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Sungani cholemba, lembani nkhani m'Mabuku, gwiritsitsani Malo, Madera, mbewu, nyama, lolani anthu ambiri kuti awaone!
Nkhalangoyi ikuyembekezera nkhani zanu!
- Ndakatulo
- Masamba a Regional Project
- Gawo lamtsinje, mapaki achilengedwe, etc. Nthawi zambiri, Malo ndi gawo la Madera
- Ikani zipilala zachilengedwe, zokopa ndi zinthu zina pamapupo
Kuyambira kale, anthu akhala akulemekeza ndi kuwopa Mmbulu, amatchedwa m'bale wamkulu, amawopa ana ake, amapeka nthano ndi kufotokoza za iye. Mitundu ya nkhandwe imakhala yotakasa kwambiri, kuphatikiza nkhandwe ndi ankhandwe, koma ndi mimbulu adakhala makolo achikale komanso oyandikira kwambiri a galu woweta.
Mmbulu - Wotsogolera wamkulu kuchokera kubanja la zinyama, zomwe kale zimapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse ku Russia ndi CIS. Koma chifukwa cha zovuta zingapo zoyambitsidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwaumisiri, malo okhala nyamazi achepa kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi.
Dzinalo "nkhandwe"Amachokera ku chilankhulo chakale cha Chisilavo, chokhala ndi mizu yayitali ku Indo-European ndipo kwenikweni amatanthauza"kukokera"Kapena" kukoka. "
Zidapezeka kuti banja la Wolf ndilokulira - pali mitundu 32 ya nkhandwe, koma zikuluzikulu zisanu ndi zitatu zokha zomwe zimapezeka ku Russia - tundra, Central Russian nkhalango ,imongolima, Caucasian, Siberian ndi steppe.
Kodi mimbulu imadya chiyani?
Kwakukulu Wolf pangani nyama zopanda umbuli kutengera malo okhala. Itha kukhala mbewa, mahatchi, agwape, nkhumba, mphalapala, mbuzi zonse zakutchire komanso zapakhomo.
M'madera achipululu, Mimbulu imadyera anthambo ndi nkhosa. Pokhudzana ndi kufalikira kwa ntchito za anthu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa munthu kumalo achilengedwe a mimbulu, kuukira kwa olusa pamafamu a ziweto kumachitika.
Koma kuchuluka kwa mimbulu kutsika kosalekeza chifukwa chosowa chakudya komanso kusaka nthawi zonse kwa iwo. Munthawi zovuta, Mimbulu imatha kudya achule, abuluzi, komanso ngakhale tizilombo tambiri. Nthawi zina amadya zipatso, bowa ndi zipatso, ndipo kuthetsa ludzu lawo amatha kulanda chivwende kapena kubzala.
Kodi Wolf amakhala kuti?
Mimbulu mumakonda malo amtchire komanso sankhani malo osyankhira kapena mapiri omwe ali ndi masamba ochepa komanso malo abwino otentha.
Gulu la mimbulu Nthawi zambiri chimakwirira malo a 30 kapena 60 km ndipo imakonda njira yokhazikika. Koma munthawi yamasika ndi nthawi yachilimwe, gawoli limagawidwa zidutswa malinga ndi kutsogolo kwa paketi: yabwino imapita ku wolimba wolimba kwambiri.
Komanso Volag imatha kupezeka kumpoto kwa taiga ndi tundra pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu.
Ankhandwe anzeru ndikumvetsetsa kuti kulikonse komwe kuli munthu, mutha kupeza chakudya. Ndipo ngakhale amawononga zaulimi, kumbali inayo, amakhazikitsanso kayendedwe ka zachilengedwe, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zinyama ndikuchita monga gulu la nkhalango.
Mimbulu yobala
Nthawi yakukhwima kwa Akalulu imatenga mwezi wa Januware mpaka Epulo. Mimbulu imakhala yodandaula ndipo imakhala ndi moyo wabanja, banjali limamatirana mpaka wina atafa.
Mmbulu silivomereza chilolezo cha wamwamuna chisanafike. Kulimbirana mwankhaza kuti azimayi azimayi, nthawi zambiri akupha, ndizabwinobwino pakati pa Ankhandwe.
Akalulu ake kufikira kutha msamba mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo, ndi Wolves muzaka zitatu.
Mimbulu imangokhala ndi estrus 1 pachaka mwanjira yoti ana a nkhandwe amabadwira nthawi yotentha, pakakhala chakudya chokwanira kuzungulira.
Mawiri Choyamba, amasamalira malo otetezeka a ana amtsogolo. Atha kukhala malo osiyanasiyana obisika, ndi mabowo achilendo kapena mbidzi za ku arctic, mabowo awo sakonda kukumba.
She-Wolf yekha ndi amene amagwiritsa ntchito lair, amathanso kuphunzira za ana ang'ono a nkhandwe, omwe poyamba amafanana ndi ana agalu wamba. Nthawi zambiri, ana amphongo atatu mpaka 13 amabadwira nkhandwe, ndipo gulu lonse limawathandiza kudyetsa.
Koma ngakhale atasunthika okhazikika kwa makolo ndi Olumpha ena, mchaka choyamba cha moyo 20-40% yokha ndiyopulumuka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha matenda, kusowa kwa chakudya komanso mpikisano mkati mwa banja, ana agalu olimba akapeza chakudya chochulukirapo ndipo ana agalu ofoka amapita pang'onopang'ono.
Mawonekedwe
Kulemera kwake komanso kukula kwa nyamazo zimatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera malo okhala. Kutalika kwa nyama yolusa imeneyi kufota kumatha kuchoka pa 65 mpaka 85 masentimita, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 100 - 155, ndi kulemera kwa kilogalamu 30 mpaka 60, ndipo mwinanso zina. Mmbulu, womwe umakhala ndi pafupifupi chaka, umalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 25, ndipo pofika zaka 3 akulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 40. Pambuyo pazaka zitatu za moyo, kupeza kulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 55, nkhandwe imawerengedwa kuti "yokhazikika".
M'mawonekedwe, mimbulu imafanana kwambiri ndi agalu okhala ndi miyendo yayitali komanso yolimba, komanso miyendo yayitali. Zala ziwiri zapakati zimakhala ndi kupitilira pang'ono, kuti phazi la wolumayo lisasokonezedwe ndi njira zina za nyama zina. Mimbulu imasiyanitsidwa ndi mutu wokhala ndi mutu wambiri komanso phokoso lalikulu, lomwe limapitilira pang'ono. Phokoso limasiyananso m'njira zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyanitsa pakati pa mawonekedwe a nkhope ya mdani. Chigoba cha wolusa chimakhala chachikulu, chachikulu komanso chachikulu, ndipo kutseguka kwammphuno ndikokulirapo, kukukulira pansi.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Phazi la nkhandwe limasiyana kwambiri ndi phazi la galu. Choyamba, zala zakutsogolo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndipo, ngati kuti zimakhazikika, zimangokhala ndi chotupa. Kachiwiri, nkhandwe imakhala ndi "njira" yolunjika kwambiri yomwe yasiyidwa ndi chilombo.
Mchira wa nkhandwe umakhala ngati wamtambo komanso wandiweyani, nthawi zonse pansi. Iyenera kuwunika makamaka ndi mano a mdani. Pachitaya cham'mwamba cha nyama yolumirayo pali ma incisor 6, ma canins awiri, nyumba zisanu ndi zitatu ndi ma molars anayi, ndipo patsaya lam'munsi palinso ma molars awiri. Makungu a nyama zolusa amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri kuti apulumuke, chifukwa amathandiza nyama zodya kusaka mwa kugwira ndi kukoka nyama. Mmbulu utayika, ndiye kuti munthu akhoza kufa ndi njala.
Chovala chaubweya wa nkhandwe ndi chosanjikiza-iwiri, chokhwima komanso motalika. Kuphatikiza apo, chovalacho ndicholimba ndipo chimakhala ndi madzi ndi uve. Chifukwa cha undercoat wandiweyani, nkhandwe siliwopa kuzizira kulikonse. Mtundu wa anthu umatengera malo okhala. Mimbulu yomwe imakhala m'nkhalangozi imakhala yofiirira, ndipo nyama zomwe zimadyera ku tundra zimakhala zoyera. Zoyang'anira okhala m'chipululu zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu waimvi. Nthawi yomweyo, ana amimbulu amadziwika ndi mtundu wokhala ndi maonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso amdima komanso owala, ndipo akamakula ndikukula, mithunzi imakhala yowala komanso yowonjezereka. Ngakhale anthu amodzi amatha kukhala ndi anthu omwe mitundu yawo imakhala yosiyanasiyana.
Khalidwe la nyama
- Khwangwala ndi lalikulu kuposa la galu, ndipo chifukwa cha zala ziwiri zoyenda mkati, limatalikiranso pang'ono.
- Khungu wamba limawoneka lalikulu komanso lalikulu. Mutuwu umapakidwa thovu ndi mphumi. Uku ndikusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chilombo ndi ankhandwe ndi agalu. Komanso chilombo chimatha kufotokozera zakukhosi kwake mothandizidwa ndi nkhope: bata, kukwiya, mkwiyo, mantha, mkwiyo.
- Mano ndi amphamvu komanso amphamvu. Amatha kulimbana ndi katundu wambiri, popeza ndiye zida zazikulu za mdani popezera chakudya komanso poteteza kwa adani. Ngati chilombocho chataya kapena kugwa, ndiye kuti sichitha ndipo chimatha kudziteteza.
- Mchira wokongola komanso wautali wa nkhandwe umasiyidwa nthawi zonse ndipo simalira ngati mphete ya galu. Koma mchira umathanso kudziwa momwe nyamayo imakhalira.
Ubweya wa chilombo umakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri, motero nkhandweyo imawoneka yayikulu. Zosanjikiza zapamwamba ndi tsitsi lalitali lomwe limateteza thupi ku litsiro ndi chinyezi. Pansi pake pali phukusi laimvi lomwe limateteza nyamayi nthawi yozizira kuti isazizidwe. Mtundu wa wosanjikiza akunja umasiyana m'mitundu ing'onoing'ono. Mbidzi ya ku Tibet imakhala ndi ubweya wopepuka, wokhala munkhalangoyi ndi mtundu waimvi, nyama zomwe zimakhala m'madambo zimakhala zofiira.
Wotsogola amakhala ndi fungo labwino komanso kumva, kutalikirana pang'ono. Ngati nyama ili pa mtunda wa makilomita atatu, ndiye kuti mphuno ya mmbulu imaphunzira. Kenako, nyamayo imafikitsa chidziwitso chakuyandikira kwa chakudya cha fuko lake kudzera pa uthenga wamawu. Njira yolankhulirana imathandizira mimbulu kwambiri posaka. Kuphatikiza pa kubangula, nyama yomwe imadya imatha kulira, kuong'oneza, yelp, khungwa, yelp.
Mwachilengedwe, mimbulu ndi nyama zoweta, osamala, osasinthika. Anthu okongola mabanja omwe ateteze kwathunthu akazi ndi ana kuti asatengeke ndi adani ena.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mimbulu
- Mmbulu wofiyira (phiri) ndi mtundu womwe uli pangozi. Ndi mtundu wa mtanda pakati pa nkhandwe, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Nyamayi imakhala yocheperako poyerekeza ndi anzawo: kulemera kwakukulu ndi 21 kg, ndipo kutalika ndi 110. Ndipo mchira, monga zimachitika ndi nkhandwe, ndi wautali komanso wosalala, wokhala ndi nsonga yakuda. Thupi lonse limapakidwa utoto wofiira kapena mithunzi yake. Mabwana omwe amakhala kumapiri ndi ma gorges kumayiko a Central ndi South Asia.
