Kutha kwa mbalame zodabwitsa * Nyama

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Pakadali pano, mbalame zinayamba kukopa chidwi chapadera cha akatswiri azikhalidwe. Izi ndichifukwa cha luso laposachedwa kwambiri la mbalame osati kungopanga mawonekedwe apulasitiki, kuphunzira, komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi. Komanso, mikhalidwe ya mbalameyi imawonetsedwa zonse zachilengedwe komanso malo oyeserera.

Pomaliza, tsankho chifukwa cha luso la mbalame ndi nyama zina linayamba kutha. Zachidziwikire, kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, asayansi adatsimikizira kufunikira kwapadera. Kupanda kutero, zingakhale zovuta kuyika zolengedwa zonse pa "masitepe a makwerero" molingana ndi zovuta zake: kuyambira "protozoa" mpaka nyani. Popeza machitidwe ovuta a zolengedwa, ngakhale ma invertebrates, sanafanane ndi dongosolo lomwe linaperekedwa motere, adasiya kumumvetsera mwachidwi. Nthawi yomweyo, maphunziro akulu azikhalidwe ndi zoopsychological adapangidwa pokhapokha pokhudzana ndi anyani.

Ponena za mbalamezi, akatswiri azachipatala amakhulupirira kuti zimangopangidwa ndi chibadwa chokha, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti "mbalame zomwe zimataya mbalamezi sizinakhazikitsidwe."

Ndipo kungoyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000 ndi pomwe malingaliro a mbalame adasinthiratu. Kuyesaku kunawonetsa kuti ali ndi chikumbukiro chabwino, kuthekera kokuphunzira ndi kukulitsa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zambiri ndizosavuta kuphunzitsa. Komanso, pochita zinthu mwanzeru, mbalame, mwachitsanzo khwangwala (kapena corvidae), sizotsika kuposa zomwe zimatchedwa "apamwamba" anyama, koma m'njira zambiri zimaposa izi.

Tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo zina za luso la mbalame.

Mawonekedwe owonekera amakumbukiro

Kutha kupeza nyumba ndi magwero azakudya. Mbalame zambiri, zikabwerera kwawo kuchokera kumayiko akutali, chifukwa cha kukumbukira kwawo, zimayang'ana zisa zawo. Chifukwa chake, mbawala, kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira, zimawuluka kuchokera kutali kupita komwe zinali ndikupanga zisa pafupi ndi chisa chakale. Ngakhale nkhuku zimatha kuzindikira nkhuku zawo pakapita zaka zochepa.

Kapenanso zowombera ntchentche. Amphongo amabwerera kumayambiriro kwa Meyi kupita kumalo komwe mbadwa zidabadwa kale. Memory imawalola kuti apeze mabowo awo komanso ma titm, koma njira ya zithunzi izi siyili pafupi - kuchokera ku Africa. Paulendowu, amawuluka maiko atatu padziko lapansi, ndipo pakubwerera, amapeza nyumba yawo yobadwira mosavuta. Akazi amtchetcheti watchetechete komanso mbalame zazing'ono samakhala munyumba ndipo ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna akuluakulu kuti abwerere zisa zawo.

Mbalame zina za akhwangwala zimapanga storages chakudya m'dzinja, ndipo zimapezeka mofulumira nthawi yozizira komanso masika. Mbira za mitengo imasunganso - m'njira yanzeru. Amapanga mabowo mumakungwa amtengo ndikuyika zipatso m'modzi mwa iwo. Mitengo ing'onoing'ono iyi imatha kukhala yochulukirapo kotero kuti imatetezedwa ndi banja lonse, komabe, mbalame zimatha kukumbukira chipinda chilichonse ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yachisanu.

Mbalame zomwe zimadyera timadzi tambiri ta maluwa timakhalanso kukumbukira. Chifukwa chake, olowa nawo aku Hawaii amadziwa magwero akuluakulu a chakudya ndipo amakumbukira bwino malo omwe adapitako kale ndikumamwa timadzi tamaluwa. Chifukwa chake, samataya nthawi pakusaka kwachabe.

Kuthekera kwatsopano kwa kutsanzira. Mbalame zambiri zimatha kukumbukira kukumbukira zonse zomwe zidamva ndi kuwona kuchokera kwa makolo awo, abale awo, ngakhalenso oimira mitundu ina. Ziwonetsero, nyenyezi, makungubwe okhala ndi luso lotengera, samawasintha onse mu chilengedwe ndi ukapolo.

Mwachitsanzo, wokhala ndi nyenyezi wamba amakumbukira ndi kudziwa kutulutsa molondola mawu a mbalame monga thrush, oriole, Finch, jackdaw, turntable, wakuda grouse. Kwenikweni kuchokera kumagawo awo nyimbo yake imapangidwa, kumamvetsera komwe kuli kosangalatsa kulingalira nyimbo yotsatira. Atha kumangoyamwa ndi kumeza, ndiye kuti adzafuula ndi kestrel, kapena angawotche ndi gehena ndi nkhuku.

Nyenyezi imaphatikizanso mu nyimbo yake ndi mawu ena omwe amveredwa ndi nyama - chule chokhotakhota, kuyimba kwa nkhandwe, kuwuwa kwa agalu, komanso mawu a moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku - kubangula kwa injini, chitseko cha pakhomo, zidebe pakhomo komanso ngakhale kugogoda kwa typew. Kukhala mu ukapolo, wokhala ndi nyenyezi amatha kuloweza pamawu amodzi a mawu a anthu ndi ziganizo zazifupi.

Kufunikira kwa kutsanzira m'gulu la avian sikumveka konse.

Mwa zovala zathu zanyimbo, woyeserera wankhondo amatha kutchedwa woyenda bwino kwambiri komanso wamalankhulidwe omwe ali ndi mawu osavuta kukumbukira. Anapatsidwa mphamvu zodabwitsa kuti "azigwira" mwachangu, kuloweza kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kutulutsa mawu molondola ndi mbalame zina.

Chithunzi chaching'ono chofiirira ichi chimakhala miyezi iwiri yokha kudziko lakwawo, ku Central Europe, ndipo chimakhala pachaka chambiri ku Zambia. Njira yake yolowera kumpoto kwa Africa kudutsa ku Middle East, dera la Arabia, ku Red Sea. Ndipo ngakhale kuti oyendetsa nawo nkhondo ayamba ulendo wawo wamakilomita 8,000 motalika kwambiri, amadziwa bwino malo opita kwawo ndipo sakusokera, kuwuluka chaka ndi chaka kupita ku zitsamba zomwezo.

Kuphatikiza apo, paulendo wa pandege, kukumbukira kumathandizira mbalame kukumbukira kukuwa kwa mbalame zambiri zomwe zimakumana nawo m'njira. Warbler amatha kutsanzira mawu a mitundu yoposa 210 ya mbalame. Monga momwe ziwonetsero zidawonekera, kagulu kakang'ono kamodzi kosalira nyama kwa mphindi 35 kadatha kutengera mawu amitundu mitundu 75 ya mbalame. Pobwerera kuchokera kumadera akumwera kupita ku Europe, mbalamezi zimatsata "zilankhulo" zakunja kwa masiku ena atatu kapena anayi, ndipo kenako zimangochokera kuchilankhulo chawo. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri ku dera la Europe m'masiku oyambilira "ma polyglots" odabwitsawa, munthu amamva kutsanzikana kwamphamvu kwa kuyimba kwa mbalame zambiri zakumwera.

Kutha kuphunzira

Popeza kuti mbalamezo zimaphunzitsidwa bwino komanso kupatsidwa ntchito zoyambira bwino, zimakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa momwe zimakhalira, zimapangitsa khalidweli kukhala la pulasitiki komanso losinthika, lokwanira kusinthira nyengo.

Kuphunzira, komwe kumagwirizana mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha mbalame mwachilengedwe, ndimutu wophunzirira akatswiri a zamankhwala. Imasanthulidwa mosamalitsa. Kuwona makolo awo, mbalame zimaphunzira momwe zimapezera chakudya. Chifukwa chake, ena a iwo amagogoda zigobazi, ndikuziphwanya, pomwe ena amamenya pamphambano yamapiko, kuwapangitsa kuti atseguke. Mbalame yaying'ono ikadziwa imodzi mwa njirazi, yakhala ikuigwiritsa ntchito moyo wawo wonse.

Maluso ophunzirira a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame amatsimikiziridwa onse powona momwe amagwirira ntchito kumalo achilengedwe, komanso mwa maphunziro apadera a labotale.

Kukumbukira nyimbo ndi kuphunzira. Pachilumba cha Tasmania, khwangwala amakhala. Kumva mayiyo akuimba, ndizotheka kuti akhulupirire kuti pali chiwalo chenicheni chomwe chikuimba. Khwangwala uyu samasungunuka mosavuta, ndipo m'ndende mutha kuphunzitsidwa kuti aziimbira likhweru nyimbo zosiyanasiyana.

Wopatsa nyenyezi wabwino amakhala ndi kukumbukira kwabwino nyimbo. Ndizosangalatsa kuti amatsata kuyimba kwake ngati wochititsa ndi mapiko otambalala. Pali zochitika zambiri zoseketsa kuchokera m'moyo wamatsenga waluso uyu. Wokonda mbalame wamkulu adaphunzitsira nyenyezi yake kuyimba malilishe a Marseillaise. Ndipo atamasula mbalameyo, posakhalitsa adachitira umboni chochitika chapadera - kwayala yodziwika bwino ya nyenyezi idagwirizana mogwirizana nyimbo ya ku France iyi. Ndiye kuti, mbalameyo sinangophunzira nyimbo, koma inapatsira abale ake.

Mawonetsero owoneka bwino amakumbukiro a nyimbo amawonetsedwanso ndi parrots. Pulogalamu wina wotchuka, Jacquot, adaphunzira ndipo adatha kuimba likhweru kwazipangizo zambiri kuchokera ku opareshoni ndi operettas. Adakumbukira nyimbo ndikuwerenga mwanzeru bwino, ndipo ngati adangopeka mwangozi, adasiya kuyimilira, ngati kuti akuganiza, ndikubwereza nyimboyi kaye.

