Ma Dinosaurs Ouluka: Longiskwama Ndani Longiskwama? * Zotulutsa

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Pitani ku mutu wagawo: Mitundu ya ma dinosaurs

M'zaka zoyambirira za 70s, paleoentomologist A.G. Sharov (Paleontological Institute of the ANSSSR) omwe adapezeka ku Ferghana Valley (Kyrgyzstan), m'malo a Late Triassic a thirakiti la Madigen, kutsogolo kwa chigoba ndi chigaza cha zimbudzi zazing'ono zakale. Pamwamba pa dongo lolimba lomwe mafupa ake amakhalapo, mabatani amtundu wakunja amasungidwa: miyeso yayitali ndi yokuta ikuwoneka bwino m'dera la mmero ndi pamphepete yakumapeto kwa phewa ndi mkono. Miyezo ya dorsal ya reptile inakhala yodabwitsa kwambiri - awa ndiotalika (mpaka 10-12 cm) ndi mawonekedwe ngati nthenga amakulitsidwa kumapeto.

Pazosindikizidwa zomwe wapeza, Sharov adatcha cholengedwaLongisquama insignis. Malinga ndi iye, longiskwama amakhala pamitengo ndipo amatha kuyenda mumlengalenga, kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera, zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimangokhala mzere umodzi, ngati ziwonetsero zapadera. Amakhulupilira kuti repassic replicicyi ndi ya nthambi ina ya archosaurs (zolengedwa zouluka, kuphatikizapo thecodonts, dinosaurs, ng'ona ndi dinosaurs zouluka), zokhudzana ndi mbalame. Mapeto omaliza adafotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa preorbital foramen in longisquam, kolala ngati chifanizo cha mbalame, kapangidwe kake ka mapangidwe a dorsal, omwe, malinga ndi wasayansi, satsutsana ndi zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera kwa makolo a mbalame.

Pambuyo pake, Longiskwam sanali kukumbukiridwa kawirikawiri. Nkhani y zasayansi yokha yomwe inafalitsidwa mu 1987 ndi Western European paleontologists ndiyo idadziwika. Zinawonetsa mawonekedwe aorodynamic a mapangidwe a dorsal ndi makonzedwe awo a mizere iwiri. Pamaziko awa, zimaganiziridwa kuti longiskwama m'malo mwake idakonzekera mtengo kuchokera pamtengo, monga momwe zimachitidwira, mwachitsanzo, ndi gologolo wamakono wouluka kapena buluzi wamphongo. Kuyambira pamenepo, zithunzi zokongola zakale zinayamba kufalitsidwa m'mabuku ambiri a sayansi.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, chidwi cha longishwam chatsitsimutsidwa chifukwa cha zokambirana zambiri pa zovuta zakomwe mbalame zimachokera. Nthawi yake, kuchuluka kwa ogwirizana ndi zomwe zimachokera ku mbalame kuchokera ku dinosaurs kudakulirakulira, komwe kudakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zopezedwa ku China zamakedzana ogwirira ntchito a Cretaceous nyama zokhala ndi zotsalira za nthenga zachilengedwe ndi mawonekedwe a zotupa za pakhungu zofanana kwambiri ndi chikuto cha nthenga. Ndipo apa adakumbukira zovuta longiscwam.

Mu 1999, ku Yunivesite ya Kansas (USA), olemba nkhaniyi, pamodzi ndi gulu la American paleontologists and zoologists (J.Ruben, L. Martin, A. Feduccia ndi ena), pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono, komanso mwayi wazithunzi zama digito, adayesa kulingalira mwatsatanetsatane morphological mawonekedwe a longiscwam. Zimayembekezeredwa kuti repassic reptile iyi ikhoza kutsimikizira malingaliro a asayansi ambiri ovomerezeka omwe amalola kuchokera kwa mbalame kuchokera ku archosaurs ena osakhala a dinosaur.

Zotsatira za ntchito yolumikizanayi inali kufalitsa nkhani yomwe inali ndi mutu wakuti, "Non-bird Feather of the Late Triassic Archosaurus", yomwe ikutsimikizira kuti mapangidwe apakhungu a longisquama ali ndi wobowera komanso shaft axial shaft, mbali yake yoyambira ndi yopapatiza. Zizindikiro zonsezi zimafanana ndi mawonekedwe am'maso ndi nthenga, zomwe, mosiyana ndi masikelo, zimapangidwa kuchokera kumalo omizidwa pakhungu - follicular papilla. Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti zomanga zokhala ngati nthenga zidawonekera zaka 75-80 miliyoni zapitazo kuposa Archeopteryx, mbalame yakale kwambiri yomwe idakhala zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo, kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic. M'mawu apakamwa a olemba ena aku America pankhaniyi, zidanenedwa kuti longiscwama sili la dinosaurs ndikuti mbalamezo sizingafanane ndi izi.

Nkhaniyi idadzetsa chidwi kwa anthu komanso kutulutsa ndemanga m'magawo akulu akunja. Maganizo a akatswiri anali ambiri. Ena a iwo anali okonzeka kuvomereza ndi zonse zomwe zinanenedwa, ndipo ena anali motsutsana nazo. Ena anazindikira kufanana kwa mapangidwe apangidwe a dorsal a Longisquama, koma sanakhutire ndi kutanthauzira kambiri kaumboni (olemba nkhaniyo nawonso anali ndi mikangano pamutuwu), pomwe ena, popanda kufunsa zotsutsa, sanawone chifukwa chosiya lingaliro la ubale pakati pa mbalame ndi ma dinosaurs. Mafotokozedwe ambiri nthawi zambiri adadabwitsanso kuti nkhaniyi sikuyang'ana momwe mafupa adapangidwira komanso siziwunikira mgwirizano wam'banja wa a longiscwam, omwe akatswiri ambiri sakudziwika bwinobwino. Tsoka ilo, zovuta za momwe olemba achi Russia adalembedwera, zomwe zimathandizira kutsutsana pazomwe zikugwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a mapangidwe apangidwe a dorsal, zatsalira kupitirira malire amtsutsano mu nyuzipepala yakunja. Panalibe chifukwa chokayikira kuti Sharov adatsimikiza za chiyanjano chamadongosolo ndi ubale wautali ndi ife, monganso onse omwe tidalemba nawo nkhani, pomwe nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa mu Science.