- Anthu aku North America - wosakanizidwa ndi mimbulu y imvi ndi yofiira. Ubweya nthawi zambiri umakhala wachikasu ndi tsitsi lakuda kumbuyo. Mapewa, kukula kumafika 80 cm, ndipo kulemera - 40 kg. Amadyetsa makamaka tsekwe ndi makoswe. Amakhala m'nkhalango kuyambira kumwera chakum'mawa kwa boma la Canada ku Ontario kupita ku Quebec.
- Nkhandwe ya ku Europe. Mafotokozedwe akunja amafanana ndi anzawo aku North America, koma ali ndi ubweya wonenepa. Mtunduwu ndi wosiyana kwambiri: mutha kupeza beige, oyera, imvi, ubweya wakuda. Ku Eastern Europe, anthu ang'onoang'ono amapezeka, ndipo mitundu yayikulu imakhala ku Russia.
- Nkhandwe ya polar ndiye woimira bwino kwambiri pamtunduwu. Ili ndi ubweya wonyezimira, womwe umatenthetsera bwino chilombocho kumadera a Arctic. Amuna amakula mpaka 1.5 m ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 85 kg.
- Mmbulu wa tundra ndi mtundu wina womwe umangodziwa zambiri. Amakhala ofanana ndi polar, koma otsika kuposa iwo kukula. Kulemera kwa nyama yolusa sikupitirira 50 kg. Ubweya wotuwa ndi utoto ndi mithunzi yake, koma zoyera zimapezekanso. A Flocks amakhala ku Siberia tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra ku Europe.
- Ordinary kapena Grey Wolf ndiye woimira wamkulu wa amtunduwu. Thupi lake limafika kutalika kwa 1.5 m, ndipo m'lifupi mwake limafikira masentimita 86. Omwe amangolemera makilogalamu 32-60, ndipo mwa oyimira kumpoto kulemera kwake kumatha kufika 80 makilogalamu. Mtundu wa chovalachi umadalira malo okhala. Anthu okhala m'nkhalango ndiotuwa kwambiri, okhala ku tundra ndi oyera, ndipo mimbulu ya m'chipululu ndi yofiyira. Pali zilombo zolusa ku Europe, Asia, North America.
Mimbulu yonse ili ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana - imakhudzana ndi adani omwe ndi owopsa kwa anthu. Komabe, zolengedwa izi sizimakonda kuukira ndipo, ngati zingatheke, muziyesetsa kupewa kukumana ndi anthu.
Habitat
Chilombochi chimakhala m'chigawo cha mayiko ambiri ku Europe: Italy, Spain, Russia (kupatula Sakhalin ndi zilumba za Kuril), Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Scandinavia, ndi mayiko a Baltic. Ku Asia, malo okhala ndi monga mayiko: Korea, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Georgia, ndi China pang'ono. Ku North America, zodya zanyama zimapezeka ku Alaska kupita ku Mexico. Ku Japan, mitundu yonse yawonongeka. Mmbulu umagwirizana mwachangu ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, motero umatha kukhalapo mosavuta pamtunda uliwonse. Komabe, amayesa kupewa nkhalango zowirira ndipo amakonda nkhalangozi, tundra, ndi mapiri. Pafupi ndi tsambalo lomwe mumakonda, gululo limafota ndi masamba onunkhira. M'chilimwe, gawo lokhalidwa ndi anthu limagawika m'magawo angapo, omwe abwino amapita kwa awiri awiri.
Kubala ndi kulera ana
Ziwonetserozi zimakhala m'matumba momwe pafupifupi anthu onse amalumikizana ndi mabanja. Pamutu pa banja pali mtsogoleri ndi wamkazi wake, ndiye kuti pali anthu achikulire, mimbulu yokha ndi ana agalu ali pamunsi pamtundu wa oyang'anira. Amuna amakhala okhwima akafika zaka zitatu, ndipo wamkazi amakhala wazaka ziwiri. Pazaka izi, nyama zimayamba kufunafuna bwenzi, koma nthawi zambiri sizikhala mozungulira paketi awo, koma kunja kwake. Mwachilengedwe, nyama zodya nyama zakutchire ndizopusa. Banjali limakhalabe lokhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake mpaka mnzake atamwalira. Kuyambira Januwale mpaka Epulo, mimbulu imakhala ndi nyengo yokwatitsa. Pakadali pano, azimayi omasuka amene afika paunyamata, kulimbana kukuchitika pakati pa amuna kuti awasamalire. Zotsatira zake, nkhandwe yopambana ndi osankhidwa ake amakhala banja. Othandizira nthawi yomweyo amayamba kufunafuna malo omwe angakhale oyenera kubereka ndi kubadwa kwa ana a nkhandwe. Uwu uyenera kukhala punda wobisidwa kwa maso oyesa (zitsamba, m'mapanga ang'onoang'ono m'matanthwe kapena kumata kwa nyama zina), pomwe mawonekedwe abwino a malowo amatseguka.
Asanachitike kuukira kwa akazi, nyama zimakhala ngati okonda zenizeni. Amayang'anira, kusilira komanso kusamalira mnzawo m'njira iliyonse yomwe angathe. Mimba ikayamba mkombowo (imakhala mpaka milungu iwiri kamodzi pachaka), banjali limalowa m'khola mwawo kuti ikukhwime, zomwe zimachitika nthawi yomwe mazira amayamba. Mimba imatenga milungu 9 (osaposa masiku 65) ndipo imatha ndikubadwa kwa ana atatu mpaka 13. Ana amabadwa akhungu ndipo pakatha milungu iwiri yokha moyo wawo umayamba kuwona bwino. Poyamba, anawo amadya mkaka, kenako amawo amawadyetsa ndi burp kuchokera ku nyama yomwe wadyayo. Makolo ndi ena onse a paketi amabweretsera ana omwe aphedwa. Mmbulu uliwonse umawonetsetsa kuti mbewuyo yadzaza. Pakupita miyezi iwiri, anawo amachoka kunyumba kwawo ndikuphunzira zoyambirira za kusaka. Pofika kuchiyambiyambi, amathanso kutenga nawo gawo pofunafuna nyama limodzi ndi akuluakulu omwe ali mgulupo.
Zachilengedwe zinkaganiza kuti ana a mimbulu amabwera padziko lapansi kumapeto kwa nthawi ya mvula, pomwe kunali kotentha kale komanso chakudya chokwanira. Komabe, kuchuluka kopulumuka ndikotsika kwambiri - 20-40%. Otsalawo amakhala zaka pafupifupi 15, ndipo amayamba kukhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 12.
Zosangalatsa
- Chilombocho chimagwira ngati mmodzi wa otchulidwa kwambiri mu nthano zachikhalidwe zaku Russia. Ndipo pakati pa anthu akumpoto, nkhandwe siili womaliza mu nthano chabe.
- Mu Middle Ages, anthu amakhulupirira kuti nyama zolusa zimathandizira mdierekezi. Nthano zopangidwa ndi chirombo, momwe ma werewolf (werewolf) adachita gawo lalikulu.
- Pazovala zamikono zambiri zamabanja aku Europe mutha kupeza chithunzi cha nkhandwe, yomwe inali chizindikiro cha kupambana mdaniyo. Komanso anthu ovala manja atawonetsa kuti mtundu wawo unachokera ku thewolf.
- Nkhondo yoyamba isanachitike, a Vikoko anavala zikopa za mimbulu ndipo ngakhale ankamwa magazi awo.
- Ku Roma wakale, akazi amayimira zokopa komanso zogonana, chifukwa chake mahule amatchedwa "mimbulu".
- Kuti mubereke zatsopano, mimbulu imadutsa makamaka ndi agalu. Kupyola zoyeserera zopambana, zinali zotheka kubweretsa galu wolusa Sarlos ndi galu wolusa wa Czechoslovak.
- M'mbuyomu, dziko la Ireland linkadziwika kuti Wolf Land, popeza kuchuluka kwa ziweto zomwe zinali m'maderamo kunali kochuluka kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri, chilombo chimatenga gawo la ngwazi yonyansa yothandizira mphamvu zamdima. Koma mu nthano ndi ma Epic aanthu Akumwera, nkhandwe, yopatsidwa kulimba mtima ndi mphamvu, imawonetsedwa ngati chitetezo kumtunda ndikufanizira kukhulupirika ndi kudzipereka kunyumba, banja.
Chisinthiko
Womwe angakhale kholo lalikulu la nkhandwe amaganiziridwa Canis lepophagus, nthumwi yaying'ono ya banja la canine lomwe lili ndi chigaza chopyapyala, yemwe amakhala ku Miocene North America ndipo, mwina, anali kholo la anyani. Pambuyo pakutha borophages, mtundu waukulu wa canine, C. lepophagus kukula kwa thupi ndi chigaza m'lifupi. Zinyalala zamtunduwu zomwe zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Texas zitha kukhala za oyimira makolo a mimbulu yonse yamakono. Mimbulu yoyambirira imayamba kuwoneka ku Pleistocene koyambirira, zaka 1,800,000 zapitazo. Pakati pawo panali Canis priscolatrans, kakang'ono kakang'ono kofanana ndi nkhandwe yofiira yamakono, yomwe ikulowa ku Ulaya kudzera ku Beringia. Kuchulukitsidwa Kwatsopano ku Europe C. priscolatrans pang'onopang'ono zinasinthidwa C. mosbachensisyofanana kwambiri ndi mimbulu yamakono. Zinali zofala ku Europe kuyambira pachiyambidwe cha Quaternary mpaka zaka 500,000 zapitazo ndipo kenako zidasinthidwa Canis lupus.
Kafukufuku wa DNA ya mitochondrial awonetsa kuti pali mzere wa mmbadwo 4 wa nkhandwe, yakale kwambiri yomwe ndi mzere waku Africa, womwe udawonekera pakati pa Late Pleistocene. Zingwe zotsalira ndi zachigawo chachi India. Mwa awa, mzere wa nkhandwe ya Himalayan, yomwe idawoneka zaka 800,000 zapitazo, munthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu kwanyengo ndi chilengedwe mu dera la Himalayan, imawerengedwa kuti ndiwakale kwambiri. Nkhandwe ya ku India (Canis lupus pallipes) olekanitsidwa ndi Himalayan zaka 400,000 zapitazo. Mzere waposachedwa kwambiri ndi nkhandwe ya ku Tibetan (Canis lupus chanco), wokhala kwawo ku Kashmir, yemwe adawoneka zaka 150,000 zapitazo. Ndi mzerewu, womwe umadziwika kuti Holarctic chuma, wafalikira ku Europe ndi North America, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi kusinthana kwa zikwangwani za DNA pakati pa galu wapakhomo, nkhandwe yaku Europe ndi North America.
Mmbulu wosowa tsopano wa ku Japan ndi mbadwa ya nkhandwe yayikulu ya ku Siberia, yomwe idasamutsa chilumba cha Korea ku Pleistocene ndi Japan, pomwe idali gawo la Asia Asia. Panthawi ya Holocene, a Sangar Strait adalekanitsa Honshu ku Hokkaido, zomwe zinapangitsa kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kunapangitsa kuti ambiri mwa anthu osazindikira chisumbuchi, ndipo nkhandwe yaku Japan idavutika kuzilumba. Hokkaido Wolf (Canis lupus hattai) inali yayikulu kwambiri kuposa wachibale wake wakummwera - nkhandwe ya ku Japan Chondos (Canis lupus hodophilax), kukhala ndi mwayi wodya nyama yayikulu komanso kupitilizabe kusinthana ndi nkhandwe ya ku Siberia.
Ku Haza kuzaka Canis lupus anakonzanso North America. Kalulu wamkulu, wowopsa yemwe amakhala kumeneko (Canis dirus) adamwalira zaka 8,000 zapitazo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa nyama yayikulu. Kupikisana ndi nkhandwe ya "imvi" yaing'onoting'ono komanso yaying'ono kunathandizira izi. Pambuyo pa kuzimiririka kwa nkhandwe "yowopsa", "imvi" inakula kukula ndikufalikira kulikonse.
