africa, Iraq
- † Protosolpugidae - mtundu umodzi wofotokozedwa ndi zokwirira zakale wochokera ku Pennsylvania (USA).
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Kususuka kwa akangaude ndi zachilengedwe mwachilengedwe. Awa ndi odyera enieni osadziwa kukwiya. Tizilombo zazikulu, nyama zazing'ono zimakhala chakudya. Mphutsi zamatabwa, milili, akangaude, chimbudzi, nsikidzi, tizilombo timalowa m'zakudya.
Phalanx Imagwira zinthu zonse zam'madzi zomwe zimayenda ndikufanana ndi kukula kwake mpaka itagwa kuchokera pakudya mopitilira muyeso. Ku California, akangaude amawononga ming'oma ya njuchi, kuthana ndi abuluzi, mbalame zazing'ono ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Zowopsa zowononga ndi ma salpug okha, omwe amatha kudya awiri awo atagonana, amakhala ozunzidwa.
Solpuga amadya buluzi
Kangaudeyu amagwira nyama mwachangu. Kudya mtembo wadziduladula, chelicerae knead. Kenako chakudyacho chimakhala chothiriridwa ndi mandimu ogaya ndipo chimakamizidwa ndi salpuga.
Chakudya chikatha, m'mimba mumakula kwambiri, kukula kosaka kumatha kwakanthawi kochepa. Mapulogalamu osunga akangaude m'malo owunikira amayenera kuwunika kuchuluka kwa chakudya, momwe phalanx imatha kufa chifukwa cha kususuka.
Zosangalatsa
Pali zaka pomwe kuchuluka kwa ma salpug kukukula kwambiri kotero kuti amangoukira nyumba za anthu, kumakwawa kulikonse komwe akufuna. Ndipo izi sizichitika m'maiko otentha okha, komanso zigawo za Russia. Makamaka, dzulo lapitalo m'chigawo cha Volgograd, osati zolengedwa zokongola kwambiri, zotchedwa ma scorpion am'malo m'malo amenewo, zidawopseza anthu akale a famu ya Shebalino motere.
Crimea mchere imatha kuwononga ena onse omwe amabwera kudzacheza m'malo amenewo. Zovuta zimadziwika pamene zolengedwa zopanda mantha zidaziluka ndikudzizimitsa kuti zizitenthereza pamakampasi omwe amakhala pamoto. Omwe ali ndi izi nthawi zambiri amalangizidwa kuti akhale odekha.
Kupatula apo, kuchita zinthu mwankhanza, kukuwa ndi kugwedeza manja ndi njira yothandiza pothana ndi vutoli. Timapanga izi, kuthamanga ndi kudumphira. Inde, adzathamangira kubwezera. Ndikosavuta kuwapwanya pamtunda wokhazikika, pokhapokha pokhazikika.
Koma zotsatira zazikulu kuchokera kuukira kwawo siziyenera kuyembekezedwanso. Satha kuluma ndi nsalu zokulungidwa, koma ngati amatha kukwawa mkati mwa zovala kapena m'chihema, nkufika pamaso pawo, pomwepo amatha kubweretsa zovuta.
Salpuga kuluma osati zopweteka kwambiri komanso poyizoni. Koma poganizira kuti zolengedwa zosakwanira izi ndizopanda pake, zimatha kuyambitsa mabala omwe amapangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chakudya chowola chomwe timangokhalira kusaka komanso chakudya chochuluka.
Kuwonongeka kwa poizoni kotereku pamafunde kungayambitse kutupa kapenanso kuyambitsa magazi poyizoni. Ndipo chifukwa chake, malo owonongeka amayenera kuthandizidwa mwachangu ndi peroxide, ayodini kapena wobiriwira wanzeru.
Kenako muyenera kuyika chovala choyera chothira ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ndikwabwino kutsanulira mankhwala ochepa m'm bala, kenako ndikuphimba chilichonse ndi pulasitala. Mpaka pomwe kuwonongeka kukutsekerani kwathunthu, ndibwino kusinthanso kuvala.
Kodi mawonekedwe amchere amawoneka bwanji?
Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama kumangofika pa 5 mpaka 7 cm. Mosiyana ndi arachnids anzawo, thupi la salpuga limagawika m'magawo atatu: m'mimba, chifuwa ndi mutu. Gawoli la thoracic limagawidwa m'magawo atatu.
