Gulu la asayansi ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania likuyesa kuti mbozi zogwiritsa ntchito ndowe zawo zimalepheretsa chitetezo chomera. A Dawn Luthe ndi ophunzira ake adawona kuti zinyalala za mbozi zamiyala ya masamba a chimanga (Spodoptera frugiperda) imadziunjikira m'machisa pakati pamasamba ndi phesi ya chimanga. M'malo ochepa, otumphuka amasanduka madzi ndipo amatha kulowa chomera kudzera mukuwonongeka komwe kumasiya mbozizo pakudya.

Ofufuzawo adapanga zinyalala za mbozi ndikugwiritsa ntchito masamba omwe adawonongeka. Pambuyo pake, adapeza kuti tsiku lotsatira, majini omwe ali ndi vuto lopanga zinthu zomwe zimateteza chimanga ku tizilombo ta herbivorous zimazimiririka timiziti ta masamba. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ntchito ya majini yomwe imawongolera kupanga kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira kulimbana ndi mabakiteriya ndi bowa wa pathogenic imayambitsa. Izi ndichifukwa choti salicylic acid, yomwe imayang'anira chitetezo ku bowa ndi mabakiteriya, imalepheretsa kupanga kwa jasmonic acid, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri choteteza kuzirombo.

Mwachizolowezi, jasmonic acid amayamba kudziunjikira mumasamba atangowonongeka kwa mbozi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tsamba limve kukoma. Jasmonic acid imathandizanso kuchiritsa kuwonongeka.

Ofufuzawo adayerekeza kuchuluka kwa salicylic acid ndi jasmonic acid mumasamba omwe amathandizidwa ndi kuchotsedwako ndikupeza kuti nthawi yayitali imakhala imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchuluka kwa salicylic acid, ndikutsitsa jasmonic acid. Amayerekezanso kukula kwa mbozi zomwe zimadya masamba omwe amachizidwa ndi Tingafune nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Ndiponso, pamasamba omwe anali owonekera kuti atulutsidwe kwa nthawi yayitali, mbozizo zimakula mwachangu.

Gawo lenileni la chimbudzi, lomwe limasinthira njira zoteteza chomera, silikudziwika. Malinga ndi Don Lute, uwu ukhoza kukhala mtundu wina wa mapuloteni kapena gulu la mapuloteni. Mwina mtsogolomo, pamene chinthuchi chitha kutsimikizika, chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fungus. Kuwona kwawonetsa kuti chimanga, mothandizidwa ndi kuchotsedwako, chimatha kulimbana bwino ndi kuwona kwamaso a tsamba - matenda omwe amayambitsa bowa Cochliobolus heterostrophus.

Kupita patsogolo kwa kampeni

Khrushchev, monga mukudziwa, anali wokonda chidwi ndi chimanga ngakhale asanakhale pampando wa Secretary Secretary woyamba wa Central Committee ya CPSU. Ndizovuta kunena motsimikiza pomwe chikondi chomwechi chidakula kukhala njira yayikulu yosinthira. Mulimonsemo, ntchito ya chimanga idayamba kupanga zenizeni pokhapokha Nikita Sergeevich atakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko.

Chaka cha 1955 mwamwambo amati ndiye chiyambi cha kampeniyi. Inali nthawi yomwe mu Januzurandi komiti yayikulu ya CPSU, Khrushchev adapereka lipoti pomwe adalemba phindu la chimanga pa mbewu zina. Pamaziko a lipotili, bomalo lidavomereza chigamulo - pofika 1960, kuti chiwonjezere dera la mbewu ya chimanga kukhala mahekitala 28 miliyoni (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ziwonjezeke nthawi 8) ndikufalitsa chikhalidwechi m'malo onse adzikoli.

Chigamulo cha pempholi chinachitidwa mokwanira. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zofuna za osankhika apamwamba, kupanga zinthu zambiri sizinathandize. Kukula kwathunthu kwaulimi, m'malo mwake, kunayamba kuchepa. Mu 1962-1963, dzikolo nthawi zambiri lidakhudzidwa ndi mavuto azakudya. Kuti zithetse izi, boma kwa nthawi yoyamba nkhondo ikatha, adakakamizidwa kugula tirigu kumayiko ena. Kuyambira pano mpaka pakugwa kwake, USSR nthawi zambiri idagula tirigu kwa ogula.