Mawu
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamphamvu ya mimbulu imaposa kuthekera kwa nyama zambiri (kupatula anthu ndi mileme). Mimbulu imapanga mawu ngati kubangula, kulira, kuyerekezera, kubuula, kubuula, kupukutira, kupukusa, kubangula. Phokoso lililonse limakhala ndi mitundu yayikulu yosiyanasiyana.
Zomwe mimbulu imachita m'mawu awa ndikudziwa. Mothandizidwa ndi mawu, mimbulu imatha kufalitsa mauthenga ovuta kwambiri - ndikupeza chirombo china pamalo ena. Chifukwa chake, wofufuza Farley Mowet adawona mu tundra waku Canada momwe, pogwiritsa ntchito mimbulu yambiri, adafotokozera zazitali kutalika komwe mame omwe amayembekeza asamukira kumwera ndipo anali komweko. Pamenepa, nkhandwe imayamba kumvera zomwe zimachokera ku nkhandwe ina, yomwe ingakhale mtunda wa makilomita eyiti. Kenako wotumizira amaponyera mutu wake ndikubangula ndi mawu akunjenjemera: poyamba otsika, koma kumathera pa cholembedwa chapamwamba kwambiri chomwe khutu laumunthu limazindikira. Kuwona uthenga wa nkhandwe za zomwe adapeza atatsimikizira izi. Mimbulu imatha kudziwitsana za maonekedwe a anthu.
Chizindikiro cha nkhandwe ndi kulira kwa nkhondo kuchokera kwa mtsogoleri. Mawu awa ali ngati kubangula kwa galu wokwiya akuthamangira munthu.
Mimbulu imalira m'mawa kapena m'bandakucha, koma osati tsiku lililonse. Kulira kumayambira ndikulirira kwa mtsogoleri, komwe kumasiyana kwambiri ndi kuwomba kwa mamembala ena a phukusi. Iwo ajowina kanthawi kena. Kubangula kwanyimbo nthawi zambiri kumatha ndi khungwa lotupa.
Kukhulupirira mawu kophatikizana kwa paketiyo ndi chizindikiro cha moyo wamakhalidwe. Chizolowezi cha mimbulu kwa iye chimakhala chamakhalidwe ndipo chimakulitsa chidwi chokhala mgulupo. Ndi njira yolankhulirana ndi mapaketi ena ndi abale osochera.
Anthu ena amatha kumvetsetsa mauthenga omveka pakati pa mimbulu, monga a Eskimo Utek, omwe adakumana nawo ku Canada tundra ndi a M Metet.
Kusintha
Mukuchitika kwa chisinthiko, machitidwe angapo olimbitsa thupi adapangidwa m'mimbulu yomwe imawalola kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna chakudya. Izi zimathandiziridwa ndi chifuwa chopapatiza, chopendekera kumbuyo ndi miyendo yolimba. Amatha kuyenda pamtunda wamakilomita angapo pa liwiro la 10 km / h, ndipo nthawi ikawathamangitsa amatha kutha pafupifupi 65 km / h, pomwe akudumphira mpaka mamita 5. Kapangidwe ka miyendo ya nyama imawalola kumasuka mosiyanasiyana malo, kuphatikizapo chipale chofewa. Pakati pa zala pali tinthu tating'onoting'ono, chifukwa chomwe katundu wambiri pamtunda amachepetsedwa, ndipo omwe amadyera amatha kusuntha chisanu mwachangu kwambiri kuposa omwe amawazunza. China mwa mawonekedwe a mawotchi ndikuti mimbulu, ikayenda, sipuma pa phazi lonse, koma zala zokhazokha, ndiye kuti "ali ngati chala" - njira iyi imawathandizira kuti azitha kulemera. Kutsogolo kwake ndi kwakukulu kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo ndipo kumakhala ndi chala chowonjezera (chachisanu) kuchokera mkati mwa metatarsus. Tsitsi la Bristly ndi mawonekedwe osalala amathandizira kukhala osasunthika pamalo oterera, ndipo mitsempha yapadera ya magazi imateteza mawondo ku hypothermia. Zosanunkhira zabwino zomwe zimapezeka pakatikati pa zala zimasiya chizindikiritso cha nyamayo, yomwe mbali inayo imathandizira kuyang'ana pansi, ndikuuza ankhandwe ena za mayendedwe amtsogoleri. China chomwe chimathandizira kuti nyama zizikhala ndi nyengo yozizira ndi kutentha kwa ubweya (1.2-1.5 nthawi yotsika kuposa matenthedwe a muskrat ndi zikopa za beaver).
Kumva fungo
Lingaliro la kununkhira mu nkhandwe limakulitsidwa kwambiri. Amatha kuwona nyama yomwe ili pa mtunda wa makilomita atatu. Mphuno ya nkhandwe ndi yokulirapo maulendo 14 kuposa anthu, ndipo kununkhira kwa mimbulu ndikwabwino koposa nthawi 100 kuposa anthu. Mimbulu imasiyanitsa fungo pafupifupi mamiliyoni 200, anthu amangokhala mamiliyoni 5. Kuposa fungo, nkhandwe imalandira zambiri pazambiri. Njira yolandirira ndikusinthitsa chidziwitsochi, komanso njira zoyenera zomwe zimakhudzana ndikununkhidwa kwa maubwenzi ndikusiya ma fungo, zimagwira ntchito yayikulu m'moyo wa chilombo. Magulu a mafungo amatha kukhala mkodzo, ndowe, ngakhale malovu. Tizilombo tambiri titha kunyamula zambiri osati zakutchire, komanso mwina za gawo la nyama. Kukula kwakukulu kwa chizindikiritso cha fungo kumawonedwa ndi mimbulu pakukonzekera ndikupanga magulu awiri atsopano. Chizindikiro muzochitika izi ndi kulembanso kawiri, pamene mwamunayo akukodza chifukwa cha mkodzo wamkazi. Pankhaniyi, kununkhira kununkhira kungathandize kulunzanitsa zochitika zogonana ndikumayanjanitsa awiri. [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 2196 ]
Kafukufuku waposachedwa watsimikizira kufunikira kwakukulu kwa nkhandwe ya fungo lake lokhazikika. Pazowona makumi asanu ndi chimodzi za kusaka nyama ya mimbulu mu milandu makumi anai ndi iwiri (82.35%), olusa adapeza mphalapala itatha kumva komanso nthawi zambiri. [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 2196 ]
Dera
M'mbiri yakale, pakati pa zolengedwa zapadziko lapansi, mimbulu yomwe idakhala m'malo achiwiri kwambiri pamtunda wa anthu, yodziwika kwambiri kumpoto kwa Nyengo, ndipo tsopano yatsika kwambiri.
Ku Europe, nkhandwe idapulumuka ku Spain, mayiko a Baltic, Russia, Belarus, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Scandinavia, Balkan, ndi Ukraine. Ku Asia, kumakhala Korea, gawo lina China ndi Hindustan Peninsula, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, kumpoto kwa Arabian Peninsula, ku Japan subs subsies Canis lupus hodophilax ndi Canis lupus hattai. Ku North America, amachokera ku Alaska kupita ku Mexico (mu Novembala 2020, pa referendum ku Colado, anthu amderalo adzavota pazosankha zodziwika za mitundu yomwe yatsala, yomwe ingalole kubwerera kwa mimbulu ku zachilengedwe zam'deralo). Ku Russia, imapezeka pazilumba zina zokha (Sakhalin, Kuril Islands).
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Mmbulu ndi nyama yolusa yomwe imadyetsa mwa kufunafuna ndi kuzunza anthu omwe akukhudzidwa.
Maziko odyetsa mimbulu amapangidwa ndi anthu osatulutsa: tundra, tundra, moose, agwape, agwape, nkhumba zakutchire kudera la nkhalango, ndi anthambo kumaponda ndi zipululu. Mimbulu imagwiranso zoweta (nkhosa, ng'ombe, akavalo), kuphatikizapo agalu. Makamaka mimbulu yokhayokha imagwidwa ndikugwira nyama yaying'ono: mavu, agologolo pansi, makoswe onga mbewa. M'nyengo yotentha, mimbulu siphonya mwayi kudya mazira, anapiye atakhala zisa kapena kudya pansi grouse, waterfowl ndi mbalame zina. Nthawi zambiri, atsekwe am'nyumba amagwiridwanso. Ankhandwe, agalu a fodya, ma corsacs nthawi zina amasinthidwa ndi mimbulu, ndipo nthawi zina mimbulu yanjala imagwirira zimbalangondo kugona m'khomalo. Mlandu unalembedwa pomwe gulu la mimbulu linaukira ndikudya chimbalangondo. Pali nthawi zambiri pamene anang'amba ndi kudya nyama zofowoka, zovulazidwa ndi osaka kapena ovulala kwambiri pakumenya panthawi yophukira. Mosiyana ndi nyama zambiri zomwe zimadyera, mimbulu nthawi zambiri imabwerera kunkhokwe zomwe zadyedwa ndi theka, makamaka nthawi yamanjala. Omnivores. Osanyalanyaza mitembo ya ziweto, koma pamphepete mwa nyanja - mitembo ya zisindikizo ndi nyama zina zam'nyanja zoponyedwa kumtunda. Panthawi yazakudya, mimbulu imadya zouluka, achule, ndipo ngakhale tizilombo tambiri (kafadala, dzombe). Mimbulu, makamaka kum'mwera, imadyanso zakudya zam'mera - zipatso zosiyanasiyana, zipatso zamtchire ndi zaminda, ngakhale bowa. Mu steppes, nthawi zambiri amagwira mavwende ndi mavwende ndi mavwende, osakhutitsa njala yambiri ngati ludzu, chifukwa amafunika kuthirira pafupipafupi komanso kokwanira.
Yogwira makamaka usiku. Nthawi zambiri mimbulu imadziwikitsa ndi kukhalapo kwawo ikulira. Phokoso limapangidwira kulumikizana kwakutali kwa mimbulu, chidziwitso, kuzindikira malo, malo amtundu wina ndi mzake, zonena zachitetezo cha dziko lapansi, chibwenzi cha anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzanu. kuti musachite mantha kugwirira ntchito. Mwa mphamvu zakunja, nkhandwe imakhala ndi makutu abwino opezekanso, pang'ono pang'ono - lingaliro la kununkhiza, masomphenya sachepa. Ntchito zomwe zimapangidwa bwino mumanjenje zimaphatikizidwa ndi mphamvu, dexterity, kuthamanga ndi zina zowoneka mwakuthupi zomwe zimakweza mwayi wa wolimbirana kuti athe kulimbana. Ngati ndi kotheka, nkhandwe imathamanga mpaka 55-60 km / h ndipo imatha kusintha mpaka 60-80 km pausiku. Ndipo imathamangira kukhonde m'masekondi ochepa, ikugunda mita 4, pambuyo pake ikuthamanga kale liwiro lonse.
Akaukira gulu, mimbulu nthawi zambiri imapha nyama zingapo. Mimbulu imasiya nyama yokhazikika kuti isungidwe.
Mwanjira, nkhandwe imakulitsidwa kwambiri. Izi zikuwonetsedwa pakutha kuyendetsa chilengedwe ndikuchoka pangozi, komanso njira zosaka. Chotukuka kwambiri ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito gulu lonse la asodzi. Pali nthawi zina pamene mulu wa anthu unagawika, ndipo gawo limodzi limangokhala lobisalira, pomwe linalo limagwira nyama. M'gulu lofunafuna ululu kapena mbawala, nthawi zambiri mimbulu imayendetsa zidendene za wovutikirayo, pomwe ina imadutsa mzere kapena kunyamuka pang'onopang'ono ndipo, ikapumula, ikani zina zotsogola mpaka zitafa ndi wovutikayo.