Wodabwanso wina, yemwe amakhala ku banja lina la ku Moscow, adakumbukira nyimbo ndikuimbira nyimbo ngati, mwachitsanzo, "Khalani omasuka kupitiliza", "Bwanji atsikana mumakonda atsikana okongola," komanso amadziwa nyimbo ya ana a ng'ona Gena.

Kutha kutsanzira zolankhula kwa anthu. Modabwitsa, ndi mbalame zomwe ndizo zokha zomwe zimayimira nyama zomwe zimatha kuphunzira kubereka zolankhula mwa anthu. Ngakhale ziwalo zawo zamawu zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana mosiyana ndi zonse zomwe zimayamwa komanso anthu. Ndipo anyani amtundu wotchedwa humanoid, omwe zida zawo zimagwirizana ndi kapangidwe kawo, zimawoneka ngati, sizosiyana ndi zathu, sangatchule mawu amodzi.

Oimira ambiri a banja lakhwangwala - akhwangwala, akhwangwala, ma jay, ndi ma jackdaw - amatha kuphunzira kupanga bwino zolankhula za anthu. Kuyambira nthawi yayitali, kwakhala kuli chizolowezi ku Russia kuti azilankhulana nthawi zonse.

Achibale apafupi kwambiri a iwo, njanji za ku India ndi Central Asia, ali ndi kuthekera kwabwino kutchula mawu. Magulu ankhondo okhazikika tsopano akudziwika ku gawo la ku Europe la dziko lathu. Akuluakulu a madera amenewa anali mbalame zochokera ku Tajikistan, zomwe amapeza m'masitolo azitsamba kuti aziphunzitsa chilankhulo cha Chirasha. Mayendedwe alidi ndi kuthekera koteroko, koma kuisungitsa mbalame yaphokoso ngati iyi m'nyumba si kosangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, ambiri mwa mbalame zazing'ono zolankhula izi posachedwa anangotsala mumsewu, ndikupatsa kuchuluka kwa anthu munjira yomweyo ku Moscow.

Otsatira abwino ndi olankhula, ndiwothekanso. Wodziwika kwambiri pakati pawo ndi Jaco, kapena grrey parrot, wokhala m'nkhalango zotentha za West ndi Central Africa. Chifukwa cha kukumbukira kwake, mawu ake ali ndi mawu mazana, mawu ambiri, zochuluka kuchokera pamatchulidwe, ndi nyimbo zamalonda.

Parrots samangokumbukira ndi kubweretsanso zonsezi, komanso kutengera molondola mawu. Phokoso lokhazikika la Jaco sikuti limatha konse ndi mawu a kuyankhula kwa anthu. Amatha kutsanzira ndikusinthanso molondola mawu enanso omveka mosiyanasiyana. Kuyambira khwangwala wa tambala, kupeta kwa mphaka, kuluma kwa galu, kuyimba kwa mbalame zamtchire ndi mbalame zapakhomo, kuimba foni ndi kugunda pakhomo.

"Makalata" a pigeon. Anthu akangogwiritsa ntchito nkhunda, kuphatikiza prosaic kwambiri - ngati chinthu chopatsa thanzi. Koma koposa zonse, nkhunda zokhala ndi mafunde zimakhala "otumiza." Mbalame za mitundu yosankhidwa zinagwira ntchito yotereyi ngakhale nthawi ya ma farao mu akachisi achi Egypt. Ku Europe, XI - XIII zaka zambiri, nkhunda yonyamula sizinali zocheperapo ngati khola la Arabia. Kupatula apo, ma Knights mothandizidwa ndi otumiza maulendo omwe anali ndi tsitsi adasungabe ubale pakati pa nyumba zachifumu kapena adalemba makalata.

Chifukwa chiyani anagwiritsa ntchito nkhunda? Yankho lake ndi losavuta: amakhala osasinthika, amakhala ndi zokumbukira zabwino, amagwirizana ndi malo ochezera komanso luso lothandiza poyenda.

Mauthenga ofunikira olembedwa ndi njiwa amatchedwa ma njiwa. Kuswana ndi kusankha kwa "ma post" a nkhunda makamaka kunkachitika pazankhondo ku Egypt wakale, Greece yakale, komanso mu ufumu wa Roma.

Ma njiwa ambiri "adagwira ntchito yankhondo" pambuyo pake. Chifukwa chake, mzaka za nkhondo ya Franco-Prussian (1870 - 1871), nkhunda zonyamula zidapereka zilembo zoposa miliyoni. Ana a nkhunda ochokera ku Paris atazunguliridwa ndi Ajeremani adawuluka ndi mfuti kudzera pamasamba ndi mfuti, ndipo nthawi zina amafika nkhunda zawo atavulazidwa mwinanso osayiwona. Kuti aletse amtokoma wokhala ndi mbee, Ajeremani adaponya mabokosi kutsogolo kwa gulu lankhondo, ndipo njiwa zinayamba kufa limodzi. Koma a ku France poyambapo adathetsa vutoli popereka nkhunda ndi chida cholepheretsa - azungu ang'onoang'ono adayamba kumangirizidwa ndi michira yawo. Zabodza zimawopa kuti zizizunza mbalame zouluka.

Ku Russia, pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, nkhunda zimanyamula makalata kumadera onse. Nkhunda zankhondo zamagulu ankhondo zimaphunzitsidwa maluso oyenera ndikumanga unyolo ku nazale, yomwe inali ku Ostankino, yomwe inali mudzi m'masiku amenewo.

Ngakhale pa Nkhondo Yaikulu ya Patriotic, ngakhale anali angwiro njira zolumikizirana, malipoti ambiri ankhondo adafalitsidwa pamapiko a njiwa. Chifukwa chake, mu 1942, a Nazi adawonongera panyanja ya Chingerezi ndi ndalama zambiri. Sanathe kudziphulitsa pansi ndikadafa ngati sakadasunga mbali yaying'ono-nkhunda ndi nkhunda. Anawamasulira pansi pambale yaying'ono kudzera pa chubu cholimira. Njiwayo, mwachiwonekere, inasesedwa ndi funde lamkuntho, koma nkhunda idakwanitsabe kufikira pansi. Chifukwa cha buluu, olemba sitimayo anapulumutsidwa, ndipo chipilala chinamangidwa kwa "postman" wokhala ndi utoto.

Asitikali adagwiritsanso ntchito lingaliro lamasomphenya apadera a njiwa. Maso ake amatha kusankha pambali yonse yowonera zofunikira zokha. Izi zidawerengedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri amodzi mwa makampani oyendetsa ndege aku US. Chifukwa cha izi, "diso lamagetsi" linapangidwa, kapena, chithunzi chamtundu wa njiwa (ma 145 photosensitive Photoreceptors ndi 386 "neurons" - ma cell amitsempha yama cell. “Diso” loterolo limatha kudziwa komwe akuwongolera ndi kuthamanga kwa chinthu, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake. Mwachitsanzo, amatha kuzindikira bomba lomwe lili ngati bomba komanso zida zina popanda kuzindikira zinthu zina zouluka.

Kuthandiza ovulala ndi odwala. Kutengera kuti masomphenya a nkhunda ndi akuthwa nthawi zambiri kuposa a munthu, American Society for the Salvation of the Waters ikukonzekera pulogalamu yogwiritsira ntchito nkhunda zophunzitsidwa kutsata anthu kunyanja zikuluzikulu. Mbalame zimawulukira mu ma helikopita okhala ndi magulu opulumutsa ndipo, pakuwona mbendera ya lalanje (chizindikiro wamba chothandizira), zimapatsa chizindikiro.

Ndipo nkhunda zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa. Zabwino zakuchipatala zimadziwika, pomwe pakati pama bedi awa ndi anthu ogona, mbalame zabwinozi zimayenda mozungulira. A dovecote amapezeka mwapadera pafupi ndi chipinda. Odwala, kumayang'anitsitsa mbalame zokongoletsedwa bwino komanso zathanzi, amakambirana zomwe zimawonekera mwachilengedwe. Zonse pamodzi - mankhwala, mpweya wabwino, nkhunda zodekha komanso kukumbukira kukumbukira kwa okongola ndi kuwonekera modabwitsa m'dziko lapansi kumathandizira kuti achira.

Ntchito ya wowongolera. Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa za kuthekera kwa nkhunda kukumbukira lingaliro la chithunzicho ndikugwiritsa ntchito mbalamezi poyang'anira zinthu zomalizidwa. Izi adalangizidwa ndi zoopsychologists, popeza nkhunda, choyambirira, zimakumbukira bwino muyeso wa chinthucho, chachiwiri, zimakhala ndi maso openyera bwino, chachitatu, salemedwa ndi ntchito yopanda pake ndikugwira ntchito modzipereka komanso mwakhama.

Nkhunda zimatha kugwira ntchito yovuta kwa wolamulira m'masiku atatu. Khola lomwe lili ndi mbalame, pomwe pansi pake panaliikapo miyala iwiri, adaikapo pafupi ndi chotengera ndi mankhwala omwe adapangidwa kale. Pamene bokosi lotsekeka bwino lisunthika, nkhunda zimakhomera mbale imodzi, ndipo ngati ndi ukwati - wina. Mbalame zimawonetsa kuti ndizoyang'anira kwambiri. Kuyika zotengera zamankhwala, sanaphonye bokosi limodzi lotsekedwa bwino. Nkhunda zinapeza ngakhale zolakwika zazing'onoting'ono zomwe munthu sangathe kuziona.

Oyendetsa pigeon okhala ndi luso lawo losowa adakopedwanso ndikusankha mipira yonyamula pamagalimoto a fakitale yaku Moscow. Pambuyo pa maphunziro aposachedwa, adakumbukira mawonekedwe a gawo lolozera ndi ntchito zawo: gawo likasunthira limodzi ndi lamba woloyimira bwino, muyenera kukhala wodekha, koma ngati mbaliyo ikupatuka, muyenera kuluma munthu amene akupusitsayo. Makinawo agwetsa gawo ili kuchokera pa tepi, ndipo patsogolo pa mulomo, wodyetsa amatsegula kwakanthawi.

