Zinthu zakale zomwe zasungidwa kumtundu wakale wa makolo ake ndipo zinachokera ku nthawi ya Pleistocene. Kwa zaka 10,000 zapitazo, yak yasintha pa Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, yomwe imapitilira pafupifupi mamiliyoni 2.5 miliyoni. Ngakhale a Tibet akadali oyamba kugawa ma yak, nyumba zokhazikitsidwa kale zimakhala kale m'maiko ambiri, kuphatikiza ku America.
Kanema: Yak
Yak nthawi zambiri imadziwika ndi ng'ombe. Komabe, kusanthula kwa DNA ya mitochondrial kuti kudziwa mbiri yakusintha kwa yaks kunali kosavomerezeka. Mwina chakachi ndi chosiyana ndi ng'ombe, ndipo pali malingaliro akuti ali ngati njati kuposa mamembala ena amtundu womwe wapatsidwa.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Pafupifupi wachibale wamtunduwu, a Bos baikalensis, adapezeka kum'mawa kwa Russia, zomwe zikusonyeza njira yomwe makolo akale a njati zamakono a ku America amalowera ku America.
Yakatchi yamtchire inkasungidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi anthu akale a Qiang. Zolemba zaku China kuyambira nthawi zakale (zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC) zimatsimikizira gawo lokhazikika la yak mu chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa anthu. Mitundu yamtchire ya yak inali poyambirira idapangidwa ndi a Linnaeus mu 1766 ngati Bos grunniens ("subspecies of yak" mitundu.
Akatswiri ena opanga zinyama akupitilizabe kuganizira za mtundu wankhokwe wa Bos grunniens mutus; mu 2003, ICZN idalandira lamulo lololeza kugwiritsa ntchito dzina la Bos mutus kwa anthu olusa, ndipo lero likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Amakhulupilira kuti yak (zoweta grunniens) - ng'ombe yokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali yopezeka m'chigawo cha Himalayan ku Indian subcontinent, kumapiri a Tibetan komanso kumpoto kwa Mongolia ndi Russia - amachokera ku yak yak (B. mutus). Makolo a zakutchire ndi zoweta yak adagawikana ndikuchoka ku Bos primigenius kuyambira miliyoni mpaka zisanu zapitazo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Animal Yak
Yaks ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi thupi lofooka, miyendo yolimba, ziboda zopota zamkati komanso ubweya wakhungu kwambiri womwe umapachikidwa pamimba. Ngakhale ma yak yakuthengo nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima (amtundu wakuda), ma yaks opangidwa m'nyumba amatha kukhala osiyanasiyana amtundu, okhala ndi dzimbiri, bulauni komanso mtundu wa kirimu. Ili ndi makutu ang'ono ndi mphumi yayikulu yokhala ndi nyanga zamtambo wakuda.
M'mphongo (ng'ombe) nyanga zimatambalala kuchokera m'mphepete mwa mutu, kenako n'kupindika, kutalika kwake kukhala masentimita 49 mpaka 98. Nyanga zazikazi ndi zosakwana masentimita 27-64, komanso zowongoka. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi khosi lalifupi lokhala ndi chiuno cholankhulira pamapewa awo, ngakhale izi zimawonekera kwambiri mwa amuna. Zachimuna zam'nyumba zimalemera pakati pa 350 ndi 585 kg. Akazi amalemera pang'ono - kuchokera 225 mpaka 255 kg. Nyama zamtchire zimalemera kwambiri, ng'ombe zamphongo zolemera 1000 kg, zazikazi - 350 kg.
Kutengera ndi kubereketsa, nyambo zazimphona zazitali kutalika kwa 111-138 masentimita, ndipo zazikazi zimalemera masentimita 1051.17 Zinyama zamtchire ndizinyama zazikulu kwambiri pamlingo wawo. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 1.6-2.2 m. Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi kumayambira ku 2.5 mpaka 3.3 m, osawerengera mchira kuchokera 60 mpaka 100. Akazi amalemera pafupifupi gawo limodzi lachitatu komanso amakhala ndi mizere pafupifupi 30% yocheperako poyerekeza ndi amuna.
Chochititsa chidwi! Ma yaks akunyumba ndipo, mosiyana ndi ng'ombe, samatulutsa mawu omveka otsika a lowing. Idadzoza dzina lakale la sayansi, Bos grunniens (ng'ombe yopukusa). Nikolai Przhevalsky adatcha mtundu wamtchire wa yak - B. mutus (ng'ombe yachete), akukhulupirira kuti sanapange mawu.
Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi malaya ataliitali okhala ndi ubweya wakuda pansi pa chifuwa, m'mbali ndi m'chiuno kuti awasiyanitse ndi kuzizira. Pofika nthawi ya chilimwe, undercoat imagwera pansi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nzika zam'deralo pa zosowa zapakhomo. Ng'ombe zamphongo, chikhoto chimatha kupanga "siketi" yayitali, yomwe nthawi zina imafikira pansi.
Mchirawo ndi wautali komanso wofanana ndi mchira wa kavalo, osati mchira wa ng'ombe kapena njati. Chimbalangondo chachikazi komanso zowoneka ngati zazimayi ndizosalala komanso zazing'ono, kuti aziteteza kuzizira. Akazi ali ndi nsonga zinai.
Kodi yak imakhala kuti?
Ma yak yasendle amapezeka kumpoto kwa Tibet + kumadzulo kwa Qinghai, ndipo anthu ena amafalikira kumadera akumwera cha Xinjiang komanso ku Ladakh ku India. Tizilombo tating'ono, tating'ono timapezeka patali, makamaka kumadzulo kwa Tibet + kum'mawa kwa Qinghai. M'mbuyomu, ma yak yakalusa ankakhala ku Nepal ndi Bhutan, koma tsopano akuonedwa kuti ndiwopezeka m'maiko onsewa.
