Pine marten - Ichi ndi nyama yaying'ono yomwe imakhala kunkhalango ku Europe konse komanso kumadzulo kwa Asia.
Pini marten amakhala ndi thupi lalitali komanso miyendo yayifupi. Amafunikira mchira wautali komanso wosasinthika kuti ukhale wathanzi pamene akukwera mitengo ndikulumpha.
Mtundu wa chovala cha nyama iyi ndi bulauni kapena bulauni, pamwamba pa chifuwa - malo amdima achikaso kapena lalanje. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amtunduwu, marten adalandira dzina lachiwiri - cholengedwa chachikasu. Munthawi yotentha, malaya ndi ovuta komanso afupiafupi, nthawi yozizira imakhala yayitali komanso yofewa. Pofika nyengo yozizira, ubweya umawonekeranso pakhungu la miyendo, mothandizidwa ndi nyama yomwe imayenda mosavuta pamayendedwe a chipale chofewa.
Popeza ma pine martens amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri pamitengo, amatha kuwakwera ndipo nawonso amalumpha bwino. Monga nyumba, nyama zambiri nthawi zambiri zimasankha dzenje.
Pine marten ndi nyama yolusa usiku. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amasaka usiku ndi usiku, ndipo amagona m'malo mwake masanawa. Nyama izi zimakhala ndi maso abwino kwambiri, kumva komanso kumva kununkhira. Izi zimawathandiza mwachangu komanso mochenjera kuti agwire nyama. Nyama imadya mbewa ndi agologolo, komanso mbalame zazing'ono. Zimathanso kusaka achule ndi tizilombo. M'dzinja, imatha kudya mtedza ndi zipatso. Nyengo yozizira isanabwere, ma pine marten amasamba.
Ziwopsezo za pine marten zimayimiriridwa ndi zilombo zazikulu: mimbulu, nkhandwe. Mbalame zodya nyama, monga ziziwombankhanga ndi kambuku, zimatha kuziwopsezanso. Komabe, chifukwa cha ukalamba wawo komanso uchinyama wawo, nyama izi sizophweka kuwapeza.
Akazi amabereka ana mu masika. Mu zinyalala, nthawi zambiri 3s. Amabadwa opanda thandizo komanso akhungu. Pakangotha milungu 8 amakhala m'nyumba, pang'onopang'ono amayamba kuyang'ana madera ozungulira. Kuyandikira kugwa, ana amadzilamulira okha ndipo amatha kusiya amayi awo. Koma nthawi zina, ana amakhalabe naye mpaka nthawi yamasika.
Posachedwa, pakhala kutsika pang'ono pa chiwerengero cha ma pine martens. Izi ndichifukwa choti kudzera mu vuto la munthu pali nkhalango zochepa komanso zochepa zathanzi.
Ubweya wa Marten ndiwofunika kwambiri. Mwamuna akhala akumusaka kwa nthawi yayitali. Masiku ano, kusaka nyamayi kumafuna chilolezo chapadera.
Nenani Na. 2
Pine marten, monga dzina lake likunenera, amakhala m'nkhalango. Amakonda malo obzala m'nkhalango, momwe mungabisalire mosavuta. Mtundu uwu wa marten umapewa kukhazikika kwa anthu. Marten amatha kupezeka pafupifupi ku Europe konse. Amakhala m'malo obisalamo a nyama zina kapena mbalame. Pine marten amasankha malo okhalamo okha kubadwa kwa ana. Amabisala ana ake kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ubweya wa pine marten ndi woderapo wakuda wokhala ndi "malaya" achikaso. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali, ndipo nthawi yotentha - yochepa. Mchira wa marten umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri: imathandiza nyamayo kuti isasunthike ikadumpha kuchokera pamtengo wina.
Pini marten ndi nyama yodya nyama. Zomwe zimayamwa kwa martens ndi mapuloteni. Popeza martens sakhwala usiku, ndipo agologolo samakhala usiku, amakhala osavuta kudya zilombo. Osanyalanyaza mbewa ndi mbewa, achule ndi tizilombo. Mazira a mbalame ngakhale zipatso ndi zipatso zina ndi chakudya chodya nkhalango nthawi zonse. Amapanga mtedza ndi zipatso nthawi yachisanu. Mtundu wina wa pine ndi dzino lokoma. Chosangalatsa kwambiri nyamayi ndi uchi wa njuchi zakuthengo. Wofesedwa akapeza dzenje ndi mankhwala, amakhala pafupi ndi nthawi yayitali kuti adye maswiti ambiri.