Kodi thonje lambiri ndi chiyani

Cotton scoop (lat.Helicoverpa armigera) - gulugufe wa banja la scoop.

Kuchoka kwa achikulire osiyidwa kumayamba pa + 18 ... +20 ºС. Nthawi za chilimwe za agulugufe a mibadwo yotsatira zimagundana, kotero kuti thonje lambiri limapezeka mpaka Okutobala-Novembala.

Yogwira ntchito ndi madzulo ndipo usiku, imadyera timadzi tokoma.

Makalabu amtundu wa mapiko, omwe amadya mbewu, amabweretsa mavuto. Thonje, chimanga, phwetekere, soya, nandolo ndi ena amaukiridwa. Madera akumwera kwa Russia, thonje lachigamba lakhala chiweto chachiwiri chofunikira kwambiri.

Gawoli limaphatikizapo kum'mwera kwa Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia, madera otentha komanso ozungulira padziko lapansi.

Momwe limawonekera komanso limakula

Makulidwe a anthu akuluakulu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana (akulu) amakhala 10 mpaka 20 mm. Wingspan 30-40 mm. Mapiko akutsogolo ali amaso amaso achikasu ndi ofiira, ofiira, amtendere, okhala ndi timaso tating'ono tofiirira. Mapiko a kumbuyo ndi opepuka, ali ndi lingwe la bulauni pamphepete wakunja ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono pakati. Mwa akazi, khungu la mapiko limakhala lakuda kuposa amuna.

Wachikulire amakhala masiku 20 mpaka 40. Munthawi imeneyi, zazikazi zimakhala ndi nthawi yoika mazira 500 mpaka 1000.

Mazira ofikira kutalika kwa 0.5-0.6 mm amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Mtundu umasintha kuchokera kukhala oyera kukhala wobiriwira pomwe iwo akukula. Amasungidwa kamodzi, osasamba 2-3 pamasamba, osasiyidwa pamtundu, ulusi wa cob, panicles.

Kutalika kwa mluza ndiku kuyambira masiku awiri mpaka anayi m'chilimwe, masika ndi nthawi yophukira, mpaka masiku 12.

Malamba (mbozi) amapaka utoto wonyezimira, wachikaso kapena wofiirira komanso wokutidwa ndi timinyewa ting'onoting'ono. Pamodzi ndi thupi pali mizere itatu yakuda. Mbali pambali ya spiracle ndi mzere wachikaso.

Mphutsi zimakula masiku 13 mpaka 22 ndipo zimadutsa magawo 6 a kukula. Pomaliza pa izo, mbozi zimafika kutalika kwa 35-40 mm.

Mphutsi zamphaka m'nthaka pakuya kwa 4-10 masentimita kapena m'makutu a chimanga. Pupa la utoto wofiirira 15 mpaka 15 mm, kumapeto kwake kuli njira ziwiri zofanana. Amakula mkati mwa masiku 10-15.

Chochititsa chidwi. Imago amatuluka pupae ndipo mkombowo umabwereza. Munthawi ya nyengo ya Krasnodar Territory, tizilombo timakhala m'mibadwo itatu, awiri mwa Stavropol Territory.

Zizindikiro za zotupa

Zomera zomwe thonje loumbikalo lidakhazikika likuwonekera bwino motsutsana ndi maziko a athanzi:

• Mabowo ozungulira amawonekera pamasamba akumtunda, chifukwa mbozi zimadya zonenepa kwambiri mpaka panicles atawonekera,
• ulusi wa pistil ukuphatikizika kapena kuwonongedwa kwathunthu,
• mphutsi kulowa mkati mwa cobs ndi mbewu za tirigu,
• Kuchotsa kwa tizilombo kumaonekera pa cob.

Zowopsa

Zowonongeka mwachindunji zimayamba chifukwa cha mphutsi (mbozi) za thonje, zimadya zothira chimanga.

Kuwonongeka kwa mafayilo ochulukirapo kumayambitsa kufooka koperewera ndikupanga makutu a tirigu wopanda mphamvu.

