Asayansi awonetsa kuti chimpanzi chakuthengo nthawi zambiri chimatha kuledzera ndi msuzi wamphesa wothira. Zomwe zatulukirazi zikutsimikizira kuti chikondi cha mowa chikadatha kupezeka kale kuchokera kwa makolo akale a anthu.
Izi zanenedwa mu nkhani yomwe akatswiri a zaumisiri wachipwitikizi komanso aku Britain adalemba mu magazini ya Royal Society Open Science.
Zaka zaposachedwa, chimpanzee apezeka ali ndi mikhalidwe yambiri yomwe imawapangitsa kuti akhale okhudzana ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake, anyani amatha kudzikongoletsa ndi zokongoletsera zawo ndikupita kukasaka ndi mikondo. Olemba nkhaniyi adawonetsa kuti chimpanzee ndi anthu nawonso ali ogwirizana chifukwa cha uchidakwa.
Kwa zaka 17, akatswiri a sayansi ya zinthu zakale akhala akuyang'anira azimuna ambiri omwe amakhala pafupi ndi tawuni ya Bossou ku Guinea (West Africa). Anthu okhala m'derali amakolola chomwe chimatchedwa kuti ma vesi a kanjedza - raffia madzi a kanjedza, omwe adachita kupsa kwachilengedwe. Kuti atolere chakumwa ichi, alimiwo amadula nsonga za kanjedza ndikukhazikitsa chombo chomwe madziwo amachokera.
Kutolere kwa "vinyo" kumachitika m'mawa ndi madzulo, koma nthawi zina maseche amayendera mamembala. Asayansi adayang'ana momwe asanapukute masamba mkamwa mwawo, kuwapanga kukhala ngati siponji. Kenako chimpanzi chimazikanda m'madzi ndi kukhetsa madzi owuma mkamwa mwawo. Nthawi zambiri anthu angapo amachita izi nthawi imodzi, onse okhwima ndi achinyamata.
Malinga ndi akatswiri, zomwe zili mu mowa wa ethyl mu madzi a kanjedza zimafika pa 3-3,5%. Kuchuluka kwa zakumwa izi, zomwe zimamwitsidwa ndi anyani nthawi, malinga ndi zakumwa za mowa, nthawi zina zitha kukhala zofanana ndi botolo la vinyo wamba. Ngakhale malipoti onena za chikondi cha anyani akamwa kale, olemba ntchitoyi adalemba zolemba zakumwa kuthengo nthawi zonse.
Nthawi ndi nthawi asayansi amawona momwe ma chimpanzi amagona nthawi ikatha "phwando" kapena, m'malo mwake, amasangalala. Mwachitsanzo, tsiku lina, pamene chimpanzi chotsala chimanga malo ogona usiku, mnzake woledzera adasuntha mosazungulira mitengo kwa ola limodzi.
Kuchokera pamenepa, olemba adaganiza kuti kholo wamba la anyani wa anthropoid ndi anthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala zipatso ndi zakudya zina zomwe zili ndi mowa wambiri. Kumbukirani, posachedwapa, akatswiri a majini apeza kuti makolo athu akale amatha kuyamwa mowa wa ethyl zaka 10 miliyoni zapitazo.
Njovu
Izi zazikuluzikulu zitsamba amadziwika kuti amakonda mowa. Adayamba kumwa mowa atayesa zipatso zamphepo zamasamba. Tsopano njovu zimakhala ndi chizolowezi chopukutira mbewu zokhala ndi shuga mumzenje, kuzitaya ndi masamba ndikudikirira mtundu wa phala. Zonse zingakhale bwino, koma njovu zakuledzera zimatha kuchita zoipa. Zowonongeka kwa anthu ndi nyumba zawo sizachilendo kungochokera m'gulu la njovu zakumwa zoledzera.
Nyani
Nyama zonga nyama kwambiri amakonda kwambiri mowa. Amadya zipatso zopanda pake komanso amaba anthu. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale ndi osaka nyani. Mowa ndi umodzi mwa nyambo zotchuka kwambiri za ozembe. Zowona, anyani sadziwa kumwa konse. Zomwe zimachitika zitha kusiyira kokha kuledzera kwathunthu.
Chombo
Moose amadziwika kuti amamwa kwambiri kuchokera ku banja la agwape. Zikaledzera, zimakhalanso pachiwopsezo. Ndipo kamodzi moledzera moledzera anapezeka atakhazikika pakati pa mitengo iwiri. Mitundu ina ya agalu amakonda kumwa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira yosavuta: Kumpoto komwe kumakhala kokhalako, amatha kumwa kwambiri.