Solpuga (lat.Solifugae)
Thupi lonse la nyama limakutidwa ndi tsitsi laling'ono. Mtundu wa salpuga umatha kukhala wa bulauni kapena wachikasu.
Kodi odula waya ang'ono awa amakhala kuti?
Malo awo amakhala zipululu. Zimapezeka kumakontinenti onse, kupatula ku Antarctica ndi Australia. Ku Europe ku Europe, ma phalanges amakhala ku Spain ndi Greece. Ma arachnids awa amapezeka ku Central Asia, mwachitsanzo, ku Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, ndi Kazakhstan. Gawo la dera lathu, salpugs amakhala ku Crimea, mdera la Volgograd, ku Kalmykia ndi m'chigawo cha Astrakhan.
Moyo wamakhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe mwachilengedwe
Nyengo yanthaka, yotentha ndiyabwino kwa nyama izi: Mitundu yocheperako yokha ya ma arachnid awa omwe amakhala m'malo a nkhalango. Ntchito yayikulu imachitika mumdima, masana phalax amakonda kubisala m'misasa. Ndizosatheka kudziwa chizolowezi cha a Salpug kuti asinthe nyumba zawo usiku uliwonse, okhawo oimira gulu ili omwe "amakhala okhulupilika" kunyumba kwawo.
Salpuga pamiyala.
Kuti muwone nyamayi, simuyenera kuchita zambiri, ingoyatsa kapena kuyatsa moto madzulo - awa asanu ndi atatu okhala ndi zida alipo kale!
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kusuntha mwachangu (mpaka 16 km / h) ndikutumphukira kwambiri, ma salpug amatchedwa "Scorpion mphepo".
Kodi ma phalanges amadya chiyani?
Izi ndi adani olusa! Komanso, okonda kwambiri. Tsopano mudziwa chifukwa chake kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi amatchedwa osusuka. Salpuga ikagwira nyama, imadyanso osayima, ngakhale nyama itakhala yayikulu kuposa kukula kwake.
Nthawi zina nyama iyi idadya mpaka pamimba pake idaphulika. Koma ngakhale amwalira, phalanx adapitilizabe kudya zotsalira za womenyedwayo! Ndizosatheka kulingalira, koma zilipo!
Nsagwada za salpuga wamkulu zimatha kuluma kudzera pakhungu la munthu.
Zakudya za nyama zamtunduwu zimaphatikizapo ziwala, nsabwe za nkhuni, zinkhanira, kafadala, akangaude, abuluzi ngakhale anapiye ang'onoang'ono!
Kodi kubereka bwanji mu phalanges
Ndipo m'mbali iyi ya moyo, a Salpug amawonetsa mawonekedwe awo osusuka. Akangotha, phalax yachikazi imatha kudya yamphongo, choncho amuna amakonda kusowa pamaso pa mnzawo.
Wamkazi amapanga mabowo mu dzenje lomwe amakumba. Mu nyengo imodzi yobereketsa, salpuga yachikazi imatha kuyikira mazira 30 mpaka 200. Pakatha milungu iwiri ndi itatu, m'badwo wachinyamata wa salpug amabadwa.
Akangaude a Salpugi samasokoneza kuluma.
Kodi phalanx yoopsa ndi ziti zomwe muyenera kudziwa ndikuluma
Ngakhale salpuga ilibe poizoni, kuluma kwake kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pali chakudya chovunda chambiri chomwe chatsalira pa chelicera ("chida" cham'kamwa chomwe chimalola kuluma), chomwe, chikalumidwa, chimalowa m'thupi la munthu, chimayambitsa matenda. Ngati simukuthandiza pakapita nthawi pang'ono ndikuluma kwa salpuga, ndiye kuti zotsatirapo zake zingakhale zosasangalatsa.
Nyama zosawerengeka siziopa anthu, ndipo salpugas ndi ena mwa izo.
Popewa kutenga matenda, muyenera kuthana ndi bala ndi mankhwala opaka ndi bandeji kapena chigamba, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito gel kapena mafuta opaka ndi antiotic. Kuvala kumachitika tsiku lililonse mpaka mabala amachiritsa.