Nyanjayi imakhala ndi mapiri opanda phokoso pakati pa 3000 ndi 5500 m, pomwe mapiri ndi mapiri zimapezeka. Amapezeka kwambiri mumapiri a alpine omwe amakhala ndi udzu komanso udzu wokhazikika, osati m'malo osabereka.
Zachidziwikire! Mphamvu ya nyama imasinthidwa kukhala yayitali kwambiri, chifukwa mapapu ake ndi mtima wake ndi zazikulupo kuposa za ng'ombe pamalo otsika. Magazi amakhalanso ndi mphamvu yakunyamula mpweya wambiri chifukwa cha zomwe zili m'mimba mwakezikulu kwambiri (fetal).
Komanso, ma yaks amakumana ndi mavuto pamtunda wotsika ndipo amavutika ndi kutentha kwambiri pafupifupi 15 ° C. Kusinthana ndi kuzizira kumakhala ndi - wolemera wosanjikiza wamafuta pang'ono komanso wopanda kutulutsa thukuta.
Ku Russia, ma yak, kuphatikiza ndi malo osungira nyama, amapezeka mnyumba za madera monga Tuva (penapake pafupifupi 10,000 10,000) + Altai ndi Buryatia (m'makope amodzi).
Kuphatikiza pa Tibet, yak yak home ndiyotchuka ndi ma nomads:
- India
- China
- Tajikistan
- Bhutan
- Kazakhstan
- Afghanistan
- Iran
- Pakistan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Nepal
- Uzbekistan
- Mongolia.
Mothandizidwa ndi USSR, maonekedwe a nyuyo anali kusinthidwa ku North Caucasus, koma sanazike mizu ku Armenia.
Kodi yak ndi ndani?
Yak - amatanthauza mtundu wa ng'ombe zamphongo, koma zimasiyana kwambiri mawonekedwe. Kitetan yak ndi nyama yayitali, yayitali yokhala ndi thupi lalitali komanso miyendo yayifupi. Wamphongo wamkulu amatha kutalika mpaka 4.25 metres, kutalika kwa 2 metres ndi kulemera kwa 1 ton. Pali phokoso laling'ono lomwe limafota, pomwe kumbuyo kumayang'ana. Kutalika, kutalikirana mpaka masentimita 95 a lipenga kumayendetsedwa mbali zosiyanasiyana, ndipo mtunda pakati pa malekezero a nyanga ungakhale mpaka masentimita 90. Pamaso, zoyera zimapatsa nyama iyi chithumwa chapadera. Nthawi zina chifukwa cha izi amati nyama itavala chigoba.
Tsitsi lalitali limaphimba miyendo, chifuwa, m'mimba ndi mmbali, ndikupanga chotchedwa "sketi", ndipo limagona ngati kugona, ndipo nthawi yozizira limapulumutsanso mkati mwa kuzizira. Chifukwa cha izi, ma yaks amatha kumangogona pansi ndikupumula mu chisanu osamva kutentha konse. Mu yak, ngakhale mchira umatetezedwa ndi tsitsi lalitali chifukwa chake limawoneka ngati kavalo. Mtundu wawo wamakutu ndi wosiyana: kuchokera kuzimaso zakuda mpaka zofiirira.
Kodi yak amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Yak m'chilengedwe
Mtchi wamtchire umakonda kukhala m'malo atatu okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitengo: mapiri a mapiri, mapiri a mapiri ndi mapiri. Nyumba iliyonse imakhala ndi malo akulu odyetserako ziweto, koma imasiyana mu mtundu wa udzu / shrub, kuchuluka kwa masamba, kutentha kwapakati, ndi mvula.
Zakudya za yaks zamtchire zimakhala ndi zitsamba ndi ma sedge. Koma amadyanso zitsamba zazing'ono za moss komanso ngakhale lichens. Zoyala zimasunthira nyengo zina kupita kumapiri kuti zikadye udzu wokoma kwambiri. Kukatentha kwambiri, amapita kuphiri lalitali kukadya mbewa ndi zipatso, zomwe amazichotsa pamiyala ndi malilime oyipa. Akafuna kumwa madzi amadya matalala.
Poyerekeza ndi ziweto, m'mimba mwa yaks ndimakhala yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imakuthandizani kuti muzitha kudya chakudya chambiri nthawi imodzi ndikuigaya kwa nthawi yayitali kuti mupeze michere yambiri.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Yaks amadya 1% ya chakudya tsiku lililonse mogwirizana ndi thupi lawo, pomwe ng'ombe zimafunikira 3% kuti zizigwira bwino ntchito.
Mosiyana ndi zikhulupiriro zodziwika bwino, yak ndi manyowa sizikununkha, zomwe zimatha kupezeka ndikusungidwa bwino m'malo odyetserako ziweto kapena cholembera mokwanira kuti ndidyetse ndi madzi. Yak ubweya ndi fungo kugonjetsedwa.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Yak Red Book
Ma yak yasendle amatenga nthawi yawo yambiri kudyetsa, nthawi zina amasamukira kumadera osiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo. Ndi nyama zapakhomo. Ziweto zimatha kukhala anthu angapo, ngakhale zambiri ndizochepa. Nthawi zambiri ndimakhala anthu wamba pakati pa anthu awiri mpaka asanu. Akazi ndi amuna amakhala pafupifupi pachaka.
Ziweto zazikulu zimaphatikizira zazikazi ndi ana awo. Akazi amadya 100 m kuposa amuna. Akazi okhala ndi yaks zazing'ono amakonda kusankha msipu pamalo otsetsereka kwambiri. Magulu pang'onopang'ono amasunthira kumapeto nthawi yachisanu. Ma yakaki olusa amatha kutchukira akateteza ana kapena nthawi yakukhwima, nthawi zambiri amapewa anthu ndipo amatha kuthamanga mtunda wautali ngati afikiridwa.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi umboni wa N. M. Przhevalsky, yemwe adafotokoza koyamba nyama yakuthengo, kalelo m'zaka za zana la 19, ng'ombe zazikazi zokhala ndi ana ang'ono ang'ono zidalipo mazana mazana angapo, kapena ngakhale mitu zikwi.