Kuphatikizika kwa ma cobs ndi zinthu zotayidwa ndi tizilombo, kuwonongeka kwa tiziwalo timene timayambitsa matenda a chimanga ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus: fusarium ndi chikhodzodzo cha smad.

Kulowa kwa mbewu ndi thonje kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Pankhani yogawa tizilombo, kufa kwa chomera ndikotheka.

Njira zolimbana

Lingaliro pazakufunika kosinthidwa limapangidwa potengera zovuta zachuma (EPV) zamavalo. Kuti akhazikitse, misampha ya pheromone imagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'minda yoposa mahekitala asanu, misampha itatu yakhazikitsidwa; mahekitala 10, yowonjezera pa mahekala asanu aliwonse.

Kugwidwa kwa agulugu 20 m'masiku atatu kukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mphutsi za EPV-5 pa mbewu 100 zilizonse. Kugwira anthu opitilira 25 kumayimira zochulukitsitsa zomwe zikuvomerezeka ndikufunika kuthana ndi tizilombo.

kagwiritsidwe. Chuma chazovuta ndizachuma chochepa kwambiri chomwe mitengo yolimbirana imalipira ndi ndalama zomwe zatsala.

Pofuna kuthana ndi utoto wa thonje pa chimanga, mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito, njira zachilengedwe, maphikidwe a wowerengeka ndi njira zamalimi.

Mankhwala

Chithandizo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo tikulimbikitsidwa munthawi yoponyera panicles.

Mchigawo chachikulu cha agulugufe, minda imathandizidwa ndi chitin synthesis inhibitors - mankhwala ozikidwa pa lufenuron. Mankhwala akuti "Mechi" ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a mkalasi lino.

Pakuwongolera mbozi, kukonzekera kwa interic kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndalamazi ndi monga:

1. «Fascord"Α-cypermethrin emulsion. Yankho la 0.05% lakonzedwa kuchokera kuzama. Mtengo wamadzi othamanga ndi 200-400 l / ha. M'nthawi ya kukula, palibe mankhwala opitilira awiri omwe amachitika. Nthawi yodikirira ikukwana osachepera masiku 28.
2. "Decis Profi"-Makonzedwe othandiza kupezeka pa Deltamethrin. Kumwaza kumachitika nthawi yakula ndikumayenda kwa 200-400 l / ha (0.05-0.07 kg kouma). Imfa yamatenda imachitika pakatha ola limodzi mankhwala Ikani mankhwalawa masiku 49 musanakolole ndipo osaposa kawiri pa nyengo.
3. "Karate Zeon"Kukonzekera kochokera ku λ-cygalotrin, kumapezeka mwa kuyimitsidwa kwa michere. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ndi 0,2-0.3 l / ha. Kutalika kwa yankho la ntchito ndi 200-400 l / ha kupopera mbewu nthaka, 25-30 l / ha kwa ndege.
4. «Arrivo"-Emulsion yokhala ndi cypermethrin ngati chinthu chogwira ntchito. Mtengo wamadzi othamanga ndi 200-400 l / ha kapena 0,32 l / ha wa zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito. Makonzedwe akuchitika pasanathe masiku 20 kututa.

Chithandizo cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndizothandiza kwambiri poyambanso kukula kwa mbozi, mpaka zimafika kutalika kwa 1.5 cm. Pakadali pano, tizirombo timakhala osakhazikika pazovuta za poizoni ndipo analibe nthawi yolowa m'matumba.

M'chilimwe, mibadwo yambiri ya thonje imakulirakulira, kuti mu anthu mungathe kupeza tizilombo pokhazikika. Mwamwayi, mankhwala ambiri amakhala ndi zochitika zambiri ndipo amagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi tizirombo tonse tambiri pamoyo wathu, kuyambira mphutsi mpaka imago.

Zofunika! Mukapopera ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, misewu ya mbewu imagwidwa pa 20-30 m.