Komabe, ndi akulu okha omwe amatha kuluma pakhungu laumunthu, nyama zazing'ono sizingachite izi.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Kodi salpug imawoneka bwanji?
Thupi la salpuga limagawidwa pawiri: mapira (carapace) ndi opistosome (m'mimba patsekeke).
Mapira ali ndi magawo atatu:
- propeltidium (mutu) uli ndi chelicera, maso, ma pedipalps ndi awiri awiri oyamba a paws,
- mesopeltidium imakhala ndi gawo lachitatu la ma paws,
- metapeltidium ili ndi gawo lachinayi la paws.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Zikuwoneka kuti salpug ili ndi miyendo 10, koma zowonadi, zowonjezera zowonjezera ndizovala zolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga kumwa, kugwira, kudyetsa, kukhwima ndi kukwera.
Chowoneka chachilendo kwambiri cha salpug ndi ziwalo zokhazikitsidwa ndi mapangidwe apamwamba a malangizo awo. Amadziwika kuti ma saltpug ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalozi pokwerera pamwamba, koma izi sizofunikira kuthengo. Mawamba onse ali ndi mawonekedwe. Ma tamba oyamba ndi ochepa komanso aafupi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ziwalo zooneka ngati tactile (mahema), osati osunthika ndipo mwina kapena osakhala ndi zopindika zolakwika.
Salpug, pamodzi ndi ma pseudocorpions, alibe patella (gawo la paw lomwe limapezeka mu kangaude, zinkhanira ndi ma arachnids ena). Gawo lachinayi la paws ndilitali kwambiri ndipo lili ndi ma ankolo, ziwalo zapadera zomwe mwina zimakhala ndi katundu wa chemosensory. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi timiyala tambiri 5, pomwe ana ali ndi awiriawiri.
Ma salpug amasiyanasiyana kukula kwake (kutalika kwa 10-70 mm) ndipo amatha kukhala ndi kutalika kotalika mpaka 160 mm. Mutu wake ndi waukulu, umagwirizana kwambiri ndi chelicera (nsagwada). Propeltidium (carapace) imadzuka kuti ikwaniritse minofu yolimba yomwe imayang'anira chelicera. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apansi apa, dzina la "ngamila akangaude" limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku America. Chelicera ali ndi chala cholimba chakumaso ndi chala chosasunthika, onse ali ndi mano okhathamira kuphwanya nyama. Mano awa ndi amodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira salpug.
Mtundu wa salpug uli ndi maso awiri osavuta pa kabudula wamaso wakumbuyo kwa mbali ya propeltidium, koma sizikudziwikabe ngati akungopepuka ndi mumdima kapena ali ndi luso loona. Amakhulupirira kuti masomphenyawa amatha kukhala owala komanso ogwiritsa ntchito poonera nyama zakuthambo. Zinapezeka kuti maso ndiovuta kwambiri, motero kufufuza kwina ndikofunikira. Maso achizolowezi nthawi zambiri samapezeka.
Kodi kachidutswa kamchere kamakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Solpuga ku Russia
Gulu la saltpug limaphatikizapo mabanja khumi ndi awiri, pafupifupi 150 genera ndi mitundu yoposa 900 padziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka ku zipululu zam'malo otentha komanso ku Africa, Middle East, West Asia ndi America. Ku Africa, amapezekanso m'malo a mitengo komanso nkhalango.Amapezeka ku United States ndi Southern Europe, koma osati ku Australia kapena New Zealand. Mabanja awiri okhala ndi mchere ku North America ndi Ammotrechidae ndi Eremobatidae, onse pamodzi ophatikizidwa ndi genera 11 ndi mitundu pafupifupi 120. Ambiri aiwo amapezeka kumadzulo kwa United States. Chosiyanacho ndi Ammotrechella stimpsoni, yemwe amapezeka pansi pa khungwa la Florida wokhala ndi chidebe.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Solpugs fluoresce pansi pa kuwunikira kwina kwamagetsi ndi mphamvu, ndipo ngakhale sakhala owala ngati zinkhanira, iyi ndi njira yowasonkhanitsira. Magetsi a Ultraviolet LED sagwira ntchito pamalcug.