Ali ndi zaka 6 - 8, B. grunniens amafika kutha msinkhu. Nthawi zambiri, sasamala nyengo yotentha ndipo amakonda kutentha kwambiri. Kutalika kwa moyo wa yak ndi zaka pafupifupi 25.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Yak Cub
Zinyama zasaka zakutchire chilimwe, kuyambira mwezi wa Julayi mpaka Seputembala, kutengera chilengedwe. Kasupe wotsatira amabereka mwana wa ng'ombe mmodzi. M'chaka chonse, ng'ombe zamphongo za yaki zimayendayenda m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kutali ndi ng'ombe zazikuru, koma nthawi yakukula ikayandikira, amakhala olimba ndipo nthawi zambiri amalimbana wina ndi mnzake kuti akhazikitse ulamuliro.
Kuphatikiza pa ziwonetsero zopanda nkhanza zoopseza, kubangula komanso kusenda pansi ndi nyanga, ng'ombe zamphongo zimapikisananso wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwakuthupi, mobwerezabwereza mitu yawo pansi kapena kulumikizana ndi nyanga zowala. Monga njati, amuna amakhala pansi panthaka pakauma, nthawi zambiri ndi fungo la mkodzo kapena zitosi.
Akazi amalowa estrus mpaka kanayi pachaka, koma amatha kupezeka kwa maola ochepa pamtundu uliwonse. Nthawi ya bere imatenga masiku 257 mpaka 270, choncho ana ang'onoang'ono amabadwa pakati pa Meyi ndi June. Yaikazi imapeza padera pobelekera mwana, koma khandalo limatha kuyenda pafupifupi mphindi khumi pambuyo pobadwa, ndipo posakhalitsa banjali limayanjananso ndi gulu la ng'ombe. Akazi a mitundu komanso mitundu yoberekera nthawi zambiri amabereka kamodzi pachaka.
Ng'ombe zam'mimba zimaletsedwa pambuyo pa chaka, ndipo pambuyo pake zimayamba kudziimira payekha. Ng'ombe zakuthengo poyambirira zimakhala zofiirira, ndipo pambuyo pake zimakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda kwambiri. Zachikazi nthawi zambiri zimabereka koyamba zikakwanitsa zaka zitatu kapena zinayi ndipo zimafika zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Adani achilengedwe a yaks
Chithunzi: Yak nyama
Yaka nyama yakuthengo imatha kununkhiza kwambiri, imakhala tulo, yamantha ndipo imatha kuthawa nthawi yomweyo, ikumva kuwopsa. Artiodactyl imathawa mosavuta, koma ikakwiyitsidwa kapena kusokonekera, imakhala yankhanza ndikumenya wozunza. Kuphatikiza apo, a Yaks amatenga zochita zina kudziteteza: kuwomba mokweza komanso kuwukira pazomwe akuopseza.
- Mimbulu ya ku Tibetan (Canis lupus),
- Anthu (Homo Sapiens).
M'mbuyomu, nkhandwe ya ku Tibet ndi yomwe inkalusa kwambiri mwakutchire, koma zimbalangondo zofiirira komanso nyalugwe za m'madzi zimatengedwa ngati zilombo m'malo ena. Mwina amasaka ana aang'ono kapena ofooka a yaks.
A achik wamkulu amakhala ndi zida, oopsa komanso amphamvu. Phukusi la mimbulu limatha kuwaukira pokhapokha pokhapokha, ngati kuchuluka kwa paketiyo kuli kokukwana kapena chipale chofewa. Ng'ombe zamtundu wa Yaki zimazengereza kuthana ndi aliyense wokuwathamangitsa, kuphatikizaponso anthu, makamaka akavulala. Yakuukira ikukweza mutu wake, ndipo mchira wake wowuma ukuyatsidwa ndi sultan wa tsitsi.
Kubera anthu pafupifupi kunayambitsa kunyamaliratu nyama. Pambuyo pa 1900, obereketsa ng'ombe zaku Tibetan ndi ku Mongolia adazisaka pafupifupi kufikira atawonongeratu. Anthuwo anali pafupifupi pafupi kuwonongeka ndipo zoyesayesa zokha za akatswiri azachilengedwe ndi zomwe zinapatsa a yaks mwayi wopititsa patsogolo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Big Yak
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimatsogolera pakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha zakutchire B. Chiwerengero cha anthu pano chikuyembekezeka pafupifupi 15,000. Chifukwa cha ntchito zawo za msipu, ma Yak amakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakonzanso michere m'zinthu zachilengedwe.
Pokhala ndi ziboda zambiri komanso mphamvu, ma yak yakitchiyi ndi mpumulo wabwino kwa anthu okhala kumapiri a ku Tibet. Ubweya wocheperako wa nyama zazing'ono umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala, ndipo ubweya wautali wa yaks wamkulu umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zofunda, mahema, etc. Mkaka wa Yak umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga batala ndi tchizi yambiri.
Chochititsa chidwi! M'madera ena momwe sizingatheke kukolola nkhuni, manyowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta.
Mnzake wakuthengo wa B. grunniens amachita zinthu zambiri zofananira zachuma, ngakhale pang'ono. Ngakhale China idapereka Chilango pakusaka yaks zakutchire, kuwasaka ikupitirirabe. Alimi ambiri am'derali amawaona ngati chakudya chokhacho m'miyezi yozizira yozizira.
Pali zotsatira zoyipa kuchokera ku gulu la artiodactyls. Malo osakira nyama zakutchire amawononga mipanda ndipo m'malo ovuta kwambiri amapha yaks zobisika. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo omwe anthu okhala kutchire ndi okhala kwawoko amakhala pafupi, pamakhala mwayi wofalitsa matenda.
