Asayansi atsimikizira mfundo yoti "HIV ya nyani" imatha kupatsira anthu. Gulu la matendawa limaphatikizapo "progenitor" wa HIV-1 M, mtundu wa kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa matenda a Edzi.

Asayansi atsimikizira mfundo yoti "HIV ya nyani" imatha kupatsira anthu. Gulu la matendawa limaphatikizapo "progenitor" wa HIV-1 M, mtundu wa kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa matenda a Edzi.

Ntchitoyi idachitika ndi akatswiri a sayansi kuchokera ku University of Nebraska-Lincoln ndipo nkhani yotsatira idalembedwa mu Journal of Virology. Amawonetsa kuti kachilombo ka Vio (monkey immunodeficiency virus) kamatha kupatsira ma cell aanthu.

Ma chimpanzi amatha kupatsira anthu kachilombo ka HIV.

Kuyesaku kunachitika, kumene, osati kwa anthu, koma mbewa zaku Laborator, zomwe m'mbuyomu zinayika mbali zina za minofu yaumunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, maselo a tsinde adalowetsedwa m'thupi lawo, zomwe zimaloleza kupangidwa kwa ma lymphocyte a chitetezo chamunthu. Kenako, magulu a mbewa atenga kachilombo ka kachilombo ka monkey immunodeficiency virus, kuphatikiza makolo a HIV-1 M ndi kachilombo ka HIV kamene kamafalikira ku Cameroon kokha. Mitundu iwiri yotsalayi inali nyani wamba ndipo sinakhale mwa anthu.

Ofufuzawo anapeza kuti ma virus omwe amayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka HIV omwe amapangidwa ndi mbewa zodwala mwachangu komanso mosavuta kuposa omwe amathandizira nyani okha. Malinga ndi asayansi, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mitundu ikuluikulu. Chifukwa chake, izi zimakhudzanso mwayi wofalitsa kachiromboka kuchokera kwa chimpanzi kupita kwa anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, umboni wapezeka kuti kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a monkey immunodeficiency amatha kusintha mutalowa m'magulu a anthu kuti athetse chitetezo.

Tsopano zadziwika kuti HIV idabwera chifukwa chofalitsa kwa anthu kuchokera ku chimpanzi chakuthengo. Komabe, kafukufuku wa labotale omwe angatsimikizire mwachindunji kuti kufalikira kwa mavairasi oyambitsa ma virus komanso kufalitsa ma cell aanthu sikungatheke. Kusiyana kumeneku kwadzazidwa.

Helo

Asayansi apeza kuti anayambitsa ma virus a makolo a kachilombo ka kachilombo ka HIV mosavuta komanso mosavutikira kuposa omwe amaletsa anyani okha. Ofufuzawo amati izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti zakale ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi majini amtunduwu. Izi, zimakhudzanso kufalikira kwa kachiromboka kuchokera kwa chimpanzee kupita kwa anthu. Umboni wapezekanso kuti ma SIV amatha kusintha atalowa m'maselo a anthu kuti agonjetse chitetezo.

Ndizodziwika kuti kachilombo ka HIV kamaonekanso kumatenga kachilombo kuchokera kwa anyani amtchire kupita kwa anthu. Komabe, mpaka pano sipanakhale maphunziro a labotale omwe adatsimikizira mwachindunji kuti ma virus a nyani nyani immunodefitness amatha kusamutsa ndi kutengera maselo aumunthu.

2. Zooanthroponoses

2.1. Chifuwa chachikulu - Matenda oopsa kwambiri a nyani. Mitundu yonse ya anyani am'munsi komanso apamwamba amatha kupezeka ndi chifuwa chachikulu.

Kuzindikira kwamphamvu kumadziwika ndi chimpanzee, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma macaques. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyani, anyani, nyani ofiira sakhazikika. Nyani zosagwirizana ndi Dziko Latsopano. Mu vivo, nyani, zikuwoneka kuti samadwala chifuwa chachikulu.