Gulu

Kukhazikika kwadongosolo sikumveka bwino. M'mabuku osiyanasiyana, olemba amawaona ngati lepidosaurus, prolacertilia, kapena ngati archosauromorph wophatikizidwa m'gululi Avicephala komanso Coelurosauravidae, Drepanosauridae, Protoavis. Olemba ena amawona ngati longiskwama ngati dinosaur yaying'ono.

Katswiri wa paleontologist A. G. Sharov mwiniwakeyo adanena kuti longiscwam ndi nthambi ya archosaurs yokhudzana ndi mbalame. Anazindikira izi ataphunzira za mawonekedwe a zinthu zakale - kukhalapo kwa kotseguka kwa preorbital preorbital, kolala, ngati cholembera cha mbalame, komanso kapangidwe ka mapangidwe a dorsal.

Kufotokozera

Zovala zazing'onoting'ono ndi zazitali, kutalika kwa 10cm, kutalika kumapeto, ndikumakupiza ndi shaft yolimba, gawo loyambira lomwe limapendekeredwa ndikuzungulira. Malo ndi cholinga cha ma scaly dorsal appendages zimakhalabe zotsutsana. Panthawi yokonzanso, masikelo nthawi zambiri amakhala kumbuyo. Komabe, sizikudziwika kuti ndi malo otani - molunjika kapena molunjika, mu mzere umodzi kapena iwiri iwo amapezeka munyama. Sizikudziwika ngati anali mafoni. Chiphunzitso chofala kwambiri, choyambirira chofotokozedwa ndi discoverer Sharov, chimati zowonjezera zam'mimba zimapanga mtundu wa "parachute", ndikupereka ndege yokonzekera. Amakhulupiriranso kuti miyeso imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutentha kapena chikhalidwe cha nyama. Makamaka ofufuza okayikira amakhulupirira kuti zolemba zomwe zapezeka siziri konse, koma zidutswa za mbewu.

Longiskwama mwina amakhala pamitengo, kudya zakudya.

Longiskwama - Biology

M'zaka zoyambirira za 70s, katswiri wa paleoentomologist A.G. Sharov (Paleontological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR) wapezedwa mu Ferghana Valley (Kyrgyzstan), m'malo obisika a Late Triassic a mathirakiti a Madigen, kutsogolo kwa mafupa okhala ndi chigaza cha nkhokwe yazinthu zakale. Pamwamba pa dongo lolimba lomwe mafupa ake amakhalapo, mabatani amtundu wakunja amasungidwa: miyeso yayitali ndi yokuta ikuwoneka bwino m'dera la mmero ndi pamphepete yakumapeto kwa phewa ndi mkono. Miyezo ya dorsal ya reptile inadzakhala yodabwitsa kwambiri - ndiyotalika (mpaka 10-12 cm) ndi mawonekedwe ngati nthenga adakulitsidwa kumapeto.

Chithunzi chojambula cha Longiskwama chomwe chikufotokozedwa koyambirira kwa A.G. Sharov.

Pazosindikizidwa zomwe wapeza, Sharov adatcha cholengedwa Longisquama insignis (kutalika kwachilendo). Malinga ndi iye, longiskwama amakhala pamitengo ndipo amatha kuyenda mumlengalenga, kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera, zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimangokhala mzere umodzi, ngati ziwonetsero zapadera. Amakhulupilira kuti repassic replicicyi ndi ya nthambi ina ya archosaurs (zolengedwa zouluka, kuphatikizapo thecodonts, dinosaurs, ng'ona ndi dinosaurs zouluka), zokhudzana ndi mbalame. Mapeto omaliza adafotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa preorbital foramen in longisquam, clavicles ofanana ndi foloko mbalame, kapangidwe kake ka mapangidwe a dorsal, omwe, malinga ndi wasayansi, satsutsana ndi zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera kwa makolo a mbalame.

Pambuyo pake, Longiskwam sanali kukumbukiridwa kawirikawiri. Nkhani yokha yasayansi yofalitsidwa mu 1987 ndi West European paleontologists ndiyo idadziwika. Zinawonetsa mawonekedwe aorodynamic a mapangidwe a dorsal ndi makonzedwe awo a mizere iwiri. Pamaziko awa, zimaganiziridwa kuti longiskwama m'malo mwake idakonzekera mtengo kuchokera pamtengo, monga momwe zimachitidwira, mwachitsanzo, ndi gologolo wamakono wouluka kapena buluzi wamphongo. Kuyambira pamenepo, zithunzi zokongola zamitengo yayitali zinayamba kufalitsidwa m'mabuku ambiri a sayansi.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, chidwi cha a longskwama chatsitsimutsidwa chifukwa cha zokambirana zambiri pavuto la mbalame. Munthawi yonseyi, kuchuluka kwa ogwirizana ndi zomwe zimachokera ku mbalame kuchokera ku dinosaurs kudakulirakulira, komwe kunakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zopezeka ku China zamakedzana ogwirira ntchito a Cretaceous okhala ndi zotsalira za nthenga zachilengedwe kapena mawonekedwe a khungu ofanana kwambiri ndi zokutira nthenga. Ndipo apa adakumbukira zovuta za longiscuwa.

Zotsatira za ntchito yolumikizirayi inali kufalitsa nkhani yomwe inali ndi mutu wakuti, "Non-bird Feather of the Late Triassic Archosaurus", momwe zimatsimikiziridwa kuti zida zapazitali za longisquama zimakhala ndi chomangira komanso chombo cholowera chamakondo, chomwe mbali yake ndi yopapatiza. Zizindikiro zonsezi zimafanana ndi mawonekedwe am'maso ndi nthenga, zomwe, mosiyana ndi masikelo, zimapangidwa kuchokera kumalo omizidwa pakhungu - follicular papilla. Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti zomanga zokhala ngati nthenga zimawonekera zaka 75-80 miliyoni zapitazo kuposa za Archeopteryx, mbalame yakale kwambiri yomwe idakhala zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic. M'mawu apakamwa a olemba ena aku America zankhaniyi, akuti a longiscwama sakhala a dinosaurs ndikuti mbalamezo sizingafanane ndi izi.