Zowopsa kwa anthu
Malingaliro okhudzana ndi chiwopsezo cha nkhandwe kwa anthu ndizotsutsana kwambiri. Katswiri wazanyama zaku Soviet and Russian M.P. Pavlov akuneneratu zambiri zakuwukira kwa mimbulu pa anthu. Mu gawo lalikulu la milandu iyi, nyama zankhanza zimawombera, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zikuwukira komanso mimbulu yathanzi. Pavlov akuwunikira kuti m'gawo la USSR yakale, milandu yambiriyi imakhudzana ndi zigawo zingapo ndipo akuwona kuti mimbulu imakwiyira anthu makamaka m'malo ovutika ndi nyama zachilengedwe. M'malo otere, mimbulu imazolowera kudyera anthu ndalama ndipo sizimamuopa. M'bukhu la "Birds on the Wire", V. M. Peskov adanenanso za kuzunzidwa ndi mimbulu kwa anthu, kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yotentha, pakubala, pamene mimbulu imasowa chakudya cha mibadwo (komabe, mfundo iyi imawonedwa pokhapokha pamiyala yambiri ya mimbulu). Kuchulukana kwambiri kwa mimbulu kumakhalanso koopsa chifukwa kumayambitsa zochitika zodwala matenda a chiwewe. Nthawi yomweyo, ena ofufuza ku Canada ndi ku America awona kuti mimbulu yaku North America ndiyotetezedwa anthu. Wolemba waku Canada a Farley Mowet, m'buku la Do not Shout: "Wolves!", Akuti mimbulu simalimbana ndi wofufuzira ngakhale atalowa mgodi. Komabe, pali malipoti a milandu yokhayokha yozunza anthu yolimbana ndi mimbulu yaku North America.
Ziwerengero za nkhandwe zikuukira anthu ku Russia
- 1844 - m'mudzi wa Kuchinovka, chigawo cha Grodnitsky, m'chigawo cha Chernihiv - ana asanu ndi mmodzi akudwala mimbulu.
- 1844-1847, ndipo kenako mu 1850 - Rogachev County m'chigawo cha Mogilev akuukira mimbulu kwa ana. Ana onse 9 amwalira. Mchigawo cha Kamenets m'chigawo cha Podolsk, ana ankhandwe adalembedwa zaka zitatu: mu 1844 - mlandu umodzi, mu 1849 - zisanu ndi ziwiri komanso mu 1850 - imodzi.
- 1846 - Bykovsky chigawo cha chigawo cha Mogilev - kwa masiku 65, kuyambira pa June 18 mpaka Ogasiti 23, nkhandwe zoukira ana zidalembedwa ka 10.
- 1846 - Derpt County, m'chigawo cha Livonia - mimbulu kwa miyezi 16, kuyambira pa Julayi 11 mpaka Seputembara 8, adaukira ana 16.
- 1847 ndi 1848 - Ostrovsky chigawo cha Pskov - kuukira kwa mimbulu kwa ana kudadziwika.
- 1850 - Przemyslsky oyezd, m'boma la Kaluga - m'mwezi wa Meyi, anai adachitika ana. Mchigawo cha Slonim m'chigawo cha Grodno gawo loyamba la Ogasiti 1850 ndi theka lachiwiri la 1851, ana 12 adawopsezedwa.
- 1861 - Yamburg County, m'chigawo cha St.
- Mwambiri, ku Russia kuyambira 1849 mpaka 1851, akuluakulu 260 ndi ana 110 anamwalira ndi mimbulu.
- 1920 - Dera la Voronezh m'nkhalango za Ramon - kuukira mkazi.
- 1935 - dera la Kuibyshev, midzi ya Kochetovka ndi Kanemenki - akuukira ana awiri.
- 1935 - dera la Minsk, chigawo cha Borisov, pafupi ndi midzi ya Kozly ndi Zachastce - akuukira ana awiri.
- 1936 - dera la Minsk, chigawo cha Luban - kuukira mwana.
- 1937 - Luban chigawo cha Minsk kudera la Minsk adadwala mimbulu ya ana opitilira 16.
- 1940 - Domanovic chigawo cha Minsk dera - akuukira ana 8 ndi amayi angapo.
- 1944 - dera la Kirov, chigawo cha Chernivsk - famu yonse "Mudzi Watsopano" wa Alexander Village Council - mtsikana wazaka 8 adadyedwa ndi mimbulu. Mu Big Berezovsky Village Council, mimbulu mu zidutswa 9 idadula mtsikana wazaka 14 yemwe amagwira ntchito ngati wotumiza. Pa famu yophatikizira yotchedwa Voroshilov wa khonsolo yaku Burakovsky, mmbulu udagwira mwana wazaka chimodzi ndi theka pafupi ndi mudzi, koma mnyamatayo adathamangitsidwa ndi akuluakulu ndipo adatsala. Pa famu ya "Giant" ya a Mendeleev Village Council, mimbulu iwiri idazunza mtsikana wazaka 12 yemwe zovala zonse zidang'ambidwa. Mtsikanayo anakhalabe ndi moyo. Ku khonsolo ya m'mudzi wa Big Ramensky komwe kunali nkhalangoyi, mimbulu iwiri idadula mtsikana wazaka 16.
- 1945 - Georgia (Akhalkan ndi zigawo za Bogranovsky) - akuukira ana angapo.
- 1945 - mudzi wa Dagestanskaya m'chigawo cha Tula - kuukira ana angapo. Dera la Kirov, Nemsky ndi Kirchansky - milandu itatu ya ana.
- 1946 - Dera la Voronezh, m'boma la Polenovsky - likuukira mwana, ana awiri adatengedwa kuchokera kusukulu ya boarding pafupi ndi siteshoni ya Bologoe ya Oktyabrskaya Railway.
- 1946 - chigawo cha Lyudinovsky, dera la Kaluga - chikuukira ana 10.
- 1947 - dera la Kirov - likuukira ana 27.
- 1943-1947 - Dera la Kaluga - malinga ndi uthenga wa wapampando wakale wa Society of Hunters S. M.Semilekin, kuyambira 1943 mpaka 1947, anthu pafupifupi 60 adavulala chifukwa cha nkhandwe, kuphatikiza ana 46.
- 1950 - Dera la Kirov, chigawo cha Lebyazhsky - kuukira kwa mimbulu pa ana 4 kudalembedwa.
- 1951 - chigawo cha Orichevsky, khonsolo ya m'mudzi wa Maradykovsky - mwana wamkazi wazaka 10 adaphedwa ndi mimbulu.
- 1952 - dera la Kirov - milandu 6 yakuwukira ana.
- 1953 - chigawo cha Orichevsky - 1 milandu yokhudza mwana. Chigawo cha Velsky - mlandu wovulaza mwana.
- 1972-1978 - Dera la Aktobe - akatswiri owonera zinyama V. Garbuzov ndi Yu. Yanshin adazindikira kuti kuyambira 1972 mpaka 1978, milandu 50 ya nkhandwe za anthu idalembedwa m'derali.
- 1974 - Dera la Kharkov, famu yosaka ya Dynamo, mudzi wa Staritsa - nkhandwe yotuluka m'nkhalango yowotcha yoluma anthu 5.
- 1975 - nkhalango za Konstantinovsky, dera la Rivne - milandu iwiri yokhudza anthu.
- 1976 - Rudnyansky nkhalango, Rivne dera - 1 mlandu. Mudzi wa Polyanka, chigawo cha Baranovsky, dera la Zhytomyr - mlandu umodzi. Dera la Lyubomlsky, dera la Volyn - anthu 16 oluma m'masiku awiri.
- 1978 - Gorky Region - 24 mimbulu ikuwukira anthu idalembedwa. Madera a Sumy - 1 milandu yotsutsana ndi wamkulu. M'maboma a Senno, Liozno ndi Orsha, mmbulu waluma anthu 24 okhala ndi zizindikiro za matenda a chiwewe.
- 1980 - Solyony Farm, Dera la Voronezh - pafupifupi anthu 10 olumidwa ndi nkhandwe yolusa. Mudzi wa Piskuny, khonsolo ya m'mudzi wa Kozlovischensky, chigawo cha Postavy - 1 milandu yokhudza kuwonongeka kwa amayi awiri achikulire omwe afa.
- 1984 - mudzi wa Dyatlovo, chigawo cha Kuvshinovsky, dera la Kalinin - mlandu umodzi wa nkhandwe yomwe imagunda munthu wamkulu. Forestry ya Tellerman, Dera la Voronezh - mlandu umodzi wa nkhandwe yomwe ikuukira munthu wamkulu.
- 1988 - mudzi wa Zeleny Rog, dera la Bryansk - nkhani imodzi ya nkhandwe ikuukira munthu wamkulu.
- 2019 - Republic of Komi, m'boma la Udora, mudzi wa Yodva - nkhandwe pamsewu waluma mwana wamkazi wazaka 14.
M.P. Pavlov alemba za milandu yokwana 103 yakuwukira anthu, makamaka ana, makamaka pa Nkhondo ya Patriotic ndi pambuyo pake.
Zochita Pachikhalidwe ndi Kubereka
Mimbulu imakhala yofanana, ndiye kuti, mayi m'modzi amagwera wamwamuna m'modzi. Kuphatikiza apo, mimbulu imakhala ndi moyo wabanja: amakhala m'matumba a anthu atatu mpaka 40 - magulu a mabanja okhala ndi atsogoleri - alfa wamwamuna ndi akazi a alpha, abale awo, komanso mimbulu yachilendo. Maanja amapanga nthawi yayitali mpaka pomwe mmodzi wa iwo atamwalira. Mkati mwa paketiyo, pamakhala gulu lodziwika bwino lomwe pamwamba pake pali banja lalikulu, kenako achibale akuluakulu, mimbulu yoyimilira ndipo kumapeto kwa zidole zotsiriza kumatsata. Monga lamulo, nzeru zachibadwa zimapangitsa olusa kuti azifuna mnzake ndi gawo lomwe angabadwe kunja kwa paketi yawo. Kubalalitsa nyama kumene kwatha msambo kumachitika chaka chonse, ndipo ana agalu amodzi omwewo samayanjana limodzi. Kutha msamba kumachitika mchaka chachitatu kapena chachinayi cha moyo.
Nyengo yakukhwima
Kuyamba kwa nyengo yakukhwima, komwe, kutengera kutalika, kumachitika mu Januware - Epulo, mikangano ikuwonjezeka: amuna ndi akazi a anthu otsogolera mwamphamvu amateteza wokondedwa wawo kwa anthu ena pagululo, ndipo gulu la amuna limasonkhana mimbulu yaing'ono ndi yachikale, yomwe nthawi yomweyo imakhala yolusa. ndewu, nthawi zina zimapha. Akangopanga banja latsopano, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi pamodzi amayamba kufunafuna malo oti akhale mtsogolo komanso kubereka ana. Munthawi imeneyi, asanafike, abambo ndi amai amasamalirana wina ndi mnzake m'njira zonse zotheka, azikhala mbali imodzi ndikugundana. M'mikhalidwe yokhazikika, gulu limakhala ndi mwana m'modzi pa nyengo, ndipo atsogoleri ali ngati makolo a ana agalu. Pamene alpha wamkazi amakhala ndi estrus state (ndipo izi zimachitika kamodzi pachaka ndipo zimatenga masiku 5-14), iye ndi mnzake amasiya paketi, kupuma pantchito ndi kukwatirana. Chidziwitso chakuti chachikazi chikuyamba kutentha, champhongo chimaphunzira kuchokera kununkhira kwa ma pheromones omwe amatulutsidwa mkodzo wamkazi. Ndi kumayambiriro kwa estrus, mkazi amakhala wopanda matupi kwa masiku angapo, ndipo ndikukhanda kwa mazira kumachitika.