Kupatsira matenda anyani nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndi njira ya aero native (pafupifupi 60%) ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala njira yolowera (pafupifupi 40%).

Gwero la matenda a nyani ndi anthu odwala, nyama ndi mbalame. Zomwe zimatulutsa zimaphatikizapo zakudya zomwe zili ndi kachilombo (mkaka).

Nthawi zambiri, matenda a nyani amayambitsidwa ndi Mycobacterium chifuwa chachikulu var. hominis, nthawi zambiri - Mycobacterium chifuwa chachikulu var. bovis. Matenda oyambitsidwa ndi Mycobacterium chifuwa chachikulu var. aviumndizosowa kwambiri. Nthawi zina chifuwa chachikulu cha nyani chimatha kutha chifukwa cha mycobacteria atypical (M. intracellulare, M. kansassii ndi zina).

Kuwonetsedwa kwakanthawi kwamatenda omwe ali ndi nyani wodwala chifuwa chachikulu sikungadziwike. Kunja, nyamazo zimawoneka zathanzi, zimalemera pang'ono, ndipo pokhapokha mutayang'anitsitsa mosamala mutha kuwona kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono, kutsekeka khungu ndipo nthawi zina kutsokomola. Nthawi zambiri, matenda osakhala ndi mayeso apadera (mayeso a tuberculin, maphunziro akuthupi ndi radiology) samadziwika mpaka kufa kwadzidzidzi kwa nyamayo, yomwe ikamapezeka mwadzidzidzi imapezeka kuti imakhala ndi ziwalo zonse zapafupipafupi.

Nyama zodwala zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwa anyani athanzi, makamaka zamkati, momwe matendawa amafalikira mosavuta kudzera munjira yachikhalidwe ndipo imatha kuphimba anthu onse.

Nyama zodwala monga gwero la matenda sizikhala zowopsa kwa anthu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi nyani. Chifukwa chake, kuzindikiritsa mosamala nyama zodwala komanso zodwala pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zapadera za chifuwa chachikulu ndichofunikira kupewa kuti kufalikira kwa chifuwa chachikulu pakati pa nyani ndi anthu. Odwala komanso obwereza moyenera kuchitira anyani a tuberculin amaphedwa.

2.2. Salmonellosis - Matenda opatsirana opweteka a anthu ndi nyama, ofala padziko lonse lapansi komanso oyambitsidwa ndi ma serovars ambiri a Salmonella. Mpaka pano, mitundu yoposa 2500 ya salmonella imadziwika, yosiyana mu biochemical katundu, antigenic dongosolo ndi pathogenicity. Salmonella typhoid fever, paratyphoid A, B, C ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda toyambitsa matenda anthroponous. Mitundu yotsalayo imasankhidwa kuti ndi polypathogenic ndipo imayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana azinyama zapakhomo ndi zakuthengo, mbalame ndi anthu.

Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya anyani aku Africa, Asia ndi South America amadwala salmonellosis chifukwa cha polypathogenic salmonella. Matenda a Sporadic ndi kuphukika kwa epizootic kumachitika mu nyama zomwe zangotumizidwa kumene kuchokera kumalo achilengedwe, komanso okhala m'malo osungirako zinyama ndi malo osungira nyama. Zoposa zam'madzi zopitilira 50 za salmonella zimasiyanitsidwa ndi nyani ku mayiko osiyanasiyana. Komabe amapezeka kwambiri S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. stenley, S. cholerae suis.

Magwero opatsirana matenda a anyani ndi odwala komanso onyamula mabakiteriya - anyani, makoswe amtchire, mbalame. Pakufalikira kwa matenda, njira yodwalitsira matenda ndi yofunika kwambiri - kudzera mu chakudya ndi madzi omwe ali ndi kachilomboka.