Pine marten m'mbuyomu amadziwika kuti ndi nyama yamtengo wapatali pakati pa osaka chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wokongola. Koma, nyama izi zitayamba kugwidwa ukapolo kuti zipezeke zikopa, vuto lowononga marten lidasowa. Koma chifukwa chatsopano chatulukira chomwe chikuwopseza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyama: kuchepetsa nkhalango zathanzi.
Gawo lachitatu la ana
Mitu Yotchuka Yamauthenga
Malo okhala mitengo, North America. Ili ndi mitengo yofewa, yofiirira, yomwe imapanga zambiri ku Canada. Pa gawo la Russian Federation wakula Kumwera ndi Central
Anthony Pogorelsky ndiye cholembera wa Alexei Alekseevich Perovsky, mwana wamwamuna wolemera A.K. Razumovsky ndi M.M.Sobolevskaya. Popanda kuganizira mozama, atakhala moyo wake wonse mgulu la abambo ake a Pogoreltsy,
Pakati pa zaka za XIV - XVI, Renaissance idalamulira ku Europe. Ino ndi nthawi yakukula mwachangu kwa zikhalidwe zamaluso, zomwe zimawonetsedwa mu nyimbo, ndikusintha mawonekedwe ake. Kupanga ndi kuimba nyimbo panthawiyi ndinakhala ndi tanthauzo lapadera.
Habitat
Pafupifupi nkhalango zonse za ku Europe ndi zomwe zimakhala ndi ma pine martens. Nyama izi zimakhala m'dera lalikulu: kuchokera ku Caucasus ndi Iran, kumadzulo kwa Siberia ndi Corsica, kumayiko a Asia Minor ndi Sicily, kupita kuzilumba za Mediterranean ndi Sardinia.
Nyama nthawi zambiri imasankha malo okhala m'nkhalango ndi mitengo yowuma, nthawi zina yophatikiza nkhalango. Nthawi zambiri amatha kukumana pamalopo. Mwapadera, pine marten amatha kukhala m'mapiri ataliatali, koma pokhapokha mitengo.
Malo abwino oti nyama zizikhalamo ndi malo a nkhalango kumene kuli mitengo yopanda dzenje. Marten amapita m'malo otambalala komanso otseguka chifukwa chongofuna kusaka. Gawo lomwe miyala yamwala imakhalapo siyabwino kwa nyamayo.
Nyamayi sikhala ndi nyumba yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika. Nthawi zambiri, njoka yamakutu imadzipezera mabowo omwe amasiyidwa ndi agologolo, zisa zakale, zophulika ndi mphepo, yosankha malo pamtunda wa mamita 5-6. Apa marten amayimilira kuti agwiritse ntchito masana.
Pambuyo pa usiku ndi usiku kubwera, wolusa chisomo amatuluka kukafunafuna chakudya, kenako napita kumalo opumulirako ena. Komabe, matalala akadzafera chikhulupiriro, mawonekedwewo amasintha. Mwanjira imeneyi, nyamayi kwa nthawi yayitali imakhala mnyumba, kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chomwe idakonzeratu. Msungwana wokhala ndi chikasu amakonda malo omwe amakhala kutali ndi anthu komanso malo okhala.
Mtengo wa tsitsi la nyama imatsimikiziridwa chifukwa chakuti mapaini amphaka ndi mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wamtundu wotchedwa marten. Chifukwa chake, cholengedwa chachikasu chimakumana ndi zovuta zokwanira kubereka komanso kupulumuka. Izi zimathandizira osati kokha ndi kuchepa kwa malo omwe ali ndi mitengo yoyenera kukhalamo nyama, komanso ndikuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha osaka omwe akufuna kupeza ubweya wokwera mtengo.
Makhalidwe
Poyerekeza ndi oimira ena a genus marten, ma yellowbird amasangalatsa kwambiri komanso mwaulemu mogwirizana ndi malo omwe akusaka ndi kusaka mwachindunji pamitengo. Samakhala ndi mavuto kuti akwere pamtengo mitengo yayikulu. Udindo wofunikira mu izi umaseweredwa ndi mchira wokhazikika komanso wautali, womwe nyamayo imagwiritsa ntchito osati ngati chiwombankhanga, komanso ngati mtundu wa parachute, womwe umalola kudumpha kuchokera kumtunda popanda kuvulala.