Mtengo wachuma
Mmbulu umavulaza kusaka nyama ndikusaka (mwachitsanzo, ku Yakutia, mimbulu inawononga mahatchi opitilira 200 ndi pafupifupi 800 reindeer zapakhomo mu 2012), koma, mbali inayo, imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zinyama ndikuwononga anthu ofooka ndi odwala. Mpaka posachedwapa, kusaka mimbulu kumaloledwa ku Russia chaka chonse. Pakadali pano, kusaka mimbulu kumayesedwa ngati ubweya, ndi nthawi yofananira yosaka, kuyambira pa Okutobala 1 mpaka pa febru 28. Nthawi zina, kusaka nkhandwe nkoletsedwa.
Nthawi yomweyo, mchaka cha 1995, mimbulu khumi ndi inayi idamasulidwa kuthengo ku Yellowstone National Park ku United States kuti aletse kusasamala kwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya wapiti, yomwe idawonongeratu zomera zam'deralo, kudya mitengo ndi tchire. Mu 1926, pofuna kungosunga ngwazi zabwinozi, nkhandwe zinawonongedweratu. Kusintha kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe kwambiri pamalowo, zomwe zidatsitsimuka. Ndi kukonza kuchuluka kwa agwiritse ntchito, zamasamba zidayamba kuchuluka, ndipo patadutsa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchuluka kwa mitengo m'deralo ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje idachulukanso kasanu, zomwe zidapangitsa kubwezeretsa mitengo ndi muskrat paki. A nkhandwe anachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma coyote, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chiwonetsero cha mavu ndi mbewa zambiri zithe, ndipo iwonso adakopeka akuba, zimbalangondo ndi nkhandwe kuti zitha kupitako. Apanso kunabwera zimbalangondo zomvetsa chisoni, zomwe zinakopeka ndi kuchuluka kwa tchire la chipale chofewa, mabulosi abulu, mbalame yamchere ndi zipatso zina zomwe amadya asanadye. Ngakhale mitsinje idasinthidwa, yomwe mabanki ake adalimbikitsidwa ndi kukokoloka kuchokera kumitengo yopanda mitengo komanso tchire.
Mwa kubereketsa mtundu wina wa agalu ndi nkhandwe, mitundu yatsopano idapangidwa, monga galu wolusa Sarlos, wolfdog wa Czechoslovakian kapena galu.
Chithunzi cha nkhandwe pachikhalidwe
- Nyanja Wolf - dzina la woyendetsa panyanja waluso, wodziwa zambiri.
- M'masiku akale, mimbulu yaikazi imadziwika kuti ndi yachilendo kwambiri, chifukwa chake mu mahule achi Roma amadziwika kuti "mimbulu" (lat. Lupae). A Brothels, motero, amatchedwa "Lupanaria."
- Mu Middle Ages zimakhulupirira [pati?] [ndi ndani?] kuti mimbulu ipembedza mdierekezi. [gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 202]
Wolf mu heraldry
- Mmbulu wamtundu wachipembedzo ku Europe amadziwika kuti ndi chizindikiro cha umbombo, mkwiyo komanso kususuka. Nthawi zina mmbulu wogonjetsedwa umayikidwa mmanja ngati chisonyezo cha kupambana pa mdera wadera komanso woipa.
Koma mosiyana ndi izi, mmbulu umathanso kuonetsera kudzipereka ku banja ndi malingaliro am'banja, kuthekera koyimira nyumba. Komanso, mmbulu umatha kuwoneka pamalaya amtundu wa ku Europe, ndikukhazikitsa kumene kunayambira werewolf (werewolf).
Mackenzian Wolf
North America ndi kontinenti yodabwitsa. Nyama zambiri zinathawira kumeneko, kuphatikiza nthumwi ya Mackensian. Ili mawonekedwe a nkhandwe pachithunzicho nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa ndi nkhope yamagazi. Chilombo choterocho chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwa asaka akudya kwambiri pansi.
Thupi lalikulu, kapena m'malo mwake, thupi lamphamvu ndi miyendo yayitali, ngakhale kudutsa m'malo ovuta, kumamuthandiza kupha nyama mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu. Njira yopumira yamtunduwu imapangidwa bwino. Ngakhale atadutsa 100 km, nkhandwe ya Mackensian siidzakumana ndi vuto la kupuma movutikira.
Mphuno ndi gawo la chiwalo cha nyama chomwe chimasowa pozizira, chifukwa chake kugona, nthawi zambiri chimaphimba ndi tsitsi la mchira wake wautali. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyamayo ikhale yotentha. Mbiri ya nkhandwe ya Mackenzian imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lowala, kumbuyo ndi mchira kumada.
Wosaka uyu nthawi zonse amatsata masewerawa ndi abale ake. Nthawi zambiri, pagulu limodzi la mimbulu ya Mackenzi, pamakhala anthu 10. Tizilomboto timagwiritsa ntchito zitsamba zazikulu, monga buluzi kapena njati.
Nkhandwe yofiira
Zili kwambiri mitundu yachilendo ya nkhandweamakhala kumapiri a South ndi Central Asia. Chifanizirochi ndichokhazikika kwa tsitsi lake lofiira. Ena mitundu ya mimbulu yofiira akupezeka kumadera ena. Ali ndi dzina lina - "buanzu".
Mmbulu wofiira umakonda kwambiri ngati nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Uwu ndi nyama yolusa komanso yolusa kwambiri. Mchira wa chilombo ndi wautali kwambiri kotero kuti muyenera kuukoka pansi. Pazigawo zam'mimba ndi mchira, thupi lakuda limatha kuwoneka, koma ndilochepa. Buanza sanabadwe wofiira, koma wodera. Akamakula, nkhandwe imawala.
Nyengo ikasintha, ubweya wa nyama imasinthika. M'chilimwe chimakhala choyipa, ndipo nthawi yozizira, chimakhala chofatsa komanso chofewa. Komanso nthawi yozizira, imakhala yowonjezereka. Maonekedwe a nkhandwe yofiira zimatengera malo ake.
Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe amapezeka ku Indochina ali ndi tsitsi lalitali kwambiri komanso lofewa, pomwe "Pakistanis" ndi "Afghans" ndi afupikitsa. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mitunduyi ndi chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha mano pakati pa mimbulu yonse.
Nkhandwe ya Polar
Mudzi wa nkhandwe yoyera iyi ndi Arctic, kotero akatswiri ambiri a zinyama amazitcha kuti "arctic". Nyama sikuopa konse kutentha pang'ono, imatetezedwa kwa iwo ndi ubweya wautali wakuda. Tsitsi la chilombo ndilopepuka kwambiri ngakhale mvula yozizira ndi mphepo yamphamvu sizikuwopa.
Zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka ku mtundu wa Arctic ndizosowa. Pachifukwa ichi, nyama ikaipha nyama yake, osasiya nyama yake "mosamala," amayesetsa kudya. Mwa njira, nkhandwe ya polar yadzikhalitsa yokha ngati mlenje wabwino kwambiri. Pofufuza nyama, amathandizidwa ndi kununkhira bwino komanso maaso abwino.
Amadziwika kuti chifukwa chosowa chakudya, amatha kukhala ndi njala kwa sabata 1 kapena 2. Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani nkhandwe yokongolayi ikusowa? Pali zifukwa ziwiri:
- Kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana a ku Arctic kumawonjezera kutentha kwa dziko lapansi.
- Chidwi chowonjezeka cha asaki ku ubweya wa nkhandwe yoyera.
Nkhandwe ya Marsupial
Masiku ano, kulikonse padziko lapansi, nkhandwe ya marsupial imapezeka. Mtunduwu umadziwika kuti umatha. Thupi la cholengedwa choterocho linafika kuposa masentimita 120, ndipo linali lolemera pafupifupi 30 kg. Anapezeka mdera la Australia yamakono.
Mawonekedwe a chilombocho amafanana, galu kuposa mmbulu. Anali ndi chovala chachifupi koma chomata kwambiri. Kukhudza, anali wokongola. Mikwingwirima idadutsa thupi la nkhandwe ya marsupial. M'nkhalango, anthu oterewa amasankhidwa monga pogona paphapo, ndipo ngati sapezeka, ndiye mabowo amatabwa.
Mmbulu wokwera marsupial pafupifupi sunaphatikizidwepo ndi anthu ena, ndikupanga zoweta. Koma, panali zochitika zodziwika za moyo wapawiri wa nyama izi. Mawu a chilombo anali osiyana kwambiri ndi mawu opangidwa ndi mimbulu ina. China chake ngati chifuwa, chinali gonthi komanso chete.
Mmbulu wolusa
Mtundu wina wankhandwe wotayika. Ichi ndi nyama yayikulu, yomwe thupi lake limaposa mita 1.5 kutalika. Ndipo anali wolemera kuposa 60 kg. Malo omwe amakhala anali North America. Kuchokera pa nkhandwe ya imvi, yoyipayo inali yosiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi miyendo yolimba.
Iye anali imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zosaka anthu akale. Palibe chovuta kunena kuti mimbulu yoipayi inali ikusaka yani. Komabe, mu zoology pali axiom - kulemera kwa thupi la omwe amadyedwa sikungakhale kwakukulu kuposa kulemera konse kwamembala yonse yonyamula.
Kutengera izi, titha kunena kuti nthawi ya nkhandwe yoopsa, adakumana ndi njati, yomwe thupi lake limaposa 300 kg. Koma gulu la nyama zamphamvu izi silingadye njati tsiku lililonse, chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri ankadya nyama zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi zoponyedwa kumtunda.
Wolf waku Ethiopia
Maonekedwe a nkhandwe kwambiri amafanana ndi nkhandwe. Munthu wotere amakhala ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino lofiirira, pansi pa mchira wake kumapazi ndi kutsogolo kwa khosi kumakhala ubweya wonyezimira woyera. Makutu a chilombocho ndi ataliatali ndipo m'lifupi. Iye ndi mliri wa ku Etiopia, mimbulu yangozi. Izi sizobwera chifukwa chofuna kusaka, koma kuchepa kwa kuletseka kwa chibadwa, chifukwa chilombochi chimakonda kuwoloka ndi agalu achi Africa.
Nyamayi imathamanga kwambiri komanso imathamanga. Zingwe zazitali zimamuthandiza kuthamanga modabwitsa. Nkhandwe ya ku Itiyopiya sigunda masewera akulu, imangolakalaka nyama zazing'ono zamtchire, mwachitsanzo, mavu, makoswe kapena mbewa. Nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe nyama zoterezi zimayesa kuzisokoneza ndi chimbalangondo.
Mmbulu wamunthu
Chilombocho chinalandira dzina lotchedwa chifukwa cha tsitsi lalitali lalitali lofanana ndi mane, koma osati mkango, koma kavalo. Ubweya wamfupi umangopezeka pa miyendo ya munthu. Mmbulu wamphongo umapezeka m'maiko angapo ku South America, kuphatikiza ku Brazil.
Mtundu wa ubweya wa nyama ndi wofiira, koma pamakhala miyendo yakuda pamiyendo, khosi komanso mchira. Mmbulu wamphongo umakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira komwe kuli mbewu zazitali. Zomwe zili zenizeni zamtunduwu ndi miyendo yayitali. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamitundu yaying'ono yomwe imakonda kusaka yokha, popanda abale.
