A Dracula adakhala zaka za m'ma 1500 ku Romania. Zaka 400 pambuyo pake, wolemba Bram Stoker adamupangitsa kukhala vampire wotchuka kwambiri. Tsopano - ichi ndi chimodzi mwazithunzi zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri pa Halloween. Kodi nkhani yamoyo weniweni ya Vlad III, yotchedwa Tepes ndi iti?
Mu Ogasiti 1431, chisangalalo chachikulu ndi mavuto abodza zidachitika nthawi yomweyo ku Roma waku Wallachia. Chimwemwe - chifukwa wolowa m'malo mwa Prince Vlad II Dracula adabadwa. Mnyamatayo adatchedwa bambo ake - Vlad III Dracula. Ndipo kusakondwa - chifukwa malinga ndi malamulo a nthawi imeneyo, mwana amayenera kuperekedwa kuti akaphunzitse anthu a ku Turks. Wallachia, monga maudindo ena onse ogwidwa ndi ma Turks, adapereka msonkho wapachaka kwa Sultan. Ndipo kuti olamulira sanaiwale kupereka msonkho, iwo anatumiza ana awo amuna oyamba kubadwa. Ngati kalonga adayamba kupanduka, ndiye kuti wolowa m'malo mwake amadikirira kuzunzidwa ndi kuphedwa. A Sly Turks adalemekeza ana achifumu olemekezeka ndipo adalemekeza chikhulupiriro chachisilamu mwa iwo kuti wolowa m'malo akabwerera kwawo, azikhala ndi "bambo" wake pampando wachifumu.
Ubwana wa Vlad III sunali wosiyana ndi ubwana wa abambo ake ndi agogo ake. Anakhala ku Adrianople, wogwidwa ndi anthu achi Turkey. Mphunzitsi wamnyamatayo anali wankhondo wakale wa Nairah yemwe anali ndi cholinga chimodzi pamoyo - kupha osakhulupirika. Nthawi zambiri, Nairah ndi Vlad adakhala pachipinda chapansi cha nyumba yosungiramo nyumba, pomwe, mokondweretsedwa pamatopota, amawonera pamene akuzunza adani a Sultan waku Turkey. Kamodzi mu mzinda panali holide. Nairah adabweretsa Vlad pabwalo lalikulu, pomwe adayamba kuwona Sultan Murad yekha, atakhala pampando. Akugwada pamaso pake ndikuweramitsa mutu wake, adawona anyamata awiri oyandikana nawo atayima pafupi. "Kweza mutu wako, Vlad," adatero Murad. “Mukuwona ana awa? Akalonga awa ndi anansi anu. Abambo awo anapandukira ndipo potero anaweruza ana ake aamuna awiri kuti aphedwe. Koma mtsogoleri waku Turkey ndiwachifundo chambiri ndipo amawapatsa moyo. ” Zomwe zinachitika pambuyo pake, Vlad adakumbukira kwa moyo wonse. Murad anakweza dzanja lake, ndipo m'modzi wa olondera a Sultan ndi scimitar anachititsa khungu achinyamatawo. Zitachitika izi, Vlad adaganiza kuti, akabwerera kwawo, asonkhanitse gulu lankhondo ndikubwezera. Mu 1452, atamwalira mwankhaza kwa abambo ake (achiwembu ochokera kwa anthu wamba odziwika kuti adalemba anthu omwe adapha Vlad II kunyumba yake yachifumu), adakhala pampando wopanda kanthu. Wosakhazikika adalamulira mu utsogoleri, otsogolera adanyoza kalonga wachinyamata - iye anali mndende chabe wamfumu yaku Turkey.
Kubwezera kwa Prince
Vlad III adaganiza zokondwerera kulowa kwake pampando waukulu. Adayitanira likulu lake, ku Targovishte, pafupifupi ulemu wonse waku Wallachi. Amuna omwewo omwe anapha bambo ake. Phwandolo linali labwino komanso losangalatsa. Vlad anali - chithumwa palokha. Koma mkati mwa chikondwererochi, mosayembekezereka adatuluka m'chipindacho, antchito adatseka zitseko kumbuyo kwake ndikuwotcha chipinda. Anthu mazana asanu adawotcha amoyo pamoto. Iwo omwe adatha kuthawa pamoto, Prince Vlad III adayika pamtengo. Mu Chiromania, "kuwerengera" kumveka ngati "flail". Chifukwa chake, m'mawa wotsatira, Prince Vlad Dracula adakhala ndi dzina latsopano - Vlad Tepes, ndiye Vlad the Slayer. Maphunziro a Naira sanakhale pachabe kwa iye.
Chaka chotsatira patapita chaka chimodzi, Vlad III sanapereka msonkho kwa Sultan waku Turkey pa nthawi yoikika. Iye analibe ana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kunalibe amene anawagwira. A Turks analibe chisankho koma kulengeza nkhondo pa kalonga wopanduka wa Wallachian. Njira yake idagwira.