Posachedwa, kupendekera kwapadera kwa khomo lachiberekero komanso lamba la longiskwama kunachitika ku Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science. Kuphatikiza apo, zina mwatsatanetsatane zakapangidwe ka chigaza cha nyama yamoyo zakale zimayang'aniridwa mosamala pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu ojambula kwambiri - tinayesetsa kudziwa kulumikizana pakati pa mafupa angapo a chigaza chophwanyika chomwe chimasungidwa ndi ming'alu yambiri. Zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti chithunzi cha kapangidwe ka mafupa amtundu wa longiscwama, chomwe chikuwonetsedwa ndikufotokozera koyambirira, chitha kuphatikizidwa kwambiri (akuyenera kupereka chidziwitso chatsopano mwatsatanetsatane pambuyo pake). Pakadali pano, ndizovomerezeka kuganiza kuti Triassic longiskwama ndi woimira ma dinosaurs. Mawu ofananawo adanenedwa munyuzipepala ya American Amateur paleontologist J. Olshevsky.

Kukonzanso mawonekedwe a longiscwama ndi omwe adalemba positiyi.

1. Sharov A.G. // Paleontol. magazini 1970.? 1. S.127-130.

2. Hatbold H., Buffetaut E. // C. R. Acad. Sayansi. Paris 1987. V. 305. P.65-70.

3. Jones. T. et al. // Sayansi. 2000. V.288. ? 5474. P.2202-2205.

4. Olshevsky J. // Mndandanda Wolemba Wodziwika wa Mitundu ya Dinosaur ndi Continent. San Diego, 2000.

M'zaka zoyambirira za 70s, katswiri wa paleoentomologist A.G. Sharov (Paleontological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR) adapezeka m'dera la Ferghana Valley (Kyrgyzstan), m'malo oyesedwa ndi chigawo cha Late Triassic cha Madigen, kutsogolo kwa chigoba chokhala ndi chigaza cha malo ochepa.

Nkhani yopezeka

Chakumapeto kwa 1960s, kuthamangitsidwa kwa Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences kunachitika kufukula kwamtundu wa mapiri mu Turkestan Range kwa zaka zingapo. Amodzi mwa malo omwe amapitikirawa anali a Madigen (Madigen Suite) m'chigwa cha Ferghana m'dera lamakono la Kyrgyzstan, lomwe likuyimiriridwa ndi mafomu othandizira. Apa, pamalo okwera pafupifupi mikono chikwi pamwamba pa nyanja, pali Jyailoucho Basin, yozunguliridwa ndi malo otsetsereka a mapiri. Mbali yakumpoto ya beseni imakhala ndi matanthwe oyala ndi miyala yamchenga, yomwe makulidwe ake amafikira 500 m. Ndi miyala yamiyala ya mtsinje wakale womwe unkayenda zaka pafupifupi mamiliyoni 230 zapitazo, munthawi ya Triassic. Mu dongo lowala, ulendowu unapeza zonyala zakale zam'mera (makamaka ma macrophytes - mwala wamitundu yayikulu), tizilombo, crustaceans, mollusks ndi nsomba za bony (kuphatikizapo zopumira kupuma kawiri kawiri), zimbudzi zam'madzi zazing'ono (mwachitsanzo, Globalboviruses) sizinali zachilendo kwenikweni.

Mu 1969, pomwe adatulutsa tizirombo tosungidwa m'zakudya zakale izi, wasayansi wina wa ku Soviet Union dzina lake Alexander Sharov (1922-1973) mwangozi anapeza mafupa osakwanira a nyama zapakhomo, momwe amayikiramo chivundikiro cha thupi ndi miyendo yake. Ngakhale mafupa a chigaza adaphwanyidwa ndikuphwanyidwa, ndizotheka kusiyanitsa tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe ka chigaza pazinthu zakale.

Dzinali limachokera ku mawu achi Latin akuti lat. lalitali (lalitali) ndi lat. squama (masikelo), ndipo mitundu ya epithet insignis imatanthawuza "zodabwitsa." Wotulutsa nyamazo, Alexander Sharov, adamasulira dzina la nyamayo ngati lalitali lalitali .

Fossil

Mtundu wa Holot: PIN 2584/4. Ndi mafupa osakwanira komanso mawonekedwe a chisonyezo. Kyrgyz SSR, Osh oblast, dera la Leilek (pofotokozera zamtunduwu, derali amatchedwa Lyailaksky. Pakadali pano chigawochi ndi gawo la dera la Batken, lopatukana ndi Osh mu 1999), trakitala ya Madigen, dera la Jyaylucho. Poyamba, zopezazo zidatchedwa Lower Triassic, Madygen Fform, chapamwamba. Pakadali pano, zinthu zakale zakale kuchokera ku gawo la Ladin la gawo lapakati la nthawi ya Triassic. Fossil ndi kutsogolo kwa chigoba chokhala ndi chigaza komanso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyananso okhala ndi ma scalo.

Kuphatikiza pa holotype, pamalo omwewo, ulendowu womwewo adapeza mawonekedwe osiyana a gulu limodzi ndi magulu a spinal - paratypes PIN 2584/5 - 2584/7, 2584/9. Sampheni ya 2584/9 imaphatikizapo zala za zowonjezera zisanu ndi chimodzi zophatikizana, Chipini 2584/6 - zolemba zazala ziwiri zophatikizika, PIN 2585/5 ndi 2585/7 - chala chimodzi chofanana. Tsopano zakalezi zili m'gulu la Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences ku Moscow ndipo akuwonetsedwa mu Museum ya Paleontological. Yu. A. Orlova.

Pakufukula kwa Freiberg Mining Academy kutuluka kwa thirakiti la Madigen mu 2007, zolemba zinanso zitatu zamapulo zinapezeka - zitsanzo FG 596 / V / 1, FG 596 / V / 2, FG 596 / V / 3. Chitsanzo FG 596 / V / 1 ndi gawo lokhalo lazomwe zimasungidwa bwino nthawi zonse - kutalika kwake ndi 28.9 cm, omwe amaposa kukula kwa zidutswa zina zodziwika.

