Pofikira »Zipangizo» Zolemba »| Tsiku: 05/15/2017 | Mawonedwe: 28562 | Ndemanga: 0
Brown, kapena wamba, eared (Plecotus auritus) ndi nyama yaying'ono, yowoneka yoseketsa yomwe ili ya banja la mileme wamba (Vespertillionidae).
Ndikosavuta kuganiza kuti dzina lake limalumikizidwa ndi makutu. Zowonadi, kutalika kwa makutu kuli pafupi kufanana kukula kwa nyamayo. Nyama iyi ikagona kapena ikungopuma, imaponyera makutu ake ndikuibisala pansi pamapiko ake.
A brown ushanka amakhala m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zotentha kumadera a ku Europe a dziko lathu, kum'mwera kwa Siberia ndi Far East, koma kulikonse kuchuluka kwa nyamayi ndi kochepa. M'mayiko ena, amakhala ku Portugal, North Africa, Palestine, Iran, Central China.
Ushana uli ndi mapiko afupi komanso otambalala, mapiko awo omwe amatha kufikira 28 cm. Ubweya wake ndi wokulirapo komanso wotalika. Mtundu wake kumbuyo ndi wochokera ku chikasu chofiirira, pamimba pamakhala kuwala.
Chakudya chachikulu cha mileme iyi ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana: udzudzu, agulugufe, akangaude. Ushanka samangogwira, komanso kuwapeza mumitengo, mosunthika moyenda ndi nthambi. Ndizosangalatsa kuti nyama yaying'onoyi siyimapeza yozunzika nayo osati ndi maso, koma ndi makutu akulu, mothandizidwa ndi kusokosera. Chifukwa chake nyama zimatchedwa kuti kutulutsa ndi kuzindikira phokoso m'mlengalenga.
Mtunduwu umangodya mbali zofewa za kachilomboka kapena gulugufe, umatulutsa mapiko ake ndi chivundikiro chokulirapo cha tizilombo.
Brown Ushanka ndi nyama usiku, imawuluka ndikusaka chakudya usiku ndipo ikasaka mpaka mbandakucha. Masana, nyama yamtchire imeneyi imapuma, yobisala m'malo obisalamo: m'maenje a mitengo kapena m'mapanga. Zomvekera m'makutu zimakhala zokha, ngakhale nthawi zina zimaphatikizidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.
Ndikayamba nyengo yachisanu, makutu amtundu wa bulauni. Amagona, monga mileme enawo, mozondoka, akumangamira ndi miyendo imodzi kapena ziwiri kumtunda wina kapena khoma pamalo awo. Nthawi zina pakati pa dzinja, ushana amatha kusokoneza kena kake, ndipo amadzuka, koma osachedwa - amagona nthawi yomweyo.
Ana obadwa ndi makutu amaso a bulauni amawonekera kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Monga lamulo, mwana wamwamuna mmodzi yekha, wamariseche ndi wakhungu amabadwa. Amangamira mwamphamvu kwa mayi, yemwe amadzikhalira yekha mpaka aphunzire kuwuluka payokha. Wamphongo satenga nawo mbali poleredwa. Nthawi zambiri zimasowa mwana akangobadwa.
Zovala zamakutu zazing'ono zimakula mwachangu: patatha mwezi umodzi sizosiyana ndi abale awo achikulire.
Maansans amawonedwa kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri okhala m'nkhalango, chifukwa amawononga tizilombo tambiri timene timayambitsa mavuto ambiri pamitengo. Kuthengo, anyani okongola amenewa amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka khumi.
Ikuphatikizidwa ndi mndandanda wa European Red, mabuku ofiira a Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan ndi Tomsk Regions, Republic of Tatarstan. Imatetezedwa kumalo osungirako zachilengedwe a Denezhkin Kamen ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe a Deer Brooks.