Patsiku loyamba, nkhunda zinagwira ntchito bwino, ndipo tsiku lotsatira zinayamba kukana mipira yonse motsatira. Zinapezeka kuti mbalamezi "zidasintha luso lawo" - zidayamba kutumiza mipira ndi zala kumanja. Kuti mbalamezo sizipeza kuti zinali zolakwika, amayenera kupukuta mipirawo asanazipereke kwa owongolera.

Nkhunda zimatha kuwona osati zofooka zabwino kwambiri pamtunda wa zopukutidwa, komanso ming'alu yaying'ono mugalasi.

Ndimachita chidwi ndi luso lodabwitsa la nkhunda ndi oyimira ma projekiti ena. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo yoti masanjidwe amtundu wa nkhunda ndiabwino kuposa munthu. Ma njiwi amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya utoto, kuthawa maso a akatswiri apamwamba kwambiri a zovala omwe amapanga nsalu.

Zojambulajambula za akatswiri. Akatswiri a zoopsych a ku Japan anayesa njira yophunzitsira mwa kuphunzitsa nkhunda kusiyanitsa zolemba zowoneka ngati zozungulira. Katswiri wokhala ndi utoto, wozolowera "kuzindikira" sukulu ina yopanga, "anajambulitsa" zithunzi zokhazo. Pamene ntchito za Monet ndi Picasso zimaperekedwa kwa nkhunda yophunzitsidwa, cholakwikacho sichidaposa 10%, ngakhale mbalameyo itawonetsedwa kale. Oyesera atayambitsa njiwa ku ntchito za Cezanne ndi Renoir, "akatswiri "wo mosavuta komanso molondola adawaika mgulu lofanana ndi Monet. Zojambula zojambulidwa kuchokera kuntchito za cubists monga Georges Braque, mwachitsanzo, zimasiyanitsa njiwa popanda kugwira ntchito.

Malinga ndi katswiri wojambula zaukadaulo, nkhunda zimangophunzira kuzindikira zizindikiro zosavuta kwambiri m'masukulu amenewa - kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa ngodya zakuthwa kapena mitundu yowoneka bwino yodziwika mwaubadwa pazithunzi. Kupatula apo, kulingalira kumakhala kwachikale pamtundu wakuda ndi utoto, zomwe zimayenera kukopa diso la mbalame.

Komabe, asayansi akhazikitsa kuyesa kutsimikizira kuti nkhunda ndi akatswiri osazindikira. Mbalame zimazindikira kalembedweko pamene zimawonetsedwa mwapadera "kupakidwa" kapena kupanga mwanjira yakuda ndi yoyera. Mbalame, monga ife anthu, sitimagwiritsa ntchito imodzi, koma gulu lonse laanthu atazindikira chithunzicho.

Zochita zoyambira

Nyama zambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu yakutha kugwira ntchito zomwe zimatchedwa "kusuntha mwanjira inayake" zomwe zimawonetsa zomwe nyama izichita. Amalola munthu ndi anthu ena kulosera zamtsogolo za nyamayo. Ndiko kuti, nyama mwangwiro kulosera mapazi awo lotsatira mu khalidwe lawo.

M'm mbalame zina, imodzi mwazinthu zokhazokha zokhudzana ndi cholinga chake ndizosokoneza - chiwonetsero cha kuwonongeka konama kwa thupi. Ngati wadyera wamkazi amawopseza wamkazi atakhala pamazira ake, ndiye kuti azikakamizidwa kuti achoke pachisa, koma nthawi yomweyo yesani kuwonetsa kuti wavulazidwa. Idzadumphadumpha, ikoka phiko lomwe akuti lathyoka, kukopa mdani kutali ndi chisa. Mwanjira iyi, mbalame imatha kuwunikira bwino momwe ziliri ndipo munthawi zonsezi zimachita mwadala. Ndiyeno yekha, pamene wamkazi atenge chilombo pa mtunda abwino otetezeka ku chisa, iye nthawi yomweyo "akuchira" ndi ntchentche ku yozungulira Pobwerera ku chisa. Koma modzidzimutsa, khungubwe nthawi zina amapita kukanjira ina yopusitsa: imagona pansi, imatambasulira mapiko ake ndipo siyimasuntha. Chifukwa chake amawoneka ngati nsanza za motley kuposa mbalame yamoyo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakwanitsa kupita osakudziwika.

Chotero zachibadwa zochita mbalame atsogoleri anamanga mu pulogalamu ake majini a kuteteza moyo. Koma kuti ayambe kugwira ntchito, nyamayo imayenera kudziwa molondola kuchuluka kwa ngozizo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru njira imodzi kapena ina chitetezo.

Mbambo yomwe agwidwa ndi alenje amagwetsa mutu, imapumula kangapo, akuganiza kuti yamwalira. Koma mwamsanga pamene akatulutsidwa dzanja, diso mbalame kanthawi kochepa kukukulirakulira izo yomweyo kudumphira, ndipo mpaka mlenje akubwera anadabwa, ntchentche ndi kusiyiratu kuseri kwa mitengo.

Zitsanzo zambiri zodabwitsa zimatha kuperekedwa ngati mbalame zimakhala mu nthawi zowopsa osati kokha, mwadala komanso mwanzeru zokwanira.

Mpaka posachedwa, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti zizolowezi zopezeka mwa mbalame, ndi kuthekera kophunzira, komanso koposa kuganiza, zinali zochepa.

Pankhaniyi, mayesero osiyanasiyana kuti aphunzire zochitika za nyama zapangidwa kuti ayesedwe pa anyani. Ndipo pokhapokha, pamapeto pake, malingaliro olakwika okhudza luso la mbalame atawonongeka, zidapezeka kuti mayesowa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru kwa mbalame. Mayesowa amatulutsa zovuta zomwe amakumana nazo munyengo yachilengedwe chawo.

Chifukwa choti mbalame zimatha kuchita mwanzeru zinthu, zimatha kujambula malamulo ambiri omwe amangiriza zinthu ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mbalame nthawi imodzi, popanda kuphunzitsidwa isanakwane, zimatha kusintha machitidwe awo munthawi zatsopano.

"Mfuti" ntchito. Zomveka ntchito nyama zinthu ancillary kuti kutumikira kutambasuka kwa gawo lirilonse la thupi lake zinchito, analandira dzina la chida.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru kwa zinthu kuti zikwaniritse zolinga zinalengedwa ndi nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza nthumwi za mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Chifukwa chake, akhwangwala, osati iwo okha, amakweza mollus mlengalenga ndikuphwanya zipolopolo zawo pamiyala. Kapenanso amagwetsa mafupa pansi kuti awagawe ndikudya marowedwe a mafupa.

Ndevu zokhala ndi ndevu komanso mwala wam'madzi zimakonda kudya nyama ya kamba. Kuti athyole chikopa chake, mbalamezo zimagwira nyama yosauka ija ndi miyendo yake, zimatalika ndikukhala nayo, kenako ndikuponya pansi.

Wosimba nyimboyo amaponya chigamba pamwala, ngati kuti pali chifanizo. Looney wa amodzi mwa mtunduwu, ngati sizingatheke kuthyola chigamba cholimba cha mazira a nthiwatiwa ndi mulomo wake, gwiritsani ntchito mwala wolemera 100 mpaka 300 magalamu pa izi. Kutenga kuti mlomo wa chiombankhanga ndi anakoka vertically, kukweza mutu wake ndi kuponyera mwala bwino pa dzira atagona pa mapazi ake.

Pali mbalame zomwe ntchito yamfuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zisa, mwachitsanzo, polumikiza masamba ndi ma cobwebs. Nyumba za ku Australia zimachita zinthu mosadabwitsa. Amapanga basta pang'ono kuchokera kumizu, kenako ndikumata zipatso zamtambo, ndikuwongolera msuzi ndi msuzi wawo ndikukongoletsa mabere awo ndi makoma a nyumbayo.

Galapagos woodpecker reels amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zokoka zam'madzi kuti agwire mbozi. Ndipo pamphepete mwa nkhalango komanso pakati pa masamba ku Europe ndi Asia, nthawi zina munthu amatha kuwona kafadala ndi nyama zina zazing'ono zopachikidwa paminga yaminga yaminga - umu ndi momwe masheya omwe amasungidwamo amasungidwira.

Ma Jackdaw ochokera kuzilumba za New Caledonia nawonso amapanga zida zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwa izo chimakula pamapeto pake, china chimalozedwa, chachitatu chimakhala ndi mbedza. Ndipo iliyonse ya mfuti iyi imapangidwira cholinga chake. Mbalame zawo zimasamala pafupi ndi zisa.

Koma kodi machitidwe onsewa ali ndi tanthauzo, zomveka, kapena ndi chifukwa chongochita zokha?

Popeza mbalame zamtundu wina zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo ngakhale paubwana, popeza, sizingafanane ndi abale, zimakhala zamtunduwu. Ndiye kuti, pali pulogalamu yolandira cholowa yomwe imawongolera zochitika zawo pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zofunika.

Komabe, mwa mitundu ina ya mbalame, zochitika za mfuti sizimangokhala zowonetsera zikhalidwe zokha. Asayansi anali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa zambiri kuchokera mu moyo wa akhwangwala, omwe oimira ake adagwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zidakonzedwa mosadabwitsa.

Umboni wina wotsimikizika kwambiri wokhala ndi zida zanzeru ndi machitidwe a nthabwala zamtambo.

Jay yoyesera idasiyidwa wopanda chakudya kwakanthawi. Chakudya chitayikidwa patsogolo pa khola, adayamba kudzipangira chida chokha kuti adye. Mbalame anang'amba n'kupanga pepala lomwe anagona mu khola la nyuzipepala, ndi kugwira mapazi awo, deftly flexed mulomo mu theka. Atapanga mapepala "timitengo" motere, a jay adawakankha ndi mipiringidzo ndipo adatenga chakudya chomwe chagona pafupi ndi khola.