Mitundu yamatenda yamatenda ndi osiyanasiyana. Matendawa amatha kuoneka mwamphamvu kapena ovala, kapena mawonekedwe anyani a asymptomatic. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mtundu wa matenda kapena entocolitic, wofanana ndi typhoid. Milandu ya matendawa akufotokozedwa omwe amatikumbutsa chakudya cha toxicosis mwa anthu, omwe akuwonetseredwa kusanza mobwerezabwereza ndi matenda otsekula m'mimba. Mwa mitundu ya enteric ndi ya enterocolitic, mawonekedwe akulu azachipatala amakhala mapando amadzi amvula popanda zodetsa za pathological, exicosis yayikulu, hypothermia. Nyama zodwala zosasamalidwa bwino zitha kufa pambuyo masiku 1 mpaka 5 kuyambira pamene matendawa atayamba. Mtundu wa typhoid kapena generalized amafanana kwambiri ndi matenda amtundu wa typhoid, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi bacteremia, kutentha thupi ndi kutentha mpaka 400 ° C ndi kupitilira pamenepo. Vuto limodzi la salmonellosis limadziwika ndi chibayo. Salmonellosis ndimatenda owopsa, koma nthawi zina amatenga njira yotsatsira, limodzi ndi kusakhazikika kwa chopondapo. Nyama zambiri zimayamba kunyamula mabakiteriya monga asymptomatic, mpaka zaka 7 - 10.

Kusintha kwa ma pathomorphological mu mitundu ya enteric ndi enterocolitic amadziwika ndi kukulitsa kwa m'mimba ndi matumbo ang'onoang'ono, ndikuwadzaza ndi mawonekedwe obiriwira ndi fungo loipa. Mucosa wa m'matumbo aang'ono nthawi zambiri amatupa, hyperemic, zotupa zazing'ono, ndi hyperplasia ya follicles ya lymphatic imatsimikiza. Zosintha m'matumbo zimayambira kutupa kofinya kupita ku matenda am'mimba kwambiri. Nthawi zina, kukokoloka ndi zilonda zimapangidwa. Ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino, mumakhala ma hyperplasia a chiwindi, ndulu ndi ma lymph node, momwe ma macrophage granulomas amatha kupanga.

Kuzindikira matendawa kumakhazikitsidwa pakuwunika kachipatala ndi matenda ndi njira zofufuzira zasayansi. Njira yofufuzira bakiteriya ndiyofunika kwambiri. Kuti mupeze salmonella, ndowe, masanzi, mkodzo, magazi amayang'aniridwa, ndipo mu nyama zakufa, ziwalo za parenchymal ndi ma lymph node zimayang'anidwanso. Mbewu zimapangidwa paziwonetsero zosiyanitsa komanso zosankha zosiyanitsira mitundu (Ploskireva, bismuth-sulfite agar, Endo, bile ndi selenite broths). Njira za Serological zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: maphunziro a sera wophatikizidwa ku RA, RIGA. Kuti mupeze ma salmonella ma antigen mu coprofiltrate, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa coagglutination kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuzindikira koyambirira kwa kupezeka kwa Salmonella DNA kumachitidwa ndi PCR.

Chitetezo chokwanira mu salmonellosis ndi antibacterial, mtundu wapadera komanso wopsinjika pang'ono. Matenda obwerezedwanso amatha kuchitika pakadutsa miyezi 6 mpaka 8 mutachira matenda oyambawo.

Malangizo a mankhwala a matenda a salmonella sikuti ndi osiyana ndi mankhwalawa a shigellosis. Odwala omwe ali ndi mitundu yolimba komanso yovuta ya salmonellosis amapatsidwa mankhwala othandizira komanso chemotherapy pamodzi ndi mankhwala opatsirana, mankhwala a mtima ndi mavitamini.

Nyani (odwala komanso onyamula asymptomatic), akumayambitsa chilengedwe ndi zimbudzi, kuphwanya lamulo laukhondo lantchito, atha kupatsira ogwira ntchito pantchito mosavuta. Njira zopewera ndi zofanana ndi shigellosis ndi matenda ena am'mimba.

