Gyurza - kukula kwakukulu, kutalika kwake ndi mchira wa mamita awiri, njoka yapoizoni ya banja la Vipers. Mwanjira ina, njoka ya Levantine imatchedwa. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika ma kilogalamu atatu.

Oimira ambiri amtunduwu ali ndi makulidwe ochulukirapo kuposa dzanja la munthu. Njoka ya Gyurza imasiyana m'mutu waukulu ndi wawukulu, monophonic kapena mawonekedwe amabala ndi arcs.

Njoka ya Gyurza

Khosi limakhala laling'ono komanso likuwoneka bwino kuchokera kumutu. Maso ndi ana amapindika. Khungu limakutidwa ndi mamba, m'mimba ndipo mchira umakhala ndi nthambi. Zojambula ndi utoto ndizosiyana kwambiri. Njoka ya Gyurza (monga tawonera Chithunzi) ndi monophonic: bulauni, bulauni ndi wakuda, nthawi zambiri wofiirira.

Nthawi zina amatha kumakutidwa ndi mawanga a bulauni. Amakhala m'maiko a Asia ndi Africa. Kuchokera pamalo omwe kale anali USSR, pomwe mitundu ya nyama zamtunduwu imadziwika kuti ndi yoyimira kwambiri pa nyamazo, zimachitika gyurza njoka ku Dagestan, ku North Caucasus, Kazakhstan ndi Azerbaijan.

Ndiwosowa komanso wokhala pangozi ku Russia ndipo amalembedwa mu Red Book pazifukwa izi. Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zokwawa zamtunduwu kumachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwawo kambiri.

Komabe, mu expanses zapakhomo izi ndizowopsa komanso zakupha njoka, kuluma gyurza kufananizidwa ndi Asia cobra. Ma poizoni ake ndi othandiza kwambiri ndipo ndi oopsa a hemolytic, ndipo ma milligram 50 ake ndi okwanira kufa.

Poizoni walowa m'magazi a munthu, kapangidwe ka maselo ofiira m'magaziwo amawonongeka. Caka ciliconse, mpaka anthu masauzande ambili amakumana ndi njoka padziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake kuli bwino kudziwa: kodi njoka ya gyurza imawoneka bwanjikuteteza ngozi zomwe zingachitike munthawi yake.

Gyurza amakonda kukhala m'malo okhala ndi ouma ndipo amakhala kumadera opanda chipululu, okhala ndi zitsamba zambiri. Zimapezekanso m'malo omwe anthu amakhala chifukwa cha moyo wake.

Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti njoka zimakhala kunja kwa mizinda yayikulu komanso pafupi ndi mitsinje yothirira, ndikukhala paminda yolimidwa. Makamaka, zambiri zimadziwika za kizlyar gyurza – njokakhalani pafupi ndi nyumba zogona ndi misasa yamayiko. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawanga ochepa komanso scuming yambiri pamimba.

Khalidwe ndi moyo wa njoka ya gyurza

Zomwe zimachitika mikhalidwe ya gyurza zimadalira mwachindunji, monga nyama zambiri, panthawi yazaka. M'nthawi yotentha komanso yamvula, amakonda kukhala ndi moyo wamphamvu usiku, kubisala dzuwa lotentha. Ndipo munthawi zabwino, nthawi ya masika kapena yophukira, amatha kukhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Zochulukitsa, njoka zimapanga timagulu ting'onoting'ono ta anthu 5-12, timabisala m'misasa yomwe imakhala m'matanthwe kapena pansi pa miyala. Koma amatha kukhazikika nthawi yozizira komanso yokha. Amakwawa kupita ku chilengedwe ndikumakhala moyo wokangalika pamene kutentha kwatsiku ndi tsiku kumakhala kokhazikika +10 ° C ndi kupitirira.

Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna gyurza

Gyurza ndi mtundu wa njoka zapoizoni zochokera ku banja la Viper (mtundu wa njoka zikuluzikulu) Njoka iyi ndi yowopsa kwa anthu komanso ziweto. Amatha kuponya mivi lakuthwa m'mbali mwa wotsutsa kutalika kwa thupi lake lonse.

Ngakhale asodzi odziwa kugwiritsa ntchito njoka nthawi zambiri amakhala akuvutitsidwa ndi njoka yoyipayi, chifukwa, poyesera kumasula mutu wake, gyurza imakhala yolimba komanso yowopsa kwambiri.