Wopanda mantha sachita mantha konse ndi mitengo yomwe, amatha kuyenda mosavuta kuchoka pa nthambi kupita ku nthambi, ndipo kutalika kwambiri kwa kudumpha kwa nyamayo kumatha kufika mamita anayi. Ngakhale padziko lapansi, amathanso kudumpha. Kuphatikiza apo, marten ndiwosambira bwino kwambiri, koma amatha kulowa m'madzi munjira zapadera.
Pine marten amasiyanitsidwa ndi agility, dexterity ndi liwiro. Nyama imatha kuthana ndi maulendo ataliatali munthawi yochepa. Anthu ena ambiri amadyera mtima amadana ndi chidwi chake, kumva komanso kununkhira, zomwe zimamuthandiza pantchito yosaka. Cholengedwa chachikaso ndichoseketsa mokwanira, chokongola komanso chidwi. M'makola awo, anyakwawa amalankhula pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana ndi akhwangwala kapena oyeretsa. Ana a nyama izi amapanga mawu ofanana ndi twitter.
Zambiri mwa nyamazo zimakonda kukhala zokhazokha, kupatula oimira ena amtunduwu. Chinyama chilichonse chimakhala ndi zakeyawo. Marten amaliza gawo lake pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zapadera zafungo, zomwe zimapezeka chifukwa chazinsinsi za mafungo am'maso. Dera lonse lomwe nyamayo imakhala imatha kufika mahekitala 5000. Nthawi zambiri, akazi amakhala ndi chiwembu chocheperako kangapo poyerekeza ndi chachimuna. Kuphatikiza apo, malo amalo amatsika ndikuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira.
Amuna amateteza dera lawo ku nyama zina zamtunduwu. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa akazi ndi amuna, "zogawana" zimatha kudutsana. Komanso, ngati amuna awiri akukumana kunja kwa nyengo yachisangalalo, nthawi zambiri izi siziphatikizidwa ndi zolimba ndikuwonetsa kukwiya.
Kodi pine marten amadya chiyani?
Nyama iyi imakhala yosasamala chakudya, imadya nyama zodabwitsa. Zakudya za pine marten ndizotsimikizika mokwanira ndi nthawi ya chaka, malo omwe amakhala komanso kuthekera kwake kupeza chakudya chimodzi kapena china. Komabe, gawo lake lalikulu la chakudya chake ndi chakudya chochokera ku nyama. Chomwe amakonda kwambiri za pine marten ndi agologolo wamba.
Nthawi zambiri zimatha kuti mlenje amatha kugwira gologolo mkati mwa dzenje. Komabe, ngati izi sizingachitike, wopandirayo amatha kuthamangitsa nyama kwa nthawi yayitali, kusuntha pambuyo pake panthambi za mitengo. Palinso mndandanda wosangalatsa wa nyama zing'onozing'ono zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimam'patsa mwayi kuti atsegule mosaka nyama zake zosasangalatsa. Izi zimaphatikizapo nkhono wamba, mavu atchire ndi ma hedgehogs. Ndizachilendo kuti nyama yamtunduwu idapha yokha, ikuluma ndendende khosi lake. Nyama sizimanyoza zovunda.
M'nyengo yotentha ndi yophukira, marten wa pine amagwira ntchito mokonzanso thupi lake ndi mavitamini ofunikira. Amadya mtedza, zipatso zamtchire, zipatso zomwe zimamera pamitengo, komanso zakudya zina zomwe zimakhala ndi kufufuza zinthu zambiri. Mtundu wa chikasu umabisala chakudya china chomwe umapeza mtsogolomo. Koposa zonse, nyamayi imakonda kudya zipatso za mzere wobiriwira kapena ma buluu.
Moyo wa alumali ndi kubereka
Nyengo yachilimwe, nthawi yophukira imayambira paini pine. Wamphongo wamwamuna wamkulu amasankha wamkazi mmodzi kapena awiri kuti akwere. Ndizodabwitsa kuti nthawi yozizira ikayamba, nyengo yotchedwa zabodza yomwe imaberekana imayamba kupezeka. Pankhaniyi, akuwonetseranso nkhawa, kuchita zankhondo ndi zankhondo, koma izi sizitsogolera pakukula.
