Kukula kwa chamois ndi pafupifupi mita imodzi kutalika ndi 75 cm kufota. Mchirawo ndi waufupi kwambiri, kutalika kwake sikupita masentimita 8. Kulemera kwa chamois kumayambira 30 mpaka 50 kg. Ali ndi thupi lolimba komanso lolimba ndi khosi lofiirira, chifupi chachifupi, makutu akuthwa, omwe kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi theka kutalika kwa mutu. Ma Chamois ali ndi miyendo yayitali yothina ndi ziboda zopyapyala, komanso nyanga zomwe zimafika 25 cm zomwe zimapindika kumbuyo, mwachilengedwe amuna ndi akazi. Kumbuyo kwawo kuli dzenje lomwe chibisika chomwe chimayamba kufinya chimasungidwa nthawi yakukhwima.
M'nyengo yotentha, ma chamois amakhala amtundu wofiirira; utoto pamimba wake ndi wachikasu. Kumbuyo kwake amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda komanso yofiirira, khosi lake ndi loyera. Kumbuyo kwa miyendo ndikuyera, mchira kumunsi ndi wakuda pamphepete. Chingwe chakuda chimachokera kumakutu mpaka kumaso. M'nyengo yozizira, ma chamois amakhala a bulauni pamwamba komanso oyera pansipa. Miyendo ndi mutu ndizoyera.
Kufalitsa
Chamois amakhala kumapiri a Alps ndipo amapezeka kuchokera ku French Savoy kupita ku Dalmatia, komanso ku Balkan ndi Carpathians. Caucasus ndi Asia Minor nawonso ndi gawo lomwe amagawirako. A Chamois amakhala m'mapiri okhala m'nkhalangozi, nthawi yotentha nthawi zambiri amakwera m'mapiri. Ngati ali wokwiya pansi, amakwera m'miyala, komwe sikungatheke kwa munthu, komwe, m'mawa kwambiri, amapanga zimbudzi pamiyala yamapiri pakati pa miyala. M'nyengo yozizira, amatsikira kunkhalango.
Khalidwe
Zachikazi ndi zazing'ono zimakhala zazing'ono ku 15 mpaka 30 nyama. Maulumikizidwe amasiyana ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yotentha ali kwambiri. Chimodzi mwa nyamazo chimakhala ngati walondera ndipo kudziwitsa enawo kuti akakhala pachiwopsezo chomveka ngati mawu. Bizinesi ikamayandikira nthawi yachisanu, maubwenzi omangira amayamba kufooka, ng'ombe zina zimasakanikirana, zina zimangokhala zopanda. Monga lamulo, gulu lotsogolera ng'ombe limatsogozedwa ndi wamkazi wodziwa zambiri. Amuna achikulire amakhala okhaokha ndipo amayendera ng'ombe kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Kuthamangitsa anyamata achichepere, amamenya nkhondo ndi ena omenyera ufulu wokwatirana ndi akazi, omwe amapezeka theka lachiwiri la Novembala.
Chakumapeto kwa Meyi kapena kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June, ma chamois amabereka mwana mmodzi mpaka atatu omwe amatsatira amayi awo ndikudya mkaka wa amayi wokha kwa miyezi itatu. Kutha msinkhu kumatheka pazaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, mwa akazi kale kuposa amuna. Chiyembekezo chamoyo mu akazi ndi zaka 20, mwa amuna - 15.
Chakudya cha Chamois chimakhala ndi mphukira zazing'ono za zitsamba za mitengo ya alpine ndi mitengo, komanso udzu ndi masamba. M'nyengo yozizira, samanyansanso mosses ndi lichens.
Adani ndi Zoopsa
Adani achilengedwe a chamois ndi lynxes, mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo. Nthawi zina achinyamata a chamois amagwidwa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Chiwopsezo cha chamois chimayimiridwanso ndi miyala ikugudubuka ndi zidutswa zamiyala, komanso ma avalo omwe ana amodzi amayamba kufa. M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, ma chamois ambiri amagwa ndi njala.
Chamois thupi
Nyamazo ndi zazing'ono kapena zazing'ono kukula kwake, kutalika kwake kufota kumayambira pa 71 mpaka 86 masentimita, kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 102 mpaka 119. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa chigaza ndi 169-201 mm. Kulemera kokwanira mumtunda wa 25-45 kg, osachulukanso. Kulemera kwamphongo kwamphongo kumakhala pafupifupi 30-36 kg.