Njoka Zapoizoni: Zosiyanasiyana

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njoka: njoka komanso yopanda vuto. Zoyambirira (zowopsa) zikuphatikiza njoka zodziwika bwino, mamba wakuda wosadziwika, gyurza, etc.

Njoka zodziwika bwino (pafupifupi aliyense amazidziwa) zimakhala pafupifupi m'malo onse aku Russia. Titha kukumana naye kwina kulikonse: kunkhalango, mapiri, mapiri, m'minda, m'madambo ndi madambo. Iyi ndi imodzi mwanjoka zochepa zomwe zimatha kukhala ngakhale nyengo yozizira.

Cobra ndi njoka yayikulu (ya poizoni) yomwe imakweza gawo lake lachitatu la thupi pachiwopsezo, kwinaku ikukula khosi lake ngati mawonekedwe a disk. Ndi njoka yowoneka bwino yomwe imakhala makamaka ku Africa, India ndi South Asia.

Mamba yakuda ndiyowopsa komanso yoopsa, imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa njoka zachinyengo kwambiri padziko lapansi. Adatenga dzina lake chifukwa cha mtundu wakuda wamkati (pakuda bii). Ndi njoka yachangu, yankhanza komanso yakupha. Amakhala m'matanthwe komanso m'mapiri a miyala ku Africa (madera akumwera ndi kum'mawa). Ndiye njoka yayitali kwambiri ku Africa (mpaka 4.5 metres).

Gyurza - njoka yapoizoni: malongosoledwe

Ali ndi mutu wambiri komanso wotambalala, kupukutira kwake ndi kozungulira, maso ake ndi ana ake ali owongoka. Mamba obedwa ali pamutu ponse pamutu. Mtundu, nthawi zambiri umakhala monophonic, koma nthawi zina umapezeka ndi mawonekedwe ovuta mawonekedwe a mawanga ndi ma arcs. Palibe zotchinga pamwamba pa maso ake.

Ziwerengero zamiyeso mkati mwa thunthu ndi pafupifupi 23 mpaka 27, pa peritoneum - kuyambira 126 mpaka 181 ndi pansi mchira - kuyambira 33 mpaka 53awiri.

Njoka yoopsayi ili ndi tint toni ya imvi pamwamba thupi. Malingana ndi katchulidwe, anthu pawokha amapezeka onse awiri (achikuda kapena abulauni), komanso okhala ndi zovala zofiirira. Kumbuyo kuli malo angapo oderapo akuda, ndipo mbali zake zilipo, koma ndizocheperako. Mimba ya njokayo ndi yopepuka, ndi malo ang'onoang'ono akuda.

Kufalitsa

Njoka izi ndizofala ku North-West Africa, kuzilumba za Mediterranean, South, West ndi Central Asia. Njoka zamtundu wamtunduwu zimakhala m'magawo a maiko otsatirawa: Syria, Chigawo cha Arabia, Israeli ndi magombe a kumadzulo kwa mtsinje wa Yordano, Iraq, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkey, North-West India ndi Western Pakistan.

Amapezekanso m'mayiko omwe kale anali a Union: ku Caucasus, Azzerani, ku peninsula ya Absheron komanso ku Central Asia.

Kummwera kwa Kazakhstan ndi komwe masiku ano kumafikira pafupifupi ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala gyurza.

Njoka ku Dagestan imakhala m'midzi ingapo. Chiwerengero cha republic iyi ndi chotsika ndipo pafupifupi madera ake ndi munthu m'modzi pa mahekitala 13. M'malo omwe amakhala malo okhala kwambiri, munthu m'modzi pa 0,8 ha. Apa mutha kukumana ndi njoka yokhala ndi mawanga akuda m'mbali. Kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi mita imodzi.

Njoka yakuno ndi yakufa. 20% ya anthu onse omwe akumenyedwa amamwalira.

Malo okhala Hurza

Imakhala m'madambo, zipululu komanso mapiri a mapiri. Imapezeka paphiri, zokutidwa ndi tchire, malo otsetsereka, m'mapiri owuma, m'nkhalango zowala (pistachio), m'miyala yamiyala yokhala ndi mitsinje, m'mipata ya mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa ngalande.

Mutha kukumana nawo ngakhale kunja kwa mizinda, komwe amakhala ndi zakudya zabwino monga makoswe. M'mapiri, amatha kukwera pamwamba pa nyanja mpaka pamtunda wa 2500 metres (Pamir) mpaka mita 2000 ku Armenia ndi Turkmenistan.