Sultan Murad adatumiza apakavalo chikwi ku Wallachia, omwe amayenera kubweretsa mutu wa Dracula kwa iye. Koma sizinasinthe. A Turks anayesa kukopa Vlad mumsampha, koma iwo eni adazunguliridwa ndikugonjera. Akaidiwo adatengedwa kupita ku Targovishte ndikudziika pamtengo - chimodzi ndi zonse. Kwa a Aga waku Turkey, omwe adalamulira kuchotsedwa, mtengo wokhala ndi nsonga ya golide adakonzekeretsa. Adamwalira tsiku lonse. Kenako wolamulira uja wokwiyitsa anasamutsa gulu lankhondo lalikulu kupita ku Wallachia. Nkhondo yankhondoyi inachitika mu 1461, pamene magulu a nkhondo a Vlad III anakumana ndi gulu lankhondo laku Turkey, lomwe linachulukana kangapo konse ndi a Wallachians. Gulu la Dracula lazunguliridwa ndi ma Turks. Nkhondo inali yoopsa, kalonga m'modzi yekha ndi amene adapulumuka. Iwo adati mwadzidzidzi adasowa mumlengalenga, kenako. Pambuyo pake, mphekesera zinafalikira kuti kalonga amadziwika ndi mizimu yoyipa. Ndipo palibe wina amene anganene kuti gulu laling'ono la Wallachia linaletsa asirikali osagonjetseka a Ufumu wa Ottoman kwa nthawi yayitali? Count Dracula amatchedwa vampire ndi ghoul. M'zaka za zana la 15, izi zimatanthawuza wamatsenga, wankhondo yemwe wapanga mgwirizano ndi mdierekezi.
Patatha chaka chimodzi, a Murad adatsogolera gulu lankhondo ndipo adapanga zankhondo. Moyang'aniridwa ndi a Turks, gulu lankhondo logonjetsedwa la Wallachian adakakamizidwa kuti athawe. Kuoloka Danube, a Turks adayima ku Targovishte. Sioteteza omwe adawaletsa - mzindawu udalibe asilikali ake. Targovishte adasungidwa ndi akufa. Wakufa pamtengo. 800 anagwira Turkey a mibadwo yonse. Wotchuka ku Turkey atavala zovala zagolide. Ma Janissaries osavuta okhala ndi nkhope zakumaso pa nkhope zawo. Mitengo inakhala paliponse - mapiri onse omwe anali kutsogolo kwa mzindawo adadzaza nawo. Tepes wakhala akukonzekera "kuchita" uku kwa nthawi yayitali: nthawi yonse yomwe nkhondo ili mkati, omumvera ake adatola aku Turks omwe adamenya nawo kunkhondo ndikuwayika pansi. Kuti akufa asawola, adamizidwa mu uchi.
Kuti tifikire pachipata, tinafunika kudutsa nkhalango yowonongekayi. Ngakhale Sultan wankhanza waku Turkey analibe mzimu wokwanira pa izi - amadwala chifukwa cha kununkha kosaletseka. Nanena kuti: "Kodi tingatani ndi munthuyu?", Adachokako ndikutsogolera gulu lake lankhondo. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, palibe amene adawonapo Vlad III Dracula.
Mawu oti "ndewu" mu Romanian amatanthauza "chinjoka." Abambo a Tepes anali Knight wa Order of the Dragon, yemwe cholinga chawo chinali kulimbana ndi Asilamu. Amutcha iye - Vlad Dragon, kapena Vlad Dracula. Eya, dzina loyipa lidalandira mwana wake, koma pambuyo pake adamulungamitsa.
Dracula: Kubwerera
Dracula wa Bram Stoker
Vlad Dracula adaukitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 19, koma osatinso kumenya nkhondo ndi Ufumu wa Ottoman, koma monga vampire. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha a Bram Stoker, wolemba aku Ireland. Amakonda kuyenda ndipo, akuyenda kudutsa ku Romania, ndipo atamva nthano yosangalatsa ya Tepes, Stoker, pobwerera kunyumba, adalemba buku lodziwika bwino la vampire, lomwe lidakhala mtundu wakale wamtunduwu. Bukulo lidasindikizidwa mu 1897 ndipo lidayamba kugulitsa malonda. Posakhalitsa Dracula anagunda pazenera - ndipo chithunzi chotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse cha vampire chinaoneka ndi khungu lotuwa, maonekedwe akulu ndi maso akuda. "Ufulu" kwa katswiri wotchuka wamakanema adapezeka ndi kampani Universal, yomwe kuyambira 1930 mpaka 1960 idatulutsa mafilimu asanu ndi awiri okhudzana ndi Count Dracula.
"Dzinali limatanthawuza chiyani?"
A Shakespeare adalemba, ndikuwonjezera kuti: "Kupatula apo, duwa limanunkhira ngati duwa ..." Ophunzirawo adalakwitsa. Dzinali limatanthawuza zochuluka. Ndipo Vlad Basarab anali ndi awiri a iwo:
1. "Zotsatira" - m'Chiromania amatanthauza "kuwerengera". Olemba mbiri yakale akuwonetsa kuti wolamulirayo amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito chida ichi kupha anthu. Ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito cola pafupipafupi mwakuti adayamba kumutcha Vlad Tepes.