Kumanga nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopepuka. Thupi lalifupi kwambiri lomwe limakhala ndi chifuwa chakuya ndikuzama limakhazikika pamiyendo yayitali. Mbiri yakumbuyo ndiyowonekera; kutalika kwa sacrum ndiitali masentimita 4-6 kuposa kutalika komwe kufota. Mutu ndi wopepuka, wokhala ndi chopondera chopondera kumapeto. Galasi lammphuno ndi laling'ono, limangotenga malo pakati pa ngodya zamkati zammphuno, koma nthawi zina m'mphepete zamkati limafika pafupi ndi ngodya zam'mphuno. Mlomo wonse wapamwamba, kupatula kamtunda wakachetechete, umakutidwa ndi tsitsi. Mtundu wamagalasi amphuno ndi wakuda. Maso sali akulu kwambiri, koma amawonekera, amawonekera mmbali. Maso amaso amtundu wachikasu. Makutu ndiotalika, pafupifupi 12-14 masentimita, nthawi zambiri samakhala ochepera theka la kutalika kwa mutu.
Amuna ndi akazi onse ali ndi nyanga, kumapeto kwake, amakula bwino, amafupika pang'ono komanso owonda kuposa amuna. Pansi pa nyanga zake pamakhala njira. Kapangidwe kake kamakhala ngati mawonekedwe ofanana, opindika, ndi nyama yamoyo nthawi zambiri ziboko zambiri zolowera kutsogolo ndi kuwerama molondola kumbuyo. Mtanda wa nyanga umakhala wozungulira kapena wokulirapo, girth m'makoma ndi mainchesi 7-8. Mtunda pakati pazokhazikikapo nthawi zambiri umaposa masentimita 10-15. Kutalika kwa nyanga pakugwera kumayambira 17-18 cm mwa akazi mpaka 24-24 cm mwa amuna. Mtundu wa nyanga zake ndiotuwa kapena bulauni. Pamwamba pa nyangayo pamanyamula mphete zingapo zazing'onoting'ono zazing'onozing'ono zomwe zili pakati pawo. Pamunsi pa nyanga, mphetezo zimakhala pafupi ndi inzake komanso zochepa, pafupi ndi nsonga zokulirapo, zosalala, zophatikizika pakati pawo. Nyanga zokhala ndi nyanga zopindika zilibe kulira. Kuphatikiza apo, kukondoweza kochepa, koma kotchulidwa kotenga nthawi kumaonekera kutalika konse kuyambira pazoyambira mpaka kumapeto paminyanga.
Khosi la chamois ndil lalifupi, koma locheperako. Mutu, ngakhale wodekha, umagwira. Miyendo, monga taonera kale, ndi yayitali komanso yolimba. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kukula kwa ziboda, zomwe zimathanso kusuntha kwambiri, ndizambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa nyama. Kutalika kwawo kuchokera kumphepete kwakumbuyo kanyumba zam'madzi mpaka kumapeto kumayambira kutsogolo kwa 66 mpaka 73 mm, kumiyendo yakumaso kuyambira 62 mpaka 68 mm. Kutalika kwa ziboda m'mphepete mwa miyendo yakutsogolo ndi 43-47 mm, m'miyendo yakumanzere 1-2 mm. Chizindikiro cha ziboda za ma chamois ndikuti khoma lawo lokwera limakhazikika mkati ndikupanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kuseri kwa zinyenyeswazi. Kuthamanga uku, mwachionekere, kumakhala ngati kusekeka kapena mbedza ikatsitsa chilombo pamalo otsetsereka. Zowonjezera zowonjezera zimakhala pamalo okwera, koma opangidwa bwino (pafupifupi 34 kutalika ndi 2223 mm mulifupi) ndipo mwina amagwiranso ntchito ngati mabuleki posuntha m'miyala. Mtundu wa ziboda ndimtundu wakuda.
Mchira wa chamois ndi waufupi (pafupifupi 12 cm), ngakhale ndi tsitsi lokha kupitirira kutalika kwa khutu.
Mtundu wa chamois ndi ofanana, malinga ndi kusiyana kocheperako, koma kutalika kwa nyengo kumadziwika.
Kutulutsa kwamtundu wamtundu wa petto kumakhala kofiyira, kumakhala kofiyira, nthawi zina kumakhala kutuwa kofiirira, kutengera kuchuluka kwa tsitsi lomwe lili ndi malangizo a bulauni komanso kukula kwake.
Mutu ndi wopepuka kuposa thupi ndi khosi. Mbali yakumaso ya mphuno ndi yachikasu, pokhapokha ngati pang'onopang'ono pang'ono, kutsika kumawonekera bwino pamphumi. Korona ndi ofiira, wokhala ndi kamvekedwe kofanana ndi mbali za thunthu ndi khosi. Kutha kwa muzzle, makamaka m'mphepete mwa mlomo wapamwamba, ndi yoyera.