Kutanthauzira kwa zinthu zotsutsana

Kusungidwa kwapafupipafupi kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane wa mafupawo, zomwe zimabweretsa kusiyana pakumasulira kwa chizindikiro zingapo ndi ofufuza osiyanasiyana. Pofotokozera koyambirira kwamtunduwu, Sharov adawona kupezeka kwa mbali yayikulu ya archosaurs pa chigaza cha longysquam (chomwe chimawonedwanso m'madinosa ndi ng'ona) - pawindo la preorbital (antorbital fenestrae), kutsegula kwina kwa chigaza chomwe chili pakati pa bwalo ndi kutseguka kwa mphuno. Windo ili, lili ndi mabowo atatu otsika. Komabe, kutsimikizira kupezeka kwake mu longiscwama kumalepheretseka ndikuwonongeka komweko kwa zotsalazo. Center (2003) adatsimikiza kuti mawonekedwe omwe adapangidwa ndi Sharov a zenera la preorbital adapangidwa ndi zigawo za chigaza. Izi zidathandizidwanso ndi Prum. Peters (2000) ndi a Larry Martin (2004) samagwirizana ndi malingaliro amenewa ndipo amakhulupirira kuti, kuphatikiza ndi preorbital, palinso mawindo apamwamba komanso ovomerezeka mu chigaza cha longisquam. Momwemonso, zenera loyambirira la mandibular lidawonekera pofotokozera koyambirira, komabe olemba onse, kuphatikiza a Petros, Martin ndi Senter, amavomereza kuti tsatanetsataneyu sakukhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a anatomical, koma kuvulala kwa holotype. Mtundu wa dongosolo la mano lidafotokozedwa ndi Sharov ngati acrodontal - yodziwika ndi kusuntha kwamphamvu kwa mano molunjika m'mphepete mwa nsagwada. Larry Martin amaliona ngati mtundu wa tecodont, womwe umakhudza kupangidwa kwa mizu ya mano, mozungulira momwe zida zothandizira zimapangidwira, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro la periodontium. Munkhani ina yotsatira mu 2008, a Martin akutsutsana kuti nsagwada yapansi ya nsagwada idagawanika pakati pa matayala am'madzi, ndipo Sharov adatanthauzira mano onse ndi mabatani akukulidwa ngati mano akorona. Mulimonsemo, mizu imakhala yochepa kwambiri kuti mano azikhala amtundu wa tecodont, ngakhale atha kukhala amtundu wa sub-tecodont, pomwe mano ali osaya alveoli ndipo amapezeka poyambira limodzi. Mbali yakumanzere ya chigaza, ikukula kwambiri kumbuyo kwa orbit, adalongosola ndi Sharov kuti ali ndi ma tubercles awiri ndipo adawamasulira kuti Peter ndi Center. A Larry Martin amakhulupirira kuti ili ndi gawo limodzi chabe la denga la chigaza, lomwe lasiyidwa. Ma koloni adafotokozedwa ndi Sharov ngati osankhidwa, ngakhale msoko pakati pawo udawonetsedwa. Center ndi Martin amavomereza kuti amasakanikirana ndikupanga mafupa a thymus. Peters amakhulupirira kuti amangolana wina ndi mzake pa zinthu zakale, ndipo Anvin ndi Benton amakhulupirira kuti samakula limodzi.

Zowonjezera zam'maso ndi kutanthauzira kwawo

Kumbuyo kwa nyamayo kuli zotalikirapo kwambiri zopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe achilendo (omwe olemba ena adawalemba ngati mawonekedwe a ndodo ya hockey). Sharov mwiniwake adawafotokozera ngati masikelo osintha. Mtundu wa holot uli ndi ziwalo zisanu ndi ziwiri zam'maso, zomwe zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ovuta. Kutalika kwake kumachokera ku masentimita 10-12 mu holotype, yomwe imakhala yotalika kawiri mpaka katatu kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi kuphatikiza, mpaka 28.9 masentimita mu paratype FG 596 / V / 1. Iliyonse yaiwo imapangidwa ndi "miyeso" yayitali kwambiri yolumikizidwa pambali yakutsogolo, ndipo kumapeto kumakhalanso m'mphepete kumbuyo ndi pakati. Malekezero a zowonjezera zake amazipaka ndi kuwerama pang'ono.

"Mulingo" uliwonse wamtunduwu kuyambira pomwe unayambira mpaka kukayamba kwa distal umagawika mbali zitatu, kumbuyo kwake komwe kumachepa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono. Mzere wapakati, pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, uli ndi matuza ngati mawonekedwe a mikanda, kunja kofanana ndi kutumphuka kwa wokondedwa pakati pa nthenga za mbalame. Kutupa kumeneku kumapezeka mpaka pamalo omwe mzere wakumbuyo unapangidwira, ndipo ndizotsalira za papilla zomwe zidadyetsa miyeso yomwe ikukula.

Zowonjezera za Dorsal zimawonedwa ndi asayansi osiyanasiyana mwina ngati masikelo osinthika, kapena ngati "nthenga zosakhala mbalame" zokhala ndi ndevu zosakanizidwa.

Makamaka okayikira paleontologists anali atangokhulupirira kuti mapangidwe awa sanali gawo la thupi la longiscuma konse, koma ndi zidutswa za mbewu zomwe zidasungidwa pamodzi ndi zoumba ndipo zidasankhidwa molakwika. Mu ntchito yawo, Buchwitz ndi Vogt akuwona kuti zojambula zowoneka ngati zokutira za Longisquama sizomera ayi, popeza zonse, kupatula zomalizirazo patsamba la 2584/4, zili ndi dongosolo lomwe limangobwerezabwereza pafupipafupi ndipo sizisungidwa ngati filimu ya kaboni - mwanjira yanthawi zonse kuteteza mbewu ku Madigen Suite. Chomera chokhacho chochokera ku Madigen chomwe chimafanana ndi zipatso za Longiscwama ndi mitengo yofanana ndi mitengo Mesenteriophyllum kotschnevii (Pleurals) Pamaso pake pali masamba osiyanasiyana. Masamba akulu kwambiri amafikira 14cm kutalika ndi 2.5 cm mulifupi. Mitsempha yapakati imafikira mulifupi wa 3-5 mm. M'mphepete mwa masamba mumakhala masamba opindika, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala akuvinidwa ndi malo omwe amakhala osasunthika. Mitundu ina yodziwika imakhala ndi zigawo zokhazikika, zogawana, mpaka mbali ya mtunda wamtunda wa pafupifupi 1 mm kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake ndipo pafupifupi kufika pamtsempha wapakati. Komabe masamba M. kotschnevii osakhala ndi mawonekedwe achilendo ngati ndodo ya hockey.