Yak Guard
Chithunzi: Yak kuchokera ku Red Book
Boma la Tibet Forest Bureau likuyesetsa kwambiri kuteteza ma yak, kuphatikizapo ndalama za $ 600. Komabe, kusaka ndikovuta kupondera popanda gulu lowongolera. Ya yak yasendle masiku ano imawonedwa ngati yovuta ku IUCN. M'mbuyomu, adalembedwa kuti ndizoperewera, koma mu 1996 nyamayi idaphatikizidwa pamndandanda chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ziweto.
Yaka yakutchire imawopsezedwa ndi magwero angapo:
- Ziwopsezo, kuphatikizapo zamalonda, ndizowopsa kwambiri,
- Kuwononga amuna chifukwa cha chizolowezi choyendayenda okha,
- Kubadwa kwa nyama zakuthengo komanso zapakhomo. Izi zitha kuphatikizira kufalitsa matenda,
- Mikangano ndi abusa omwe amachititsa kubwezera kubedwa kwa ma yak yakunyumba ndi abusa amtchire.
Podzafika mu 1970, nyama zamtchire zinali zitatsala pang'ono kutha. Kusaka kwadzaoneni kwakasaka kukafunafuna chakudya kunawakakamiza kuti achoke pamtunda ndikukhala pamalo okwera kwambiri, opitilira 4,500 m ndikuwonekera kumtunda kwa mapiri pamtunda wa mamita 6,000. Anthu ena adapulumuka kumapiri a China Kunlun, komanso chifukwa chachitetezo cha boma la China. Masiku ano ziweto zamtchire zawonekanso pamtunda kuchokera 4,000 mpaka 4,500 metres.
Chifukwa cha zoteteza munthawi yake, yak adayamba kumanganso anthu ake. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kugawa mitundu ndi kukula pang'ono kwawonedwa. Komabe, chifukwa chakufikapo kwakwanuko kumadera ambiri azoyendetsa magalimoto ndi kusaka mosawerengeka, kupulumuka kwa yaks zamtchire sikotsimikizika.
Kukula
Kutalika kwa nyamayo kufika 2 m, kulemera pafupifupi 1000 kg. Kutalika kwa amuna ndi pafupifupi 4.25 m, komwe kumaphatikizapo 0.75 m kutalika kwa mchira. Zachikazi ndizocheperako pang'ono, mpaka 2.8 m kutalika, 1.6 m kutalika, ndi kulemera kwa 325 mpaka 360 kg.
Pali phokoso laling'ono pakufota kwa yak, kumbuyo ndiko kukutsika kuchokera kumbuyo.
Zonse zazimuna ndi zazikazi zili ndi nyanga, zazitali, zazitali, zokhala ndi mawondo kutsogolo ndi kutsogolo. Kutalika kwa nyanga za yaks ndi pafupifupi masentimita 95, pakati pa nsonga zawo pafupifupi 90 cm.
Ubweya
Yaku imasiyanitsidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali lalitali lomwe limapindika kumiyendo ndikuphimba pafupifupi miyendo yonse, ndiye amatchedwa "sketi".Chovalacho chawoneka chofiirira chakuda kapena chofiirira chakuda kulikonse kupatula muzzle, chomwe chili ndi mawanga oyera. Kuyambira kuzizira kwa nyengo yozizira, nyamayo imateteza undercoat yakuda. Mchira wa yak amakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali, lozungulira, lofanana ndi tsitsi la akavalo.
Komwe kumakhala
Yaks ndiofala ku Tibet, Russia ku republics a Tuva, Buryatia ndi Altai (anthu osakwatira), komanso kumayiko monga India, China, Tajikistan, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Nepal ndi Mongolia. Popeza ma yak yakutchire adaweta, nthawi yomweyo adalowetsedwa kumayiko ambiri komwe adayamba, ndipo chifukwa chake malo okhala adakulirakulira kwambiri.
Mitundu ya Yak
M'mbuyomu, asayansi adaphatikiza ma yaks onse amtundu wa Bos grunniens komanso adalemba mitundu iwiri m'menemo: yak yak (B. g. Mutus) ndi yak yak (B. g. Grunniens). Tsopano malo amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati mitundu yakudziyimira payokha.
Ma yak yasendle amadziwika ndi anthu kwa nthawi yayitali, kutchulidwa kwawo kumakhala ndi zolemba za ku Tibet, pomwe nyamayi imadziwika kuti ndi yowopsa kwa anthu. Ku Tibetan, ma yak yakitchire amatchedwa kuti ma drong. Nyama izi sizinathe kuyimilira madera omwe anthu anali atayang'anapo, ndipo pachifukwa ichi, zinafa, lero anthu ochepa apulumuka kumapiri a Tibetan, pamtunda kuchokera pa 4300 mpaka 4600 metres pamwamba pa mulingo wamadzi, ndipo nthawi yotentha amakwera kwambiri. Malo osungira nyama zamtchire amapezeka ku Tibet Plateau ndi madera okhala ngati mapiri a Karakorum ndi Ladak. Ma yak yasendle amatenga timagulu tating'ono kapena tating'ono tating'ono ta anthu 10-12, amuna achikulire amakhala amodzi nthawi imodzi.
Pazaka zana loyamba la zaka za zana la BC, ma yaks amathengo anali kukhala ndi anthu. Yak yakunyumba ndiying'ono komanso yopanda bata zachilengedwe, zoyerekezera zina zimapezeka popanda nyanga. Amasiyananso mitundu, ndipo amadwala matenda ambiri omwe sanapangidwe ndi achibale awo. Nyumba zapakhomo zimaperekedwa ndi okhala ku Tibet, Dzungaria, Pamir ndi madera ena a Central Asia, Mongolia, Tuva, Buryatia ndi Altai, Caucasus, Azerbaijan, phiri Iran, Dagestan, China, Pamirs ndi Tien Shan. M'mapiri, nyamayi imakhala yofunika kwambiri ngati mtundu wa paketi. Kuphatikiza apo, ndimapezeka mkaka wabwino kwambiri komanso zinthu zingapo mkaka (batala, chhurpi), nyama ndi ubweya. Ndi zonsezi, nyamayi ndiyosazindikira komanso yosasamala.