2.3. Yersiniosis zokhudzana ndi zachilengedwe-anthropurgisation zoonoses ndi fecal-mkamwa kufalikira kachipangizo. The causative wothandizila matendawa ndi Yersinia enterocolitica ndi Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Matenda a Yersinia ndi epizootic amadziwika m'mitundu ingapo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yaikazi komanso mbalame. Chosungiramo chachikulu cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'chilengedwe ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Spheraneous yersiniosis yofotokozedwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyani a Old and New Worlds: anthropoids, macaques, nyani, green nyani, nyani wofiira, marmosets ndi saimeri. Nyani za mibadwo yonse, kuyambira ana akhanda mpaka okalamba, amatha kutenga kachilomboka. Malinga ndi malo a Sukhumi ndi Adler, nyani wofiira ndi nyani wobiriwira amakhala tcheru kwambiri ndi yersiniosis. Matendawa amapezeka nthawi zambiri nthawi yophukira-nthawi yozizira komanso nthawi yamasika.

Mwachidule, yersiniosis imapezeka m'mitundu iwiri: m'matumbo komanso generalized. M'm anyani ena, njira yodwala matendawa imatha kuthekera kwa chimbudzi ndi ndowe. Mawonekedwe am'mimba ndiwodziwikiratu matenda omwe amayambitsidwa ndi Y. enterocoliticayotakata - nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi matenda Y. pseudotuberculosis. Ndi mawonekedwe am'mimba, matenda amakula omwe amafanana ndi matenda oopsa kapena kamwazi (kawirikawiri stools, nthawi zina okhala ndi ntchofu ndi magazi). Fomu yodziwikiratu imadziwika ndi kuphwanya chikhalidwe chonse, kukana chakudya, ndipo nthawi zina mawonekedwe a dyspeptic. Pafupipafupi pakhungu pamakhala pakhungu; nyani wina amakokana. Akazi oyembekezera amatha kubereka komanso kubereka. Kusintha kwa pathomorphological kumachitika makamaka m'mimba. Catarrhal ndi zilonda zam'mimba za colitis ndi enterocolitis zokhala ndi zilonda m'dera la Peyer zolembera ndi zithunzi zake zokha. Pali hyperplasia yayikulu ya mesenteric lymph node, makamaka dera laococal. Ndi mawonekedwe wamba, kuphatikiza pa kusintha kwa chiwindi ndi ndulu, zimayambira zingapo za necrosis, m'malo omwe mumakhala mabakiteriya ambiri omwe amapanga magulu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatulutsa pafupifupi ziwalo zonse za parenchymal, ma lymph node, magazi, bile, mkodzo ndi matumbo.

Intravital matenda azachipatala amatenga zovuta chifukwa chosowa mawonetseredwe ena. Kuzindikira kwa Laborator kumachitika ndi PCR. Mankhwalawa sanapangidwe, koma mwakufanizira ndi matenda aumunthu, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha maantibayotiki ndi mankhwala a chemotherapy omwe amalimbikitsidwa. Kupewetsa matenda kumatengera machitidwe a zochotseredwa komanso kukonza kwaukhondo.

Yersiniosis amatanthauza matenda omwe ali oopsa kwa anthu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi nyama yodwala, popeza tizilomboti timapukutidwa mu ndowe ndi mkodzo. Komabe, milandu ya matendawa pakati pa anthu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi nyani sichinafotokozedwebe.

2.4. Campylobacteriosis Kufalikira pakati pa anthu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zam'mafamu, mbalame, makoswe. Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ndi nyama zodwala komanso zonyamula bwino, komanso chakudya ndi madzi omwe ali ndi uve. Campylobacter (Campylobacter) okhala m'magulu atatuwa - C. coli, C. fetus ndipo makamaka S. jejuni. Campylobacter (nthawi zambiri S. jejuni) amachotsedwa mu ndowe za anyani omwe akudwala matenda am'mimba (macaques, anyani, nyani wofiira, nyani, saimeri). Nyani, makamaka achichepere, amakonda kwambiri Campylobacter. Mwinanso ma asymptomatic bakiteriya onyamula, nthawi zina amafika 15 - 20% mwa nyama zathanzi ku nazale.