Ma salpug amaonedwa ngati chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha malo okhala m'chipululu ndipo amakhala pafupifupi m'malo onse otentha a Middle East komanso zitsamba kuzinthu zonse kupatula Australia ndi Antarctica. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti salpug sangapezeke ku Antarctica, koma bwanji palibe Australia? Tsoka ilo, ndizovuta kunena - ndizovuta kwambiri kuyang'ana ma salpug kuthengo, ndipo sakhala mu ukapolo. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuphunzira. Popeza pali ma subspugs pafupifupi 1,100, pali kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumawonekera ndi zomwe amadya.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe salpuga amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe kangaudeyu amadya.
Kodi salpuga amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Salpuga Spider
Solpug amagwira tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, akangaude, zinkhanira, zodzikongoletsera zazing'ono, mbalame zakufa, ngakhalenso wina ndi mnzake. Mitundu ina ndi nyama yodya chiweto chokha. Masaliti ena amakhala pamthunzi ndipo amabisalira nyama zawo. Ena amapha nyama yawo, ndipo akangoyigwira ndi chida champhamvu komanso zoopsa zamkono zamphamvu, nthawi yomweyo amadya, pomwe wozunzidwayo akadali ndi moyo.
Kanemayo adawonetsa kuti ma salpug agwira nyama yawo mothandizidwa ndi otambalala, pogwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zam'mbali zothandizira kuphatikiza ndi womenyedwayo. Chiwalo chokomacho nthawi zambiri sichioneka, chifukwa chimatsekeka m'milomo ya dorsal ndi ventral cuticular. Mtundu wa nyama ukangogwira ndikuwasamutsira ku chelicera, gland yotseka imatseka. Kuti mutsegule ndi kutulutsa chida cham'mawere, kukakamiza kwa hemolymph kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chimawoneka ngati lilime lalifupi. Zida zomata ndizowoneka kuti ndizo mphamvu za Van der Waals.
Mitundu yambiri yamchereyi ndi nyama zomwe zimadya usiku, zomwe zimatuluka nthawi zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi ma arthropod osiyanasiyana. Alibe poizoni. Monga zilombo zakutchire, zimadziwikanso pakudya za abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, mbalame ndi zinyama. M'madera achipululu cha North America, magawo a salpug samatha kudya. Salpuga saphonya mwayi umodzi wakudya. Ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe njala, ma salpug amawadya. Iwo amadziwa bwino kwambiri kuti nthawi zidzavuta kupeza chakudya. Ma salps amatha kudziunjikira mafuta m'thupi kuti azitha kukhala munthawizo pomwe safuna chakudya chambiri.
Pazifukwa zina, ma salpug nthawi zina amapita pambuyo pa chisa cha nyerere, kumangang'amba nyererezo pakati kumanja ndi kumanzere, mpaka atazunguliridwa ndi mulu waukulu wa mitembo yodulidwa pakati. Asayansi ena amaganiza kuti mwina akupha nyerere kuti azisunga ngati chakudya chamtsogolo, koma mu 2014, a Reddick adasindikiza nkhani yokhudza chakudya cha Salpug, ndipo pamodzi ndi wolemba nawo adapeza kuti a Salpug sakonda kudya nyerere. Kulongosola kwinanso kwa izi kungakhale kuti akufuna kuyesa chisa cha nyerere kuti apeze malo abwino ndikuthawira ku dzuwa lachipululu, koma zoona zake sizikudziwika chifukwa chake amachita.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Crimean Solpuga
Masaliti ambiri samakhala usiku, kumatha tsiku lonse mkati mwa buttress, m'makola kapena pansi pa khungwa, ndipo akuwoneka kuti amakhala pansi ndikudikirira kuti agone. Palinso mitundu ina ya diurnal, yomwe imakhala yopakidwa utoto wowala bwino ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka komanso yakuda m'litali lathunthu la thupi, pomwe mitundu ya usiku imakhala yotuwa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu. Thupi la mitundu yambiri imakutidwa ndi bristles ofitali osiyanasiyana, ena mpaka 50 mm, ofanana ndi mpira wonyezimira. Ambiri mwa mabulangete amenewa ndi masensa tactile.