Nyama ikudumphira m'nthayo kuti ikagwire mwakachetechete, kenako - imathamanga kwambiri, ndikuukantha. Kuphatikiza pa nyama zazing'onoting'ono, nkhandwe yamphongo imadya mbalame ndi zipatso. Nthawi zambiri, zimagwirizana ndi mimbulu ina kukaukira ziweto. Chilombo choterocho ndi cha "banja" (monogamous). Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mimbulu ya nkhandwe yolumikizana kwa nthawi yayitali. Amabadwa a bulauni kapena zakuda.
Tundra nkhandwe
Ubweya wautali wopepuka ndi womwe umapangitsa nkhandwe ya tundra kuoneka mosiyana ndi nyama zina. Imapezeka ku Russia. Kukula kwa thupi kumakhala kotsika pang'ono ku Arctic. Mtunduwu umatchedwanso kuti Siberian.
Kuti muzikhuta mokwanira, nyamayo imayenera kudya nyama zosachepera 10 kg. Koma mwayi woterewu ndikubwera kwake. Nyama ikapanda kusewera lalikulu, imatha kulimbikitsidwa ndi ndodo kapena kalulu.
Ku Siberia, mutha kupeza nkhandwe ya bulauni ya tundra, koma ndizocheperapo, zowala ndizofala. Ili mtundu wa mimbulu ku Russia adawona imodzi mwa ochenjera kwambiri. Nyama nthawi zonse imapewa anthu.
Nkhandwe ya ku Mongolia
Mtunduwu wa canine ndi wocheperako kuposa tundra. Kulemera kwambiri kwa nkhandwe ya ku Mongolia ndi 38 kg. Ubweya wonyezimira wopepuka umakhala pamwamba pa thupi la chilombo. Amakhala ku Russia, Primorsky Territory.
Nkhandwe ya ku Mongolia ndi nyama yolimba kwambiri. Amatha kuthamangitsa womukumana naye kwa maola angapo. Kusaka nyama zodya zambewu nthawi zambiri kumatha kuti nyama zawo zigwere pansi. Kenako mimbulu imamufungatira. Kapangidwe ka kufunafuna kwawo ndikosangalatsa chifukwa iwo amathamangira kuthamangitsa wina ndi mnzake, mumzere umodzi wautali.
Nkhandwe yofiira
Ofufuza za nyama akadatsutsanabe za kagawidwe ka nyama zotere. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti nkhandwe yofiira ndi mtundu wa nkhandwendi ena kuti ali ngati mtundu wina wa canine. Palinso mtundu wina woti wadyera ndi wosakanizira wa nkhanu ndi nkhandwe wamba.
Masiku ano chilombochi chimatha kupezeka m'maiko ena aku America, mwachitsanzo, ku Texas. Chiwerengero chawo ndi chochepa, motero nyamazo zimawoneka kuti zatha. Mtundu wovala nyamayo ndi imvi. Koma ku Louisiana mutha kupeza oimira amdima amtunduwu. Amakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali pakati, makutu ataliitali komanso miyendo yolimba, yothina.
Malinga ndi zizolowezi ndi zomwe amakonda pakudya, nyamayo siyisiyana ndi "imvi" inzake. Monga nkhandwe yaimvi, wofiyayo amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi abale ake. Komabe, chinyama chotere sichimapanga magulu akulu. Katundu aliyense wa nkhandwe yofiyira sikupitilira anthu 8-10. Izi zimangoyendera limodzi.
Pomwe paketi imayamba kusaka, nkhandwe yofooka kwambiri imatsalira kuti isamalire ana ake. Mwa njira, mimbulu ya ginger imadyera makamaka ma raccoon ndi makulidwe apakati. Nthawi zambiri samatha kudya nyama yayikulu, mwachitsanzo, ngati pali tsekwe.
Mmbulu wakummawa
Mu zoology, pali mitundu yambiri yamatchulidwe a mitundu ya canis. Malinga ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino, nkhandwe yakummawa ndi mtundu wa nkhandwe yofiyira ndi imvi. Nyama yotere imakhala m'chigawo cha Canada, Ontario.
Izi sizili m'gulu lalikulu. Kuyeza kwa thupi lake - mpaka masentimita 80. Imakhala ndi imvi. Chovala cha nyama ndi chotsika komanso chofiyira.Mmbulu wakummawa ndi nyama yokhala pagulu, koma sakonda kupanga magulu ambiri. Mu gulu limodzi sipangakhale anthu oposa 3-5.
Mtundu wa nyama zolusa izi sizingonedwa kuti ndi msaki wabwino kwambiri, komanso woteteza wabwino kwambiri. Ngati chinyama china chizingoyendayenda m'dera la nkhandwe yakummawa, chidzagwidwa ndi mamembala onse. Munkhalango zowola, nyama nthawi zambiri zimadyera zodzikongoletsera ndi nyama zazikuluzikulu, monga moose.
Nkhandwe ya Melville
Kukhazikika kwa nyamayo ndi chisumbu cha Greenland. Nkhandwe ya Melville yolemera zosaposa 45 kg, komabe, anthu ena amafika 70 kg. Pachilumba cha Greenland, mutha kupeza mimbulu yoyera komanso yoyera ya Melville. Ubweya wawo ndi wokulirapo komanso wautali. Makamaka amtunduwu ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono.
Mmodzi sangathe kupha nyama yayikulu, chifukwa chake, pamtunduwu pakufunika mgwirizano. Mimbulu ya Melville ikusaka anthu amodzi ndi amodzi a 6-9. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zimayang'anira gulu la ng'ombe kapena nkhosa, kuzisamalira ndikuzindikira ofooka.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti nyama yayikulu yamphamvu ikhoza kuyamba kukana ngakhale kuzunza nkhandwe poyankha. Amadziwa izi, chifukwa chake, samenya nawo nkhondo yanji. Mimbulu ya Melville imagona usiku m'mapanga opanda miyala. Moyo wa nyama yotereyi ndi wankhanza. Izi zimawonekera m'mphamvu zake.
Dingo
Pakadali pano, akatswiri ofufuza za zinthu zachilengedwe sanapeze mgwirizano pa gulu la ma dingo. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti chilombo ndi galu wakunyumba yemwe alibe chochita ndi nkhandwe, pomwe ena amakhulupirira kuti dingo ndi mtundu wa "nkhandwe" wodziimira pawokha. Mwanjira ina, pali mtundu wina kuti iye ndi mbadwa ya nkhandwe yaku India, mopitilira apo, ndi wowonda. Chifukwa chake, nyamayi imaganiziridwa m'nkhaniyi.
Mtunduwu wafalikira ku Australia ndi Asia. Dingo umapezeka ngakhale ku New Guinea. Ndiwotchi yolusa, yopanga ndi ubweya yokhala ndi ubweya wofiyira. Koma pa thupi la dingo palinso tsitsi loyera (pamphepete mwa muzzle, mchira ndi sternum). Ku New Guinea, kulinso ma dingoes amdima, okhala ndi tsitsi la bulauni kapena lakuda.
Ngakhale mtundu wake wa "canine", nyama zamtunduwu sizimveka ngati galu wopindika. Koma amalira modabwitsa ndi mmbulu. Chilombo chofiirachi chimakhala mosungiramo. Monga malo ogona, dingo imasankha mabowo akuluakulu, matomalo kapena m'mapanga.
Zosangalatsa! Oimira aku Asia amtunduwu samawopa anthu, koma amakonda kukhala pafupi nawo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti anthu nthawi zambiri amadyetsa ma dingo. Mwa njira, galu wofiira amagwirizanitsa ndi mtundu wake, ndikupanga timagulu tating'ono. Mtsogoleri yekha ndi mkazi wake ndi omwe ali ndi ufulu wobereka.
Nkhalango Yapakati Ku Russia
Choyimira ichi cha nyama zomwe zimadya ndizambiri kuposa nkhandwe ya tundra. Mtundu wa ubweya wake wonenepa ndi wotuwa. Sternum yanyama ndiyopepuka kuposa msana wake. Ili ndi chikhoto chopepuka. Kulemera kwambiri kwa nkhandwe yamphongo ku Central Russia ndi 40 kg.
Zinyama zankhanzazi zimapezeka m'nkhalango za Central Russia. Ku Altai, mutha kupeza mimbulu yayikulu ku Central Russia, yolemera kuposa 70 kg. Uyu ndi woimira wokongola kwambiri wamtundu wake, amakonda kusaka, kugona ndi kudya pafupi ndi anthu ena. Nkhandwe yapakati ku Russia imasaka nyama zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, mbewa kapena agwape.
Mu gulu limodzi la nyama zoterezi pali anthu 30 kapena 45. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, wamkazi wa nkhandwe yapakati ku Russia amatha kubereka ana 10. Amawasamalira, osayiwala. Wamphongo ndi amene ayenera kupeza chakudya.
Nkhandwe ya mchipululu
Mtundu wa nkhandwe umakhala ku Central Asia, Kazakhstan ndi Russia steppe ndi madera ena achipululu. Pali imvi, zofiira komanso zachikasu za nkhandwe. Amatchulidwanso kuti "steppe".
Kukula kwake, nyama yolimba ndiyotsika poyerekeza ndi nkhandwe ya imvi, komabe, imangokhala yamphamvu komanso yogwira. Chochititsa chidwi ndi ubweya wolimba. Thupi la nkhandwe ya m'chipululu ndilochepa. Mtunduwu sunaphunziridwe bwino.
Nkhandwe ya Caucasus
Pali chinyama chotere ku Russia. Paketi la nkhandwe ya ku Caucasus kuli magawano odziwika bwino a anthu. Ulamuliro wa mtsogoleri, nkhandwe yayikulu ya gululi, amafunsidwa pokhapokha akavulala kapena wokalamba. Kenako wamwamuna wina akhoza kumutsutsa. Akalulu aku Caucasus amadziwa bwino kuti ali m'gulu linalake.
Amakhala osalolera nyama zomwe sizikuvomereza kutsatira malamulo awo. Kwa agalu ena "aku Caucasus" ndiwachiwawa. Ngati m'modzi mwa omwe amadyerawo akakhala kuti akufuna kudutsa dera lawo - sangakhale wokwanira. Gulu limatsutsana ndi chilombo. Mtundu wa nkhandwe ya ku Caucasian ndi yoyera komanso imvi. Makutu awo ndi maondo awo ndi akulu. Pali tsitsi lalitali lakuda paliponse thupi la chilombo.
Ngakhale amakhala a nkhondo komanso ankhanza, mimbulu ya ku Caucasus imalemekeza ana awo. Makolo onsewa amatenga nawo mbali polera ana. Sikuti amangolimbikitsa iwo, koma, nthawi zina, amawalanga kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri chifukwa chomulangira mwana wa nkhandwe ndicho chidwi chake chambiri.
Nkhandwe ya ku Siberia
Akatswiri ena owonetsa zinyama sanakayikire kufunika kopatula nkhandwe ya ku Siberia ngati mitundu ina. Pankhani ya utoto, kukula ndi machitidwe, nyamazi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi abale awo, mimbulu ya ku Russia yapakati. Amapezeka ku Kamchatka, Transbaikalia ndi ku Siberia. Ubweya wa nyama yoteroyo ndi wofewa kwambiri kukhudza, ngati silika. Zazitali komanso zazitali. Ubweya wa nkhandwe ya ku Siberia ndi wopepuka kuposa wa ku Central Russian. Kulemera kwa nyamayo kumafika pa 45 kg.
Iberian Wolf
Ichi ndi mtundu wachilendo kwambiri wa nyama zamtundu wa canine, womwe, mpaka posachedwapa, wakhala ukuganiziridwa kuti sutha. Amakhala ku Spain ndi Portugal. Mtundu wa ubweya wa chilombo ndi wofiyira. Nkhandwe ya ku Iberia ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa Central Russia. Nkhope yake, kumbuyo ndi sternum pali timiyala tating'ono tating'ono. Chifukwa chaichi, pakati pa anthu, chilombocho chimatchedwa "chodziwika".