2. "Dracula." Ndizowonjezera pano. Poyamba, ku Romanian, "Dracula" ndi "mdierekezi". Si dzina lodziwika bwino la wolamulira waku Europe. Koma ikunena zambiri. Pali mtundu wa omwe Vlad ndipo, panjira, abambo ake, amatchedwa Dracula, chifukwa anali mu Order of the Dragon, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi mfumu yaku Hungary Sigismund. Amati imodzi mwazomwe adayitanitsa idali kusaka Elixir ya unyamata wamuyaya ndi chisavundi. Amakhulupirira kuti magazi amunthu adawerengedwa ngati machiritso ozizwitsa. Ili ndiye lingaliro loyamba la vampirism.
Mawonekedwe
M'zaka za m'ma 1900, Cesare Lombroso wamisala adakhala ku Italy. Anakhala wodziwika kwambiri chifukwa chofotokoza mfundo yake: Munthu amakonda zachiwawa zina kutengera maonekedwe ake. Ndikudabwa zomwe Lombroso anganene za Tepes. Vlad anali ndi mphuno yayitali, maso akukulira, akutulutsa milomo yotsika. Mwambiri, ndizotheka kuti amamuyesedwa ngati vampire chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake.
Opanda anthu kapena opindulitsa?
Vlad Tepes, malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, anali wolamulira wankhanza. Nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa kuti aphedwe. Ndikosavuta kuwona munthu ngati mtundu wina wa mdierekezi kapena chiwanda. Pakadali pano, Dracula adathandizira tchalitchicho, adapereka ndalama zomanga akachisi ku Romania ndi Greece.
Mwa njira, pali mtundu womwe Vlad Tepes adasinthika chifukwa adalowa Orthodoxy ndi Katolika. Wallachia anali dera la Orthodox. Koma Akatolika anaphwanyidwa. Ndipo wolamulirayo adadzipereka. Panali mphekesera: m'Chikatolika iwo samadya mkate ndi vinyo (thupi ndi magazi a Ambuye), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti Dracula amamwa magazi enieni. Chifukwa chake ali wokwiya kwambiri komanso wopanda chisoni.
Vlad the Wothandizira Dracula. Choonadi ndi zopeka.
Ndipo tiyeni tinene za munthu wosangalatsa uyu m'moyo wake yemwe adakhala nthano ndikupatsidwa dzina laulemu "mantha a Ottoman." Ndipo nthawi yomweyo yesani kulekanitsa zomwe zimatchedwa "tirigu ndi mankhusu." Anakhala kalonga (wolamulira) wa Wallachia katatu, anakhala zaka 12 m'ndende, zobisidwa kwa adani nthawi zambiri, anali "chikole" chamoyo pakati pa anthu aku Turks, anathetsa umbanda mu ukulu wake, ndipo mdani yekhayo wa gulu lankhondo la Ottoman adawopa mantha kuti adumpha pamodzi mwamantha ake mawonekedwe pa ndewu yankhondo.
Tsiku lenileni lobadwa Vlad III Basaraba, ndipo umu ndi momwe dzina lake lenileni limvekera, sakudziwika. Pakati pa 1429 ndi 1431 mumzinda wa Sighisoara, mwana wamwamuna adabadwa m'banja la Prince Vlad II Dracula ndi Moldavian Princess Vasilika. Pafupifupi, wolamulira ku Wallachia anali ndi ana amuna anayi: wamkulu Mircea, Vlad wapakati ndi Radu, komanso wotsiriza - komanso Vlad (mwana wa mkazi wachiwiri wa Prince Vlad II - Koltsuna, pambuyo pake Vlad IV Monk). Chomaliza sichikhala chothandizira atatu oyamba. Mircea adzaikidwa m'manda ndi ana a Wallachian ku Targovishte. Radu akhale wokondedwa wa Sultan Mehmed II waku Turkey, ndipo Vlad abweretsa banja lake mbiri yoyipa ya cannibal. Ndipo Vlad IV Monk yekhayo amene angakhale moyo wake kwambiri kapena mochepera. Wopandukira m'banjali anali chinjoka. Munali mchaka cha kubadwa kwa Vlad pomwe bambo ake adalowa mu Order of the Chinjoka, omwe mamembala ake adalumbira ndi magazi kuti ateteze akhristu ku Asilamu achi Turks. Kuchokera kwa abambo ake kuti Vlad III alandire dzina lake la chibadwidwe - Dracula. Muubwana wake, Vlad III adatchedwa Dracul (rum. Dracul, ndiye kuti "chinjoka"), kulandira dzina la abambo ake popanda kusintha. Komabe, pambuyo pake (cha m'ma 1470s) adayamba kutchula dzina lake loti "a" kumapeto, popeza nthawi imeneyi idatchuka kwambiri m'njira iyi.