Pali umboni wina wambiri wotsimikizira kuthekera kwa makungubwi osagwiritsa ntchito zinthu mwanzeru ngati zida munthawi yovuta, komanso mawonekedwe ena owoneka mwamachitidwe.

Makhalidwe wamba

Pokweza mawu kuyimba ndi vocalizations, kusiyana komwe kumapangidwa pakusinthasintha, kutalika ndi lingaliro la mawu. Kuyimba kapena nyimbo Kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhwima komanso malo amtunda, pomwe mawu oyankhula kapena apilo kuchita ntchito yochenjeza kapena kusamalira gulu limodzi.

Kuyimba kumapangidwa kwambiri mu mbalame za Passeriformes, makamaka gulu laling'ono loyimba. Kwambiri kuyimba ndi chikhalidwe cha amuna, osati achikazi, ngakhale pali zosiyana. Kuimba kumakonda kuperekedwa nthawi zonse mbalame zikagonera pamtunda wina, ngakhale mitundu ina imatha kuilengeza ikauluka. Mitundu ina ya mbalame imakhala chete, imangolira mawu, mwachitsanzo, dokowe, amangodula milomo yawo. M'manakins ena (Pіprіdae), amuna apanga njira zingapo zopangira phokoso lotere, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe a tizilombo.

Kupanga kwamawu ndi njira zamakina, mosiyana ndi syrinx, amatchedwa zoimbidwa nyimbo (Monga chimafotokozera Charles Darwin) kapena makina amakanidwe komanso, muntchito za olemba amakono, sonation . Nthawi sonation amatanthauza monga chochita popanga mawu osamveka omwe amapangika ndi cholinga china, ndipo ndizizindikiro zoyankhulirana zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda mawu monga mulomo, mapiko, mchira ndi nthenga.

Anatomy

Amapilira chiwalo cha mbalame ndi Syrinx. Ichi ndi kapangidwe ka mafupa pamalo a birurcation a trachea. Mosiyana ndi zinyama, mbalame sizikhala ndi mawu. Phokoso limapangidwa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa ma membrane a tympanic (makoma a syrinx) ndi tragus, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuwomba mpweya kudzera pa syrinx. Minofu yapadera imatha kusintha kusokonezeka kwa zimagwira ndi kupindika kwa lumen ya bronchi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawu asinthidwe.

Syrinx ndipo nthawi zina ma air air omwe amazungulira imazungulira poyankha mafunde omwe amapangidwa ndi nembanemba, kudzera momwe mpweya umadutsa pamene ukupumira. Mbalameyi imawongolera kusinthasintha kwa phokoso posintha kusokonezeka kwa zimagwira. Chifukwa chake mbalame imayendetsa pafupipafupi ndi voliyumu, kusintha kuthamanga kwa mpweya. Mbalame zimatha kudziyimira palokha kumbali zonse za trachea, motero mitundu ina imapanga maulendo awiri akuluakulu nthawi imodzi.

Ntchito

Nthawi zambiri zimavomerezedwa kuti kuyimba mbalame zimapangidwa makamaka chifukwa chosankha kugonana ngati gawo logonana, makamaka pachibwenzi komanso kukopa akazi ndi amuna. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito ina yofunika pakuyimba ndiyo kusankhidwa kwa gawo. Malinga ndi kuyesa, kuchuluka kwa mawu ndi chizindikiro cha kuzolowera kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Komanso, malinga ndi kuyesera, majeremusi ndi matenda zimatha kusokoneza mawonekedwe ndi pafupipafupi kuyimba, kotero mawu ndi chizindikiritso chachindunji cha thanzi. Kuimba koyimbanso ndi chisonyezero chofunikira kwambiri chokhala wathanzi, kuthekera kwa amuna kutsimikizira akazi ndikusankha gawo. Nthawi zambiri mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyimba ikugwira ntchito imagwidwa nthawi yokhayo kapena nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka pakafunika kuchita ntchito inayake, ndipo nthawi imeneyi imadziwika ndi mbalame zina. Mwachitsanzo, mwamuna Common Nightingale (Luscіnіa megarhynchos) amapanga kuyimba komwe kumakopa akazi okha usiku (pomwe abambo okha osalipira) amayimba), ndi kuyimba komwe kumayesedwa kutanthauza gawo lokhalo nthawi yonse yamayi kwayala (pamene amuna onse amayimba).

Zizindikiro zamawu imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakulankhulana. kulankhulana ikuchitika onse mwa mitundu chomwecho, ndipo mwa mitundu. Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa mbalame iliyonse pagulu. Zizindikiro zamawuzi zimadziwika ndi mitundu yayikulu komanso kuyambira koyambirira ndi kutha, ndipo kubwereza kwawo, komwe kumadziwika pakati pa mitundu yambiri, akukhulupirira kuti ndizothandiza kudziwa komwe gulu la gululo limakhala. ankachenjeza za zizindikiro zoopsa, mosiyana, ambiri a mitundu yodziwika ndi pafupipafupi phokoso Kumwambamwamba, amene ali kovuta kudziwa udindo wa mbalame, popereka chizindikiro.

Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimatha kusiyanitsa bwino mawu, omwe amathandiza kuti azindikirane ndi mawu. Makamaka, mbalame zambiri zokhala m'mizere zimazindikira anapiye awo.

mbalame ambiri amapulumutsa chizindikiro duet. Nthawi zina zoyenera zoterezi zimalumikizana kotero kuti zimamveka ngati mawu amodzi. Zizindikiro zoterezi zimatchedwa antiphonic. Zizindikiro za ma duet zidadziwika m'mabanja ambiri amtengowa, kuphatikizapo pheasant, shrouds (Malaconotidae), thimelia ndi zina za kadzidzi komanso mbalame zofanizira. Zovala za nyimbo pamtunda nthawi zambiri zimatulutsa zizindikiro zoterezi zikafika mdera lawo, zomwe zikusonyeza gawo la zigwirizano zotere pa mpikisano wokhazikika.

Mbalame zina zimatha kutsanzira bwino mawu. Mu mbalame zina, monga drongovye, kutsanzira ma siginecha zimatha kupanga magulu amitundu yambiri.

Mitundu ina yamapanga, monga guajaro ndi salangans (mtundu Collocalia ndi Aerodramus), gwiritsani ntchito phokoso pamtunda makamaka kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 5 kHz kwa echolocation m'mapanga amdima. .

Chilankhulo ndi mawonekedwe a mawu

Chilankhulo cha mbalame kwakhala mutu wa nthano ndi nthano. Zakhala zikudziwika kuti chizindikiro chamawu chili ndi tanthauzo linalake, lomwe limamasuliridwa moyenerera ndi omvera. Mwachitsanzo, nkhuku zakunyumba, zimakhala ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana poyankha mpweya ndi nyama zodya nyama, ndipo zimayankha motero. Komabe, chilankhulo, kuwonjezera pa mawu amodzi, ziyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi malamulo a galamala. Kuwerenga kwa mapangidwe oterewa mbalame kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kumasulira. Kafukufuku wina Komabe, ofufuza adakhoza kuonetsa luso la zinkhwe mapangidwe nyumba galamala, kuphatikizapo pamaso pa mfundo monga nauni, mneni ndi adjective. Kafukufuku wazinthu zodziwika bwino za mawu adavumbulutsanso kupezeka kwa zida zobwezeretsera.

Nthawi zambiri, pofotokozera chilankhulo cha mbalame, osaka ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe amasiyanitsa mitundu isanu yamitundu ikuluikulu: kuyimba, nyimbo, chizindikiro cha malo, chibwenzi ndi nkhawa. Zinayi zoyambayo zikuyimira "zoyambira" ndipo zimakhazikitsidwa ndi chitetezo chamtendere, pomwe izi zimatanthawuza kukhalapo kwa wolusa kapena wowopseza wina. Mgawo lirilonse, tanthauzo la mawu limatengera kusinthasintha kwa mawu, kuyenda kwa thupi, komanso komwe akuchokera.

Kumva kwa mbalame kumatha kupitirira malire a kumva kwa anthu, kutsika mwa mitundu ina yonse pansi pa 50 Hz ndi pamwamba 20 kHz, ndikumverera kwakukulu pakati pa 1 ndi 5 kHz.

Kutalika kwa chizindikiritso cha mawu kumadalira nyengo, makamaka phokoso. Monga mwachizolowezi, malo opapatiza pafupipafupi, ma fayilo otsika, kusinthasintha kwapang'onopang'ono komanso kutalika kwa mawu pakati pawo ndi mawonekedwe a malo omwe ali ndi masamba obiriwira (momwe mayamwidwe ndi kuwonekera kwa phokoso kumachitika), pomwe maulendo amtunda, malo osiyanasiyana malo otseguka. Chiphunzitsochi chinakonzedwanso malinga ndi momwe maulendo omwe amapezekera komanso nthawi yomwe amagawikidwira pakati pa mbalame ndi mitundu yawo, chifukwa chake, ikachepa, kutalika ndi kuzungulira kwa mawonekedwe amawu amachepetsa, izi zimadziwika kuti "acoustic niche". Mbalame zimayimba mokweza komanso m'malo okwezeka kwambiri kumatauni komwe kumakhala phokoso lalikulu.

Zoyang'anira

Mphamvu yamagulu amtundu wamtundu umodzi nthawi zambiri imakhala yosiyana kwambiri, ndikupanga "zinenedwe". Zilankhulo izi zimatha kubadwa chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwakumalo komanso chifukwa cha kutengera kwachilengedwe, ngakhale zomwe zimachitika phunziroli siziphunziridwa pang'ono, mphamvu ya zinthu payekha imadziwika mpaka mitundu yophunziridwa bwino. Kusiyana kumeneku kumaphunziridwa bwino poyimba nthawi yakukhwima. Komabe, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha izi sizofanana ndipo zimasiyana kwambiri kutengera mitundu ya mbalame.