Solpuga ndi mutu wanthano zambiri zakumatawuni komanso kukokomeza komwe kumagwirizana ndi kukula kwawo, kuthamanga, chikhalidwe, chidwi komanso kufa. Saliakulu kwenikweni, yayikulu imakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 12. Imathamanga pamtunda, kuthamanga kwawo kukuyerekeza 16 km / h, ali pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu mwachangu kuposa chosindikizira chachangu kwambiri chaumunthu.
Ma salpug alibe zodwala zapoizoni kapena zida zilizonse zoperekera poyizoni, monga ulusi wa kangaude, kulumikizana kwa mavu, kapena mabulangeti oyipa a mbozi zamtundu wa lonomia. Kafukufuku wina wa 1987 nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa omwe amakanena kuti izi sizichitika mu India kuti salpuga inali ndi zotsekemera zapoizoni, ndipo kulowetsa chinsinsi chawo mu mbewa nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kufa. Komabe, palibe kafukufuku yemwe adatsimikizira kapena zowona pamtunduwu, mwachitsanzo, kudziyimira pawokha kwa tezi, kapena kufunikira kwa zomwe awonazo, zomwe zingatsimikizire kulondola kwawo.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Ma Solpug amatha kupanga mawu okuluwika akamaona kuti ali pachiwopsezo. Chenjezo limaperekedwa kuti athe kuwatulutsa iwo muzovuta.
Chifukwa chowoneka ngati kangaude ndikuyenda mwachangu, ma salpug adatha kuwopsa anthu ambiri. Mantha amenewa adakwanira kuthamangitsa banjali mnyumbamo pomwe adapeza mphesa mnyumba ya msirikali ku Colchester, England, ndikukakamiza banjali kuti liimbe mlandu womwe udaphetsa galu wawo wokondedwa. Ngakhale siopanda poizoni, ma cheliceurs amphamvu a anthu akuluakulu amatha kubweretsa kupweteka, koma kuchokera ku malingaliro azachipatala zilibe kanthu.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Common Salpuga
Kubwezeretsedwa kwa salpug kumaphatikizapo kuphatikiza umuna mwachindunji kapena wosachita mwachindunji. Ma salpug achimuna amakhala ndi mpweya wofanana ndi flagella pa chelicerae (ngati antennas am'mbuyo), omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse, womwe mwina umathandizira pakukhwima. Amuna amatha kugwiritsa ntchito flagella iyi kuyika ma spermatophore pakhungu la mkazi.
Wamphongo amafunafuna mkaziyo pogwiritsa ntchito chiwalo chake chomwe amachikoka kuchokera mwa mkaziyo. Wamphongo amagwiritsa ntchito njira yobweretsera mkazi kuti asungike nyengo yachisanu, ndipo nthawi zina amasisita m'mimba mwake ndi chelicera, kwinaku atagona nthongo pachiwonetsero cha wamkazi.
Pafupifupi mazira 20-200 amapangidwa ndikusaswa pafupifupi milungu inayi. Gawo loyamba lachitukuko cha salpuga ndi mphutsi, ndipo chigamba chikaphulika, gawo la ana limachitika. Salpug amakhala pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Izi ndi nyama zokhazokha zomwe zimakhala m'malo oyera mchenga, nthawi zambiri pansi pamiyala ndi mitengo kapena m'makitala akuya mpaka 230 mm. Chelicera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukumba pamene mchenga umaphulitsa mchenga, kapena miyendo yakumbuyo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana kuyeretsa mchenga. Amakhala ovuta kuti akhale mu ukapolo ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa milungu iwiri yokha.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Ma Solpug amapitilira magawo angapo, kuphatikiza dzira, mibadwo ya 910 ndi gawo la akulu.
Adani achilengedwe salpug
Chithunzi: Kodi salpug imawoneka bwanji?
Ngakhale kuti salpugs nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi osakwanira, amathanso kukhala chofunikira pakuwonjezera pa nyama zambiri zomwe zimakhala m'malo ozizira komanso owuma. Mbalame, nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono, zokwawa ndi ma arachnids, monga akangaude, ndi ena mwa nyama zolembedwa ngati zilombo zolusa. Zinaonedwanso kuti salpugs amadyerana wina ndi mnzake.