Chithunzi cha Ushan bat
Nthawi zambiri amakwera nthambi za mitengo kapena makoma a nyumba, nkuazilumirira ndi zala zake khumi komanso amatenga tizilombo timene timam'patsa chakudya. Thupi la ushana limakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda. Mbali yakumwambako ndi yachikasu, imakhala yakuda, yofiirira. Ndipo pamimba pokha pali zoyera.
Bat bat ndiofala pakati komanso kumpoto kwa Europe. Ku Russia, imagawidwa m'chigawo chake cha ku Europe, kupatula zigawo zakumpoto. Zimapezekanso ku Far East ndi Siberia wakummwera. Malo okhala a Ushanka ndi nkhalango zachilengedwe, mapiri ndi zipululu, koma kulikonse.
Mwina nyama zazing'onozi zimakumana ndikukhala pafupi nafe. Mwachitsanzo, kwinakwake zachilengedwe, maulendo apaulendo, komanso mwina kumtunda, ushan ntchentche pafupi. Koma potengera kukula kwawo kocheperako komanso chifukwa choti sapita masana, sitikuzindikira.
Amadikirira tsikulo kwinakwake m'maenje a mitengo, m'mapanga, m'chipinda cham'makomo, m'miyala ya nyumba, kulikonse komwe angapeze chitetezo. Ushan amakhala yekha, nthawi zambiri amakhala awiriawiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Amadyetsa pafupi ndi malo okhala, m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi kapena poyatsira.
Kamodzi pachaka - chilimwe, ushanka uchulukitsa. Mwa njira, mwana amabadwa yekha, nthawi zina - awiri. Ana abadwa opanda thandizo, amaliseche ndi akhungu osawona. Amayi amavala mwana yemwe amalumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi nipple mpaka amatha kuuluka.
M'mapanga , m'maboma ndi zipinda zapansi, batani amapeza malo otentha, pomwe amakwera nthawi yonse yozizira ndi yozizira.
Mu nkhalango ushana amapindula, chifukwa amawononga tizilombo toononga.
Ndikupangira muwone kanema wonena zaubwino wa kuthekera kwa mileme.
Sangalalani ndi kuwonera kwanu, kusiya ndemanga zili mu fomu ili m'munsiyi.
Zabwino zonse kwa mbewa zouluka ndipo, inde, kwa ife!
Amvera kuChingwe changa cha ng'ombe , pamaso pa zambiri zosangalatsa za nyama.
Wushan ndi wodabwitsa
zigawo zonse zoyang'anira Belarus
Banja lokhazikika (Vespertilionidae).
Ndizovuta ku Belarus, koma osati zochuluka kulikonse. Malingaliro ndi okhalamo. Dera la Belarus lili pafupifupi pakati pa gawo la ku Europe la mitundu iyi.
Makulu ake ndiocheperako poyerekeza ndi makutu amaso amvi. Wingspan 25-29.5 masentimita, kutalika kwa thupi 3.4-5.4 masentimita, mchira 4.0-5.2 cm, khutu 2.8-4.5 cm, forearm 3.8-4.9 cm, kulemera 4.7-10,5 g.
Ubweya ndi wamfupi komanso wosasiyanasiyana. Colouring imatengera kusinthasintha kwamunthu aliyense payekha komanso kwina. Tsitsi limakhala lofiirira kapena lakuda, likutsatira malamba amtundu wamtambo ndi malekezero amdima akuda. Kumbuyo kwa nyama ku Belarus ndi imvi yopepuka yokhala ndi zokutira zowoneka bwino, makamaka mbali za khosi ndi pamimba. Mimba yatuluka ndikuyera. Nthawi zina, anthu okhala ndi ubweya wakuda kapena wowala amapezeka. Malata am'makomo achichepere amakhala amisala komanso achikuda kuposa akuluakulu. Mwa achichepere, mtundu wamtambo wamtundu wamtunduwu sufotokozedwa bwino. "Kola" wopepuka wa mtundu wa phulusa la phulusa pamafelemu m'mbali mwa khosi samatchulidwa.