Akazi omwe amakulira motsogozedwa ndi chilankhulo chimodzi samvera kapena kuyankha mopitirira muyeso kuyimba kwa wamwamuna wamtundu womwewo yemwe ali ndi mtundu wina, womwe umawonetsedwa, mwachitsanzo, wazotrichia yoyera-yoyera (Zonotrichia leucophrys). Kumbali inayo, zazikazi zomwe zimachokera kumadera omwe zilankhulidwe zingapo zimakhala zingapo zomwe sizikudziwika zimakonda mtundu umodziwo.

Kuyankha kwa amuna omwe ali pamalopo pakuyimba kwa alendo kunawonekeranso. Choncho, nthawi zambiri amuna zambiri oimira kudzakhalire kuimba m'chinenero chawo, ofooka pa mamembala a mtundu wawo ochokera m'madera ena, ndipo ngakhale zochepa pa nyimbo za mitundu ina, ndipo amuna amene kugawana zambiri nyimbo ndi wapafupi bwino kuteteza gawo.

Pokhudzana ndi kutuluka kwa ma dialog, funso la momwe amathandizira pakuyerekeza kwawo nthawi zambiri limaganiziridwa. Mwachitsanzo, izi zidawonetsedwa mu kafukufuku wamaphunziro a Darwin. Ntchito zina Komabe, zikuonetsa kusatsatira deta pa nkhani imeneyi.

Makhalidwe wamba

Kuyimba kwa mbalame zamtundu wosiyana ndi kosiyana ndi kwina ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana ndi mitundu. Uku ndikuimba komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kothandiza kupewa kusakanikirana kwa mitundu yofananira yomwe ili pafupi mwabadwa kuti ipange ana opindulitsa. maphunziro amakono nyimbo amakhala ndi ntchito kafukufuku wazamawalidwe lamayimbidwe. Mitundu imasiyana kwambiri pakuphatikizika kwa kuyimba komanso kuchuluka kwa nyimbo zomwe zimatha kufikira 3,000 mu mockingbird ya bulauni; m'mitundu ina, ngakhale anthu pawokha amasiyana pamtunduwu. M'mitundu yambiri, monga zolengedwa zokhala ndi nyenyezi ndi ma nthabwala, kuyimba kumakhala ndi zinthu zosakumbukika moyo wonse wa mbalameyo m'njira yoyeseza kapena "kuyika" (chifukwa choti mbalame imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina). Back mu 1773 chinapezeka kuti zatsopano pa mwana wankhuku ndi ana mbalame mitundu ina, linnet (Acanthіs cannabіna) adatha kuphunzira kuyimba lark (Alauda arvensis) Mumitundu yambiri, zikuwoneka kuti ngakhale nyimbo yayikulu ndiyofanana kwa onse oimira mitundu, mbalame zazing'ono zimaphunzira zina mwazomwe zimayimbidwa kuchokera kwa makolo awo, pomwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana imadziunjikira, ndikupanga "zinenedwe".

Kawirikawiri mbalame kuphunzira nyimbo za chiyambi cha moyo, ngakhale ndi ziwalo zina kupitiriza kudziunjikira ndipo kenako n'kupanga kuyimba mbalame wamkulu. Mbidzi amadina, cholengedwa chodziwika kwambiri pa maphunziro a kuyimba kwa mbalame, imapanga nyimbo yofanana ndi wamkulu, patatha pafupifupi masiku 20 atanyamula. Pofika zaka 35, mwana wankhuku amayamba kale kuimba. Nyimbo kale m'malo "pulasitiki" kapena sachedwa kusintha ndi nkhuku ayenera kukhala pafupifupi 2-3 miyezi kubweretsa nyimbo ndi kuliika mawonekedwe yomaliza mbalame okhwima.

Kafukufuku akuwonetsanso kuti kuphunzitsira kuyimba ndi mtundu wa maphunziro omwe zigawo za basal ganglia zimatenga nawo gawo. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yophunzitsira mbalame imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yophunzitsira ya anthu. Mu mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo mbidzi finch) maphunziro okha chaka choyamba cha moyo, mitundu awa otchedwa "zoletsa zaka" kapena "anatseka." Mitundu ina, monga canary, imatha kuphunzira nyimbo zatsopano ngakhale mutakula, mitundu yotereyi imatchedwa "yotseguka" kapena "yopanda malire."

Ofufuzawo anena kuti nyimbo zophunzitsira kudzera mu kulumikizana kwachikhalidwe zimathandiza kupangidwa kwa mitundu yolankhulirana yomwe imathandizira mbalame kuzolowera kukhala malo osiyanasiyana.

Education kholo mbalame koyamba taonera mu zatsopano za William Torpey 1954. Mbalame zomwe zimakula zodzipatula pakati zazimuna zamtundu wawo zimatha kuimba, ndipo kuyimba kwawo, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse kumafanana ndi kuyimba kwa mbalame zachikulire, sizikhala ndi zinthu zovuta ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasiyana. Kuimba koteroko nthawi zambiri kumatha kusokoneza akazi. Kuwonjezera kuimba makolo, anapiye kumathandizanso kumva nyimbo zawo pa nthawi sensoromotornogo. Mbalame zomwe sizimva chifukwa chakuyimba, zimatulutsa kuyimba komwe kumasiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu.

Ntchito ndi Kutsitsa

mbalame ambiri akhoza kuphunzira kuchokera kuimba osati maonekedwe awo, komanso ena, mitundu kapena zochepa zokhudzana. Chifukwa chake, anapiye amtundu wambiri omwe aleredwa ndi makolo a mitundu ina nthawi zambiri amatha kuimba nyimbo zomwe zimafanana ndi za makolo omalera, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale azimayi amtunduwu ndiomwe amakhala. Mbalame zina zimatha kutengera mbalame zamtundu wina, ngakhale zitaleredwe ndi makolo awo. mitundu mazana angapo lonse angathe kutengera amenewa. Mwachitsanzo, dzina la Mockingbird (Mіmus) Anaperekedwa kwa mbalame zimenezi nzeru kutengera kulira kwa mbalame zina ndi recreate iwo. Mtundu wina wodziwika wokhoza kukopa ndi nyenyezi wamba (Sturnus vulgarіs), Makamaka mu North America, kumene mbalame anali kunja kwa Europe, izo "otsanzira" ngakhale Mockingbird. Ku Europe ndi Britain, nyenyezi yodziwika bwino imatengera kuyimba kwa mbalame zina, zomwe zimakonda kutulutsa mawu ngati mbalame monga kambuku wamba (Buteo buteo), oriolus oriolus, Numenius arquataimviStrіx aluco), abakha komanso atsekwe. Nthawi zina, mbalamezi zimatha kutengera mawu a khanda kapenanso kuwomba kwa bomba pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, wina starling yoyerekeza mpira mkangano wenzulo, chimene chinapangitsa kusamvetsetsa pa machesi.

Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi komanso chodziwika bwino pakati pa mbalame zamatsenga ndikamatsanzira chilankhulo cha anthu. Pali ma budgerigars angapo omwe adakulitsidwa mu ukapolo, omwe repertoire yake idafikira mawu a 550. Komanso luso wabwino kompyuta kuti chinenero anthu omwe Chingolopiyo Jaco (Psіttacus erіthacus), Mbalame zofanizira za ku Australia monga cockatoo (cacatua galerita) ndi Amazoni aku South America (Amazona) Alexander Von Humboldt pa phunzirolo anafotokoza nkhani ya South America, kumene iye anali okhoza kumva kuchokera Chingolopiyo "chinenero akufa" zinatha fuko Aturi. Ku Europe, nkhani zokhoza kutengera mawu a munthu zimadziwika pakati pa oimira ena a banja lachivomerezi, monga jackdawCorvus monedula), Makumi anayi (Pica pica) ndi khwangwala (corvus corax) .

Komabe, zifukwa zenizeni zotsanzirazi sizikudziwika. Atha mwina ndi zovuta pamayimbidwe awo, koma zopindulitsa za mbalameyi ndizophunzirabe.

Palinso milandu ntchito chizindikiro mawu, osati mbalame zikuimba. Mwachitsanzo, euphonia yolimba kwambiri (Euphonia laniirostris) Nthawi zambiri limatulutsa mbendera zina kuwaopseza pa njira ya chilombo lingathe chisa chake, pamene otsala otetezeka. Khalidweli limadziwikanso ndi jay (Garrulus glandarіus) Ndipo Red mitu Redstart (Cosypha natalensis) Nthawi zina, kunamizira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa munthu wogwiriridwa, mwachitsanzo, nkhalango yosuta.Micrastur mirandollei) imatha kutsata maitanidwe opempha thandizo kwa omwe akukhudzidwa nawo, kenako imagwira mbalame zomwe zidawuluka poyankha kuyitanidwa.

Neurophysiology

Mu ulamuliro, ndi chizindikiro mawu zimakhudzidwa ndi zigawo izi ubongo:

Njira yoyimba: ili ndi malo apamwamba a mawu (hih mawu olankhulira kapena hyperstrіatum ventralіs ndime caudalіs, HVC), Arkopillium cores (rubus nyukiliya ya arcopіllіum, RA) ndi gawo la hypoglossal phata, amene amapita ku trachea ndi syringes (tracheosyrіngeal nerve) ,

Mbali yakumbuyo yam'maso, yomwe imayang'anira maphunziro: imakhala ndi gawo la mbali yayikulu ya zigawo zikuluzikulu za stteratum yatsopano (gawo lateral wa phata magnocellular wa neostrіatum anterіor, LMAN, homeal of basal ganglia of mamalia), dera X (mbali za basal ganglia) ndi gawo la dorsal-lateral la thalamus yapakati (DLM).

Kuyesedwa ndikutsimikiziridwa

Asayansi anachititsa kuyesera imene nkhuku olekanitsidwa achibale ake onse amene akukula, sanali kumva ndi opangidwa ndi iwo. Nkhukuzo zitakula, ma sign ake omveka sanali osiyana ndi nkhuku zomwe zidathera nthawi imeneyi pachidwi cha nkhuku. Zochitika zatsimikizira kuti mbalame siziphunzira kuyimba (twitter, kufuula). Ndi majini awo.

Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zina zimatulutsanso mawu a abale awo okhala ndi tsitsi. Makamaka, tikulankhula za nthabwala zoseketsa, zomwe adadzipatsa dzina. Chitsanzo china - Canary. Nthawi ina pagulu la oyimba nyimbo, mwachitsanzo, mausiku, amapeza luso la kuyimba kwawo. Koma mpheta yomwe ingatenge kutsata mawu oyimba sichabadwa. wonamizira wina inimitable mwa mbalame - Chingolopiyo. Ndipo ngakhale atatha kuphunzitsa kalankhulidwe ka anthu, kutsanzira liwu ndi kutaya mawu, samazindikira zomwe zikulankhulidwa.

Ndi kuti komwe mbalame zinali ndi luso lotha kuimba

Ndithudi ndi oimba katswiri kuposa mbalame, simudzapeza mu nyama. Ndipo chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale ndi luso lapaderadera ndikuti "chida chawo cha nyimbo" ndichachidziwikire. Uku sikukukokomeza: zida zamagetsi za mbalame, monga zida zaumunthu zofananira, zimatcha "zida zoimbira zam'mphepo". M'mawu ena, mawu amapangidwa mwa zida ntchito mawu ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya wotuluka tikamapuma kwa mapapo. Mphepo yamkuntho yotereyi imatsogolera ma cell obisika, omwe amapanga mafunde amkokomo.

Ziwalozi mwa anthu ndi zingwe za mawu zomwe zimakhazikika m'munsi mwa larynx. Koma kutalika cha phokoso panamveka, izo zimatengera mlingo wa imakungika zingwe amapilira: mwamphamvu ndi - mawu apamwamba. Ponena za mphamvu ya mawu, zimatengera kukula kwake m'mapapu, komanso momwe ma ligamu amatsekedwa: kukhathamira kukakamizidwa ndi kutsekeka kutseka, kumveka kwambiri ndikumveka mawu.

Komabe, munthu sayenera kuyiwala kuti chida chilichonse chazida chokha sichikhala ndi mawu okwanira: mumafunikira osankhitsa amodzi omwe angalimbikitse mawu. Anthu, resonators izi ndi trachea, m'mphuno ndi m'kamwa zibowo zam'mano ndi pharynx.

Mbalame ndizoyimba pakati pa nyama.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, anthu ankakhulupirira kuti zida zamagetsi zopangira mbalame zimapangidwa m'njira yofanana ndi ya munthu. Komabe, m'kupita kwa zofufuza, chinapezeka kuti mbalame si m'phuno anthu, koma ziwiri: chapamwamba, zogwirizana ndi okhawo amene ali nyama m'munsi ndi m'phuno, omwe si mmene nyama zina. Kuphatikiza apo, pakupanga phokoso, lachiwiri, larynx lotsika, limasewera gawo lofunikira kwambiri. Chogwiritsira ntchito m'munsi mwa larynx ndichovuta kwambiri, komanso chimasiyana mu mitundu mitundu ya mbalame. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe izi ndi zosiyana, asayansi masiku ano akuyendayenda limagwirira ya m'phuno m'munsi. Ilibe vibrator imodzi, monga zimamwana, koma ziwiri kapena zinayi.

Kuphatikiza apo, ma vibrator onse amagwira ntchito pawokha. Malowa ali pamtunda dongosolo chodabwitsa mu mmunsi mwa trachea, kumene linagawanika mu bronchi awiri. Chifukwa cha chipangizo chovuta kwambiri chotere, mawu a mbalameyi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mwaluso kwambiri.

Mbalame ndizosangalatsa bwino nyimbo zawo.

chakuti pogwira kusanduka anapanga m'phuno wachiwiri trachea m'munsi, kupereka nyama mwayi ntchito monga resonator chachiwiri, yodziwika ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Ndipo mbalame zochuluka kwambiri, mbalamezo zimamera kwambiri, ndikukula komanso m'litali mwake. Mapapu nawonso amakula. Kugwiritsa awa kapena ena a m'thupi kuyenda ndi kuphwanya kwa thupi wapadera mbalame amatha ndithu kusintha mawonekedwe mu dongosolo chovuta kwambiri kwa resonators ndipo potero kulamulira phula la nembanemba ndi makhalidwe a mawu ake.

Mverani mbalame zikuimba

Ponena za mawonekedwe a phokoso, zimatengera ntchito ya larynx yapamwamba, yomwe imakhala ngati yenera-yotseka panjira yamtsinje wamkokomo. M'phuno chapamwamba ntchito ndi m'munsi m'phuno reflex mogwirizana.

Chifukwa cha zida zodabwitsa zamagetsi, mbalame zimatha kupanga nyimbo zaphokoso.

Zovala zam'mimba ndi zowonjezera (zida zamagulu amtundu wa mbalame) ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kukula kwake kofanana ndi thupi. Ndi zina mbalame yaing'ono. Pachifukwa ichi, pafupifupi chamoyo chonse chimagwira nawo ntchito yopanga mbalame.

Kupsinjika komwe thupi la mbalame limawululira uku kuyimba ndikokulirapo kotero kuti thupi limanjenjemera.

Zingapo splayed mchira ndi mapiko flutter nthawi ndi kuimba, ndi mulomo pang'ono ukadalipo, polenga mtheradi danga phokoso gulu chifuwa mbalame ndi khosi lidakali. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhaniyi sikuti imangokhudza kupsinjika kwakuthupi kokha. Kuyimba kumagwira mbalame yonseyo komanso mwamphamvu.

Kumayambiriro 60 ntchentche za m'ma 20, ofufuza anapeza mu mawu a mbalame akupanga apamaliro umene makutu a anthu sangathe kuzindikira. Zowonjezera zotere zimapezeka mu nyimbo za greenfinchs, mpendadzuwa, zaryanok ndi mbalame zina.

Kuimba kumagwira mbalame kwathunthu kwathunthu, zonse mwathupi komanso mwamalingaliro.

Kukhala oimba weniweni, mbalame si zokhazo amapilira zida imodzi yokha phokoso zokolola. Chifukwa chaichi, amalumikiza maluso awo ena. Mapiko, maondo, mulomo ngakhale mchira umakhudzidwa. Chitsanzo chabwino cha zimenezi ndi woodpecker, amene amadziwika kuti mosatopa onse drummer. Kukonzekera makonzedwe ake olembetsera masika, samawagwiritsa ntchito mlomo wake, komanso zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito ngati ng'oma. Mitundu ya zinthu zotere ndi yayikulu kwambiri - kuchokera ku nkhuni zouma mpaka zidutswa zazitsulo ndi zitini zopanda kanthu.

Amadziwika kuti mlomo ngati chida cha chikondi serenades ntchito ndi storks. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodulira milomo yasinthira kulumikizana kwa mawu ndi mbuluzi. Njira zamtunduwu zolankhulirana ndizofala pakati pa mbalame zamitundumitundu, monga kadzidzi kapena chiwombankhanga. kudina Only iwo chikalata ngati mbendera amuleka.

Nyimbo, mawu amtundu payekha ndi kutulutsa manja mu mbalame zamtunduwu zimachitanso chimodzimodzi.

Chosangalatsa chachikulu ndi komwe kumatchedwa "kuyimba mchira", komwe kumawonedwa pakukwera ndege posinthika. Woterowo nyimbo zogwira opangidwa kudzera akututuma nthenga mchira kwa mpweya mtsinje kumadza. Phokoso lomwe limatuluka pamenepa ndilofanana kwambiri ndi kuwomba kwa kamwana. Chifukwa cha kufanana uku, njokayo idatchedwa dzina la "mwana wankhosa." Kwambiri mbalame zambiri zimalira mothandizidwa ndi mapiko. Izi zikuphatikiza, mwachitsanzo, capercaillie ndi grouse wakuda, yemwe, pakukhwima, amayenera kupanga slam.

Komabe, mitundu yachilendo iyi yopanga mawu ndiyosangalatsa, koma ndiyosangalatsa, koma yachiwiri, komanso larynx yotsalira imakhala gwero lalikulu la mbalame. Mwamwayi, mwaubwino wa mbalame zida amapilira ndithu zosaneneka. Kuti mutsimikizire izi, ingokumbukirani za ma nightingales ndi canaries ndi nyimbo zawo zosangalatsa, ndi luso lapadera lotengera parroti ndi mbalame zina zingapo.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Blackbird (Turdus merula) ndi woimba wotchuka komanso wosabera zipatso wotchuka. Izi mosamalitsa nkhalango mbalame anazolowera kukhala oyandikana naye munthu, ndipo tsopano nyimbo yake melancholic angamvele m'mizinda. Kuphatikiza pa nyimbo yokongola, kupezeka kwa chikondwerero kumaperekedwanso ndi zizindikilo zomwe zimalembedwa kwa abale: "Dachshund-Dachshund", "Gix-Gyx". Chithunzi cha wolemba

Ngakhale anthu kutali ornithology, kusonyeza chidwi Zinkhwe chifukwa mbalame izi ndi ochenjera, amadziwa "akunenera" ndi kukhala wokongola oseketsa maonekedwe. Komabe, pali mbalame zambiri “zolankhula” zachilengedwe, ndipo zambiri sizisonyeza luso lokha, komanso luso.

M'modzi mwa anzanga, ofufuza, adakhala m'malo odyera m'mphepete mwa Mekong. Pamene ntchito kuti: "Muli bwanji?" - iye anapotoloka, koma sadawona munthu, koma mbalame ziwiri wakuda mu khola. Mbalamezo zidapitiriza kukambirana:
- Mwana wokondedwa, kodi mukufuna nthochi ndi mpunga?
- Ndikufuna. .
- Kodi ife kuwapatsa?
- E ...

Wofufuzayo, atataya, adayandikira khola - kuyankhula ma parrots sikukadam'chititsa manyazi, koma mbalame zakuda kukula kwake?!