Mu 1999, ku Yunivesite ya Kansas (USA), gulu la akatswiri a zamankhwala a ku America ndi akatswiri opanga zinyama (J. Ruben, Larry Martin, Alan Feduccia ndi ena) pamodzi ndi akatswiri a ku Russia paleontologists a E.N. Kurochkin ndi V. Alifanov, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono panthawiyo, ndipo kuthekera kwa kujambula kwa digito, adayesetsa kuyesa kuphunzira maumboni a longiscwam. Olembera kafukufukuyu amayembekeza kuti nyama zodzisankhazi zitha kutsimikizira zonamizira zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mbalame zimachokera ku archosaurs omwe si a dinosaur. Zotsatira za ntchitoyi zinali zofalitsa zomwe olemba adawonetsa kuti ma dorsal appendages a longiscwam ali ndi fan komanso shaft axial shaft, gawo loyambira lomwe limapendekera ndikuzungulira. Chifukwa chake, m'malingaliro awo, zizindikirazi zikuwonetsa kufanana pakati pa mawonekedwe a msana ndi nthenga, kapangidwe kake, mosiyana ndi masikelo, amachokera kumalo omizidwa khungu - follicular papilla.

Katswiri wachitukuko cha nthenga Richard Proom, komanso Reis ndi Zyus, amayesa kuti mapangidwewa ndiopangidwa mosiyana kwambiri ndi nthenga ndipo amawayesa kuti ndi mamba ofanana ndi nthiti.

Zolemba zazitali za Longiskwama zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe angapo osawoneka bwino pamiyala, koma ofanana ndi nthenga za mbalame ndi magawo ake otukuka: Kusiyanitsa kosiyanaku ndi gawo limodzi la kusintha kwa morphological, nyumba zamkati ndi zakunja, kapangidwe kovuta kamkati kokhala ndi zipinda zolimba komanso chimango cholongosoka gawo la distal, mulingo wa kutalika ndi m'lifupi mu proximal gawo mpaka 50% (chitsanzo FG 596 / V / 1). Chifukwa chake, Vogt adatanthauzira magawo a chitukuko cha mawonekedwewo ndi fanizo lamakono lokhudza chiyambi ndi kukula kwa nthenga: kukula kwawo sikunali kofunikira, komwe kumafunikira gawo loyeneratu la kuchuluka kwa maselo. Zowonjezera za longisquam zimachokera ku majeremusi ambiri am'magazi, kusiyanasiyana komwe kunapangitsa kupangidwa kwa mawonekedwe ake ovuta. Kusintha kuchokera ku distal kupita kumalo ovomerezeka kukuwonetsa magawo a chitukuko, chofanana ndi kusintha kuchokera mkati kupita ku nthenga za nthenga. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwakuya komanso mawonekedwe a tubular a proximal part, omwe akufotokozedwanso ndi ofufuza angapo, angawonetse kukula kwa zowonjezera kuchokera pakubisika kwa cylindrical epidermal, ndiko kuti, masamba. Chifukwa chake, zotuluka izi zili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi miyeso yamkati ya iguanas yamakono.

Ofufuza ena akuwona kuti kutuluka kwa Longisquam kuli kofanana kwambiri ndi masamba ofota atatu pa ndodo (chowongolera modutsa) cha kapangidwe Praeornis sharovi, yemwe amakhala kumapeto kwa Middle and Late Jurassic kudera la Kazakhstan yamakono.

Tisaiwale kuti mu morphogenis wa nthenga zomwe zilipo, pali njira zina monga kusunthira kukula kwa khungu mpaka kumapeto kwa khungu, kukhazikitsidwa kwa maselo ambiri obisika, osangokhala ndi kukula kwa maselo (monga momwe ziliri mobwerezabwereza), koma ndi apoptosis - kusintha kosinthidwa kwa khungu kufa kwa m'mphepete mwa mbale.

Cholinga ndi malo autali a scaly dorsal appendages amakhalanso amakangana, popeza sizikudziwika malo omwe - molunjika kapena ofukula, mu mzere umodzi kapena awiri - adapezeka munyama. Sizikudziwika ngati anali mafoni. Chiphunzitso chomwe chofala kwambiri pakadali pano chidafotokozedwa koyamba ndi wofufuza wotchedwa Sharov, ndipo kenako adachitidwa ndi kusinthidwa ndi ofufuza ena. Malinga ndi iye, kutuluka kwa msana kudali ndi chozizwitsa chodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo nyama imagwiritsa ntchito ngati kunguluka. Malinga ndi iye, atakhala pamzere m'mphepete mwa thupi kapena kumbuyo, adagwira ntchito ngati parachute, kulola zilombo kuti ziwuluke. Kuyerekeza uku kwa Sharov kudachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zinthu zofananira mu longiscuwa ndi mbalame: zenera la preorbital ndi mawonekedwe oyala omwe adalongosola anali zizindikiro zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera kwa makolo akale a mbalame.

Mu 1987, Hartmut Hobold ndi Eric Buffetaut (Haubold & Buffetaut) adati njira zosazolowereka zidakhazikitsidwa mbali ziwiri za thupi lalitali, kupanga "mapiko opindika", zinali zosewerera ndipo m'malo osavomerezeka zidaloleza nyamayo kuchita kukonzekera mwanjira zofananira ndi abuluzi amakono amatsenga ophatikizana amitundu (Draco) kapena zolengedwa zakale, Xianglong zhaoi , Mecistotrachelos apeoros ndi coelurosaurus.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2010s, a Jones ndi anzawo adawona kuti kunja kwake kudali kumbuyo, osati mbali za thupi, koma patatha chaka adatanthauzira ngati mizere iwiri yophatikizika, yofanana kwambiri nthenga ndipo ili pamalo ofanana ndi nthenga za dorsal pterillium mu mbalame.

Malinga ndi Anvin ndi Benton, kutuluka kwa maluwa kumayimira mzere umodzi wosatupa kumbuyo kwa chinyama, chomwe chimasiyana kukula mpaka kukulira kutsogolo kwa mchira komanso chapakati pa thupi.

Ofufuza ena amaganiza kuti mwina mapangidwe a dorsal anali aliwonse omwe anali olumikizidwa ndi kuthawa. Izi zikuphatikiza Vogt ndi ogwira nawo ntchito omwe amakana izi pazifukwa zingapo. Chifukwa chake, holotype imakhala ndi zolemba zingapo zokha zodziwika bwino, ndipo chidziwitso chilichonse chokhudza kupendekera kwawo pambuyo poti munthu waphedwa kapena kutayika kwa mzere wawo wachiwiri chikusowa. Kuphatikiza apo, pakukonzekera repitles monga coelurosaurus, spterical dipterix, cuneosaurus, ndi zowuluka zamakono zowuluka, zimagwira ndi mapiko zimakhala pafupi ndi thupi ndipo zimathandizidwa ndi miyendo, nthiti zowona kapena zabodza. Panthawi yayitali, ngati zowonjezera zimakonzedwa m'mizere iwiri, paulendo wouluka, mawonekedwe owongolera amatha kupanga pokhapokha pazochita, pomwe mbali zake zowongoka zimatha kudutsana. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yokweza yomwe idapangidwa kutali ndi pakati pa misa, kupanikizika pamunsi pa njirazi kungakhale kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kungokulitse chiwopsezo cha zowonongeka (makamaka munthawi yakulankhula kwawo ndi thupi, monga momwe aoldold a Hobold ndi Buffeto adamangidwira).