Mukamaberekera ng'ombe, ma yaks opanga nyama amatulutsa ana, omwe amawatcha Hainaks, omalizirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ziweto zabwino. Amakhala kum'mwera kwa Siberia ndi ku Mongolia, kupirira kwawo sikochepa kuposa kwa yak, koma ndi ochepa kukula komanso ali ndi mawonekedwe amtendere. Ku Bhutan, yaks yaphatikizana ndi majambulidwe.
Khalidwe
Pansi pazachilengedwe, ma yak amakhala nthawi imodzi, kapena amapanga ng'ombe zazing'ono zomwe zimasankha malo ake kuti azikhala pamalo okwera pafupifupi mamitala 6,000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Ambiri mwa magulu oterewa amakhala azimayi ndi ana. Amuna amabwera kubusa kokha nthawi yakukhwima. Amuna achikulire amakhala nthawi imodzi. Ma Yak amatha kusinthika bwino kuti athe kusintha nyengo m'malo ammapiri (kuperewera kwa chakudya, kusowa kwa mpweya ndi kutentha pang'ono, mtengo wapakati wake ndi 0 ° C, ndipo nthawi yozizira imatha kukhalanso -50 ° C). Nyama iyi imakhala ndi mapapu akulu ndi mtima, wosanjikiza wamafuta osachepera komanso zotulutsa thukuta. Magazi amakhala ndi mpweya wambiri, chifukwa umasunga hemoglobin m'moyo wake wonse. Mbali yokhotakhota ya physiology iyi sioyenera kukhalanso ndi moyo m'malo otsika, kutentha kuposa 15 ° C.
Chamoyo chomwe chimakula kwambiri mu yaks ndi fungo; kuwona ndi kumva ndizofooka mu nyama izi.
Nyengo yakukhwima
Nthawi yobereketsa mu yak amakhala kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Okutobala. Pakadali pano, amphongo amabwera ku gulu la akazi. Pakati pawo pali ndewu zenizeni, zoopsa kwambiri komanso zankhanza. Otsutsa amamenya aliyense ndi nyanga ndikupanga zovulala zazikulu, ngakhale nthawi zambiri sizimafikira. Nthawi yakukhwima, nthawi zambiri mumamva kulira kwa yak, pomwe nthawi yonse amuna amakhala chete.
Mimba
Mimba imatenga miyezi 9, pambuyo pake, kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, mwana wamwamuna mmodzi amabadwa mwa akazi. Ng'ombeyo imakhala chaka choyamba cha moyo pafupi ndi amayi ake, omwe amadyetsa mkaka. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka zapakati pa 6 ndi 6. Kutalika kwa moyo wa yaks m'chilengedwe kuli zaka makumi angapo.
Adani achilengedwe a yak
Akuluakulu - okhala ndi zida, amphamvu kwambiri komanso oopsa. Mimbulu yayikulu ikusankha kuukira iyi artiodactyl kokha pamaso pa chivundikiro chachikulu cha chipale chofewa. Koma ma yaks enieniwo amakhala ankhanza kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amamenya anthu, makamaka ngati iwonso avulala. Panthawi yachiwopsezo, yak amakhala ndi mutu ndi mchira wake pamwamba.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za yak
- Nyama, monga ng'ombe zamtchire zina zambiri, ndi nyama zomwe zikusowa mwachangu. Izi zimachitika makamaka pakusaka kwachangu, komwe kumabweretsa munthu wamtunduwu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma yak yakutchire sangakhale m'malo omwe anthu amakhala, omwe amachepetsa kwambiri malo awo okhala.
Kodi yaks ndi chiyani?
Yaks ndi amodzi mwa zoweta komanso zakuthengo. Zakuthengo zimatchedwa "osayankhula", komanso zapakhomo - "kukuwa." Chifukwa chakuti yaki yosasangalatsa imatha kupanga phokoso lofanana ndi kumata kwa nkhumba. Ma Yak yakunyumba ndi ochepa kwambiri kukula kwake. Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito nyama kwazaka 3,000 kupeza nyama, ubweya, mkaka. Mkaka wawo ndi wonenepa komanso wonenepa, motero amapanga tchizi, kirimu wowawasa, batala.
Koma nthawi zambiri ma akaki amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama yonyamula katundu kapena amalima malo okolola. Nyama ndi zamphamvu kwambiri komanso nyama zolimba, ndipo pantchito yaulimi amatha kusintha thirakitala yaying'ono.
Nyama yoberekedwa imakonda kwambiri anthu. Yakyo imakupatsani mwayi wodziyendetsa nokha kumbuyo kwa mphete yomwe imayika pamphuno.
Anthu akumalo amateteza kwambiri ma Yak awo, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amawagwiritsa ntchito yolimba. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo adakongoletsedwa ndi zawo komanso zikwangwani zochokera ku zovala zachikuta, maburashi okongola ndi ma pomponi atapachikika.
Horse yak ndi bwenzi lenileni la a Tibet. Mwamuna wodzipatsa ulemu sakhalanso pa yak pomwe, adzamutsogolera pamwambowo.
Yoguwa yakunyanja imawoloka ndi mitundu ina kuchokera ku mtundu wa ng'ombe zamphongo. Akazi amatha kubereka ana, koma ma hybrids achimuna ndi pazifukwa zina osabereka. Dz или kapena wamwamuna haynaka, nyama wamba ku Tibet, wokhala ndi yak stamina komanso wokhoza kukhala m'malo otsika.