Kusaka

Gyurza ndi njoka yomwe imasaka modabwitsa. Pansipa kapena pamwala wina, amadikirira wovutayo, akafika komwe gyurza amaponya. Atagwira, satulutsa nyama, koma amayembekeza kuti poizoniyo amize, kenako n'kumeza. Popeza chilako cha njoka'chi ndichabwino kwambiri, kanthawi kochepa itatha kudya, akupitiliza kusaka.

Gyurza, monga njoka zambiri, amakonda kusambira, kwinaku akugwira mbalame zikafika padzenje lakuthirira.

Khalidwe la Gyurza, zizolowezi

Mu kasupe (Marichi - pakati pa Epulo), amuna amakwawa kunja kwa nyengo yachisanu, ndipo patatha sabata, zazikazi. Poyamba, amakhala pafupi ndi malo awo obisalamo nyengo yachisanu (m'matanthwe kapena pansi pa mapanga), kenako amapita kumalo azilimwe. Ndipo m'dzinja amabwerera kumadera awo achisanu.

Gyurza - njoka yozizira imasanja limodzi kapena m'magulu a abale ake (njoka pafupifupi 12). Nthawi yawo yogwira ntchito pafupifupi imatha masiku 130-150 (Transcaucasia). Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku za njoka zimatengera nyengo: masika ndi nthawi yophukira - nthawi ya masana, chilimwe - m'mawa ndi madzulo, komanso kuyambira madzulo mpaka theka loyamba lausiku.

Pofika nthawi yotentha, amakhala pafupi ndi akasupe kapena malo ena ofunda kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, aliyense amakhala ndi malo ake osakira. Ambiri okhala amakhala pafupi ndi akasupe ndi mitsinje.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zakudya wamba zimakhala ndi gyurza. Njoka yachikulire imadyetsa zazing'ono zazing'ono (mbewa, pikas, gerbils), nthawi zambiri imagwira abuluzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri - njoka zimzake.

Mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira, m'malo omwe mbalame zimawuluka (ngolo, oatmeal ndi anapiye awo), njoka zimadikirira kulipira kwawo, kukwera tchire. Akhozanso kudikirira nyama yomwe ili m'minda yamphesa. Osowa, koma njoka zatsopano zimatha kudya tizilombo.

Chifukwa chakuphulika kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa nyama zodzikongoletsera izi kunachepa. Ndipo ku ukapolo nthawi zambiri, gyurza amatha kukhala miyezi yochepa. Pokhudzana ndi zoterezi, gyurza amalembedwa mu Russian Red Book ndipo tsopano ali m'manja mwa boma.

Zolemba zofananira

Njoka zowopsa padziko lapansi. Anthu akamva za njoka, zomwe amachita zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana: wina amawopa, wina amafuna kukhala ndi chiweto chotere, ndipo wina amakumbukira njoka yoyesa. Zilomboti zopanda miyendo zamtunduwu zimatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, zimabwera motalika komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndipo ambiri aiwo ndi poyizoni komanso owopsa kwa anthu. Mukubwereza kwathu, zithunzi zaukadaulo zomwe zikuwonetsa njoka.

Kufalitsa kwa Gyurza

Epulo-Meyi - nyengo yakukhwima ku Gyurz. M'dzinja loyambirira, njoka zimabadwa. Komabe, iwo amabadwa mwanjira ina. Kudera lalikulu la kumene amakhala, ana a ng'ombe amoyo (obadwa amoyo) amabadwira ku Gyurza, ndipo ku Central Asia amaikira mazira. Nthawi ya makulidwe awo yafika mpaka masiku 40.

Mazira otayidwa amakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chocheperako, chopepuka, maimelo amakula. Chigoba chopyapyala chimafunikira kotero kuti nkosavuta kwa ana okulirapo kutuluka ndikupeza mpweya wabwino wokwanira. Popeza atapanga dzenje laling'ono mu chipolopolo cha dzira asanachoke, njoka sizichoka kuti zichoke kwawo kwazopitilira tsiku limodzi.

Ana ang'ono otetezedwa kuchokera ku mazira ndi 23-25 ​​masentimita ndipo amalemera 10 mpaka 14. Chiwerengero chonse cha mazira mu clutch kapena njoka zatsopano ndi 15-20. Komabe, pali zosiyana, mlandu udalembedwa pomwe mayi wamkulu wamkazi gyurza m'ndende adayika mazira 43.