Mbalame
Komanso mbalame sizisamala kumwa msuzi wa mbewu zofunikira. Mbalame zambiri zimakonda mowa, ngakhale kadzidzi. Ndipo makumi atatuwa amawerengedwa kuti ndi omwe amamwa kwambiri. Akatswiri a zamankhwala apeza kuti kukonda kwawo zipatso zokhala ndi zipatso zambiri ndizapamwamba kuposa mbalame zina.
“Kumwa ngati nsomba” kumanenedwa kukhala chifukwa. Zowononga zochuluka zakumwa zimalowa m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi, ndipo pakupita nthawi, nsomba zaphunzira kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Nsomba zakumwa, monga lamulo, zimachita zinthu mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu. Ndipo uchidakwa umadziwika pakati pa anthu okhala m'mitsinje. Palibe kuledzera komwe kumawonedwa pakati pa nsomba zam'madzi.
Nkhumba
Mwa nyama zapakhomo, nkhumba ndizopambana kwambiri pakati pa okonda kumwa mowa. Amakonda zinyalala zokhala ndi mowa ndipo amakhala okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse. Mukamaledzera, nkhumba zimachita zinthu zoseketsa kwambiri: khazikani matope komanso m'makwinya komanso modandaula. Chifukwa chake nkhumba yosangalala imakhala yoledzera. Kuphatikiza apo, mowa umathandizira kuti nkhumba zizitha kulemera.
Gawani malingaliro anu zokhudzana ndi zidakwa za nyama mu ndemanga!
Kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali wamakhalidwe a chimpanzee
Kafukufuku yemwe wachitika zaka 17 wapanga momwe ma chimpanizi amamwa madzi owiritsa pogwiritsa ntchito masamba. Ena adatha kumeza kwambiri mpaka adawonetsa "zizindikiro zakuledzera." Munkhani yomwe imasindikizidwa mu Royal Society Open Science, chakumwa chomwe amasankhidwa ndi anyamatawa amatchulidwanso - ndi vinyo wamkaka yemwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku madzi a raffia.
Ku Guinea-Bissau, kumene phunziroli lidachitidwira, anthu ena kudula "vinyo ", ndikukhomerera korona wamtengo ndikutola juwisi mumbale zamapulasitiki, kenako nkuwatola kawiri patsiku, m'mawa ndi madzulo. Asayansi achita umboni mobwerezabwereza momwe ma chimpanzee - nthawi zambiri m'magulu - amakwera mitengo ya kanjedza ndikumwa madziwa.
Chimphanzi chakuthengo chimamwa vinyo wa kanjedza ndi chinkhupule kuchokera masamba
MaChimpanzee adaphunziranso momwe amapangira zida - zida zenizeni zogwirira ntchito nyama. Ntchito ndi chiyani? Mukupanga kwamadzi! Kuti muchite izi, amatenga masamba ambiri, kutafuna ndikusintha ndi madzi ambiri. Kenako anyaniwo amaphira zida zawo m'makontena ndikuyamwa mutu waziphuphu.
Asayansi otsogozedwa ndi Dr. Kimberley Hockings - University of Oxford Brooks ndi Center for Anthropological Research, Portugal - adawerengera zakumwa zaukali za mowa (panali pafupifupi 3% mowa) ndikuchotsa "chimpanzi akumwa."
Nyamazo zidawonetsa zizindikilo zonse za kuledzera: ena adagona atangomwa mowa, ndipo chimpanzee wamkulu wina adachita mosangalala. Anayendayenda pamtengo mpaka mtengo kwa ola limodzi m'malo mokhala pansi mpaka usiku, ngati enawo.
Kumwa chimpanzi kuthengo (kanema)
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, akatswiri azikhalidwe adalemba ndikuyesa kumwa mwaufulu ndi nyani wakuthengo. Kuphatikiza apo, chikondi chowoneka cha chimpanzee cha chakumwa ichi chikuwonjezera pa mbiri yachidziwitso cha chisinthiko chokhudza chizolowezi cha anyani (anthu ndi anyani) ku mowa.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi a Matthew Carrigan, Santa Fe College, USA, adawonetsa kuti mizimu ya anthu ndi anyani aku Africa adasinthika mwanjira yomwe idawalola kuti azitha kuyamwa mokwanira.
Pulofesa Richard Byrne wa pa Yunivesite ya St. Andrews anati mwina chisinthiko cha mtunduwu ndi chakuti "chinatsegula mwayi wosavuta - shuga wabwino komanso wopatsa mphamvu 'yemwe amatetezedwa' mwangozi."
Malinga ndi Dr. Katherine Hobeyter - University of St. Andrews, zingakhale zosangalatsa kusanthula zochita za chimpanzee mwatsatanetsatane: mwachitsanzo, ali ndi mpikisano wolimbana ndi vuto la kupeza mowa.
"Ngakhale ataphunzira [chimpanzee] zaka 60, amatidabwitsa."
Dr. Katherine Hobater