Mwachidziwitso, matendawa amakula nthawi zambiri mu nyama zazing'ono ndipo amadziwika ndi kuyambika kwakumaso, nthawi zina amakhala ndi malungo, amatulutsa magazi ndi m'mimba. Kutalika kwa matendawa ndi masiku 7 mpaka 21. Anyani onenepa amadwala nthawi zambiri. Matendawa ndi oopsa ndipo popanda kulandira chithandizo kungayambitse imfa. Autopsy imawulula catarrhal kapena, kawirikawiri, catarrhal-hemorrhagic kutupa kwamatumbo akulu ndi akulu (mocheperapo, m'mimba) okhala ndi mfundo kapena fusion hemorrhages. Pafupipafupi, kutupa kwamatumbo ochepa okha kumachitika.

Maantibiotic ndi chemotherapy amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza Campylobacteriosis. Furazolidone, erythromycin ndi chloramphenicol ndizothandiza kwambiri. Zotsatira zabwino zimaperekedwa ndi chithandizo cha madzi m'thupi.

Milandu yotenga kachilombo ka anthu kuchokera ku nyani sikufotokozedwa. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ngati kuphwanya kwaukhondo kwaukhondo pantchito, kuthekera kwa kufalikira kwa ogwira ntchito sikumayikidwa pambali.

2,5. Helicobacteriosis. Palibe chidziwitso pakukutengera kwa anyani m'malo awo achilengedwe. Kuyambira m'ma 90s a XX century. mauthenga azindikira Helicobacter pilory m'mimba ndi duodenum mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyani (anyani a rhesus, anyani a cynomolgus, macaque lapunders, anyani, marmosets aku South America) okhala ku ukapolo. Kupatsira limodzi ndi seroconversion. Kuwonjezeka kwa kufalikira kwamatenda, komanso kuwonjezereka kwa antibody titer ndi zaka, adapezeka. Ubale wa ulcerative colitis ndi matenda akufotokozedwa. H. pilory marmoset S. oedipus, mawonetseredwe azachipatala omwe amadziwika ndi matenda am'mimba, kuchepa thupi, zotulutsa zamagazi kuchokera ku rectum. Kufufuza pambuyo pa mtembo wa nyama (anyani a rhesus ndi anyani a cynomolgus) omwe adamwalira ndi matenda am'matumbo okhudzana ndi m'mimba, zotsata za ma nucleotide zimapezeka mucosa la m'mimba ndi PCR H. pilory. Morphologically, zotupa zam'mimba zimagwirizana ndi matenda a catarrhal komanso kutupa kwa m'mimba.

Ma antibiotic ndi chemotherapeutic agents (furazolidone, erythromycin ndi levomecithin) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza Helicobacteriosis.

Palibe zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi kuthekera kwodzetsa anthu kuchokera ku nyani.

2.6. Leptospirosis - chilengedwe chilengedwe anthropurgic matenda a nyama ndi anthu. Pathogen - Leptospira kuchokera kubanja Spirochetaceae. Mitundu imakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wa tizilombo L. kufunsalogawidwa m'magawo 18 a serogroups ndi ma serovars ambiri.

Matenda obwera kokha amafotokozedwa mu macaques, anyani, abulu obiriwira, anthropoids a mibadwo yonse. Leptospira yamagulu osiyanasiyana a serological adasiyanitsidwa ndi nyani.

Mpweya wotetezedwa kumatenda achilengedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makoswe, ziweto, agalu. Matenda amatuluka modabwitsa, komanso kudzera pakhungu lowonongeka ndi ma mucous membrane. Nyani amatenga kachilombo mosavuta. M'mawu amakedzana, anyani omwe ali ndi vuto linalake la leptospirosis ndi oopsa kwambiri.