Malinga ndi asayansi ena, miyeso imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutentha kapena chikhalidwe cha nyama. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi Vogt ndi anzawo, a longiskwama, atakhala ndi mzere umodzi wa zophatikizira kumbuyo kwake, amakhoza kuwakweza ndi kuwapinda mu ndege yopulumutsa ngati fan, mwachitsanzo, pofuna kuteteza kapena kukopa zazimayi panthawi yamatenga ndikuwopseza amuna ena (pakadali pano ofanana Chifukwa chake, akukhathamiritsa ndi kupukuta chiwalo chowoneka bwino, amuna abuluzi angapo amafika). Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri, zowonjezerazo zikuwoneka kuti zinali zopindika, ndikuyenda kwawo kukadakhala kokhazikitsidwa ndi dongosolo la minofu yayitali yolumikizidwa ndi masamba opezeka kwambiri.

Paleobiology

Longiskwama mwina inali yamitundu yosiyanasiyana (yodziwika bwino kwambiri). Malinga ndi Sharov, phewa lalifupi komanso mkono wamanja, pamodzi ndi dzanja lalitali, zimachitira umboni izi, ndipo ma fayilo osakanikirana amawonetsa katundu wawukulu wakutsogolo. Ofufuza ena, amenenso amakana lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito mafuta a msana pokonzekera kuthawa, amakayikira moyo wamtali wautali. Amakhazikika pamalingaliro akuti miyendo yakumbuyo ndi mchira wa nyama yosungidwa sizinasungidwe, motero, malo awo amakhalabe osadziwika.

Anadya tizilombo, titha kuweruzidwa ndi mano ang'onoang'ono amtundu womwewo.

Paleoecology

Zotsalira za longiskwama zidapezeka mundondomeko ya Madigen, yomwe idachokera nthawi ya Triassic. Madigen anali malo osefukira amtsinje omwe anali ndi nyanja zamchere, akulu ndi malo osungirako mafuta a ephemeral panthawi yamadzi. Nyengo inali yanyengo. Mwinanso, nyanja zinali zopanda mphamvu, zokhala ndi mpweya wambiri m'madzi, chifukwa cha momwe zinthu zina zimapangidwira pansi, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwazinthu zakufa. M'malo ambiri, nyama zapamadzi zomwe zimapumira m'matumba ndizosowa (kupatula nsomba, maliseche, ma crapod crustaceans, ma bivalves ndi bryozoans amapezeka). Zamoyo zomwe zimakonda kupuma bwino kwambiri zinali zokhala ndi masamba oyenda masamba obiriwira okhala m'maenje ndi osaya. Chochitika china ku Madigen chinali kupezeka kwa mawodi ammadzi oyenda pansi, omwe mwina amapanga m'madzi osaya gombe la mtundu wina wa "mphasa" momwe mumakhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala pansi. Kutengera zopezedwa ndi mano a shark ku Madigen, zidamveka kuti asodzi achikulire amayenda pamadzi akuya (kapena kuchokera kumalo ena osungira) kuti akatumphere m'madzi osaya a nyanja yayikulu kapena mitsinje yolowamo. Apa adaphatikiza mazira awo kuzomera zam'madzi. Asodzi otha kukhala kwakanthawi kwakanthawi amakhala pamtunda, akudya nyama zodyerana ndi nyama zina zazing'ono. Makapisozi a mazira opanda kanthu adatsukidwa ndikuyika m'malo osapindulitsa pang'ono osungira.

Pakati pa ma vertebrates apadziko lapansi odziwika kuchokera ku Madigen, wina amatha kudziwa cynodont Madysaurus sharovi ndi reptile yomwe ikukonzekera ku Prolacashoormes - sharovyperteriksa (Sharovipteryx) .

Zamachitidwe ndi phylogeny

Kapangidwe kake mwadongosolo sikanadziwikebe bwino.

Alexander Grigorievich Sharov yekha adafotokoza nyamayo, malinga ndi machitidwe omwe analipo panthawiyo, ngati nthumwi ya gulu la pseudosuchia (Pseudosuchia) potengera mawindo awiri osungidwa pang'ono, komanso zenera laling'ono la preorbital ndi zenera kumbuyo kwa nsagwada yapansi. Pakadali pano, ma pseudosuchies amawerengedwa mgulu la imodzi mwazinthu ziwiri zazikulu za archosaurs. Pofotokozera koyamba, Sharov adawona kuti longiskwama mwina inali pafupi kwambiri ndi ma pseudosuh omwe sanadziwikebe (nthawi imeneyo), komwe mbalamezo zimachokera. Chifukwa chake, adanena kuti longiscwam ndi nthambi ya archosaurs yokhudzana ndi mbalame. Anazindikira izi ataphunzira momwe zinthu zakale zakale zimapangidwira - kukhalapo kwa zenera la preorbital (antorbital fenestrae), zenera loyimira, ma kolar a fon ophatikizika ndi mayendedwe a mbalame, ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zopangira ma dorsal, zomwe, mwa lingaliro lake, sizinatsutsana ndi zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera kwa makolo a mbalame (zomwe zimaganiziridwa nthawi imeneyo).

Mu 2001, a Richard Prum ndi a Terry Jones et al. Mu ntchito yawo adathandizira kuti maisciscurs akhale ma archosaurs potengera preambital foramen, yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa kanjira ka chigaza. M'malingaliro awo, momwe zimapangidwira momwe amapangira thupi ndi nthenga za mbalame, komanso kolala ndi mafoloko zikuwonetsa kuti pakati pa archosaurs pali ubale pakati pa longiscva ndi mbalame.

Posachedwa, ofufuza ambiri amakhala osamala pamaganizidwe awo pazokhudza dongosolo ndipo amawonetsa amtunduwo ngati nthumwi ya ma diapsid.