Pomaliza

Khrushchev adawona phindu lalikulu la chimanga chifukwa chitha kuthana ndi mavuto awiri nthawi imodzi: kubwezeretsanso nkhokwe zamphepete komanso kupatsa ziweto chakudya chambiri. Koma, monga anena, mudzathamangitsa maora awiri - simudzapeza imodzi. Zotsatira zosasinthika za mfundo yodzifunira yodzifunira komanso yolakwika sikunangochotsa kwa Nikita Sergeyevich pamphamvu mu 1964, komanso kuwononga kwambiri ulimi wa dzikolo, womwe sukadatha kupulumuka mpaka masiku ake atatha.

Ngati mumakonda nkhaniyi, ikani zithuzi.

Musaiwale kugawana zinthu ndi anzanu ndikusiya ndemanga zanu.

Pofuna kuti musasemphane ndi kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano, lembetsani ku njira.

Trichograph

Maonekedwe a agulugufe oyamba mumisampha akuwonetsa kuyambika kwa kuyikira mazira, komwe kumatenga masiku 22 mkati mwa m'badwo umodzi. Nthawi imeneyi, nthochi (kachilombo komwe kamachokera ku njenjete) imayamba kukhazikika pazimera za chimanga. Mphutsi za Trichograph zimatulutsa mazira a thonje.

Thunthu logawika la kachilombo wamkulu limamasulidwa katatu konse: kumayambiriro kwa kuyikira mazira ndi scoop, ndiye pambuyo pa masiku 5-6. Nthawi iliyonse, tizilombo 60-80,000 pa hekitala iliyonse amakhala. Trichograph imapangidwa m'mawa kapena nthawi yamadzulo osachepera mphindi 50 pa hekita iliyonse kuti agawire yunifolomu. Onetsetsani kuti mwakhutitsa m'mbali mwa minda.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma trichograph pa mbewu ya chimanga ndi 20% kumachepetsa kuchepa kwa mbewu ku tizirombo.

Galrobracon

Gabrobracon imagwira mtima polimbana ndi mbozi. Akazi am'mimba otentha amadzaza mazira 50 m'matumbo a mphutsi. Zonsezi zomwe zimakhala zoyera komanso mbozi zomwe zalowa pachimake zimayambukiridwa. Wovutitsidwayo amakhalabe ndi moyo, koma amataya kuyenda komanso kusatha kudya.

Mlingo wa kumasulidwa ndi anthu 600-2000 pa hekitala kawiri pachilimwe.

kagwiritsidwe. Zotsatira zazikulu kwambiri zimapangidwa ndi michere yowonjezera (motsutsana ndi mazira) ndi gabrobracon (motsutsana ndi mbozi).

"Bitoxibacillin"

"Bitokisibacillin" ili ndi mabakiteriya a Baccilius thuringiensis, komanso ma metabolites: beta-exotoxin ndi delta-endotoxin. Pambuyo pokonza, mankhwala omwe ali ndi masamba amalowa m'matumbo a tizirombo. Mbozi imalephera kudyetsa ndikufa mkati mwa masiku 3-5. Kumwaza kumera kumachitika motsutsana ndi m'badwo uliwonse wa thonje lodzikongoletsa pakadutsa masiku 7-8.

Kuchulukitsa kwa madzi ndi 2-4 kg pa hekitala iliyonse, madzi othamanga ndi 200-400 l / ha. Njira yothetsera vutoli imakonzedwa m'njira yoti itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito maola atatu. Makonzedwe akuyenera kuchitika pa kutentha osachepera +8 ºº nyengo yofunda.

MaInomophages ndi bioinsecticides angagulidwe kumaofesi a malo ochitiramo zinthu zachipembedzo ku Russia Agric Center.

Maphikidwe a anthu

Njira zachikhalidwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba. Zithandizo zoterezi zimagwira ndi matenda ang'onoang'ono.

Maphikidwe otchuka kwambiri ndi awa:

1. Decoction wa chowawa. Thirani 1 makilogalamu a udzu ndi malita atatu a madzi ndi kuwira kwa mphindi 15. Pukutani mbewuzo kawiri ndi masiku 7.
2. Msuzi wa phwetekere. 3-4 makilogalamu a nsuzi za phwetekere amatsanulira 10 malita a madzi ndikuwiritsa kwa mphindi 30, kenako kusefa. Kuti mukonze madzi ogwirira ntchito, tengani gawo limodzi la msuzi m'magawo atatu a madzi. Zomera zimapopera madzi malita 5 pa 10 m2.
3. Msuzi wa tsabola wotentha. Tengani 0,5 makilogalamu owuma kapena 1 makilogalamu a tsabola wofiyira watsopano wowonjezera, onjezani 10 L ya madzi, wiritsani kwa ola limodzi, tsimikizani tsiku. Pakupopera, msuzi umaphatikizidwa ndi madzi muyezo wa 1: 8.
4. Kulowetsedwa kwa adyo. Pogaya 2 cloves ndi kunena mu madzi okwanira 1 litre kwa masiku 3-4. Kuti mupange chimanga, kulowetsaku kumawumitsidwa ndi madzi 1: 5.
5. Mafuta osakaniza a sopo. 400 g wa sopo yochapidwa ndi grated imaphwanyidwa ndikusungunuka 1 lita imodzi ya madzi otentha. 9 l lamadzi ndi 800 ml ya palafini amawonjezeredwa ku yankho. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo.

Njira za Agrotechnical

Kuphatikizika kwaulimi pothana ndi thonje kumaphatikizapo:

1. Kuchepetsa kwa malo osungira tizilombo. Popeza gulugufe amatha kubereka ndi kudya pa maudzu m'dzinja (swan, chingwe cha galimoto, ragweed), kukulitsa mapu akumunda, kulima ndikukhazikitsa madera opanda kanthu ndikofunikira.
2. Kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo tambiri nthawi yozizira - kuchotsa mphukira, kuwonongedwa kwa zinyalala zam'mera, kukumba kwa magalimoto, kulima mwakuya ndi kutulutsa kwamapangidwe akuya masentimita 30, ndipo m'minda itadzaza ndi zipatso zosatha - ndi 35 cm.
3. Kupanga kutalikirana kwa mizere, komwe ndikofunikira makamaka pakadula tizilombo.
4. Kuwonongeka kwa namsongole.

Njira zopewera

Kuti tisunge mbewuyi, ma hybrids ndi mitundu yosagonjetseka ndi tizilombo tomwe timabzala

Ndikofunika kuyang'anira:

• wosavuta wosakanizidwa Yarovets 243 MV (njira yosanja),
• mzere atatu wosakanizidwa wa Yubileiny 390 MV (njira ya njere),
• mbewu hybrid Ladoga 250 MV.

Kubzala nthawi yabwino kwambiri kumapewetsa kuchepa kwa chimanga. Zomera zidzakhala ndi nthawi yopeza mphamvu komanso pachimake chisanachitike chilimwe chachikulu komanso kufalikira kwa thonje.

Malangizo a alimi ndiwotchire odziwa zambiri

Malangizo ochepa ochokera kwa olima odziwa ntchito:

1. Konzani mitsuko yaying'ono yapulasitiki pamalopo ngati misampha, nyambo. Dzazani ndi zakumwa zopatsa mphamvu (kvass, compote, molasses). Nthawi ndi nthawi yeretsani misampha kuchokera ku tizilombo ndikusintha nyambo.
2. Bzalani mozungulira mizere yazomera zonunkhira zomwe zimabweza tizilombo: basil, cilantro, marigold.
3. Pofuna kukopa mbalame zomwe zimadya tizirombo, khazikitsani pamalo odyetserako.

Ndemanga

Alimi ambiri ndi olima dimba akufuna kusiya kukonzanso mbewu ndi mankhwala, koma amakayikira kuyendera kwachilengedwe. Ndemanga zingapo pa biologics zithandiza kupanga chisankho.

Peter, Rostov-on-Don:“Chaka chilichonse ndimabzala chimanga. Chaka chino, pothandizidwa ndi anansi, ndinayesa kukonza masanja ku scoop "Bitoxibacillin". Kwa theka la ndowa ndimatulira supuni imodzi ya chinthu. Zinatenga malita awiri a yankho pamamita lalikulu zana limodzi. Sizinagwire ntchito pa agulugufe, koma mbozizo zidasowa patatha masiku atatu. Mwa zoperewera ndiye fungo losasangalatsa. "

Vyachedlav, Krasnodar Territory:"Trichographma kwenikweni imagwirizana ndi scoop, koma vuto limodzi silokwanira. Kenako timangobwereza zomwe zinachitika. ”