Zinyama zakutchire za ku Tibet zakwera posachedwapa, komwe kulibe malo omwe munthu amachita. Nthawi zina amatha kukwera kuposa 6,000 metres pamwamba pa nyanja. Anthu achi Tibeta amawatcha kuti Drong. Ma-yak amenewa ndi owopsa kwa anthu, makamaka panthawi yovulala. Nyama imathamangira wolakwayo ndikuyesetsa kuti isathe. Wamphongo wokwiya amakhala woopsa, wamphamvu, wowopsa komanso wokhala ndi nyanga zolimba komanso zazitali.
Kununkhira kwabwino kumamupangitsa kuwona mdani kutali. Choyipa kwambiri ndikupanga ziwalo zamakutu ndikuwona. Pazowopsa, monga mitundu yambiri ya anyaniwa, a Tibetan yaks amayima mozungulira ndikukuteteza makanda ndi ofowoka mkati mwake.
Zitsamba za yaks zimakwaniritsa zolinga za 10-12. Ndiye, monga nthawi ya Przewalski idafika mazana, kapena ngakhale masauzande. Chifukwa chake, ma yak yakatchire adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Ma yak yasendle tsopano ndi nyama yosowa, koma amapezeka ku Tibet ndi Himalayas: ku China ndi Nepal.
Kodi yaks imakhala kuti?
Kwawo kwa ma Yak a ku Tibet, komwe akhala zaka pafupifupi 10,000. Tibet ndi malo odabwitsa amatchedwa "Roof of the World." Ndipo ngakhale mapiri atali kwambiri ndi nyanja zam'madzi zam'madzi zikuwoneka zokongola, ndizovuta kuyendayenda kuno chifukwa cha mpweya wotulutsidwa, komanso kwambiri kunyamula katundu wamtundu uliwonse. Akavalo, okhala pachilumba, samatha kugwira ntchito chifukwa chake anthu okhala ku Tabet amakhala ndi yaks ndi cholinga chonyamula katundu.
Yaks ndioyenereradi kukhala m'mapiri, sakonda chakudya ndipo amatetezedwa ku chimfine. Nyakayo siyikhudzidwa ndi mpweya wamtali wosakwera kwambiri ndipo imakoka mosavuta ma kilogalamu 150 mumsewu wam'mapiri, momwe anthu awiri sangathe kubalalikiramo. Ndipo masiku ano, monga nthawi zakale, ma Tibetan yaks onyamula katundu wolemera amathandiza anthu kutuluka.
M'madera akumapiri a Mongolia, yaks imasungidwa m'mabanja onse, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosowa zilizonse zapabanja. Ndipo ngakhale ambiri tsopano ali ndi magalimoto ndi ma mota, ma yakaki sanachotsedwe ku maakaunti. Zonyamula zonse zimanyamulidwa pa yaks, ndipo nthawi iliyonse pachaka komanso nyengo iliyonse, si galimoto ndipo simangokhala kalikonse.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika za yaks m'midzi yamapiri ndizonyamula madzi. Nthawi zambiri, midzi ili pamwamba pa mitsinje motero madzi amayenera kubweretsedwa mpaka mazana mamitala, ndikuphatikizanso kukwera. Nthawi zambiri kulibe madzi, komanso misewu, ndipo yaks ndi hainaks amazolowera izi. Hainaki wophunzitsidwa kugwira ntchito yamadzi chaka chonse njira yomweyo: mudzi - mtsinje, mtsinje - mudzi. Sakufunika kuthamangitsidwa, iwonso amadziwa njira. Yak kunyamula madzi nthawi zambiri sakhala banja limodzi. Amazolowera njira yake kuti nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa kumtsinje, anthu kumeneko akudzaza zikopa zake ndi madzi kenako amapita kumudzi.
M'midzi yambiri ku Tibet, ngati akufuna kupita kwina kapena kutumiza ana awo kuti adzacheze, amayitanitsa taxi, kokha kulibe magalimoto, ndipo udindo wa taxi umachitika ndi yaks.
Kutayamba kwa chilimwe, mazana a apaulendo aku Hainak akuyenda pamtunda, atanyamula katundu wa abusa ongoyendayenda kumabusa a chilimwe. Abusa amakhala amtundu waumwini ndipo amakakamizidwa kunyamula katundu wawo yense, yemwe nthawi zambiri amawanyamula pa yaks. Nthawi zambiri, maulendo oterowo amakhala ndi nyama zingapo kapena zingapo zophatikizidwa ndi oyenda pansi.
Mafuko osunthika a Tibet sangathe kuchita popanda kulongedza yaks, iwo amanyamula katundu wonse ngakhale ana.
Chikhalidwe cha ku Tibet chakale chotumiza mkwatibwi wokonza nyenyezi za yak chilipo tsopano. Yak ndi mtundu wankhongo wamsungwana.
Yaks ndiye chizindikiritso cha Himalaya. Ku Nepal, dziko lodziwika kwambiri la okwera, palibeulendo wopita kumapiri atali wopanda nyumba. Ndi pa ma yaks pomwe zida zonse za okwera omwe azikwera Everest, phiri lalitali kwambiri, zimayendetsedwa. Yaks ndiye nyama zokhazo zomwe zimatha kutumiza zonyamula anthu kumisasa ya Everest, kutalika kwamamita 5400.
Mitundu yanyama yazinyama imagawidwa kwambiri ku Asia ndi North Caucasus. Zadziwika kuti yaks ikhoza kulosera bwino za zivomezi ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Amakana kudya pafupifupi maola angapo chivomezi chisanachitike ndikuyamba kuda nkhawa.
Yaks ku Russia
Ku Russia, palinso ma yak. Amabadwira ku Altai, ku Buryatia ndi Tuva. Ku Altai, yak amatchedwa sarlyk, kuchokera ku mawu achi Mongolia akuti "sarlag." Anabweretsa ku Altai, Buryatia ndi Tuva kuti azisamalira paulimi. Yaks amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zokulima m'mapiri. Amatenga mkaka ndi ubweya kuchokera kwa iwo, amawanyamula katundu, ndipo ndi thandizo lawo amalima nthaka.