Kufalitsa ndi kufalitsa chamois
Zomwe genus chamois (Rupicapra Blanville) sizikudziwikiratu. Ku Upper Pliocene kudera la France ndi Italy, mawonekedwe adakhala, poyang'ana masanjidwe pafupi kwambiri ndi chamois, koma kukhala ndi kuyika kwa nsonga za nyanga osati kumbuyo, koma kutsogolo.
Zotsatira zonse zodalirika zimagwirizana ndi nthawi, kuyambira pakati kapena ngakhale Pleistocene wapamwamba. Ku Pleistocene, mtunduwu udagawidwa kwambiri osati kumwera kokha, komanso kumpoto. Zotsalira za chamois, mwachitsanzo, zimapezeka ku Belgium.
Pakadali pano, ma chamois amakhala kumapiri a Cantabrian (Spain), Pyrenees, French, Italian, Bavarian, Swiss ndi Austrian Alps, ku Apennines, Carpathians mkati mwa Czechoslovakia, kumwera kwa Poland ndi Romania, kumapiri ena a Yugoslavia, Albania ndi Greece, kumapiri kum'mawa kwa Asia Minor, Main Caucasus Range ndi Transcaucasus. Mitengo yamakono ya chamois imayimira zotsalira za malo omwe amapitilira kugawa mtunduwu.
Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka zapitazi, adayesera kawiri kuti asamutsire chimais kumapiri a Norway, koma kuyesera konseku kudalephera, popeza nyama zomwe zidabweretsazo zidafa m'nthawi yochepa, pazifukwa zosadziwika ,.
Kufotokozera kwa Chamois
Kutalika kwa thupi la chamois kumafika pafupifupi 1 m, kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 75. Mchira wa nyamayo ndi waufupi kwambiri, mpaka 8c cm basi. Kuchuluka kwa akuluakulu kuli pamtunda kuchokera 30 mpaka 50 kg. Mitundu imadziwika ndi phokoso lowoneka bwino komanso wamphamvu; chamois ali ndi khosi loterera, muzzle lalifupi, makutu owongoka, kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi theka kutalika kwa mutu. Miyendo ndi yayitali komanso yocheperako, ziboda zake ndi zoterera, nyanga zimafikira 25 cm, zimapindika kumbuyo, ndipo pali amuna ndi akazi. Kuseri kwa nyangazi kuli bowo laling'ono, lomwe panthawi yophukira limakhala chinsinsi cha chinsinsi cha fungo lonunkhira.
M'chilimwe, ubweya wa chamois umakhala wofiirira wofiirira, m'mimba mwake ndiwofiyira. Kumbuyo kukongoletsedwa ndi mikwaso yakuda komanso ya bulauni, khosi limakhala loyera. Miyendo ndi yoyera kumbuyo, kunsi ndi kunsi kwa mchira wake ndi wakuda. Kuchokera makutu mpaka maso kumatambasula mzere wakuda. Ubweya wozizira umakhala woderako kumbuyo, komanso yoyera pamimba. Miyendo ndi mutu wake ndi zoyera chikasu.
Zambiri za zakudya za chamois
Chamois, monga herbivores, amadya mphukira zazing'ono za mitengo ya alpine ndi mitengo, zitsamba ndi masamba. M'nyengo yozizira, amadyanso moss ndi lichens. Nyama izi zimatha kuchita popanda kumwa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikunyambita mame kuchokera masamba. Pokhala ndi chivundikiro chakuya kwambiri, chamois chimatha kudya zonyansa zokha, zomwe zimapindika kuchokera kumitengo, kapena malovu, omwe amakhalabe pamiyala ndi m'minda. Ndi chifukwa cha chakudya chosakwanira kuti ma chamois ambiri amafa nthawi yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, ma chamois amafunikira mchere, ndipo amakhala alendo okhazikika m'malo opaka mchere.
Ma chamois wamba
Mpaka pano, asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya ma chamois malinga ndi malo awo omwe amakhala:
- Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra), mabungwe osankhidwa omwe amapezeka ku Alps,
- Anatolian kapena Turkey chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra asiatica), amakhala kum'mawa chakum'mawa kwa Turkey, nthawi zina amatengedwa ngati mitundu ina ya Rupicapra asiatica,
- Balkan chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica), wokhala kumapiri kumapiri a Balkan,
- Carpathian chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra carpatica), amakhala ku Carpathians, titha kumuona ngati mtundu wina wa Rupicapra carpatica,
- Chartres Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiana), wogawidwa m'mapiri a Chartres kumadzulo kwa French Alps,
- Caucasian chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica), wopezeka ku Caucasus,
- Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica), amakhala ku Tatras.