Milandu yachilendo ya leptospirosis mu nyani imawonetsedwa pakhungu ndi pakhungu la mucous, kusokonezeka kwakukulu, nthawi zina kusanza, mawonekedwe a dyspeptic, mawonekedwe a zotupa pakhungu, kuthamanga kwa ESR, ndi leukocytosis ndi kuloza kumanzere. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kudzipatula ku magazi ndi mkodzo, komanso kupimidwa pambuyo pa mtembo kuchokera m'chiwindi ndi impso. Kuwona kwakhungu kumawonetsa mawonekedwe a khungu ndi mucous nembanemba, hemorrhagic diathesis (nthawi zambiri m'mapapu ndi impso). Angapo zolinga za necrosis amapezeka chiwindi. Komabe, nthawi zambiri anyani amadwala matenda osafunikira, monga momwe zimayendera pakupezeka m'magazi amphongo athanzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma antibodies ena amtundu wa leptospira. Malinga ndi nazale ya Adler, ma antibodies opezeka mu diagnostic titers to L. pomona, L. icterohaemorragica, L. grippotyphosa, L. tarassovi, L. canicola, L. hebdomatis, L. sejroe amapezeka m'mabala abwinobwino, anyani obiriwira, anyani a hamadril ndi anyani a anubis omwe amakhala m'misili.

Kuzindikira kumakhazikitsidwa ndi kudzipatula kwa leptospira kuchokera m'magazi, mkodzo, komanso kutsimikiza kwa mtundu wa ma antibodies ena a sera ophatikizika. Njira ya PCR ndi yothandiza kwambiri. Zochizira, ma anti-wodziwika bwino a antibayotiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pofuna kupewa matenda, magwero amadzi ndi kudyetsa amatetezedwa, komanso njira zobwezeretsera. Pali mwayi woti anthu angathe kudwala leptospirosis kudzera pakamwa pawo kapena pakhungu lowonongeka.

2.7. Matenda a Mycoplasma. Othandizira a mycoplasmosis ali m'kalasi Mololo banja Mycoplasmataceae. Mpaka pano, mitundu yoposa 120 ya mycoplasmas amadziwika. Matenda a Mycoplasma afala pakati pa anthu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama, mbalame ndi zomera. Kuchokera kwa nyani wamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku kupumira, urogenital komanso matumbo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mycoplasmas, acholeplasma, ureaplasmas adadzipatula. Kunyamula kwa mycoplasmas mu nyani nthawi zambiri asymptomatic. Komabe, pali umboni wa kuyanjana kwa matenda angapo a mycoplasmas. Mu nazale ya Sukhumi, kafukufuku woposa ma 1000 sera ochokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyani akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa ma antibodies ena mu 43,6% ya nyama. Chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri chonyamula ma antibodies atsimikiza M. Fermentas (14.4%). Ma antibodies oti M. chibayo wopezeka mu 9.5% ya nyani. Kuchokera ku nyani wokhala ndi chibayo chokha M. chibayo, zomwe zikuwonetsa ubale wa pathogen ndi chibayo (chosakhalitsa) chibayo cha nyani. Palinso umboni wa mgwirizano wa ureaplasmas U. urealiticum, M. hominis ndi matenda a urogenital gawo la nyama. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa anyani a mbewa. Zonyamula za mycoplasma, zoyendetsedwa motsutsana ndi maziko a immunosuppression, zimatha kusokoneza njira yayikulu yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo tina toyambitsa matenda. Kuzindikira kumatengera deta kuchokera ku bacteriological, serological, PCR - ndi maphunziro a immunomorphological. Zochizira mycoplasmosis, mankhwala a tetracycline amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Milandu yotenga kachilombo ka anthu mokhudzana ndi nyani, odwala kapena onyamula a mycoplasmas sizinafotokozedwe.