Akatswiri a zaumoyo akuti mtundu wamtunduwu ndi wothandiza kwambiri. Chomwe chimapangitsa ndikusunga kuchuluka kwa anthu ochita kupanga alendo, omwe, m'magawo awa, akuwopsezedwa kuti atha. Kodi nkhandwe ya ku Iberia imatha bwanji? Chilichonse ndichopepuka.
Nyamayo imangoyambira pabulu, ndipo nthawi zambiri imathamangitsa gogo. Nyama izi zimasaka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Osati nguluwe zakutchire zokha, komanso agwape, agwape ndi abwana amphama. Nthawi zina mimbulu ya ku Iberia imadyanso nsomba.
Wanjala wamba
Kanyama kakang'ono kameneka amatchedwanso "kora san". Pali nkhandwe ku South Asia, komabe, osati kale kwambiri, zinali zofala kwambiri m'maiko ena ku Europe, mwachitsanzo, ku Albania.
Wanjala ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi galu. Ali ochepera kuposa, titi, dingo, kapena ngakhale wamba wamba. Kulemera kwake kwamthupi ndi kocheperako poyerekeza ndi nkhandwe imvi, mpaka 20 kg. Phokoso la nkhandwe limaloledwa ndi kuzimiririka, ngati nkhandwe. Chovala cha "nkhandwe" yochepetsedwa iyi imakhala ndi mtundu wonyezimira. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala yosalala.
Masana, kora san pafupifupi kudya, kusankha nthawi yamadzulo kuti adye. Amadya:
Ndikunena kuti chinkhandwe chimakhala chambiri. Sakonda kusaka ndi anthu ofananawo. Ngakhale pali kukula kocheperako komanso kusowa kwa nkhandwe, malingaliro akuthwa ndi kupusa kumathandizira kukhala mlenje wabwino wa nkhandwe. Amatha kugona pachakudya chake mwakachetechete ndikuyigwira mosavuta asanathawe.
Khalidwe
Mimbulu, monga lamulo, osakhala ndi phokoso lalifupi. Mwaubwenzi, zachidziwikire, zimavuta kuwaimbira. Phukusi la nkhandwe limateteza nthawi zonse palimodzi, makamaka, pamene limasaka.
Amuna nthawi zonse amateteza zazikazi komanso zazing'ono. Ngati nyama yolusa ikaukira mzimayi kapena mwana wamwamuna kwambiri, palibe nkhandwe inaima pambali pake. Amathamangira kuti awateteze, zivute zitani. Izi ndi moyo wa nyama ndi nkhandwe.
Pokhudzana ndi zilombo zina, mimbulu ilibe chidwi. Inde, samakonda nyama zomwe zimayesa kusaka m'gawo lawo. Koma samangomenya nawo nkhondo.
Pali nthano zokhudzana ndi mimbulu monga za nyama yamagazi, koma zowona zonse ndizosiyana! Dziko lanyama la mimbulu adakonzedwa kuti akhale mabanja achangu omwe amasaka kuti adyetse okha.
Zopatsa Thanzi ndi Kubereka
Chinyama ndi nkhandwe? Mmbulu ndi woimira bwino zachilengedwe. Adayamba kubzala zakudya kwambiri, pakakhala kuti kulibe chakudya. Munthu wamkulu amatenga 2 mpaka 6 kilogalamu ya nyama nthawi imodzi. Izi zimakonda kusungira chakudya cham'tsogolo.
Ngakhale nkhandwe ndiyowonda kwambiri, imatha kufa ndi njala kwakanthawi. Chakudya chachikulu cha mimbulu chimaphatikizapo nkhosa, agwape, ababa.
M'malo mwake, nyama zodyerazi zimadya nyama zonse zomwe zimatha kupeza. Kusiyana kudyetsa mimbulu mwachindunji kumatengera malo omwe amakhala. Mimbulu ndi zolengedwa zoyimilira, motero maukwati awo nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka zambiri. Kuyambira wazaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu, nyamayi ndi yokonzeka kubereka.
Nthawi yakukhwima ikutha pa Januware-Epulo, kutengera malo. Pakadali pano, mumlengalenga mukutentha. Amuna ndi akazi otetezedwa amasamalirana wina ndi mnzake.
Amuna otsala amayamba kusamalira mimbulu ndi kumenyera nkhondo. Nthawi zambiri, mkazi amakhala ndi mwana m'modzi pachaka. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi masiku 65. Pali ana atatu mpaka 13 mu zinyalala. Pakudya, wamkazi samayenda kutali ndi bowo lake ndipo m'njira iliyonse amateteza. Abambo - nkhandwe satenga nawo gawo panthawiyi m'moyo wa ankhandwe.
Pambuyo poyamwitsa, gulu lonse limasamalira kuti ana a nkhandwe adzaza. Mmbulu uliwonse umagawana gawo lake ndi ana. Kutengera ndi malo okhalako, ana agalu amatha kukhalabe mu paketi kapena kupita kukayang'ana gawo latsopano.
Kodi nkhandwe imawoneka bwanji?
Kunja, nkhandwe yotuwa imafanana ndi galu kwambiri, zomwe sizodabwitsa, chifukwa nyamazi zimakhala ndi makolo wamba. Komabe, nkhandwe imawoneka yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa nkhandwe kumatha kufika 110-160 cm, kutalika kwa mchirawo mpaka 52 cm, kutalika kwake kufota kumayambira 60 mpaka 90 cm, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi la nyama yakutchire kumatha kufika 80 makilogalamu.
Panali zochitika zina pomwe kulemera kwa munthu payekha kunaposa 92 kg. Kulemera kwa mimbulu kumasiyana 30 mpaka 65 kg. Kukula kwake ndi nkhandwe zimadalira malo omwe akukhala. Kukazizira nyengo, kumakulirakulira nyama. Amuna amakhala akulu nthawi zonse kuposa akazi.
Mmbulu wachinyama umakhala ndi ubweya wonenepa, wotalika komanso wotentha, womwe umakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri, mogwirizana ndi izi, nkhandwe imawoneka yayikulupo. Danga loyambirira la nkhandwe wamba limakhala lolimba komanso loteteza ku dothi. Chachiwiri ndi undercoat yamadzi yopanda madzi yomwe imateteza nkhandwe kuti isazizidwe ndi nyengo zina zowopsa zachilengedwe. Ngwete imvi.
Mmbulu umawoneka wowopsa komanso chilombo chowopsa, uli ndi thupi lamphamvu lamphamvu, miyendo yolimba komanso mutu waukulu wamaso wokhala ndi makutu akuthwa. Phokoso lalitali komanso lalikulu lokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda limaphatikizidwa ndi masaya oyera ndi malo owala m'diso. Nkhope yayikulu ya nkhandwe imakhalanso yowonekera kwambiri. Mchira wa nkhandwe imatalika kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri pansi. Mwa kayendedwe kake ndi malo ake, munthu akhoza kuwuza momwe mimbulu imachitikira.
Mmbulu wamba umakhala ndi utoto wosiyana kutengera malo. M'nkhalango ndimtundu waimvi. Mu tundra - opepuka, pafupifupi oyera. M'chipululu - imvi. Palinso azungu omwe amapezeka ku Arctic, komanso ofiira kapena pafupifupi akuda. Diso lamkati la chirombo limakhala laimvi nthawi zonse.
Kodi nkhandwe imasiyana bwanji ndi galu? Mmbulu wamba umasiyana ndi galu osati maonekedwe okha, komanso m'mabande ake. Njira za nkhandwe yaimvi ndizochulukirapo kuposa za agalu, ndipo zimapanga mzere wowongoka. Komanso, nkhandwe imakhala ndi kutalika kwakanthawi kotalika masentimita 9,5, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi 6-7 masentimita, chifukwa nkhandweyo ndi yayitali masentimita 7 ndi 6 ndi 5. Zala ziwiri zamkati za mimbulu zimatambasulidwa mtsogolo, zala sizitambasulidwa ndi mawonekedwe chosindikizidwa kwambiri kuposa galu.
Zochita ndi moyo
Monga lamulo, mimbulu imawonetsa zochitika zawo mumdima, kutsagana ndi kusaka kwawo ndi kulira kwakutali, ngati njira yolumikizirana pakati pa amtundu wawo. Paketi ikasaka kapena kuthamangitsa nyama, imayesetsa kuti isapange zosafunikira, ingokhalani mokweza, imveke. Masana, ngati adani ambiri, mimbulu imakhala m'malo mwawo.
Chochititsa chidwi! Mimbulu imatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nyama zodyerazi zimatha kusintha nthawi iliyonse kukhalapo.
Izi zimamvetsera mwachinsinsi, koma maonekedwe ake ndi kununkhira kwake zimakulirakulira. Mimbulu imadziwika ndi kupirira kwambiri komanso kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi luntha lalikulu, lomwe limawalola kupulumuka m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Mimbulu imatha kuthamangitsa nyama yomwe ingagwire mwachangu mpaka 60 km / h, ikuphwanya pafupifupi kilomita 100 usiku.
Kodi mimbulu imakhala kuti?
Mmbulu ndi nyama yomwe imakonda kudya kwambiri. Nyama yamtchireyi imakhala ndi malo ambiri. Mmbulu umakhala makamaka m'maiko ozizira komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana. M'nkhalango, mapiri, zipululu, taiga, tundra, m'nkhalango ndi pansi pa mapiri.
A nkhandwe amakhala m'malo ambiri ku Europe (kuyambira Russia kupita ku Portugal), Asia (kuchokera ku Korea kupita ku Georgia) ndi North America (kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku Mexico). Anthu akuluakulu amakhala mu tundra, pomwe ochepa amakhala kum'mwera. Ndizodabwitsa kuti ku Russia mmbulu ulibe pachilumba cha Sakhalin.
Mmbulu wamba ndi nyama yopita kumtunda. Miphika ya mimbulu imakhala m'malo ogonjetsedwa, omwe malire ake amasonyezedwa ndi ma tag. M'chilimwe, nkhandwe ikadzang'ambika, gawo lokhalamo limagawika m'magawo angapo. Abwino kwambiri ndi awiriwo, ndipo ena mimbulu imangoyendayenda.
Kodi mimbulu imakhala bwanji?
Mmbulu wamba ndi nyama yocheza nawo. Chifukwa chake, mimbulu imakhala m'matumba, imasaka, kusewera, ngakhale kulira limodzi. Phukusi la nkhandwe ndi gulu la mabanja lomwe limakhala ndi nyama zamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana ndipo limatha kuwerengera anthu atatu mpaka 40. Gulu limayang'aniridwa ndi mtsogoleri kapena nkhandwe yozindikira - wamkulu wamphongo. Uyu ndiye wamwamuna wanzeru kwambiri, wanzeru komanso wamphamvu mu paketi ya nkhandwe. Mtsogoleri wa paketiyo ali ndi chibwenzi - wamkazi wamkulu. Onsewo amapanga awiri, potenga nawo mimbulu ina kuzungulira - iyi ndi nkhandwe.
Phukusi la mimbulu lili ndi utsogoleri wawo. Mtsogoleri mu paketiyo ali ndi ulamuliro wopanda chidwi. Uyu ndi mtsogoleri wanzeru ndipo amasangalatsa mamembala onse a paketiyo. Koma alendo samalonjera anthu osawadziwa. Gulu la nkhosalo nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi wamwamuna wa beta, mtsogoleri wotsogola. Nthawi zambiri uyu ndi mwana wamba wa banja lotsogolera kapena m'bale wa m'bale wamkulu. Wofunsira malo a mutu wa paketiyo nthawi zina amaonetsa mkwiyo kwa mwamunayo wa alpha, ngati kuti akuwunika momwe alili, popeza ali wokonzeka kutenga nthawi iliyonse.