Khalidwe la Gyurza

Maonekedwe a gyurza - mawonekedwe ake amanenepa komanso opindika, amatha kusokeretsa munthu wosazindikira, ndikuwonetsa kuti iye ndi wodekha komanso wosavomerezeka. M'malo mwake, ichi ndi cholengedwa chanzeru komanso chanzeru: chimakwera bwino nthambi, pansi chimatha kusuntha mwachangu komanso mosayembekezereka, kudumpha, kuwona zoopsa, mwachangu kumangochoka ndikubisala. Koma, ngati atapanga cholepheretsa izi, ndiye kuti gyurza amayamba kulira mofuula kwambiri ndikuwopseza ndikuponya lakuthwa ndi thupi lake lonse kupita kwa mdani.

Njoka zikuluzikulu zimapangitsa kudumpha kwa kutalika kwa matupi awo, motero wogwirawo amakakamizika kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu ndikudumpha. Gyurza ali ndi thupi lodabwitsa komanso lamphamvu modabwitsa. Kugwira gyurza yayikulu m'manja mwanu ndizovuta kwambiri. Mwanjira zonse, njoka imayesetsa osati kupindika, komanso kuluma wolakwayo (wogwirira), ndipo nthawi zina kuluma nsagwada yake yaying'ono.

Gurza poyizoni

Kuluma kwa Gyurza ndi kowopsa kwa anthu. Njoka ikaluma, pafupifupi 50 mg ya poizoni ilowa m'thupi, yomwe ndi poizoni kwambiri ndipo yachiwiri imakhala poizoni wa cobra poizoni wake.

Kupanga kwa poizoni wa gyurza kumaphatikizapo michere yomwe imatha kuwononga maselo ofiira am'magazi komanso makhoma amitsempha yamagazi, chifukwa cha magazi.

Chifukwa chake, pakubwera njoka yam'mimba, zotupa zambiri zamkati ndi zamkati zimatuluka, zotengera zazing'ono zimaphulika ndikuthana ndi poizoni, edema yolimba kwambiri imapezeka m'malo oluma, mitsempha yayikulu komanso yapakati imatsekeka, chifukwa kuyambika kwa magazi kumachitika. Zonsezi zimayendera limodzi ndi kupweteka kwambiri, chizungulire, komanso kusanza.

Ngati njira zoyenera sizitengedwa, zotsatira zake sizabwino, mpaka kufa (mpaka 10% ya milandu). Kuthandiza panthawi yake komanso koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa ululu kumapewetsa kuwonongeka chifukwa chakuluma kwa herza. Komabe, mu mankhwala ndi pharmacology, ululu wa gyurza umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake, ku USSR yakale, malo opangira njoka adapangidwa komwe poyizoni adapezeka ndi njoka. Izi malo opezeka ku Tashkent, Frunze ndi Termez. Ma gyurzes anali kusungidwa ochuluka pamenepo. Njoka izi ndizolimba, zimakhala nthawi yayitali ku ukapolo ndipo zimapatsa poizoni wambiri, zazitali kuposa zotsala zina, makamaka 0,1-0.2 g (mu mawonekedwe owuma) pa kutenga (mkaka). Poizoniyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze antidote seramu komanso popanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana.

Malinga ndi malo ake, poizoni wa gyurza ndiwopadera ndipo umaposa ziphe za njoka zonse za njoka. Zomwe zimapangidwira ndimomwe zimapangidwira zimafanana ndi poizoni wa gulu la njoka. Asayansi ochokera ku matenda a gyurza adapanga mankhwala a lebetox, omwe ndi ofunikira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi hemophilia (nthenda yakubadwa - kubadwa kwa magazi). Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza hemophilia yamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kuphatikiza apo, poizoni wa gyurza amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira matenda osiyanasiyana ovuta, monga zotupa zoyipa kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko ndi khate. Mankhwala othandizira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito gyurza amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana;

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa gyurza poyizoni, akatswiri owonera zinyama amaphunzira malo okhala gyurza, kuzindikira magulu ambiri - njoka. M'malo otere amapangidwa malo opangira njoka, njoka zimatetezedwa, ziweto zawo zimaberekanso malo okhala njoka momwe njoka zimapezekera.