Ubwana wa Dracula wadutsa pano mnyumba muno, womwe wasungidwa mu mzinda wa Sighisoara ku Transylvania mpaka pano, ku ul. Zhestyanschikov 5. Chokhacho ndichakuti m'zaka 500 zapitazi dera la Transylvania lokha lasintha mtundu wawo, m'zaka za zana la 15 linali la ufumu waku Hungary, koma tsopano, mzinda wa Segisoara ndi nyumba yomwe Dracula adakhala ndi abambo ake, amayi ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu gawo la Romania.
Banja la Lord Wallachia wamtsogolo amakhala ku Segisoara mpaka 1436. M'chilimwe cha 1436, bambo a Dracula adakhala pampando wachifumu ku Wallachi ndipo patangotsala pang'ono chaka chakugwa chimenecho adasunthira banjali kuchokera ku Sighisoara kupita ku Targovishte, komwe panthawiyo kunali likulu la Wallachia. Malinga ndi malipoti onse, Vlad III adalandira maphunziro abwino kwambiri a Byzantine panthawiyo. Komabe, adalephera kumaliza maphunziro ake kwathunthu, chifukwa ndale zinalowererapo. Mu kasupe wa 1442, bambo a Dracula adakangana ndi Janos Hunyadi, yemwe panthawiyo anali wolamulira weniweni wa ku Hungary, chifukwa chomwe Janos adaganiza zoika wolamulira wina ku Wallachia - Basaraba II.
M'dzinja la 1442, abambo a Dracula adapita ku Turkey kwa Sultan Murat II kuti akapemphe thandizo, koma adakakamizika kukhala komweko miyezi isanu ndi itatu. Panthawi imeneyi, Basarab II adadzikhazikitsa ku Wallachia, ndipo Dracula ndi banja lake lonse adabisala. Chapakatikati pa chaka cha 1443, abambo a Dracula adabwera kuchokera ku Turkey ndi gulu lankhondo laku Turkey ndikuchotsa Basaraba II. Janos Hunyadi sanasokoneze izi, pamene anali kukonzekera nkhondo yotsutsana ndi a Turks. Kampeniyo idayamba pa Julayi 22, 1443, ndipo idatha mpaka Januware 1444. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1444, zokambirana zankhondo zidayamba pakati pa Janos Hunyadi ndi Sultan. Abambo Dracula analowa nawo pamisonkhanoyi, pomwe Janos adagwirizana kuti Wallachia akhoza kupitilizidwa ndi dziko la Turkey. Nthawi yomweyo, sultan uja, pofuna kutsimikiza kukhulupirika kwa "kazembe wa Wallachian", adalimbikira "lonjezo" (aman aman waku Turkey). Mawu oti "lonjezo" amatanthauza kuti ana a "voivode" abwere ku khothi ku Turkey - ndiye kuti Dracula, yemwe panthawiyo anali ndi zaka 14, ndi mchimwene wake Radu, yemwe anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 6. Kukambirana ndi abambo ake Dracula kunatha pa Juni 12, 1444 wa chaka. Dracula ndi mchimwene wake Radu adapita ku Turkey mosachedwa kumapeto kwa Julayi 1444.
Ofufuza amakono amavomereza chinthu chimodzi: zinali ku Turkey kuti Vlad adalandira mtundu wina wamavuto omwe adamupanga, yemwe amakumbukiridwa ndi mantha komanso chisangalalo ku Romania. Pali mitundu ingapo ya zomwe zidachitika:
1. Wolamulira wamtsogolo wa Wallachia adazunzidwa ndi anthu aku Turkey kuti awasinthe kuti akhale Chisilamu.
2. Monga ngati mchimwene wake wa Vlad, Radu, adanyengedwa wolowa m'malo mpando wachifumu ku Turkey, Mehmed, ndikumupanga kukhala wokondedwa wake. Izi makamaka zalembedwa ndi wolemba wakale - wolemba mbiri wachi Greek Laonik Halkokondil. Komabe, malinga ndi iye, gawo ili likunena za nthawi yamtsogolo ya 1450s.
3. Kuphedwa mwankhanza kwa bambo ake ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu mu Disembala 1446. Imfayo idachitika chifukwa cha kubwerezabwereza kochitidwa ndi gulu lankhondo ku Wallachian, mothandizidwa ndi anthu aku Hungary. Hnchman wa Hunyadi, Vladislav II, adakwera khoma la Wallachia. Malinga ndi lamulo la wamkulu wa ku Hungary, bambo a Dracula adadulidwa mutu, ndipo mchimwene wake wa Dracula adamuika wamoyo.
4. Inde, wodziwika kwambiri - ulemu kunyumba yachifumu ya Sultan anali "osavuta" kotero, motsogozedwa ndi Vlad pambuyo pake adawonetsanso zokonda zake. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi nthanoyi, Vlad ndi mchimwene wake adakhala mboni (adabweretsedwa mwapadera) za "kafukufuku" wakuba zamasamba osowa (mwina nkhaka!) M'malo obisalamo a Sultan. Aliyense wa olimawo 12 omwe adatha kulowa zobiriwira nthawi imodzi kapena ina patsikulo adatulutsa m'mimba, ndipo wachisanu ndi chiwiri motsatira adapeza zomwe amafunafuna. Iwo omwe sanang'ambidwe m'mimba zawo anali opambana, iwo omwe anali atang'ambika kale "adaloledwa kukhala ndi moyo", koma wachifwamba yemwe adadya chipatso adatengedwa pamtengo akadali ndi moyo.