Izi si koyamba kuti anthu a m'banja starling (Sturnidae), ndipo yeniyeni, Common Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa), mantha ndi apaulendo modzidzimutsa. Ndinaona osiyidwa ndi mbalamezi m'misewu ya China ndi Vietnam, ndipo ngati alendo onse angamvetsetse kuti mbalame yayikulu imatanthawuza "Moni" ndipo, chifukwa chake, amatha kunjenjemera modabwitsa. Gulu lathu lodziwika bwino (Sturnus vulgaris) lilinso buku labwino kwambiri - limasokoneza mawu a mafoni, kuyimba kwa Orioles, phokoso la chingwe, ndipo akatswiri opanga m'manja atha kuphunzira mawu ochepa.

Ngati ambiri Zinkhwe kuti "zojambula" mawu, "Pomeza" mavawulo, ndi Amazons ochepa amphatso ndi African Grays bwino kutchula mawu, Skvortsova luso wotsanzira kulankhula kwa anthu molondola kwambiri. Kuti mutsimikizire izi, sikofunikira kupita ku Asia kapena kukhala ndi mbalame kunyumba - mwachitsanzo, mutha kuyang'ana mu Sparrow bird Park, yomwe ili pafupi ndi msewu waukulu. Pali msewu mu cafe womwe umati "moni!" Kwa alendo ndi "Moni!" oyera kwambiri kotero kuti anthu amayamba kuyang'ana kudzera m'maso mwa ambuye oyambitsa kukhazikitsidwa. Kuphatikiza pa njirayo, "olankhula" ena amakhalanso paki, zokhotakhota zomwe zimawonetsedwa mbali ina, Zolankhula Mbalame.

Amene anati "ay"?

Kutha kwa mbalame ku onomatopoeia zimatengera zinthu zambiri - mwachitsanzo, chipangizo cha larynx komanso chizolowezi cholankhula bwino. Nenani, njira, monga zovala zina zambiri, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana wina ndi mzake kudzera m'mawu osiyanasiyana. N'zovuta kutsatira wina ndi mnzake mu nkhalango zowirira, ndi "mpukutu" zimathandiza mbalame kuti nthawi zonse pokhudzana.

Opitilira hafu ya mbalame zam'madzi ndizamtundu wapa passerine (Passeriformes L.). Minyewa yawo yam'mimba ndi mawu imakhala yovuta kwambiri, motero palibe chodabwitsa chifukwa onse akhwangwala "oyipa" komanso olankhula momveka bwino amatha kudziwa kuyankhula kwa anthu.

Jays, starlings, ndi hippolais ngakhale (Menura superba), labwino popanda nyimbo kuti akhoza kusokoneza - ". Muyawo" chotero iwo "chifuwa", ndiye anatsanulira ndi Nightingale, ndi

Kodi mbalame zimayerekezera ndi zinthu zina ziti? Funso ili lakhala likudandaula asayansi kwanthawi yayitali, koma palibe yankho lotsimikizika kwa iwo. Ena amakhulupirira kuti nyimbo zovuta amathandiza atchule Otsutsa wonyenga ndi kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha gawo, ena amakhulupirira kuti kuimba zosiyanasiyana, choncho ndi wokongola kwambiri kwa akazi. Ngati mbalameyo siyili m'gulu la mbalame zoseketsa, ndiye kuti yamphongo ndi yoyera komanso "yoyenera" kuchita nyimbo inayake.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa katswiri wazomera wa ku Canada a Scott McDougall-Shackleton (Scott) ndi akatswiri azachipatala a ku America a Stephen Nowitzki, a Susan Peteres ndi a Jeffrey Podos (a Stephen Nowicki, a Susan Petros, a Jeffrey Podos), amuna omwe sanadye bwino ali ana samayimba bwino kwambiri, komanso nyimbo zawo osauka. Atamva kuyimba kwa "hilyachka" wamtunduwu, wamkazi amamukonda wamwamuna yemwe wakula bwino - kuchokera kwa iye mbewuyo imakhala yamphamvu. Mwa njira, mbalame zambiri zimafunikanso kuphunzitsidwa kuimba moyenera.

Zida zopangidwa ndi mbalame, ndi yosiyanasiyana - kuitana kano chizindikiro, ndipo chitetezo ndiponso (gawo lawo wotanganidwa!), Ndipo kuimba, ndi achinyamata. Chifukwa chake, chilimwe mumatha kumva "kung'ung'udza" paki, ndipo ngati mutayang'ana kutchire, mutha kuwonanso gwero la mawu - nthenga za phwiti (ndiye Erithaucus rebecula), lomwe limakomera mawu.

Cranes amayenda mumatumba, koma samakonda kusonkhana. Photos (Creative Commons chilolezo): Louis

Mwachitsanzo, chabwino pakuyitanitsa ma call ndi kuyitanidwa kwa zikwangwani zakumwamba. Kugwa kulikonse, timamva kulira kwa zoweta zomwe zikuuluka, ndipo nyimboyi imawoneka yokongola kwambiri komanso yachisoni padziko lapansi.

Mwa njira, anthu ochepa zindikirani kuti kurlykane - gawo nyimbo, ndiye mbalame imodzi akuti "nkhuku", ndipo chachiwiri iye likukwaniritsa "yu", zikuwoneka ngati mgonero zoona mu chikondi, pamene munthu wayamba ayezi, ndi malekezero chachiwiri. Kuyimba koteroko kumatchedwa duet ndipo kumakhala mwanjira ina yamtundu wina wa mbalame - wren, kadzidzi wa nsomba, kochepa, wakuimba akuEtiopiya (Laniarius aethiopicus). Komanso, ngakhale mbalame zomwe zimakhala kutali kwambiri, zimayimba mogwirizana, mogwirizana.

Nthawi zina, chotero duets wokongola - kulankhulana monga banja patali, monga, "Hei, uli kuti?" - "Ndili pano", mwa ena - chitetezo cha m'derali komanso chitetezo cha banja langa ku zomwe anthu amati ndi "maso" oyipa komanso "okonda akazi".

Kafukufuku waposachedwa pa nkhaniyi adachitidwa ndi akatswiri a zoology zochokera ku University of Windsor ku Canada. Iwo anaika awiri wrens chitsamba (Thryothorus rufalbus) mphamvu ndi mawu otaika za mabanja ena kupikisana. Eni ake omwe adakwiya adayimba mokweza, mwachangu, komanso mwamphamvu "duet," mwachidziwikire kuyesera kuthamangitsa omwe akupikisana nawo.

Mbalame zamtundu wina zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zopangira zomangira chisa, koma pali china choti "chitsutsana" ndi mbalame zamtundu wawo.

Nzeru nkhuku

Nyimbo yina yosangalatsa yomwe mbalame imachita ndi mbalamezi ndi zolemba zake zoopsa, mwachitsanzo, pamaso pa adani. Komanso, kubangula koopsa kwa khwangwala komanso kuwomba kwa tulo kwa khutu la munthu sikosiyana ndi nyimbo ya "bata", koma mbalame zamtundu wina zimasiyananso ndikubisala.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, nkhuku, amene anthu molakwika ankaona muyezo wa kupusa, pali mpaka zizindikiro zisanu ndi ziwiri malangizo chikhalidwe cha ngozi imene. Pakati pa nkhuku, komanso pakati pa zolengedwa zina, palinso anthu omwe amaphunzira mwachangu komanso odekha.

Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi gulu la biophysical ku Silsoe Research Institute awonetsa kuti nkhuku, makamaka achichepere, zimatha kuwonetsa zozizwitsa za kufulumira komanso kudziletsa. Mwachitsanzo, nkhuku n'kumamujompha mwendo pa mabatani wachikuda amaphunzitsidwa ndi kuloledwa mphotho - azichitira. Ngati nkhukuyo idatenga chakudya nthawi yomweyo, sichinali chokwanira, koma ngati imadikirira masekondi 22, idadalitsidwa ndi gawo lalikulu. Ndipo nkhuku zambiri zimaphunzira kudikirira.

Mu kuyesera wina nkhuku ochepa ophunzitsidwa kupeza chakudya ndi kukanikiza batani pa mulomo, ndiyeno kukazikoloŵeka iwo "ophunzira." Ophunzira adapambana mayeso. Ndizodabwitsa kuti ankangoyang'ana nkhuku zokha, koma sankafuna kuphunzira momwe angapangire chakudya kuchokera ku roosters.

Chicken - Mbalame anzeru ndi tcheru. Pakakhala ngozi, iye amachenjeza phukusi ndipo mpaka atchule chiwopsezo. Chithunzi (Chilolezo cha Creative Commons): Kevin Utting

Kumene, nkhuku nzeru ali malire. China chomwe ndi akhwangwala, jackdaw, jacquot, cockatoo, Amazon, Lori ndi luso lawo "labu". Kutha kwa ma corvid ndi ma parroti akulu kuyerekeza zomwe zimachitika ndi mawu omwe amafunikira nthawi zina kumasokoneza. Pali malo ambiri m'Baibulo mbalame ntchito mawu ndi ziganizo lonse la malo. Mwachitsanzo, amati "chabwino" pamene mlendo achoka, kapena kutukwana "Damn! Palibe zabwino! ”Ngati angamatirira nsalu yotchinga ndi zovala zawo ndipo sangathe kutuluka. Pankhaniyi, akhwangwala ndi magpies upambana Zinkhwe mu luso la kulankhula kwa Tsanzirani anthu, koma iwo amakhala ovuta kuphunzitsa.

Poyamba anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti mbalame zimangolankhula. Komabe, tsopano akatswiri ena a zamagetsi amaika luntha la mbalame pamlingo umodzi ndi luntha wa zolengedwa zapamwamba: agalu, ma dolphin, njovu, nyani, ndipo, nawonso, zimalumikizana ndi kukula kwa ana azaka ziwiri mpaka zinayi. Funso ndi momwe kuwunika mlingo wololera? Asayansi osiyanasiyana amatanthauzira zotsatira za mayeso omwewo. Nachi zitsanzo chabwino cha malingaliro otsutsa paz malingaliro zilizonse zochokera m'buku la David D. McFarland, Animal Behavior. Psychobiology, ethology ndi kusanduka. "

Pomwe anali kuphunzira pasukulu yomaliza maphunziro, wolemba bukuli adayesa nkhunda - adawadwalitsa "matenda amitsempha" posakhazikika pachakudya kapena kuwonetsera zakudya zomwe sizingatheke. Imodzi mwa njiwa zoyeserera idachita zankhanza kwambiri, ndipo wophunzirayo akuganiza kuti mbalameyo sakonda chithandizo "choyipacho".