Owls, zikuwoneka kuti, ndizomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri salpugs kumwera kwa Africa, zomwe zidawululidwa pamaziko a kukhalapo kwa mabowo a cheliceral omwe amapezeka mu zinyalala za kadzidzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zidadziwika kuti mabisiketi a New World, lark ndi ngolo ya Old World zimadyanso pa salpug, ndipo zotsalira za chelicera zidapezekanso muzinyalala.
Nyama zina zazing'ono zimaphatikiza ndi zamchere zam'madzi mu zakudya zawo, monga zikuwonekera pakuwunika kwa prof. Zawonetsedwa kuti nkhandwe yayikulu imadyanso salpug nthawi zonse kunyowa komanso kowuma ku Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Zolemba zina zomwe salpugs zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama zazinyama zazing'ono zaku Africa zimachokera pakuwunika kwa majini wamba a geneta, African civet, and scoop jackal.
Chifukwa chake, mbalame zingapo za nyama zodyedwa, kadzidzi, ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono zazing'ono zimadyera mchere pazakudya zawo, kuphatikizapo:
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Amembala a Salpug disachment, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi kangaude wa ngamila, akangaude abodza, akangaude a ku Roma, akangaude ozungulira, ma Scorpion amtunduwu ndi osiyanasiyana komanso osangalatsa, koma odziwika pang'ono apadera osakira, omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri zamphamvu kwambiri. kuthamanga kwakukulu. Amapanga gulu la chisanu ndi chimodzi la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya arachnids malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mabanja, genera, ndi mitundu.
Ma Salpug ndi gulu lodziwika bwino lomwe limakhala kumapiri padziko lonse lapansi (pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula Australia ndi Antarctica). Amakhulupirira kuti pali mitundu pafupifupi 1,100, yomwe yambiri sinaphunzire. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti nyama zakuthengo ndizovuta kuzizindikira, ndipo chifukwa sizitha kukhala nthawi yayitali labotale. South Africa ili ndi nyama zolemera za salupug zoimiridwa ndi mitundu 146 m'mabanja asanu ndi mmodzi. Mwa mitundu iyi, 107 (71%) akupezeka ku South Africa. Zinyama zaku South Africa zikuyimira 16% ya zolengedwa padziko lapansi.
Pomwe maina awo ambiri amatchula mitundu ina ya mbalame zokwawa - zinkhanira zam'mphepo, akangaude oyendera mphamvu - ali eni ake a arachnid order, mosiyana ndi akangaude enieni. Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti nyama zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ma pseudoscorpions, pomwe ntchito zina zimagwirizanitsa ndi salpug ndi gulu la nkhupakupa. Ma salpug satetezedwa, ndi ovuta kukhalabe mu ukapolo, chifukwa chake satchuka pantchito ya nyama. Komabe, atha kukhala pachiwopsezo kuchokera pakuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kuwonongeka kwanyumba. Tsopano ndikudziwika kuti mitundu 24 ya salpugs imakhala m'mapaki amtundu.
Solpuga - Uyu ndi mlenje wamphamvu usiku wothamanga, yemwe amadziwikanso ndi kangaude wa kanga kapena kangaude, yemwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi chelicera wawo wamkulu. Amapezeka m'malo okhala chinyezi. Ma solpug amasiyanasiyana kukula 20 mpaka 70 mm. Pali mitundu yoposa 1100 yofotokozedwa ya salpugs.
Habitat
Solpugs idadutsa gombe lakumwera kwa chilumba cha Crimea, dera la Lower Volga, kuphatikiza madera a Volgograd ndi Astrakhan, komanso Kalmykia. Malo omwe amakhala ndi North Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia, Republic of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. Amapezeka ku Spain ndi Greece. Ma salpug kulibe ku Australia ndi Antarctica kokha.
Zochita za nyama izi zimawonjezeka mumdima. Masana, salpugi amapezeka pansi pa miyala, m'miyala ya makoswe kapena nyama zina. Nthawi zina amadzikumba okha ma bowo ndi chelicera, ndikuponyera pansi ndi miyendo yawo. Bowo lomweli lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.