Mbali yodziwika bwino yamakutu am'makutu ndi makutu akulu kwambiri. Pakati khutu lakutidwa ndi khola lowongoka pafupipafupi. Tsambali ndilotalika (mpaka 1.9 cm) ndi yopapatiza, ndi nsonga ya mlozo. Ma Auricles ndi opepuka kuposa nembanemba. Makutu ndi ochepa thupi: M'makoma owuma nthawi zambiri amauma "chubu" kapena "mwanawankhosa". Mphuno imasunthidwa kumtunda wapamwamba kwa muzzle. Chizindikiro chowoneka kuchokera mbali ndiyifupi, ndi mphuno yotupa kwambiri. Kupaka nkhope yopanda tsitsi la muzzle nthawi zambiri imakhala ya utoto. Pa mbali yakumaso ya malembapo pali chifuwa chachikulu, chomata chotupa chomwe chimakhala ndi unyolo wa tsitsi, chofanana ndi kukula kwake ndi kukula kwa diso.
Phazi ndilitali, kutalika kwake kupatula mapala ake ndi 9-10 mm. Tsitsi lomwe linali kumapazi kumapazi kumapazi kuli kotalika komanso kowuma. Pakati pazikhathamira za zala zakumapazi za phazi, monga lamulo, zimagwira pakhungu (mwa anthu amoyo) zimawonekera bwino.
Mapikowo ndi akulu komanso afupi. Flying membrane ndi wakuda kapena woderapo. Ulusi wa caudal umalumikizidwa ndi miyendo yakumbuyo kumapeto kwa zala ndikusiya ma caudal vertebra omasuka. Fanizoli silinapangidwe.
Mawonekedwe. Kutupa kumbuyo kwa mphuno kumapangidwa bwino, chifuwa chachikulu chophimbidwa ndi vibrissae pamwamba pamaso. Mtundu wa ubweya nthawi zonse pamakhala matoni ansalu ndi achikasu: msana umawuma kapena wofiirira, m'mimba ndimayera. Mosiyana ndi phokoso la khutu la imvi, kukhazikika kwa chala choyamba ndi lakuthwa, looneka ngati sabas, 2,5-3.1 mm kutalika kwake ndi phazi (kupatula zikhadabo) 9-10 mm.
Akagwidwa, anthu ovala makutu akofiirira amakana kwambiri, ndikuluma m'manja ndipo, monga lamulo, amaluma.
Kutalika kwamaulendo azomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma eyrod abudwe ndi imvi sikusiyana ndipo kuli m'magawo atatu: 13, 35, 50 kHz.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakufalikira kwa ushana mkati mwa Eurasia ndiko kusowa kothandizidwa ndi pothawira aliyense komanso kuthekera kukhazikika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Itha kupezeka munyumba za mbalame, m'maenje, pansi pa khungwa lotsala, m'makatani, kumbuyo kwa zotchingira ndi mafelemu a zenera.
Kukhazikika kwa zofiirira zokhala ndi zofiirira ndizosiyana: kuyambira nkhalango zotetezedwa kutali
nyumba zokhala ndi mipando yambiri yamizinda yamakono. Koma zokhazikika
Mtundu wamtunduwu umakhala malo omwe mumapezeka mitengo yamitengo yokha. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazitundu zochepa za mileme, zomwe zimapezeka paulendo wamadzulo pafupifupi m'mudzi wathu uliwonse. Chifukwa cha chakudya chake komanso kufunafuna kwakanthawi kochepa tizilombo tambiri pamakona amitengo, komanso poyang'ana patali tating'onoting'ono. Mphamvu yake yeniyeni imakhala yokwera kwambiri.