Pakadutsa milungu yoposa itatu yokha, ana amayamba kumva mawu, ndipo masana 28 maso awo amakhala otseguka. Ngati mayi akufuna kusaka, amatha kusiya ana kwakanthawi. Akakhala pangozi, amayi ake amapita nawo kumalo ena, pabwino.
Pakufika miyezi inayi, nyama zazing'ono zomwe zakhwima zimatha kuwonetsa kuyimirira ndikupeza chakudya chawo, koma kwakanthawi zimakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo. Kutalika kwa moyo wa pine marten pafupifupi zaka khumi, koma m'malo abwino kwambiri amatha kukhala zaka khumi ndi zisanu.
Zambiri
Pini marten ndizovuta kubereka m'malo opangidwa mwaluso. Magulu ambiri a nyama zimenezi amakhala m'malo osungira nyama omwe amakhala ku Germany ndi ku Austria. Komanso, mafani ena azidyamakanda amawasunga kunyumba. Komabe, ziyenera kumvetsedwa kuti sizikudziwika kuti wopandukayo adzatani munthu ali m'nyumba yopanda nyumba. Oimira ena amakhala okonda komanso odekha, ena amachita mopanda chidwi, ndipo ena ayamba kuwonetsa ndewu.
Ngakhale zidanenedweratu, ma pine ena amakhala owopa komanso amantha. Pakangotha mantha, amakodwa, ndipo nthawi zina amakomoka, nthawi zina amakomoka. Kenako, patapita nthawi, nyamayo ikuwuluka. Nthawi zambiri, kulanda kumadutsa osakungotsata, koma nthawi zina kumatha ndikumwalira kwa ofera.
Mitundu yachikasu imatha kukhala yowopsa osati kwa nyama zina zokha, komanso kwa anthu. Marten ndi amene amathanso kuyambitsa matenda a chiwewe, majeremusi ndi mphutsi, komanso mliri. Kuphatikiza apo, marten akuba pa nkhuku Coops nthawi ndi nthawi.
Mndandanda wa adani a nyama iyi ndi omwe amadyera ena. Izi zimaphatikizapo nkhandwe, lynx kapena kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga, nkhandwe ndi mbalame zina, mwachitsanzo, khungubwe kapena chiwombankhanga chagolide. Mbidzi zimatha kubisala popanda adani pamitengo yayitali. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti osaka okulirapo amapha nyama zachikasu osati chakudya, koma kuti athetse wochita mpikisano mwachindunji.
Pakadali pano, padziko lonse lapansi ma pine martens ali ndi mitu 200,000. Komanso, ndizodabwitsa kuti cholengedwa chachikasu chimatha kuyanjana ndi oimira amitundu yabwino. Poterepa, wosakanizidwa amakhala wopanda zipatso, amatchedwa Kindus.
Kufotokozera
Masisitere amadyera ndi thupi lalitali, lonyowa, kupukutira kwakanthawi ndi matupi amfupi. Iwo ndi eni ubweya wakuda, wopakidwa utoto wosiyanasiyana. Mchira wake ndiwofeweka komanso wautali. Chowoneka ndi chidwi cha luso lakutsogolo, komwe titha kufanizira ndi luso labwino la mwana wazaka zitatu.
Amphaka amadya timiyala tating'ono, zokwawa, mbalame, ndi zisa zosaka pofunafuna mazira. M'chilimwe, amakonda zipatso ndi mtedza. Amakhala kuthengo zaka 10, ali mu ukapolo, nthawi imeneyi imatha kuchuluka mpaka zaka 16-20. Mutha kukumana ndi nyama yochenjera m'nkhalango za ku Eurasia ndi North America. Amakonda nyengo yabwino.
Kodi martens amakhala kuti ku Russia? Mutha kupunthwa pa iwo m'chigawo chapakati cha dzikolo, ku Urals, Caucasus, Far East, ndi Western Siberia. Pali mitundu ingapo ya ma martens.
Pine marten
Awa ndi nyama yokhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira kapena wowoneka bwino, pamapewa awo amakhala ndi malo achikaso. Kwa iye adatchedwa "nyama zachikasu." Kukula kwa thupi kumasiyana masentimita 48 mpaka 58, kutalika kufota - 15 sentimita. Kulemera kumachokera ku 800 gramu mpaka 2 kilogalamu.