Sports Yaks
Masiku ano, ma yaks amagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pantchito, koma amakonda zosangalatsa. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti ziwonetsero zakunja, ma yaks amatha kuthamanga kwambiri ndipo ku Mongolia adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito yaks pamasewera osiyanasiyana .odziwika kwambiri ndi mipikisano ya yak yomwe aliyense amakonda ndipo amalandira mphotho yamtengo wapatali wopambana.
Pa yaks ndi china chake ngati rodeo yaku America. Zochitika zoterezi ndizodziwika kwambiri ndipo zimakopa owonerera ambiri. Amateurs ochokera kumayiko ambiri, ngakhale abwenzi ku America, amabwera kudzawonetsa.
Masewera ndi ofala ku Tibet - yak polo, pomwe ochita nawo masewerawa amasewera hockey pomwe akukwera pa yaks, wotchedwa Sarlagan polo.
Kugawa
Ku Russia, ma yaks amapezeka, kuphatikiza malo osungira nyama, paulimi wa republic of Tuva (nyama pafupifupi 10,000 mu 2012), Buryatia ndi Altai (anthu osakwatiwa), madera akutali a Mtsinje wa Kuban, ndi Ullu-Yezen (pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi). M'mayiko ena, kuphatikiza pa Chitibet, chimakonda ndi malo ammapiri oyandikana ndi India, China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Nepal ndi Mongolia. Ku Soviet Union, yak yak home inabweretsedwa ku North Caucasus, makamaka ku Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Dagestan, Chechen-Ingushetia ndi North Ossetia. Kuphatikiza kwa yak ku Armenia sikunabwere.
Mawonekedwe
Yak ndi nyama yayikulu yokhala ndi thupi lalitali, miyendo yayifupi, yopingasa, ziboda zozungulira komanso mutu wolemera, wotsika pang'ono. Kutalika kufota mpaka 2 m, kulemera mpaka 1000 kg. Kutalika kwamunthu wachikulire kumakhala mpaka 4,25 m, pomwe 0.75 m imagwera mchira. Kutalika kwa mkazi ndi mpaka 2.8 m, kutalika kwa 1.6 m, kulemera kwa 325-360 kg.
Pakufota kwa yak pali kanyimbo kakang'ono, kamene kamapangitsa kuti msana uzioneka kuti ukugwa. Nyanga zazimuna zonse ndi zazitali, koma osati zokulirapo, zotalikilidwa mmbali, kuloza kumbali kuyambira pansi, kenako nkugwada mtsogolo mtsogolo, kutalika kwake kuli mpaka 95 cm, ndipo mtunda pakati pa malekezero ndi 90 cm.
Yaku imasiyanitsidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali la shaggy, lomwe limapachika kuchokera ku torso ndipo pafupifupi limaphimba miyendo yake. Chovalacho ndi chofiirira kapena chakuda kumaso kulikonse, kupatula muzzle, pomwe nthawi zambiri pamakhala zoyera. Kuyambira kuzizira nyengo yozizira yotentha y imatetezedwa ndi undercoat yomwe idagwa, yomwe nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe imagwa m'magulu akuluakulu. Ubweya wa Yak umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma Tibet, ndipo mwa nyama nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotheka kuwona zingwe zochokera ku tsitsi lawo. Ngati chovalacho ndichachikatikati komanso ngakhale pa thupi lonse, ndiye kuti miyendo, m'mbali ndi m'mimba ndizitali komanso shaggy, ndikupanga mtundu wa "siketi" yopitilira, pafupifupi kufikira pansi. Mchirawo umaphimbidwanso ndi tsitsi lalitali ndipo limafanana ndi kavalo. Zakutchire (mutus - "osayankhula") komanso zapakhomo (grunniens - kukukuta) yaks.
Yaki mu maseketi
Zotsatira zake, mtunduwu umatha kuphunzitsidwa bwino. Chifukwa chake, ma yaks ophunzitsidwa bwino amapezeka m'mabwalo a mayiko ambiri. Pabwalo lamasewera, amalumpha zopunthwitsa ndikuwotcha, ndikuchita malamulo osiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kuwombera ng'ombe.
Yha mu chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Tibet
Ma yaks adapeza chidwi kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu aku Tibetan. Zithunzi za yaks zilipo mu utoto wambiri. Flying yaks ndi imodzi mwamitu yabwino kwambiri yojambulidwa ndi wojambula wotchuka waku China Wang Yi Guang.
Kuyambira kale, ziwerengero za Tibetan yaks zimatha kuwoneka zazing'ono zomwe zimafotokoza za anthu ogwira ntchito zolimba omwe amathandizira komanso thandizo la nyama pafamuyi. Tsopano, yaks imawonetsedwanso pamasitampu omasulira. Masitampu osiyanasiyana operekedwa kwa nyamayi amasulidwa ku Kyrgyzstan.
Ndipo ndi zokongola bwanji zomwe mungabweretse kuchokera kuulendo wopita ku Tibet! Zifanizo za Yak, nsalu zaubweya zoluka, zopangidwa ndi chakudya, zingwe zaak-ubweya. Tsitsi la Yak limadulidwa, osati kumeta. Chifukwa chakuti ubweya sugwira madzi, zinthuzo ndizopusa, zofewa, zotentha komanso zopepuka. Zinthu za Woolen zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake: sizimayambitsa thupi, sizikhala ndi "mafuta oyambitsidwa" ndikamavala ndikatsuka, ndikuthandizira kupweteka kwamatenda.
Yaks akadali nyama yotchuka kwambiri ku Tibet. Ngakhale ndi njira zamakono zoyendera monga magalimoto, njinga zamoto ndi ma ATV, magalimoto oyenda chipale chofewa, yaks amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama zoyenda. Mitundu ina imawagwiritsa ntchito pakupanga zithunzi.