M'malo achitetezo a chilimwe, omwe ali m'maenje a mitengo, m'makomo opangira matabwa, m'nyumba zopikira mbalame, amawoneka koyambirira, kumapeto kwa Marichi ndi kumayambiriro kwa Epulo.
Maansani amakhala moyo wongokhala pawokha chifukwa samakhala wamkulu
masango. Zowona, zazikazi zimapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono ochulukirapo mwa anthu 12-20 pa nthawi yobereka komanso kudyetsa ana. Savitsky et al. (2005) akuwonetsa madera a anthu 3-10. Amuna mu nthawi imeneyi amakhala osiyana ndipo amalumikizana ndi akazi pambuyo pakusintha kwachinyamata kukhala moyo wodziimira kumapeto kwa chilimwe.
Amayi a amayi amapanga mu Meyi, ndipo mu June aliyense wamkazi amabereka ana a 1-2. Makanda obadwa kumene amakula msanga. Pamapeto pa sabata loyamba, amayamba kuwona, ndipo patatha masiku 10 amakhala atakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi ndipo amakhalabe mumalo pomwe wamkazi amatuluka kukasaka. Kufikira m'badwo uwu, ana onse amakhala ndi amayi awo, akumamatirira mwamphamvu ku nipple ya gland ya mammary pamene akusaka tizilombo. Ali ndi milungu isanu ndi umodzi, ntchentche zazing'ono zazing'ono zimafikira kukula kwa makolo awo ndikudziyimira pawokha.
Maulendo osakira ma ushans amayamba usiku kwambiri usiku. Malingaliro akuwuluka ndi kusaka ndimakutu ndimasiyana kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, makutu a bulauni ndi mpikisano wamphamvu pakati pa mileme yathu. Amauluka usiku wonse. Kutalika, kuyenda pang'onopang'ono maulendo okwanira 1-6 m. Popita kusaka, nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi kapena panthambi za mitengo, zomwe sizisowa kwambiri mitundu ina ya mileme, yomwe imakhalanso m'malo olimidwa. Ali ndi chidwi, amafunafuna mwachangu chinthu china choponyedwa mumlengalenga, mwachitsanzo, thaulo loyera. Ushan, mosiyana ndi mileme yathu ina, mofunitsitsa ndipo nthawi zambiri umasaka mu korona zamitengo. Poyerekeza mophiphiritsa, kuuluka kwa ushana usiku kumafanana kwambiri ndi kuthawa kwa gulugufe wodziwika masana - urticaria.
Amadyanso tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono. Gawo la zofunkha limasonkhana pamasamba, nthambi, udzu, mayendedwe. Chifukwa chake zochuluka za zinthu zopanda ndege mu chakudya chake: akangaude, centipedes, mphutsi za mizukwa, mafinya, agulugufe. Komabe, gawo lalikulu la ushana ndi njenjete, makamaka ma scoops. Koma pazonse, zoposa 99% za zakudya zake zidakali tizilombo.
Gawo lachiwiri lodziwika bwino la ushan ndikulondola kwake kudya nyama. Kugwira, mwachitsanzo, gulugufe wamkulu (scoop, hawthorn), ushanka samadyako pa ntchentche, koma amatenga nyama yotsalira ku "tafulo" ya aft: gawo lakutsogolo kwa veranda, mtengo, mtanda wopingasa wa bar yopingasa masewera, etc. Atakhazikika bwino, chovala chamakutu ndi zala zakumiyendo yakumbuyo chimalekanitsa mosamala mbali zina zoperewera: mapiko, miyendo, ngakhale tinyanga tating'onoting'ono. Mbale matebulo okhala ndi makutu am'makutu amakhala osasintha. Dziwani, mwachitsanzo, pansi pazinyumba zopanda kanthu, mapiko ogwedezeka a agulugufe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza amtundu wina, amatha ntchito yamakutu ndi mano a makutu. Wushan amagwiritsanso ntchito mwachangu zisa za mbalame zodyera kuti adule nyama yawo mu Julayi-August.