Mukugwa kwa 1448, Dracula, limodzi ndi asitikali aku Turkey omwe adabwereketsedwa ndi a Sultan, adalowa likulu la Wallachi - Targovishte. Pomwe izi zidachitika, sizikudziwika ndendende, koma padalembedwa kalata kuchokera ku Dracula yomwe idachitika pa Okutobala 31, pomwe amalembera ngati "kazembe wa Wallachia". Atangokhala pampando wachifumu, Dracula akuyamba kufufuza zochitika zokhudzana ndi imfa ya abambo ndi m'bale wake. Pazofufuza, adamva kuti ana osachepera 7 omwe adatengera bambo ake adachita nawo chiwembuchi ndikuchirikiza Prince Vladislav, pomwe adalandila zokoma zosiyanasiyana.
Pakadali pano, a Janos Hunyadi ndi Vladislav, omwe adalephera kumenya nkhondo pamunda wa Kosovo, adafika ku Transylvania. Pa Novembala 10, 1448, a Janos Hunyadi, ali ku Sighisoara, adalengeza kuti akuyambitsa gulu lankhondo motsutsana ndi Dracula, akumutcha wolamulira "wosaloledwa". Pa Novembala 23, Janos anali kale ku Brasov, kuchokera komwe ankhondo adasamukira ku Wallachia. Pa Disembala 4, adalowa ku Targovishte, koma Dracula anali atathawa kale nthawi imeneyo.
Kuyambira 1448 mpaka 1455, Vlad Dracula amakhala ku ukapolo ku bwalo lamfumu ya Moldavian. Mu 1456, Dracula anali ku Transylvania, komwe adasonkhanitsa gulu lodzipereka kuti lipite ku Wallachia ndikutenganso mpando wachifumu. Panthawi imeneyi (kuyambira pa February 1456), nthumwi za amonke a ku France otsogozedwa ndi Giovanni da Capistrano, amenenso anasonkhanitsa gulu lodzipereka kuti amasule Konstantinople, ogwidwa ndi ma Turks mu 1453, anali ku Transylvania. A Franciscans sanatenge a Orthodox pamsonkhano womwe a Dracula adagwiritsa ntchito, kukopa ankhondo akumenya nawo ntchito.Mwezi wa Epulo 1456, mphekesera zinafalikira ku Hungary kuti gulu lankhondo la Turkey likuyandikira malire akumwera a boma, motsogozedwa ndi Sultan Mehmed. Pa Julayi 3, 1456, m'kalata yopita kwa "Saxons of Transylvania," a Janos Hunyadi adalengeza kuti adaika Dracula "kumbuyo kwa zigawo za Transylvanian." Pambuyo pake, Janos ndi gulu lake lankhondo adanyamuka kupita ku Belgrade, atatsala pang'ono kuzunguliridwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Turkey.Belgrade idatsatidwanso ndi gulu lankhondo lomwe linasonkhana ndi mtsogoleri wachipani cha Franciscan Giovanni da Capistrano, yemwe poyambirira amayenera kupita ku Konstantinople, ndipo gulu lankhondo la Dracula linaima pamalire a Transylvania ndi Wallachia. poteteza Belgrade.
Pa Julayi 22, 1456, gulu lankhondo ku Turkey lidachoka ku Belgrade, ndipo koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, gulu lankhondo la Dracula lidasamukira ku Wallachia. Mane Udrishche wa ku Wallachian anathandizira kuti akhale ndi mphamvu kwa Dracula, yemwe kale anali atatembenukira kumbali yake ndikukakamiza anyamata ena angapo kuchokera ku khonsolo yamfumu yoyang'aniridwa ndi Vladislav kuti nawonso achite. Pa Ogasiti 20, Vladislav adaphedwa, ndipo Dracula adadzakhala kalonga waku Wallachian kachiwiri. Masiku 9 m'mbuyomu (Ogasiti 11), ku Belgrade, mdani wakale wa Dracula komanso wakupha bambo ake, a Janos Hunyadi, afa ndi nthendayi.
M'nyumba yachifumu yake Targovishte Vlad adabwezera imfa ya abambo awo ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu. Malinga ndi nthano, adayitanitsa anawo kuphwando kuti azikondwerera Isitala (anthu 500), kenako adalamula kuti awaphe (monga zosankha, poyizoni kapena kuwayika pamtengo) onsewo kumodzi. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi kuphedwa kumene kumene kumene gulu la wankhanza wamkulu Vlad Dracula likuyamba. Iyi ndiye nkhani ya nthano, koma mbiri yakale imalimbikitsa mnzake - pamadyerero Dracula adawopa anyamata, ndipo adangotaya okhawo omwe amawaganizira kuti akufuna kuwukira. M'zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake, adapha anyamata 11, ndikukonzekera kuti amuchotsere. Popewa chiwopsezo chenicheni, Dracula adayamba kubwezeretsa bata mdziko muno. Adapereka malamulo atsopano. Pa kuba, kupha ndi chiwawa cha zigawenga zimayembekezeredwa chilango chimodzi chokha - imfa. Pomwe zipolowe zimayamba kulowa mdzikolo, anthu adazindikira kuti wolamulira wawo sachita nthabwala.