Inde, ili ndi gawo laling'ono chabe lazidziwitso zokhudzana ndi nyama zokongola izi. Koma tidzakhala okondwa ngati nkhani yathu imakusangalatsani ndipo mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za malo a Tibetan yak ndi malo omwe amakhala. Ndikwabwino kuyendera malowa ndikudziwitsidwa ndi woimirira nyama ya ku Tibet.
Gulu
M'mbuyomu, ofufuza adaphatikiza mitundu yonse ya yak. Bos grunniens ndi subspecies awiri - Wild Yak B. g. mutus (Przewalski, 1883) ndi Home Yak B. g. grunniens (Linnaeus, 1766). Pakadali pano, olemba ambiri amawona yaks zamtchire ndi zoweta ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana - Bos mutus ndi Bos grunniens motero.
Yak yak
Pakalembwe, ma yaks akuthengo adalembedwa mu mbiri ya ku Tibet kuti ndi imodzi mwazimphatso zazikulu za munthu. Ku Tibetan, chilombo chakutchire, mosiyana ndi nyumba, chimatchedwa drong.
Ma yak yakamatchire sangathe kuyimitsa malo omwe anthu amakhala, chifukwa chake amafera pomwepo - tsopano adangopulumuka m'mapiri a Tibet pamalo okwera 4300-4600 m pamwamba pa nyanja. m M'nyengo yozizira ndi mpaka 6100 m pamtunda wa nyanja. m M'chilimwe.
Yak imatha kusinthidwa bwino kukhala malo okwera. Ili ndi mapapo akulu ndi mtima poyerekeza ndi ng'ombe zam'mtunda.Mwazi wa Yak umatha kunyamula mpweya wambiri chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa gawo lalikulu la fetal hemoglobin m'moyo wonse. Mbali yakugundika ndiyo kulekerera bwino kwamtunda wotsika ndikuwotcha pang'ono kutentha 15 ° C. Mwa zina zomwe zimasinthasintha kutentha pang'ono ndi kusuntha kwamafuta ndi kusapezeka konseko kwa thukuta.
Imapezeka pa Tibet Plateau komanso madera oyandikira mapiri (Karakorum, Ladak). Amakhala m'mabanja okhala ndi mitu ingapo kapena zazing'ono za mitu 10-16, amuna achikulire mokhazikika. Komabe, monga N. M. Przhevalsky, yemwe adafotokoza koyamba za nyama yakuthengo, akuchitira umboni, kumbuyoko m'zaka za zana la 19. Ng'ombe zazak zakudya zazing'ono zazikazi zitafika mazana angapo, komanso ngakhale zikwizikwi za mitu. Pa zaka 6-8 zakubadwa zimatha kutha msinkhu, chiyembekezo chamoyo pafupifupi pafupifupi 25.
Yak amathamangira mu Seputembala - Okutobala. Pakadali pano, ng'ombe zamphongo zimagwirizana ndi gulu la ng'ombe. Nkhondo zolimba zimachitika pakati pa ng'ombe zamphongo, mosiyana ndi miyambo ina yankhondoyi. Otsutsa pankhondoyo amayesa kugunda wina ndi nyanga kupita kumbali. Zotsatira zoyipa za nkhondozi ndizosowa, ndipo nkhaniyo imangokhala mabala, nthawi zina zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri. Panthawi yopuma, nthawi yopemphera imamveka, nthawi zina amakhala chete. Yak calving imachitika mu June, patatha miyezi isanu ndi inayi. Ng'ombeyo sinapatulidwe ndi mayi ake kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.
Akuluakulu achikamu ali ndi zida zabwino kwambiri, amphamvu kwambiri komanso oopsa. Mimbulu imaganiza zowaukira pokhapokha ngati pali gulu lalikulu komanso chipale chofewa. Nawonso ng'ombe zamphaka zaii, osazengereza, zimenya munthu wowathamangitsa, makamaka ngati ng'ombe zamkaka zai zavulala. Yakuukira yomwe imagwirayo imagwirizira mutu wake ndi mchira wake ndi sultan ofuka wa tsitsi.
Mwa mphamvu mu yak, tanthauzo la kununkhira limapangidwa bwino. Masomphenya ndi makutu ndizofooka.
Yak yak
Ngakhale zakale, mu zaka 2000 zapitazo. e., monga wolemba banja. Ma Yak yakunyumba ndi yaying'ono komanso yowoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa amtchire, anthu opanda nyanga amapezeka pakati pawo, mtundu wawo umakhala wosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza, amatenga matenda. Amagwiritsa ntchito yak ku Tibet, Dzungaria, Pamir ndi madera ena a Central Asia, ku Mongolia, Tuva, Buryatia ndi Altai (osati purebred yaks amagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma Hainaki - mtanda pakati pa yak ndi ng'ombe), Caucasus, Azerbaijan, phiri Iran, Dagestan, China, Pamir ndi Tien Shan. Yak ndi nyama yofunikira kwambiri pamapiri. Amapereka mkaka ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri mkaka (mwachitsanzo batala, tchizi), nyama ndi ubweya popanda kufunika kosamalira.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, Brockhaus ndi Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary imati:
Mwa ziweto za Pamirs, yak (Poephagus grunniens) ndiyodabwitsa kwambiri, imapatsa zinthu zamkaka ndipo imayimira nyama yokhayo yoyenera kukwera ndi kunyamula katundu wolemera pamalo okwera |
Mitundu yodziwika bwino yazaka yolumikizana ndi ng'ombe, ndi Hainaki (Mong. Hainag, Tib. Dzo) ndiosavuta kwambiri monga nyama zoyendetsedwa. Amakhala kum'mwera kwa Siberia ndi ku Mongolia, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupirira kwambiri, komanso ndi kukula kwawo kwakukulu ndi mawonekedwe awo ofatsa.