Kukwatira kumachitika mu theka lachiwiri la Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala. Munthawi imeneyi, abambo okhathamira a ushana, komanso amuna amtundu wina wa mileme yathu, nthawi zambiri amauluka usiku pazenera zanyumba ndi m'malo.
Pophunzira za nyama zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana, palibe zotsala za ushana zomwe sizinapezeke mwa zotsalira za mbalame zodya nyama.
Brown Ushanka - mtundu wokhazikika, samapanga ndege zazikulu. Mtunda wokwera kwambiri womwe ushan amawuluka ku Europe ndi 66 km okha. Mtunda uwu ndi ushan umatha kuuluka m'maola awiri.
Mwachitsanzo, a Ushan amagona m'ming'alu kapena poyera, atapachika padenga ndipo amateteza makutu ake aatali pansi pa mapiko. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa maans patsogolo pa hibernation ndikodabwitsa.
Kwa nyengo yozizira, ushan amabisala m'malo otetezedwa bwino: m'matumba, m'mataya, m'makoma akuya, m'mphete zamakonkriti mu zitsime zakuya. Kutentha kwambiri nyengo yozizira ndi + 4 ° C, i.e. Kutentha kokhazikika kwa kosungira m'midzi yathu. Nthawi zambiri, chipewa cha chisanu chimabisala poyera, kumamatira kukhoma, padenga la pansi kapena m'chipinda chapansi paansi. Nthawi zina anthu angapo amasonkhana m'chipinda chimodzi, koma chilichonse chimakhazikika payekha, kubisala, mwachitsanzo, kumbuyo kwa khoma. M'mwezi wa Disembala mpaka Januware, anthu ena otenga nthawi yozizira m'makola a mitengo adapezeka ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha pomwe kutentha kwa mpweya panthawiyi kunachokera ku -3.7 ° mpaka -7.6 ° C. Kuyika kumapangitsa kuti ushanthidwe azikhala malo amodzi nthawi yachisanu, komanso kuti malo obisalako nthawi yachisanu amakhala pamtunda wamtunda wa 2 mpaka 30 km kuchokera kumalo otentha.
Kugonjera kwathu kopambana nthawi zonse komanso kupanikizika kwa nyengo yozizira kumachitika m'malo otetezedwa bwino omwe amakhala ndi kutentha kosasintha komanso chinyezi chambiri. Koma, ndithudi pamakhala chinyezi chocheperako pang'ono: kuchokera pamapangidwe ozizira (zitsulo, njerwa) kapena kuchokera pansi pamadzi apansi. Madzi ndi ofunikira kwa nthawi yachisanu omwe amasintha mwadzidzidzi. Nthawi yomweyo, malo ena osungirako nyengo yachisanu a ushana, mwachitsanzo, m'malo osungirako anthu wamba komanso m'masitolo osungira masamba alibe malo okhala ndi madzi. Amaganiza kuti ludzu lakuya la ushanka limatha kuzimitsa pamenepo ndikunyambita madzi a tubers zowonongeka ndi mizu.
Chifukwa chake, ma buluu a bulauni, omwe pakati pa mileme yathu ndi "likulu" lalikulu kwambiri pazikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe, liyenera kuchuluka kwambiri. Koma, pazifukwa zosadziwika, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kumakhala pang'onopang'ono komanso pang'onopang'ono. Ku Ukraine, brown ushana adakonzedweratu kuti adzatengedwe nawo kope lotsatira la Book Red.
Brown Ushanka ndiye wolemba moyo waanthu pakati pa mileme yaku Europe. Mu 1990, mzimayi wazaka 30 zapitazo adagwidwa ku Germany. Mwambiri, moyo wa mileme ndi wodabwitsa. Makamaka ngati mukuganiza kuti zofananira ndi ushan, mwachitsanzo, mbewa yanyumba imangokhala zaka 1-3.