Ndinaganiza kuyetsa ndi tiyeni mbalame kunja kwa khola. Nkhundayo inawulukira m'mawaya, ndikuonetsetsa kuti magwiritsidwe ntchito a zida, ndikuyamba kuwatulutsa ndi mulomo! Kumva malingaliro osiyanasiyana - kuchokera pakuwonjezeka pang'ono mpaka kumverera kolakwa - wophunzira yemwe adamaliza maphunziro adapita kukamwa khofi. Pamene iye anabwerera, iye anapeza kuti mbalame anangotenga waya chifukwa cha nkhani yabwino kukumangirira chisa, chabwino, kupulupudza chifukwa chabe kwa pokonzekera chibwenzi wamkazi.
Mwa njira, nkhunda nthawi zonse zimakhala pafupi, ndipo ndi mitundu ingati yomwe sinakwiridwe ndi kafukufuku ... Wodziwika bwino wadzidzi, kapena cacapo (Stirigops habroptilis) amakhala m'nkhalango ya New Zealand, koma palibe amene amamuyesa, chifukwa mbalameyo yatsala pang'ono kutha.

Heron ankapita kukawedza ...

Kodi tikupeza amene mwa mbalame kwambiri "wanzeru"? Kafukufuku waku Canada Louis Lefebvre waku McGill University, akuwonetsa kuyesa kwa IQs kwa mbalame osati kuthekera "kochezerana" ndi munthu, koma ndi kuchuluka kwa luso lomwe mbalame zimawonetsa pofunafuna chakudya. Malinga ndi kuchuluka uku, akhwangwala ndi ma jay ali pamalo oyamba, ma falcons ndi mavu ali lachiwiri, Woodpeckers ndi herons akutsatira. Choncho, herons kangapo anajambula kwa BBC zopelekedwa mafilimu, anagwira wotanganidwa zachilendo - mbalame ... "ndaweza", kuponya mu Akamva chakudya ndi madzi kuyembekezera chinsomba.

Ndizodziwika bwino za malingaliro akhwangwala komanso momwe amatha kuwerengera, koma luso lake la onomatopoeic limakhalabe chinsinsi kwa ambiri. Chithunzi (Chilolezo cha Creative Commons): Dori

Koma makamaka Lefebvre luso chidwi la akhwangwala ntchito kwa chakudya "zida". Khwangwala wa New Caledonia (Corvus moneduloides) Betty ndi mbadwa zake kuchokera ku labotale yofufuza zanyama ku University of Oxford (Oxford University) adadziwika kwambiri pa "gawo la antchito".

Anzeru a mapiko awiri adaphunzira kupanga zopangira kuchokera pa waya komanso momwe angapezere chakudya kuchokera kuma chubu oyesa. Koma mpaka palibe umboni wakuti maganizo umboni ngati munthu. M'malo mwake, sikuti ndi umboni wokha, komanso malingaliro osiyanasiyana onena za zochitika za mbalame.

Pomwe asayansi akukangana pamutuwu, ofufuza ochokera ku labotale ya physiology and behagenet of the department of Higher Nervous Activity of the Biological Faculty of Moscow State University motsogozedwa ndi Zoe Zorina afika pakuwona kuti khwangwala ndi "zomveka". Yaitali zatsopano asonyeza kuti imvi khwangwala (Corvus cornix) amatha kuganiza kuti masamu komanso zomveka bwino zochita zinthu zachilendo. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zoseketsa izi zimakonda kusewera komanso kusangalala. Amakhala kuti akuseweretsa agalu, ndiye kuti amagudubuduza kuchokera kumatchalitchi achizimango, ngati kuti akuchokera kuphiri.

mbalame zina sindileka Timasangalalanso munthu. Weruzani nokha - ku China Guangzhou, bakha amagwira ntchito ngati wogulitsa nyuzipepala m'malo mwa mbuye wake, khwangwala waku Russia Gavryusha amapanga zithunzi za pulojekiti ya AnimalsArt, Snowball cockatoo akuvina mpaka nyimbo, ndipo parrot wotchedwa AJ amasewera gofu ndi basketball bwino ndi womuyang'anira, David Cota.

Kumene, zonsezi ndi singathe wa maphunziro zasayansi ndipo ndi kukwaniritsa kuthetsa, koma apatsa chimwemwe kwambiri kwa anthu. Komabe, mbalame zakutchire zomwe zikuimba m'nkhalanso zimadzutsa malingaliro abwino - ornithotherapy imachitidwa ngakhale tsopano - chithandizo chamankhwala polumikizana ndi zovala zapanyimbo.

Oyimbira dziko lathu

Russia chimakwirira yaikulu m'dera ndi zikuphatikizapo madera ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana nyengo. Poona izi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku Russia ndizodzaza ndi mitundu yachilendo.

Mwa zovala za nyimbo zomwe zimakhala munjira yapakatikati, pali zina zomwe zimatipangitsa kuyanjana mwachindunji ndi kwathu.

Nightingale. Zojambula zake zamkati zimakopa olemba ndakatulo ndi olemba nyimbo kuti apange zaluso zawo. Mbalame yofatsa, yakunja komanso yosawoneka bwino, yausiku imakhala ndi liwu lapadera komanso losangalatsa.

Thrushes kuimba mofananira kuti akuimba chitoliro.

Mitengo yamalonda imamveka m'mawa m'mene amalowetsa dzuwa ndikulengeza kuyamba kwa tsiku.

Achinyamata achikasu achikasu amalira, kuimba, kuyimba muluzu.

Phwiti zimalira mokweza ndipo akudumphadumpha. Osati popanda chifukwa ku Russia matimu awo amatchedwa rasipiberi akulira.

Oimba ena okongola ku Russia: thrush, siskin, golidefinch, Finch, mockingbird ndi ena.

Mbalame kunja

Mbalame za mdziko lapansi zakhala zikuchititsa chidwi kuyambira kalekale. Amalimbikitsa anthu ndikulimbikitsa kuti apange zida zoimbira nyimbo motsanzira kuyimba kwa mbalame. Koma pali gulu la mbalame kuti sitiyimba nyimbo ndipo nkhani. Koposa zonse, ndi zaphokoso. Mbalame zachilendozi zimadabwitsidwa ndikutha kubala mawu ndi mawu ake. Iwo amakhala mu Africa, Brazil, komanso zosowa zilumba kum'mwera. Ma parrots oyankhula kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi mbalame zotchedwa Jaco. Sangobwereza mawu, koma kutengera matchulidwe, mawu ndi liwiro la kalankhulidwe.

kulankhulalankhula mbalame ina - ndi European Rook Lane. Chachilendo chake ndikuti samangotchera mawu, komanso amawayika mu kuyankhulana ndi munthu.

Wodala wina waluso ndi wankhondo. Iye nalonso nyimbo za mbalame zina. Zimakhala m'maiko a Old World, ndipo zimawulukira nthawi yozizira ku Africa.

Kugona usiku

Ena mbalame ndi usiku. Ndi kumayambiriro kwamdima, ntchito zawo zimawonjezeka kwambiri, chifukwa panthawiyi mbalame zimafunafuna chakudya. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha izi ndi kadzidzi. Amauluka mwakachetechete, ndi chidwi maso ndi kukapha nyama yake mu kamphindi mosayembekezeka. Kubowola kwadzidzi kwa kadzidzi kumalumikizidwa ndi nkhalango yowuma usiku komanso ngozi.

Mbalame zina zimayankha usiku. Ndi Nightingale, chilombo zinziri, warbler, redstart, blackbird.

Zolemba usiku zimatsanulira nthawi yakukhwima, yomwe ndi yotentha ndi yotentha. Nthawi zambiri amuna amayimba. Choncho tcheru anthu anzawo angathe.

Malo okondedwa a oyimba usiku - malo pafupi ndi dziwe ndi dambo. Okhala momwemo ndi phwete. Iye akulankhula phokoso kwenikweni ngati mkokomo wa (ng'ombe).

Mbalame zamzinda zikuimba

Anthu wamba okhala m'nkhalangoyi amakhala nkhunda, kumeza, akhwangwala, ngolo, maula ndi mpheta. Ali ndi chidwi, koma Tweets insipid, kulira ndi cawing timamva chaka onse m'dziko.

Koma kumayambiriro kwa masika, kusiyanasiyana kwa mawu ndi nyimbo zawo kumalimbikitsidwa kwambiri. Nyengo yobereketsa mbalame, monga mukudziwa, imayendera limodzi ndikungoyimba. Zogwirizana mu mzindawo, anamva trill ya Nightingale, starlings, nyimbo thrush, phwiti ndi mbalame. Nthawi zambiri mbalamezi zimawuluka kuchokera ku lamba wamtchire. Mumzindawu amasankha mabwalo, mapaki ndi malo ena omwe kuli masamba. Choncho, ngati mukufuna kusangalala mbalame zikuimba ndi kupuma kuchokera ku kugonthetsa tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo amangokhala ali pikitipikiti, kupita kukayenda paki kapena munda onse. Makonsati oterewa amachitikira nzika zonse nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe.

Mbalame zowomba mluzu

Akuluakulu a dziko la mbalame zimalira chokhala ndi wenzulo anthu. Amamveka m'nkhalango, m'munda, paki, nthawi yamasika komanso miyezi yotentha. Phokoso longa nsomba, tick-tik-fyuyu amapanga kubwezeretsa wamba ndi msuweni wake wapafupi kwambiri. Izi mbalame yaing'ono ya flycatcher banja Old World wa ku chorister a. Amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zokongola kwambiri zomwe zimakhala m'mapaki amtawuni. Kukula kwa mbalameyo ndi masentimita 10-15 okha. M'mimba ndi mchira wa mbalameyo zimapakidwa utoto wa lalanje. Pamene zimafalikira mchira wake, zikuwoneka ngati lawi ndimakwiya tsopano.