Funso lakhazikidwe mwadongosolo lamtunduwu ndizovuta kwambiri kuyankha, popeza mtundu wonsewo unangolongosola kufotokozera koyamba pokha ndi zithunzi zosavomerezeka ndipo sunafotokozeredwe mwachisawawa. Peters adayesera kuthetsa vutoli pofotokozeranso za mtundu wa holotype mu 2000. Komabe, zingapo mwazofotokozedazi ndizotsutsana. Center ndi Peters anali okhawo olemba omwe angaphatikizire taxon pakuwunika kwa phylogenetic.

Malinga ndi David Peters: Mwatsatanetsatane wa Davidisc:

Tapinoplatia

Characiopoda

Fenestrasauria

Anvin ndi Benton amakhulupirira kuti mawindo ena a chigaza cha longiskwama akhoza kungowononga zotsalira. Amagwirizana ndi Sharov kuti longiskvama imakhala ndi mano ndi ma acrodontal, koma osaganizira kuti ma clavicles adachotsedwa. Zojambula zofananira chimodzimodzi ndizomwe zimayimira gulu la Lepidosauromorpha. Potere, a Longiscwama si archosaur ndipo, motero, siogwirizana kwambiri ndi mbalame.

Chifukwa chazovuta zadongosolo la longiscuwa, lomwe ndi lovuta kuyerekeza gulu lililonse lodziwika bwino, mu 2004, potengera kusanthula kwa magulu, Phil Center adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa njira yoyimira payokha ya polyphyletic Avicephala monga chosaphatikizika cha diapsid, momwe adaphatikizanso kukonzekera basal diapside ya coelurosaur (Coelurosauravus) Chithunzi chosavuta cha taxonomy yomwe Center imawonetsedwa pazithunzi zili pansipa:

Diapsida

Eosuchia

Neodiapsida (kuphatikizapo Archosauria ndi Lepidosauria)

Avicephala

Dinosaur

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zam'ma 1990, katswiri wazamaphunziro ku America amateur paleontologist George Olszewski adapitiliza chiphunzitso chakuti ma longiscama akhoza kukhala oyambira ku thealod - nthumwi ya gulu la ma dinosaurs a dinosaur (munthawi yamsonkho - baseterod theropodomorph - "basitheropod theropodomorph"). Hypothesisyo sanapeze thandizo pakati pa akatswiri opanga ma paleontologists chifukwa chakuti, kuti athandizire lingaliro ili, Olszewski adagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiritso za longiscwam, zomwe zimatsutsana kapena sizikudziwika za theropods pazonse: "ngati-khungu" (chizindikiro chosasinthika cha basal theropods), mano acarnivorous (signsiomorphic kwa gnostostom), yophatikizidwa ndi fupa la chithokomiro cha clavicle (chizindikiro chotsutsana), miyendo yayikulu yokulirapo ndi dzanja lamiyendo isanu (ma dinosaurs a theropod asunga woyamba, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu zala, pakuchepetsa kwachinayi ndi chisanu. Chochitika chotere chimawasiyanitsa iwo kuchokera ku ma dinosaurs ena onse ndi ma tetrapod ambiri, omwe, pakachitika kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zala zakumapazi, kuchepetsedwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala zala kwambiri - woyamba ndi wachisanu), "masikelo ape-ngati" chikwangwani).

Katswiri wazachipatala wa ku Russia, E.N. Kurochkin, sanatchulepo mwayi wokhala mitundu ya ma dinosaurs. Malingaliro awa adakhazikitsidwa pa kupendekera kwapadera kwa khosi lachiberekero komanso lamba la m'chiwonetsero cha longisquama ndikuwunikira tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe ka chigaza chake ndi ma microscope apamwamba kwambiri kuti adziwe kulumikizana pakati pa mafupa angapo a chigaza chophwanyidwa chokhazikitsidwa ndi ming'alu yambiri.

Kupezeka kwa clavicle mu longisquama mu fupa la thymus ndikudziwika kwa theropods. Komabe, malinga ndi kutanthauzira kwa Petros (mwina sikolakwika), ikhoza kukhala ndi lingaliro lam'mbuyo ndipo limalumikizidwa paliponse kutalika kwake ndi sternum, yomwe siyabwino kwenikweni kwa theropod anatomy. Zizindikiro zowonjezera, kukhala zochulukirapo kuposa ma dinosaurs, zimaphatikizira zenera lakunja lovomerezeka, mtundu wa kukhazikika kwa mano m'nsagwada (mosasamala mtundu wamano), interclavicle (ngati itazindikiridwa molondola mu holotype), kukokomeza kwakanthawi, ma phalange asanu wachinayi zala za burashi ndi ma phalanges anayi pachala chachisanu. Chifukwa chake, longiskwama silingakhale m'gulu la theropod ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, si dinosaur.