2.8. Chlamydia - gulu la matenda okhudzana ndimatenda a anthroponous ndi zoonotic, okhudza mitundu yoposa 200 ya nyama yamagazi ofunda, nsomba, amphibians, arthropods. Othandizira a chlamydia ndi a banja Chlamydiaceae - kukakamiza, mabakiteriya osagwirizana ndi gramu wopanda zovuta. Banja Chlamydiaceae ogaŵikana m'mitundu iwiri: Chlamydia ndi Chlamydophila. Anthroponic chlamydia imaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya serological Chlamydia chibayo, Chlamydia trachomatis ndi Chlamydophila chibayoamagwirizana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi trachoma, urogenital pathology ndi chibayo. Palibe chidziwitso chokhudza matenda achilengedwe anyani a chlamydia m'malo omwe amakhala. Chidziwitso choyamba chakugawidwa kwa chilengedwe cha chlamydia pakati pa anyani amitundu yosiyanasiyana - ma macaques, nyani, anyani - adapezeka ku Research Institute of Medical Primatology mukamayang'ana zopindika za njira ya urogenital m'mitundu iyi ya anyani. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira za PCR, serological ndi immunomorphological, pafupipafupi mawonekedwe anakhazikitsidwa Chlamydia trachomatis mu nyama zathanzi labwino, ubale wawo wamtundu wa urogenital matenda osabereka, kubereka, matenda apakati ndi kubereka, zovuta zapambuyo pake ndi neonatal pathology zimasonyezedwanso. Kuzindikira kwa PCR kuyenera kukhala kotsimikizika. Kuchepetsa kwa nyani ndi kubwereza kuwonetsa kwa chlamydia mwa anthu. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kudzipatula kwa nyani Chlamydiachibayo, woyambitsa matenda a chibayo, kuposa udindo wokhudzana ndi michere iyi wakhazikitsidwa mu chibayo.

Zochizira chlamydia, kugwiritsa ntchito maantifilamu odziwika bwino.

Zikuwoneka bwanji

Kukula kwa Chimpanzee kumafikira mamita 1.3-1.7. Mutu ndiwotukuka. Thupi limakhala lammbali, lakuthwa ngati mbiya, manja amagwera pansi pa mawondo. Pamapazi - chala chimasiyanitsidwa ndi zina ndi recess, ndipo nembanemba yolumikiza zala zamanja ikufika pa 0,5 yolumikizana yoyamba, ndipo nthawi zina imatha. Misomali ndi yowoneka bwino komanso yakuda. Mphuno ndi lathyathyathya ndipo mphuno ya septum imatuluka. Auricle wopanda lobe. Mlomo wapamwamba ndi wautali, wokhazikika. Pansi limatuluka kuchokera kumtunda, kotero milomo imatha kukhala yayitali kwambiri.

Tsitsi la Chimpanzee ndi lalitali kumbuyo kwa mutu, masaya, mapewa, kumbuyo ndi m'chiuno ndipo limakhala lakuda bii kwambiri, ngakhale ndilotuwa komanso lofiirira, makamaka mu ukalamba, mutu umagawika pamutu. Khungu limakhala lakhungu. Masaya ndi makwinya, achikasu achikuda, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala bulauni pakukalamba. Makutu ndi khungu la miyendo nthawi zambiri zimadetsedwa ndi ukalamba.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Ma chimpanzee amadya zakudya zamasamba (masamba, mphukira zazing'ono za mitengo, zipatso, njere ndi mtedza), koma nthawi zina amadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso tating'ono tating'ono. Pali nthawi zina zomwe anyani amtunduwu adakumana ndi anyani amtundu wina, ndikuudula ndikuwonongeka, koma mawonekedwe otere pakati pa oimira mtunduwu ndi osowa.

Ngozi.

Mwambiri, chimpanzi ndi nyama zapagulu. Amakhala m'malo akulu akulu otsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri wamwamuna. Aliyense wa gululi 'amadziwa malo ake' ndipo amagonjera mtsogoleri kapena wamkulu, amuna achidziwitso komanso olimba. Nthawi zina amuna achimuna achimuna amachita nkhanza kwambiri kwa akazi, ngakhale omwe amakhala nawo m'gulu limodzi. Chimpanzi chamantha chimathamangira pamwamba pamtengo ndikuyamba kufuula kwambiri. Mtsogoleri wamphongo akaganiza kuti gululi lili pachiwopsezo chambiri, amatha kuthana ndi mdani, choncho ndichowopsa kuyandikira gulu la chimpanzi, makamaka ngati pali akazi omwe ali ndi ana pakati pawo. A chimpanzi amakonda ana awo kwambiri ndipo ali okonzeka kudzipereka kuti atiteteze. Kuomba kwa chimpanzee komwe amachititsa mabala akulu ndizowopsa. Kuphatikiza apo, kuukira munthu, nyamazi zimatha kuluma ziguduli zawo kumbuyo, khosi kapena kugwira tsitsi.