Martens amakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana kapena zowola. M'nkhalango yotentha imapezeka, koma kangapo. M'mapiri amatha kuwoneka kutalika komwe, komwe mitengo imakulabe. Nyama zimapewa malo otseguka. Nyama zimakwera bwino nthambi, zimachita kudumphadumpha. Usiku m'maenje, zisa zosiyidwa, mphepete mwa nyanja. Amasaka usiku uliwonse mdera lake.
Kodi pine marten amakhala kuti? Kukhazikika kwake ndi kotakata: pafupifupi mayiko onse aku Europe, Russia mpaka ku Western Siberia, kumwera - gawo kuchokera ku Caucasus kupita ku Mediterranean, ku Asia - madera akumadzulo.
Mwala wophedwa
Ichi ndi nyama yokhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira komanso wakuda pakhosi. Dzina lake lina ndi "yoyera-yoyamwa". Start marten ndi yaying'ono kuposa nkhalango, kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 40 mpaka 55 cm. Matako a nyama ndi ofupikitsika, kupukutira ndi kufupika, mchirawo ndi wautali. Zizolowezi ndizofanana ndi gologolo. Nyama ndizofuna kudziwa zambiri ndipo zimacheza mosavuta.
Stone marten amakhala kudera lotseguka, mapiri, komanso nyumba zomwe anthu amakhala. Nyamazo zimakhazikitsa malo okhala m'miyala yakale, m'miyala, pamiyala yamiyala, pakati pamulu wamiyala, m'makona ndi m'matanthwe. Amatha kuvulaza kwambiri kusaka ziweto, kukuta mano, kuthina.
Kodi ofera amakhala kuti? Mtunduwu umakhala m'malo ambiri a ku Europe. Nyama zimatha kupezeka ku England ndi Syria, ku Himalayas ndi dzuwa lotentha (kupatula Sardinia), ku Palestine ndi Afghanistan. Ku Russia, miyala yopanda miyala imapezeka ku Caucasus ndi Crimea, ku Siberia kozizira komanso m'chigawo chapakati. Pazolinga zakusaka, nyamazo zidayambitsidwa ku America ndipo zimangokhala ku Wisconsin.
Marten waku America
Ichi ndi mtundu wachilendo womwe watsala pang'ono kumaliza.Pakadali pano, chiwerengero cha anthu pang'onopang'ono chikubwezeretsedwa. Kunja, marten waku America akufanana ndi marten wamtchire, koma maonekedwe a ubweya wake ndiwosiyanasiyana: apa mutha kupeza mawonekedwe owala komanso amdima akuda, ofiira komanso ofiira. Mchira ndi miyendo yake ili pafupi ndi zakuda. Khosi, kupukutira ndi m'mimba ndizopepuka. Kutalika kwa thupi kumachokera masentimita 32-45, kulemera - kuchokera 500 magalamu mpaka 1.5 kilogalamu.
Marten waku America amakhala ndi moyo wachisangalalo. Zokonda zimaperekedwa ku nkhalango zakale za coniferous. Mitengo yodulidwa ndi malo abwino kubisalira pobisalira. Anthu ena amakhala kudera linalake. Gawo lawo laofera limatetezedwa koopsa kwa achibale omwe si amuna okhaokha. Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zina zimayendayenda pofunafuna malo kapena mkazi wabwino.
Kodi martens a mtunduwu amakhala kuti? Anthu ambiri amakhala ku Alaska, komanso ku Canada. Kummwera, malo okhala amakhala mpaka kumadera a California ndi Colado ku United States.
Harza
Chidani chachikulu choterechi sichofanana ndi mitundu ina ya anyani. Utoto wake ndi wowala: mutu wakuda wokhala ndi chibwano choyera komanso masaya ofiira, chifuwa chachikaso chowala, ubweya wagolide kumbuyo, matsi amtundu wakuda ndi mchira. Chovala ndichachifupi, chonyezimira. Kukula kwa nyamayi kumayambira masentimita 55 mpaka 80, nthawi zina kulemera mpaka 6 kilogalamu.