Kubereka kwa chamois
Kutalika kwa moyo wa chamois munthawi zachilengedwe ndi zaka 10-12, zazikazi zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kuposa zazimuna, ndipo nyama zimatha kutha msinkhu wazaka 20, koma zimangoberekera pazaka pafupifupi zitatu.
Kubereka kumayamba kumapeto kwa Okutobala; Mimba imatenga milungu 21, ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, zazikazi zimabala ana. Pa nthawi yobereka, amachotsedwa m'matumbo oyipa a pine. Nthawi zambiri mmodzi amabadwa, nthawi zina - ana awiri omwe nthawi yomweyo amaponda ndikutsata maola angapo kutsatira amayi awo. Pambuyo pobala, zazikazi poyamba zimapewa malo otseguka, koma ana akamaphunzira kuyendetsa m'miyala, amabwerera ku ziweto zawo.
Ma chamois achichepere amakonda kwambiri amayi awo, miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira amawasamalira mosamala. Kudyetsa mkaka kumapitilira miyezi itatu yoyambirira ya moyo wakhanda. Ngati mkazi wamwalira, ndiye kuti akazi enawo azisamalira ana ake. Ali ndi miyezi inayi, nyanga zimaphulika mu ma chamois ang'onoang'ono, zimaphatikizika kumapeto kwa chaka chachiwiri cha moyo.
Adani achilengedwe a chamois
Adani achilengedwe a chamois amaphatikizapo lynx, nkhandwe ndi chimbalangondo. Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amatsutsidwa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Kuphatikiza apo, miyala ndi zidutswa zamwala, zopindika zomwe zimapezeka m'mapiri, ndipo omwe amazunzidwa omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ana a nyama izi, ndizowopsa kuti nyama zizigwetsa. M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri komanso yachisanu, chamois nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa chosowa chakudya.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za chamois
- Ma Chamois alipo ambiri m'banjamo, kupatula mabungwe omwe amapezeka ku Caucasian, omwe amalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, masiku ano anthu okhala ndi nyama pafupifupi 2000, ambiri mwa iwo amakhala mdera lokhalamo zachilengedwe.
- Sizinatheke kuwerengera ma chimais amtchire, koma mtundu wamkaka ndi mbuzi zanyama, omwe ndi abale ake akutali kwambiri a alpine chamois, adawerengedwa kudera la Switzerland. Ma chamois "apabanja" oterewa amawoneka ngati nyama zakuthengo zokhala ndi utoto wawo, mphamvu zake komanso kuthekera kwambiri kuzolowera nyengo iliyonse.
Kupanga Mapu Amodzi Kukhala Abwino Pamodzi
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Funso: mwala Kodi ndikulowerera ndale, zabwino, kapena zoipa?
Ziganizo ndi mawu oti "chamois"
- Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, lamuloli lidalembedwa m'maselo am'mimba a zodyera pazitseko zamkati zam'mimba: chakudya chikangolowa m'mimba, chimayamba kubisala sulfure acid.
- Ngati tsitsi lanu lili ndi mafuta ambiri, nthawi zina muzigwiritsa ntchito sopo wamankhwala wapadera kutsuka: tar, resorcinol, boric, sulfure, ichthyol.
- Komabe, chifukwa chodalirika, ndinamuuza za kaphatikizidwe ka sulufule ndikuwonetsa momwe amachepetsera sulfure asidi adzakonza miyala ya miyala ndi chitsulo.
- (zonse)
Biology ya Chamois komanso moyo wawo
Chamois ndi nyama wamba yamapiri. Madera otsetsereka a mapiri okhala ndi nkhalango ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri kupezeka kwa chamois. Dera lomwe limagawilidwa molunjika limapezeka kuchokera kumalire otsika a nkhalangoyi, nthawi zina limakhala lalitali mamita 600-700 zokha, mpaka kumalire am'mapiri ndi kumapiri, mpaka 3000 m ndi zina. Onse miyala ndi nkhalango makamaka malo othawirako. Ma chamois omaliza, akuwoneka kuti, amadalira kwambiri ndipo, pakagwa ngozi, amatha kuthamangira kunkhalango yowirira, ngati ili pafupi, kuposa miyala. Kuthengo, iwona munthu ndipo ikabisala isanamupeze. Komabe, m'malo omwe chamois sichisokonezeka pang'ono, iwo amafunitsitsa kudya m'mapiri opanda pake ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, makamaka ngati kuli miyala ndi malo ena apafupi.