Mmbulu womwe wasiyira tokha paketi kapena wothamangitsidwa umatchedwa nkhandwe. Nyama zotere zimakhala ndi mwayi uliwonse wopanga gulu lawo.
Mimbulu imakhala kudalira momwe akumvera. Amagwiritsa ntchito izi kuti azisaka komanso kulumikizana ndi mimbulu ina. Khutu lokongolali la chilombo limakupatsani mwayi kuti mumve phokoso lakutali pamtunda wa makilomita asanu ndi awiri. Amatha kudziwa fungo lamphamvu kwambiri kuposa anthu. Mmbulu wotuwa umatha kuthamanga liwiro la 55 km / h.
Mimbulu imakhala m'matumba ndipo paketi iliyonse imakhala ndi malo ake osaka, omwe nyama zimasamala mosamala ndi mimbulu ina. Phukusi lomwe mtsogoleri amasunga dongosolo, mimbulu imakhala mwamtendere ndipo simenya nkhondo. Mphamvu zolimba zimachitika kwa alendo osawadziwa ndi amodzi, omwe anaphwanya malire a malowa. Katundu aliyense wa mimbulu imakhala ndi gawo lake ndipo amangosaka pamenepo.
Eni ake amasamala mosamala madera awo, kusiya zikwangwani pamitengo yakugwa kapena kumapeto akale. Chifukwa chake, afotokozereni kuti ndibwino kungokhala kutali. Alendo osayembekezereka amalangidwa, awa ndi malamulo ankhanza a nkhandwe. Mimbulu yolira yomwe imamvekera mozungulira ndi njira yochenjeza kuti gawo lawonongedwa kale.
Kukula kwa gawo la banja la nkhandwe wamba kumatengera malo ndipo kuyambira 50 mpaka 1500 km². Kupulumuka kwa gululo kumadalira kukula kwa malo ake osakira, chifukwa chake mimbulu imadziteteza mosamala. Ngati pali chakudya chokwanira pa malo osakira mabanja, ndiye kuti mibadwo ingapo izikhala pamalo amodzi. Malo osakira kwambiri a mimbulu amapezeka m'malo otetezeka a tundra ndi steppe ndipo ndi a 1000-1250 km².Mu nkhalango ndi ochepa kwambiri - 200-250 km².
Akalulu akakhala kuti alibe ana aang'ono, amayendayenda. Akalulu amayendayenda onse m'matumba ndipo ali okha. Chifukwa chakuyendayenda, nyama nthawi zina zimawoneka m'malo omwe mimbulu siyinawoneke kwa zaka zingapo. Akalulu oyendayenda amathamanga mpaka makilomita 70 usiku umodzi.
Akalulu akhungu amasonkhana m'matumba nthawi yachisanu. Ngati chipale chofewa chili chakuya, mimbulu yomwe ili mu paketi imayenda mosokonekera. Nyama iliyonse imatsatizana, ikulondera momwe ingathere pamzere womwewo. Mmbulu wamba ndi wochenjera kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, nkovuta kwambiri kudziwa kuti gulu la nkhandwe limakhala ndi angati.
Chifukwa chiyani mimbulu imalira? Mimbulu imalira, chifukwa kulira ndi njira yolumikizirana. Mothandizidwa ndi kulira, mimbulu imazindikira komwe kuli mabanja awo, kulengeza zagwidwa ndi kulanda gawo, kapena kungolankhula ndi abale. Mimbulu nthawi zambiri imalira usiku. M'chaka, mimbulu imalira kwambiri nthawi yozizira, chiwerengero cha mamembala chikakwanira. Mimbulu imayamba kulira kwambiri kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, komanso pamene ana agalu akukulitsa banja lawo ndikuyamba kuyendayenda m'deralo.
Kodi nkhandwe imadya chiyani ndipo imasaka bwanji?
Mmbulu ndiwokonda kudya. Zakudya zazikulu za nkhandwe yotchuka zimaphatikizapo nyama zazikulu zopanda tsankho: agwape, moose, saigas, nkhosa zamphongo ndi mbuzi. Koma mmbulu umadyanso tinsapato, makoswe ndi mbalame zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa si wokongola. Nthawi zina mimbulu imatha kudya ziwalo zakufa za mtengowo.
Ziweto zazikulu zimakopa mimbulu yolusa komanso yazinyama. Chifukwa chake, kukumana ndi nkhandwe imvi pafupi ndi famu ndichinthu chofala. Mmbulu umadya nyama, motero pafupifupi nyama imasowa makilogalamu 3-4,5 a nyama patsiku. Mimbulu imasunga chakudya chawo. Mokakamiza, nyama yamtchiyo imakwirira nyama zotsala. Mimbulu imatha kudya popanda masabata awiri. M'chilimwe, zakudya za nkhandwe wamba zimaphatikizapo zakudya zam'mera, choncho nthawi yotentha nkhandoyi imadyanso zipatso ndi zipatso.
Mfundo za kusaka nkhandwe ndizosiyanasiyana. M'nyengo yozizira, mimbulu imasaka nyama zonse zikuluzikulu. Akalulu amtunduwu amasaka nthawi yozizira. Ubwino wofunikira kwambiri pakusaka nyengo yachisanu ya nkhandwe ndi kupezeka kwa chivundikiro cha chisanu chomwe chimayendayenda mosavuta. Kwa nyama zopanda mtima, chipale chofewa chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuti zichokere kwa nkhandwe - nyama yakutchire komanso yoy kudya.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kusaka mimbulu palimodzi kumathandizira kuti agawire ntchito: gawo lina limakhala lofunafuna nyama, ndipo linalo limadula njira. Mukasaka, mphuno ya nkhandwe ndiupangiri woyamba. Adauza zilombo zakutchire komwe angayang'anire nyama. Mimbulu imanunkhiza ngakhale nyama yaying'ono, yomwe ndi ma kilomita angapo kuchokera kwa iwo. Ndi mothandizidwa ndi fungo labwino kwambiri lomwe mimbulu imathamangitsa munthu yemwe akudwala. Mmbulu umasaka pafupifupi mwakachetechete.
Chida chachikulu cha nkhandwe ndi mano. Ndi mivi yakuthwa yotalika masentimita 5, nkhandwe imagwira ndikukoka yemwe wavutayo, ndipo ndi mano enayo imadula masewerawo. Mano a nkhandwe sikuti zida zake zokha, komanso chitetezo, motero kutaya kwawo kumapha nyama.
Makamaka nyama zazikulu zopanda umunthu, mimbulu imapha mwakuwukirana ndi gulu lonse ndikuwawombera mpaka agwirira. Nthawi yomweyo, mtsogoleriyo ndi mkazi wake amasangalala ndi nyama, amadya nyama zabwino kwambiri.
Mmbulu umasaka mosamala kwambiri. Kugwedeza nyama, ndikuigwira pakhosi ndi kulumpha kwa deft ndikuigwetsa pansi. Imatha kukhala pakubisalira kwa maola ambiri ndikudikirira kuti igwire ntchito kwa tsiku lathunthu. Nthawi zambiri amatha kutsata gulu la anthu osakhulupilira, zilombo sizipereka kukhalapo kwawo, koma dikirani nthawi yabwino.
Mimbulu ndi yanzeru kwambiri, poyesetsa amaletsa kuthamangitsa, kulola kutsogola kupita patsogolo. Wopondedwayo akatsika pang'onopang'ono, mmbulu umamenyanso. Nthawi zambiri mimbulu imakumana ndi nkhandwe. Koma nthawi zambiri samazidya. Akamaukira gulu la ziweto, mimbulu imatha kusokoneza agalu. Gawo limodzi la nkhandwe limazunza agalu, ndi ena onse - pagululo.
Akalulu amadzitsogolela bwino. Makamu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito magawo omwewo kuti ayendetse womwalirayo. Pofuna kusaka makoswe, nkhandwe imalumphira nyama, imakanikizira ndi mkono wake ndi kudya. Njira yosaka iyi ndi yofala kwa mimbulu nthawi yotentha.
M'nyengo yotentha, gulu la nkhosalo limagawanika ndipo olusa amakhala osakwatiwa kapena ochepa. Akalulu amadya nyama zosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zatsimikiziridwa zosakira. M'nyengo yotentha, nthawi zambiri mmbulu umadyetsa nyama. Koma ngakhale ndi mayendedwe anzeru ndi kusuntha konse mwanzeru pakusaka, sikutha nthawi zonse bwino.
Ng'ombe za nkhandwe - kubadwa kwa ana agalu. Kodi paketi imabweretsa bwanji ana a nkhandwe?
Khola la nkhandwe ndi dzenje pomwe nkhandwe imawonetsera nkhandwe. Mimbulu imapanga phanga m'malo obisika. Poterepa, malowa akuyenera kukhala ndi chiwonetsero chabwino. Nthawi zambiri mimbulu imagwiritsa ntchito mabowo opanda kanthu a nyama zina ngati chida cha khola.
Mimbulu imaswana chaka chilichonse mwezi wa Januware-Febere; kwa nthawi yoyamba, nthawi yobereketsa imayamba ndi zaka 2-3. Nthawi yokhala ndi mimbulu yaikazi imakhala pafupi miyezi iwiri. Chapakatikati, mimbulu yachinyamata imawonekera m'khola. Nthawi zambiri ana 4 mpaka 8 amabadwa mwa mkazi. Ana agalu amabadwa ogontha komanso akhungu, masiku oyamba amoyo wa mimbulu nthawi zonse mimbulu imakhala pafupi. Amayamba kuwona ndikumva za masiku 10-12 amoyo.
Patatha milungu itatu, ana amphongo amachoka kaye paphiri ndikuyamba kulawa nyama nthawi yomweyo. Gulu lonse limatenga nawo mbali polera ndi kulera kwa anawo. Mimbulu imabweretsa nyama yabwino kwambiri kuphompho ndi ana.
Mwa ana a nkhandwe, mtunduwo umakhala ndi mthunzi wopaka, womwe umasintha ndi zaka. Pazaka ziwiri zokha, ana amphwayi amachoka kuphanga, komabe makhomala amasungidwa pafupi. Malo oterowo amatetezedwa ndi zomera kuchokera kumaso odulira. Ana agalu amaphunzira zoyambira za kusaka, kuluka ndi mbewa.
Akalulu amphongo amakula msanga ndipo kulemera kwawo kumachulukanso pafupifupi 30 m'miyezi inayi yoyambirira. Ana obadwa kumene a nkhandwe amakhala ndi khungu lamaso amtambo. Pakakhala miyezi isanu ndi itatu, maso a nkhandwe amasintha kukhala achikasu. Pakutha kwa dzinja yoyamba kubadwa, ana amphongo amafikira akulu akulu. Mmbulu wamba umakhala zaka 12-15.
Mukufuna mimbulu ndipo chifukwa chiyani?
Chifukwa chiyani timafunikira mimbulu, chifukwa kwa munthu nkhandwe ndi mdani. Ndiowopsa kwa anthu ndikuwononga ziweto. Pang'onopang'ono, kulimbana kwa anthu okhala ndi mimbulu kunapangitsa kutsika kwawo. Koma chinyama cholusa, chomwe ndi nkhandwe, chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe.
Mimbulu ndiyofunikira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa anthu osapembedza ambiri. Komanso mimbulu ndi mtundu wa "dongosolo", popeza kuwononga nyama zodwala, mimbulu simalola matenda kufalikira. Kusaka nyama zofowoka kumathandizira kuti kupulumuka kwamphamvu kwambiri.
Ngati mumakonda nkhaniyi ndipo mumakonda kuwerenga za nyama zamtchire, lembetsani ku zosintha zamasamba athu kuti mukhale oyamba kulandira zolemba zaposachedwa zokhudza nyama zosiyanasiyana za padziko lapansi.