Kharza amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, kutali ndi anthu. Akazi okha omwe amadyetsa ana amakhala pansi. Otsalawo amasuntha momasuka kukafunafuna nyama, kupuma m'maenje, paming'alu, pamphepo zamkuntho. Kuphatikiza pa timiyala tating'ono, charza imatsutsana ndi agwape, nkhumba zamtchire, agwape ndi mbewa. Wokondedwa ndi nyama ya musk. Pakusaka, nyama zimatha kulumikizana m'magulu, zomwe sizachilendo kwa oimira ena amtunduwu. Chowonjezera china mwa iwo ndi chikondi cha uchi.
Kodi ofera amakhala kuti? Kharza amakhala kumayiko a Asia ndi Kum'mawa: China, Korea, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Nepal, Iran, Georgia, ndi zina zotere. Kudera la Russia, nyama zimapezeka ku Primorye ndi Amur, zimatengedwanso ku Crimea, Adygea ndi Dagestan.
Nilgir Harza
Marten wokongola uyu amapaka utoto wakuda, pomwe khosi ndi chifuwa zimakhala ndi mtundu wake wowala wa lalanje. Kukula kwa chinyama chachikulire kumatha kuchoka pa 55 mpaka 70 cm. Kulemera kwake ndi kocheperako poyerekezera ndi charza wamba - kuyambira ma kilogalamu awiri mpaka 2,5.
Kodi marten amakhala kuti ndipo amadya chiyani? Nilgir Harza ndiye woimira yekha wokhala pangozi wa banja la marten ku South India. Mtunduwu sukumveka bwino. Khalidwe lawo likuyenera kukhala masana. Anthu pawokha amapezeka m'nkhalango zamvula pamapiri. Anthu amapewa nyama. Zingwe zimakonzedwa pamitengo, pafupi ndi madzi. Koma nyamazo zimasaka pansi. Amadyetsa mbalame zazing'ono, makoswe, abuluzi ndi kuyang'anira abuluzi, ma cicadas, agulu aku Asia.
Ilka
Uwu ndi mtundu waukulu wa marten, wofanana ndi weasel. Kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera pa 75 mpaka 120 masentimita, kulemera kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 5 kilogalamu. Chovalacho ndi chachitali, chopondera, chofiirira chakuda, mutu ndi mapewa ake opepuka, ndi buluku wa silvery.
Ilka amakhala kumapiri a North America. Amakwera mitengo bwino, amasambira, koma amakonda kuyenda pansi. Kodi marten amakhala kuti kuthengo? Nyama zimakhazikitsa malo okhala m'maenje, stumps, pansi pa mitengo yobayira. Amakumba mabowo nthawi yachisanu.
Ilka ndi nyama yolusa. Zingwe zamatanda ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa iye, ngakhale akamenya nawo nkhondo yomalizayi, nyamazo sizituluka zopambana nthawi zonse. Amadya zovunda, amatha kudya zipatso, mbewa, fern, mtedza. Amakhala moyo wamadzulo, amasaka nyama zawo.
Zoyenera
Nyama yamphamvuyi imakhala ndi moyo wokhala pamtunda, ikukwera mitengo kokha ngati kuli pangozi. Mtundu wa ma sables umasiyana siyana komanso wokongola kwambiri: kuyambira fawn, brown brown mpaka pafupifupi wakuda. Nyama zaluso zimakhala mchira. Mizere yake imapangidwa m'miyenje kapena pansi pa mitengo. Amamadya zakudya zam'mera, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mbalame zazikulu, nsomba, nsomba za hares, ermines, musk dees.
Kodi martens a mtunduwu amakhala kuti? Ma Sabata ndi omwe amakhala nzika zaku Russia. Zimapezeka kuchokera ku Urals kupita ku Pacific Ocean. Palinso mapwando achi Japan omwe amakhala kuzilumba za Tsushima, Shikoku, Kyushu ndi Honshu. Kuti apeze ubweya wokongola, nyama zimabweretsanso kuzilumba za Sado ndi Hokkaido. Sable ya ku Japan imatha kukhala ndi utoto wamtundu kapena wakuda wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owala kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Martens ndi banja lalikulu lomwe limakhala ku Europe ndi Asia, North America. Pakadali pano, amatha kupezeka m'nkhalango zambiri za Russia. Komabe, mitundu ina ili pangozi ndipo imafunikira chitetezo chapadera.