Ma Chamois samadziwika bwino kusamukira kwakanthawi, ngati mitundu ina yopanda zinthu, mu chamois, mchaka chonse amatha kupezeka kuchokera kumunsi kwa nkhalango kupita kumapiri. Mlingo wokhawo womwe amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso malo osiyanasiyana amasintha. M'nyengo yotentha, nyama zochuluka zimasungidwa pamalo okwera kuyambira 1700 mpaka 2500 m, kumtunda kwa nkhalangoyi, m'malo am'mapiri ndi kumapiri. Malo omwe mumakonda panthawiyi ndi malo otsetsereka, lamiyala pafupi ndi nkhalangoyi, malo otsetsereka okhala ndi mitengo yolimba kwambiri. Chamois mwakufuna kwawo amakhalanso ndi malo owaza a m'nkhalangoyi pafupi ndi nkhalango zowirira za nkhalangoyi, pomwe nyama zimabisala pangozi ndi kupumula nthawi yotentha.
Kusintha koyenera kwa maola opuma ndi msipu kumasokonezedwa ndimitambo, nyengo yozizira, nthawi yophukira ndi chisanu, komanso chilimwe muntunda, komwe nyama zimapeza mthunzi wokwanira. Nthawi izi, pakati pa tsiku mumatha kukumana ndi nyama zambiri zonenepa, ndipo ambiri aiwo amapumula masanawa, madzulo. Nyengo yoipa, ma chamois amatha masiku onse pansi pamiyala yamiyala, m'mapanga kapena kukwera pansi pamitengo, kudya masamba ochepa opindika.
Chamois ndi nyama yazitsamba. Kukula ndi kapangidwe ka ng'ombe zimasiyanasiyana ngakhale munthawi yomwe akukhalako komanso nyengo. Gulu la chamois losokoneza silimayenda mbali imodzi, koma limathamangira mbali zonse ndipo limasonkhananso m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwa gulu lazitsamba kumadaliranso kwakukulu ku chiwerengero chonse cha ma chamois m'malo opatsidwa. M'madera omwe ma chamois ndi ochepa, amakhala ndi masamba 2-3. M'mbuyomu, kumadzulo kwa Caucasus nthawi zambiri pamakhala zikhalidwe mazana mazana ambiri.
Nthawi zina, kupangika kwa ng'ombe zazikulu, zikuwoneka kuti, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuletsedwa kwa malo a chamois chifukwa chodontha ndi gulu la ziweto.
Mitengo yayikulu ya chamois imawonedwa mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembala. Mosiyana ndi ena ambiri osagwirizana nawo, nthawi yozizira ndipo makamaka masika mitundu yayikulu imayamba kuchepa, ndipo nthawi yotentha yokha ikadzayamba kubereka chamois iyambanso kuweta.
Kuphatikizidwa kwa ng'ombe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosakanizika, kuchokera ku nyama za mibadwo yonse ndi akazi onse. Koma nthawi zina amuna ndi akazi akuluakulu omwe ali ndi ana amapanga magulu odziyimira pawokha.
Chamois wodyetsa
Zakudya za Chamois m'chilimwe ndizomera zamtundu wa herbaceous zosiyanasiyana. Wolemba A. A. Nasimovich, malinga ndi zomwe apezeka m'chigawo cham'mapiri ndi zam'mapiri, mndandanda wazakudya zawo za chilimwe umaphatikizapo mitundu 33 ya udzu ndi mitundu 8 ya zitsamba ndi mitengo. Kuchokera pamtundu wa udzu wa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya ma forbs akupambana, koma mndandanda wazodyetsa zomwe zimadyedwa mosavuta, chimanga - fescue ndi bluugrass zili malo oyamba, kutsatiridwa ndi meun, mabelu, anemone, buttercups, ndalama, butterbur ndi cowberry. Mumasamba amtundu wamtchire masamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono zimadyedwa, ndi singano zokulirapo.
Maziko azakudya zachisanu nthawi yachisanu, kuphatikiza pa udzu wouma womwe umakololedwa m'malo opanda chipale chofewa, chakudya chamafuta - nthambi ndi makungwa a msondodzi, beech, phulusa lamapiri. Fescue, masamba ndi mphukira za masamba obiriwira obiriwira amadyedwa kwambiri: kuwotcha, mistletoe, yamatcheri a laurel. Moss, mitengo yonyamula nkhuni ndi singano za paini, mafinya ndi msuzi zimadyedwanso. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, zipatso za mgoza zimadyedwa mosavuta ndi chamois. Palibe milandu yodya msipu wokolola m'matumba, monga momwe amawonera ku European chamois, ku Caucasus.