Pankhaniyi, Primeity ya Wallachia idalamulira kufanana pamaso pamalamulo: ziribe kanthu kuti inu ndinu ndani, mwana wazaka 300 zakubadwa, kapena wopemphetsa wopanda cholakwa, chifukwa cha umbanda uliwonse, kapena kusamvera kalonga wa chinjoka, imfa idakuyembekezerani. Nthawi zambiri zazitali komanso zopweteka. Nthano imati mwanjira imeneyi adapha anthu onse osauka komanso onse omwe sankafuna kugwira ntchito. Pali lingaliro lomwe pang'onopang'ono adapangitsa anthu kuti adziope. Adasankhanso nkhani zoyipa zankhanza zake. Koma, kodi anthu osamvetseka kwambiri AMAKONDA "chinjoka" chawo ndi chiyani?
Wodziwikiratu kuti anthu aku Wallachian ndi anthu achifwamba komanso odzikuza. Tangoganizirani kudabwitsidwa kwake, patatha chaka chimodzi chiyambire ulamuliro wa Vlad Dracula, wina amatha kuponyera ndalama wagolide pamsewu ndikubwera mawa kuti adzaipeza itagona pamalo amodzi.
Zomwe zikudziwikanso kwambiri ndizomwe zinachitika ndi akazembe aku Turkey, omwe akufotokozedwa ndi kazembe wa Russia ku Hungary, Fyodor Kuritsyn mu 1484 mu "The Tale of Dracula Voivode":
"Ndidabwera kwa iye nthawi yomweyo kuchokera ku ma Turks, ndipo nthawi zonse ndimabwera kwa iye ndikudzigwadira, koma sindidachotsa zolemba zake. Adawafunsa:" Chifukwa chiyani katswiri wamkuruyu komanso manyazi kwa wophunzira wanga? " Amavala chakukhosi: "Ichi ndi chikhalidwe chathu, dziko lathuli, ndipo dziko lathu lili nacho." Adatinso kwa iwo: "Ndipo ndikufuna kutsimikizira chilamulo chanu, koma imani chilili," ndipo adawatsogolera ndi msomali wachitsulo kumitu kuti akakhomere pakamwa ndikuwasiya, mitsinje. kwa iwo: "Pitani mukawuze mfumu yanu, akupirira manyazi anu kuchokera kwa inu, koma ife sitife aluso, ndipo satumiza mwambo wake kwa olamulira ena, omwe safuna kukhala nawo, koma sungani nawo."
Mu 1461, Vlad Dracula anakana kupereka msonkho kwa Sultan Mehmed. A Ottoman sanakhululukire izi, ndipo m'masiku amodzimodziwo, gulu lankhondo lamphamvu la 250,000 la anthu aku Turks linaukira ku Wallachia (malinga ndi zidziwitso zamakono, likadali laling'ono kuposa "100,000" 100-120). Komabe, Dracula sanagonje ndipo adayambitsa nkhondo yeniyeni komanso yopanda tanthauzo yolimbana ndi ogonjetsa. Anamenya aliyense. M'magulu ankhondo ake a 30,000, anthu wamba komanso olemekezeka, amonke ndi ana opha ana, ngakhale azimayi ndi ana azaka 10, adamenyera limodzi a Turks. Pa Julayi 17, 1461, chifukwa cha "kuwukira usiku" wotchuka, gulu lankhondo la Vlad linagonjetsa ndikukakamiza gulu lalikulu la Mehmed II kuti libwerere. Akaidi aku Turkey kuyambira 2000 mpaka 4000 anthu ogwidwa pa nkhondoyi anaikidwa pamtengo. Kuphatikiza apo, oyang'anira wamkulu pamtengo okhala ndi nsonga za golide, maofesala pamtengo okhala ndi nsonga zasiliva, chabwino, asitikali wamba amayenera kukhutira ndi mtengo wamba. Ngakhale mikhalidwe ya Turkey, kubwezera kotereku kunali kochulukirapo. Apa ndipamene Vlad adatengera dzina lake la Ottoman - Kazykly (ulendo. Kazıklı kuchokera ku mawu oti. Kazık [kazyk] - "kuwerengetsa"). Ndiko kutanthauzira kuti "kolshik", kapena "spiker". Pambuyo pake, linali dzina lachiyenerali lomwe linangotanthauziridwa kwenikweni mu Chiromania - Tepes (rum. Țepeș). Ngati mungofotokoze mwachidule mayina odziwika ndi maina otchuka a Vlad, mumalandira: Vlad III Dragon the Spinner. Zikumveka huh?