Utoto wa usiku wa Solpug umakopa zinthu zambiri zowunikira. Malo omwe masango awo ali ndi zipinda zowunikira, nyumba zogona ndi malo ozungulira nyali. Ambiri a salpugi monga radiation kuchokera ku magetsi a ultraviolet. Komabe, pali mitundu ina yomwe imasangalala ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Izi zikuphatikiza ndi kangaude wa Spain komanso Central Asia Raga galeode heliophilus.
Zosiyanasiyana
Dongosolo limayimiridwa ndi mabanja 13. Izi ndi mitundu pafupifupi chikwi ndipo pafupifupi genera 140. Ambiri aiwo asankha madera achipululu a Dziko Lapansi, kupatula Australia:
- Mitundu 80 - okhala kumpoto ndi South America.
- Mitundu 200 - okhala ku Africa, Europe ndi Asia.
- Mitundu 40 - okhala kumpoto kwa Africa, Greece ndi Asia.
- Mitundu 16 - okhala ku South Africa, Vietnam ndi Indonesia.
- Mitundu 200 - okhala ku Africa ndi Iraq.
Pulasitiki wamba wamchere, kapena kuti Galeode araneoides, ndi wokhala ku Europe. Imagawidwa kwambiri ku Crimea, kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi Caucasus. Kukula kwakukulu, mpaka masentimita asanu, ndi mawonekedwe othamanga. Ili ndi utoto wachikaso.
Trans-Caspian saltpug, kapena Galeode caspius, ndi mtundu wodziwika kwambiri ku Central Asia. Makulidwe amafikira masentimita 6.5. Amadziwika ndi mtundu wofiirira komanso pamimba pamimba, komanso wokhala ndi mikwaso yakuda. Kachapidwe ka mchere wofiirira, kapena kuti Galeode fumigatus, kamakhala m'mchenga wa Turkmenistan. Kutalika kwa thupi - masentimita asanu ndi awiri.
Pindulani ndi kuvulaza
Ma Solpug samangoyenda mothamanga kwambiri, komanso kudziwa kukwera mosavuta pamalo opendekeka ndikuthalumpha bwino mtunda woyenera. Mitundu yayikulu imatha kuthana ndi mtunda wopitilira mita pakadumpha. Akakumana ndi mdani, amaganiza zowopsa kwambiri: kutsogolo kwa thupi kumakwezedwa, ndipo chelicera ndi zibala zotseguka zimayendetsedwa kutsogolo. Mitundu ina pakadali pano imatha kupanga mawu oboola.
Ngakhale kuti mulibe poizoni m'thupi la salpuga, mitundu yonse yachilengedwe yomwe imakhalapo mwachilengedwe imaluma kwambiri komanso zopweteka.
Mitundu yaying'ono ya salpuga ndi achinyamata satha kuluma kudzera pakhungu la munthu. Komabe, achikulire nthawi zambiri amaluma pakhungu la anthu osati nyama zokha.
Kuchokera kuzilombo za nyerere zamatchire, asayansi aphunzira kutulutsa mowa, womwe ndi gawo la mankhwala osiyanasiyana polimbana ndi rheumatism, nyamakazi, chifuwa chachikulu, ndi zina zambiri. Werengani mafotokozedwe athunthu a kachilombo kameneka.
Pakusowa chakudya, nthata za ma argas zimatha kufalikira kwa anthu. Chifukwa chiyani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi oopsa, werengani ulalo wa https://stopvreditel.ru/parazity/zhivotnyx/argasovyj-klesh.html.
Zotsatira za kuluma komanso njira zochizira
Ngakhale kuluma kwambiri kuluma, ma arachnids awa alibe tiziwalo ta poizoni. Nthawi zambiri, kuwombana nawo kumachitika popanda zotsatira. Nthawi zina, kutupa kwambiri kumachitika. Izi ndichifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa chelicera yakuola mabwinja a wolakwiridwayo. Pakulumwa, zotsalira izi zimagwera mu bala ndikupangitsa arachnoses osiyanasiyana.
Mutha kutsitsimula kupweteka nokha, pogwiritsa ntchito analgesics, kapena mutha kulumikizana ndi achipatala.
Mulimonsemo, chilondacho chimayenera kuchizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kenako, muyenera kuthira bandeji ndi gel kapena mafuta, omwe ali ndi antiotic. Kuyika zitsulo kumayenera kuchitika tsiku lililonse mpaka kuchiritsidwa kwathunthu.