Zomwe zidzachitike

Chimpanzee chidzaukira. Choyamba, manja, miyendo ndi maso zidzakhudzidwa. Komanso anyaniwa amadziwika chifukwa choti pakatentha nkhondo amayesetsa kuthana ndi zida zobala adani.

Cholinga chawo ndi kupweteka kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri chimpanzee sichimenya nkhondo mpaka kufa . Ngati pakuwonekera wozunza, ndiye kuti chinthu chachikulu ndicho kuwopsa, kulumala, kuchititsa manyazi, kuti ulamuliro udze kukhazikitsidwa.

Mwachitsanzo, mkangano umabuka pakati pa chimpanzi, amuna awiri. Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani pamenepa?

Amamenya nkhondo mpaka wina atazindikira mphamvu ya mdani . Kuyambira pano, mkanganowu ukutha. Palibe zoyipa. Udindo waukulu umakhazikitsidwa, ndipo wotsalawo sagwiranso ntchito.

Buku! Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa, ma chimpanzee ali ndi mphamvu 30% kuposa anthu. Koma apa zambiri mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ambiri aife titha kutsata nyani chifukwa cha ma plum 2, kapenanso katatu. Ndife aulesi kwambiri, anthu amakono.

Osasokoneza

Yesetsani kuti musakwiyitse chimpani ngati mupezeka pafupi ndi nyani. Ochepera - adzakumenya, ndipo chokwanira - adzakupha. Zotsirizazo ndi rarity, koma zimachitikabe.

Mothandizidwa ndi ma buluku obwera ngati maonekedwe a nyani, onse oimira anzawo ndi anthu amagwa.

Pankhaniyi, njira yankhondo nthawi zonse imakhala yomweyo:

Zotsatira zathupi lathupi lathupi lomwe limapweteka kwambiri. Izi zimatanthauzanso maso omwewo ndi malo oyamba. Manja ndi miyendo imathanso kukang'amba.

Momwe mungapewere kukwiya

Manja a chimpanzi mosakayikira ali ndi mphamvu kuposa anthu. Ngati mungaganize zolemba nkhonya nyamayi ikaukiridwa, ndiye kuti mbendera ili m'mano anu. Koma sibwino. Ukulu wathu ndi miyendo.

Ma chimpanzee amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Amakhala ndi mikono yayitali komanso yamphamvu, ndizokoleza mwachindunji komwe kumakoka aliyense. Koma ndi miyendo yawo vuto limakhala lofooka. Kapena nafe!

Zimatsata izi titha kuyesa kukhumudwitsa chimpanzi. Osachepera ndibwino kumenya miyendo yanu. Pankhaniyi, pamakhala mwayi wina wopambana.

Pomaliza

Chimpanzi ndi nyama yamtchire yomwe imayesetsa kuthamangitsa dera lawo. Munthu kwa iye ndiwopikisana mphamvu.

Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kuti musadzipeze komwe ma chimpanzee angapeze mtembo wanu.

Ngati sichikagwira ntchito, ndiye nkhondo. Poyamba musasankhe mano a nyani. Ichi ndiye chida chowopsa kwambiri. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kupereka dzanja lanu. Apa ngati agalu. Iwo adachikoka, nachiphatika.

Kusunthira kwina ndikuukira maso a nyani. Tengani chigonere, kenako perekani zovuta zina. Ngati chimpanzi chalephera kuwona, ndiye kuti mungakhale ndi mwayi, mwachitsanzo, kuthawa.

Ngakhale kachiwiri. Ndiwe munthu - kotero ungaganize. Onetsetsani kuti mikangano yotere siyingakhalepo. Sankhani zotheka kuchitika.