M'chaka chomwecho 1461, ataperekedwa kwa mfumu ya ku Hungary a Matthias Korvin Dracula, adakakamizidwa kuthawira ku Hungary, komwe pambuyo pake adamangidwa pa milandu yabodza yothandizana ndi a Turks ndipo adakhala zaka 12 m'ndende.
Mu 1475, a Vlad III Dracula adatulutsidwa m'ndende ya ku Hungary ndipo adayambanso kuchita nawo ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi a Turks. Mu Novembala 1475, iye monga gawo la gulu lankhondo la ku Hungary (monga m'modzi wa asitikali a Mfumu Matthias, "wamkulu wa mfumu") adapita ku Serbia, komwe kuyambira Januware mpaka February 1476 adatenga nawo gawo pakuzinga linga lankhondo laku Turkey la Šabac. MuFebruary 1476, adachita nawo nkhondo yolimbana ndi ma Turks ku Bosnia, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe ya 1476, pamodzi ndi "wamkulu" wina Stefan Batori, kalonga waku Moldovan Stefan the Great adadzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi a Turks.
Mu Novembro 1476, Vlad Dracula, mothandizidwa ndi Stefan Batori ndi Stefan the Great, adalanda Mtsogoleri wa Wallachian Prince Laiot Basarab. Pa Novembala 8, 1476, Targovishte adatengedwa. Bucharest idatengedwa pa Novembara 16th. Pa Novembala 26, msonkhano waukulu wa anthu odziwika ku Wallachia adasankha Dracula kukhala kalonga wawo.
Kenako asitikali a Stefan Batori ndi Stefan the Great adachoka ku Wallachia, ndipo asitikali okha omwe adamugonjera mwachindunji (anthu pafupifupi 4,000) adatsala ndi Vlad Dracula. Posakhalitsa, Vlad adaphedwa mwachinyengo atangoyamba kumene Laota Basaraba, komabe, magwero adasokonekera munkhani zokhudzana ndi njira yakupha komanso kupha anthu mwachindunji.
Olemba mbiri zakale a Jacob Unrest ndi Jan Dlugos amakhulupirira kuti adaphedwa ndi mtumiki wake, kulandira ziphuphu ndi a Turks. Wolemba buku la The Tale of a Dracula Governor Fyodor Kuritsyn amakhulupirira kuti Vlad Dracula adaphedwa pa nkhondoyi ndi a Turks.
Chosungidwanso ndi umboni wa kalonga waku Moldavian Stefan, yemwe anathandiza Vlad kukhala pampando wachifumu ku Wallachi:
"Ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndinasonkhanitsa asitikali, ndipo pakubwera, ndinakumana ndi m'modzi wa atsogoleri amfumu, ndipo, mogwirizana, tinabweretsa mphamvu zomwe tatchulazi. Drahul. Ndipo atayamba kulamulira, anatifunsa kuti tisiye anthu athu kuti akhale alonda. chifukwa sakhulupirira ma Vlach kwambiri, ndipo ndidamsiyira anthu ake 200, ndipo nditatero, ife (ndi kapitawo wamfumu) tidachoka. Ndipo wakuperekeza Basarab uja adabwerako nthawi yomweyo, atamupeza Drahulu, yemwe adatsala wopanda ife, adamupha, ndipo Onse koma anthu 10 adaphedwanso. "
Maziko a nthano zonse zamtsogolo za kukhetsa magazi kosaneneka kwa wolamulira anali chikalata cholembedwa ndi wolemba wosadziwika (mwina mwa lamulo la mfumu ya ku Hungary) ndipo chofalitsidwa ku Germany mu 1463. Kunali komwe kwa nthawi yoyamba zomwe mafotokozedwe onse ophedwa ndi kuzunzidwa kwa Dracula adapezeka, komanso nkhani zonse zankhanza zake.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro am'mbuyomu, chifukwa chokayikira kukhulupirika kwachidziwitso chomwe chatchulidwa mu chikalatachi ndichabwino kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa chidwi chaku mpando wachifumu wa ku Hungary m'mene kabuku kameneka kamalembedwera (kufuna kubisa mfundo yoti Mfumu ya ku Hungary inaba ndalama zochuluka zomwe mpando wachifumu wa papa adayambitsa ku Crusade), sizinatchulidwepo chilichonse cha nkhani za "pseudo-folklore" izi.
Mndandanda wazomwe wazunza a Vlad Dracula Tepes mu chikalata chosadziwika ichi:
Pali milandu yodziwika pamene a Tepes adalemba anyamata okwanira 500 ndikuawafunsa kuti ndi angati omwe amawakumbukira. Zidadziwika kuti ngakhale wocheperapo wa iwo amakumbukira nthawi zosachepera 7 zolamulira. Kuyankha kwa Tepesh kunali kuyesa kuthetsa izi - ana onse anakhomedwa pamtengo ndipo anakumba mozungulira zipinda za Tepes ku Targovishte likulu lake.
Nkhani yotsatirayi yaperekedwanso: wamalonda akunja amene adabwera ku Wallachia adabedwa. Amatumiza dandaulo kwa Tepes. Wakuba akagwidwa ndikuyika pamtengo, chikwama chimaponyedwa kwa wamalonda mwa kulamula kwa Tepes, momwe mumapezeka ndalama imodzi kuposa momwe inaliri. Wogulitsa, atazindikira zochuluka, nthawi yomweyo amadziwitsa Tepes. Amaseka nati: "Mwachita bwino, sindinganene - mutakhala pamtengo ndi wakuba,"
Amayesa kuti awona kuti m'dziko muno muli opemphetsa ambiri. Amawaitana, amawadyetsa chakudya ndikuwayankha kuti: "Kodi mungafune kuchotsa mavuto padziko lapansi kwamuyaya?" Poyankha bwino, a Tepes amatseka zitseko ndi mazenera ndikuwotcha onse omwe asonkhana amoyo,
Pali nkhani yonena za ambuye omwe akufuna kupusitsa a Tepes polankhula za pakati pake. Tepesh amuchenjeza kuti samalekerera zabodza, koma akupitiliza zake zokha, kenako Tepesh akutuluka m'mimba ndikufuula: "Ndanena kuti sindimakonda zabodza!"
Mlandu umafotokozedwanso pamene Dracula adafunsa amonke awiri oyendayenda funso pazomwe anthu anena za ulamuliro wake. M'modzi mwa amonkewo adayankha kuti anthu aku Wallachia adamunyoza kuti ndi munthu wankhanza, ndipo wina adati aliyense amamuyamika kuti ndi wopulumutsa poopseza a Turks komanso wandale wanzeru. M'malo mwake, umboni umodzi ndi winawo unali wachilungamo m'njira yakeyake. Ndipo nthanoyo imakhala ndi ma fuko awiri. Mu "mtundu" waku Germany, Dracula adapha woyamba chifukwa sanakonde zolankhula zake. Mu nthano ya ku Russia ya nthanoyi, wolamulira adasiya wamonke woyamba ali wamoyo, ndikupha wachiwiri chifukwa chabodza,
Mmodzi mwa umboni wowoneka bwino komanso wosatsutsika m'lemba lino akuti Dracula adakonda kudya chakudya cham'mawa kumalo ophedwa kapena kumalo ankhondo aposachedwa. Adalamulira kuti amubweretse tebulo ndi chakudya, adakhala pansi ndikudya pakati paanthu akufa ndikufa pangozi. Palinso zowonjezera pa nkhaniyi, zomwe zikunena kuti wantchito yemwe adagawa chakudya cha Vlad sakanatha kuyimitsa fungo la kuwola ndipo, akumenyetsa pakhosi ndi manja ake, adaponyera thirayi patsogolo pake. Vlad adafunsa chifukwa chake adachita izi. "Palibe mphamvu kutipirire, kununkhira kowopsa," wodandaula adayankha. Ndipo Vlad nthawi yomweyo adamulamula kuti ayike pamtengo, womwe utali wautali kuposa ena, kenako adafuulira munthu wina wamoyo kuti: "Ukuona! Tsopano muli pamwamba pa zonse, ndipo kununkha sikukufikirani ”,
Malinga ndi umboni wa nkhani yakale ya ku Russia, Tepesh adalamula kuti ziwalo za akazi osakhulupirika ndi akazi amasiye omwe amaphwanya malamulo oyera kuti adulidwe ndipo adayang'anidwa khungu, kuwulula matupiwo mpaka kuwononga thupi ndikudya ndi mbalame, kapena kuchita chimodzimodzi, koma m'mbuyomu adabaya ndi poker kuchokera ku perineum mpaka pakamwa
Atafika kwa iye akufuna kuvomerezedwa kuti ndi akazembe, nthumwi za Ufumu wa Ottoman, Dracula adafunsa funso kuti: "Bwanji sanatenge zovala zawo pamaso pa wolamulira wa Orthodox." Atamva yankho kuti adzanyamula mitu yawo kutsogolo kwa Sultan, Vlad adalamulira kuti misomaliyo ikhomere misomali pamutu pawo.
Mafanizo a "chikalata" ichi kuyambira 1463
Komabe, akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakana mafilimu ambiri owopsa awa, powaganiza kuti ndi opeka. Ngakhale Tepesh adaika anthu mazana, ndi aku Turks (omwe mwachionekere sanawawerengere anthu) ngakhale masauzande. Ndipo "kuwona mtima" kwa omvera ake adagula ndi moyo wa 15% ya anthu ku Wallachia. Amawopa nthawi yomweyo kukomoka, kudedwa, kupembedzedwa ndi kukondedwa. Olamulira ochepa chabe amakedzana omwe adadzetsa nkhawa zotere pakati pa owazungulira.
Ndipo "moyo" wina, komanso wotchuka kwambiri wa Vlad Tepes Dracula adayamba m'zaka zoyambirira za zana la XX, atangobwera buku la Bram Stoker "Dracula".
Malinga ndi nthano, mutu wa Wallachia, Vlad III, Basarab Dracula, wotchedwa Tepes, waikidwa m'manda muno: mu nyumba yachifumu ya Komana, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Vlad zaka 15 zisanachitike.
Kapenanso mu Church of the Annunciation ku Snagov.