Mbadwa za mbalame

Zomwe mbalame zimayambira kuyambira kalekale zinali nkhani yokambirana mosangalatsa. Kwa nthawi yowonekerayi, mitundu ingapo yasayansi yokhudza chiyambi ndi zomangira mabanja mbalame zayikidwa patsogolo. Zaka zaposachedwa, pokhudzana ndi kupezeka kwa mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zakale ndi ma dinosaurs atropod, ofufuza ambiri adatsamira ku lingaliro loti mbalame zimatsika kuchokera ku ma dinosaurs apropod kuchokera pagulu la osinthika. Asayansi ochepa, kuphatikiza ma paleontologists aku America a Larry Martin (1943–2013) ndi Alan Feduccia (Chingerezi) achi Russia. , gwiritsitsani lingaliro loti mbalame zimachokera ku archosaurs ang'onoang'ono azakale, monga ma longiscavas. Kusanthula kwa zachilengedwe ndi maphunziro a phylogenetic sanatsimikizire kutanthauzira kwina.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, malingaliro onena za kuphatikiza kwa nthawi yayitali ndi kholo la mbalame adapangidwa ndi Sharov mwiniwake, yemwe adawona kuti ma firafi ophatikizika komanso kutsogolo kutsogola kukhala otchulidwa ngati mbalame. Kuphatikiza pa machitidwe ophatikizika a thymus ndi scaly, a Larry Martin mu 2004 adazindikira zina zofanana ndi mawonekedwe a longisquam kwa mbalame: zenera logawanika la orbital (lomwe kulibe gawo lakale), chigaza cha "triangular" (chomwe chilinso mu coelurosaur (Coelurosauravus), Simiosaurs, pterosaurs, coelurosaurs, ndi ena ambiri a taxa), "chigaza chofutukuka" (chizindikiro chotsutsana, ngakhale ngati chikhulupiliro cha parietal sichimodzimodzi ndi denga lozemba, popeza malo ake atatu sadziwika kwenikweni, ngati kukula kwa endocrane palokha, chizindikirocho chilinso Megalancosaurus, pterosaurs ndi coelurosaurs), fupa lalitali kwambiri la postorbital (limafupikitsidwira mbalame zambiri, ngakhale mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ngati archeopteryx yokhala ndi nthambi zazifupi zazifupi za mafupa a postorbital, mawonekedwe ambiri a coelurosaurs), mawindo osowa a mandilular (chizindikirocho chimasiyana mu mbalame zapansi ndi pafupifupi wa onse osakhala archosauromorphs), mano okhala ndi mizu yokulitsidwa (chizindikiro chosatsimikizika), khosi limakhala lolumikizidwa-chigamba (likufanana ndi zenizeni pokhapokha ngati chikhulupiriro cha parietal chimawerengedwa ngati gawo la chigaza, M'malo mwake, chizindikirochi sichikugwirizana ndi zenizeni za mbalame zoyambira, monga Archeopteryx), m'lifupi ndi khosi ndi thupi la scapula kutalika konse (kupezekanso mu neoteropods, Simosaurus, pterosaurs, komanso ocheperako mu ma coelurosaurs), dzanja lokweza (lodziwikanso ndi ma pterosaurs, coelurosaurs, ndi ena ambiri), maulendo apamwamba akudzanja (osagwirizana ndi chala chamanja ndipo amangophunzitsika, malinga ndi a Larry Martin, chala chachinayi - chizindikiro chilinso mu coelurosaurs Simosaurus, pterosaurs ndi theropods) - ndi zowonjezera nthenga.

Ebbaluwa ey'ekyamagero ekyayitiddwa e Longiskwama yatuukiridde emisomo mingi. Chifukwa chake, a Jones adafotokozanso izi zowonjezera, ndipo Vogt adafotokozera molondola molingana ndi zomwe zatsopano zapezeka. A Jones adafanananso ndi nthenga, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti Feducci - nthenga zowonjezera (English parafeather) pamapangidwe awa. Nthawi yomweyo, magawano ophatikizika, opangidwira, malinga ndi a Jones, mpaka kwa nthenga za mbalame, ali opingasa mbali zonse ziwiri za gawo lapa nthenga. Makoma omwe amadziwika kuti ndi malo owazungulira ndi kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo komwe, komwe kulibe mabwalo oyambira. Zowala za nthenga kumapeto kwawo kwachigawo zimakhala ndi shaft yapakatikati ndi lobe wozungulira. Kapangidwe kake kamaumbidwe ndi kosiyana kotheratu. M'malo mwa ndodo yopanda kanthu ndi zotchingira zina zopanga zimakupiza, longiskwama imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri zomwe zimalumikizidwa kumapeto ndipo zimakhala ndi mbali ziwiri zazitali kutali kumbali, popeza kuti mikwingwiriko yakumbuyo imapitilira kukula kwa mitengo. Ndodo ndi kupitiliza kwa malire pakati pa malaya anterior ndi apakati (sakupitiliza ndi malo oyambira, monga tafotokozera a Jones), ndipo "ndevu" zomwe zimanenedwa kuti sizimagawanika ngakhale pamwamba pomwe panali nthenga nembanemba mosalekeza. Chifukwa chake, kufanana ndi nthenga kumacheperako pang'onopang'ono pakati pa cylindrical ndi conical base ndi membalane woyambira. Ngakhale nthenga zokhala ngati nthenga zingakhale zothandiza kwa nthenga pamasamba a masamba, ndizofanana ndi nthenga za gawo loyamba. Tianyulong confuciusi ndi basal coelurosaurs, nthenga za psittacosaurs kapena pycnofibres (nthenga kapena ulusi wokhala ndi tsitsi) wa pterosaurs. Malingaliro okhudzana ndi kusinthika kwa kusintha kwa matchulidwe amomwe thupi limapangidwira zimatsutsana kwambiri, chifukwa sizothandizidwa ndi data yeniyeni pazomwe zimapangidwira komanso mitundu yosinthira, ma morphogene, kusiyana kwazomwe zimapangidwa pakupanga kwazomwe zimapangidwira, monga zina zaposachedwa. mawu oti khungu lochokera ku ma vertebrates silingakhale chizindikiritso cha kusinthaku, popeza kuti zochuluka sizokhudzana ndi chisinthiko Koma ndi zotupa zofananira (pagulu lachigulu).

Longiskwama ilibe zochitika wamba ndi mbalame zomwe sizikupezeka mu basal coelurosaurs. Chifukwa chake, singathe kuphatikizidwa ndi gulu la ma tetanures pamaziko a zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza: mano a chapamwamba, kumbuyo kwa gawo la m'mphepete mwa msewu, kukhalapo kwa mafupa okhaokha amchiberekero, kusakhalapo kwa mafupa amphongo oyambilira a I ndi II, kukhalapo kwa ma phalanges a chala chachinayi ndi chachisanu. maburashi - kuwonjezera pazosiyananso ndi ma dinosaurs, omwe adadziwika m'gawo lapita.

Pterosaur kholo

Chiphunzitso chotsutsana kwambiri chokhudzana ndi kusinthika kwa ubale wa longiscwama chawonetseredwa ndi katswiri wazopeka komanso katswiri wa zam'madzi Davidont, yemwe amaganizira kwambiri za chiyambi komanso kusinthika kwa pterosaurs ndipo amadziwika chifukwa chobwereza zachilendo kwa pterosaurs ndi nyama zina zingapo zakale. Anapanga njira yake yophunzirira zinthu zakale pozilingalira pakuwonjezeka kwa zithunzi za digito pakuwongolera kwambiri zotsalira zomwe zatsala. Njira yofufuzira adamupatsa dzina la DGS (English Digital Graphic Segregation, Russian digital graphic segration). Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, Peters adapeza zambiri pazosamphuka zomwe amaphunzira kale ndi akatswiri a paleontologists omwe akuganiza kuti zikusowapo.

Pankhani ya holotype ya longiscwama, Petros, m'malingaliro ake, adatha kuzindikira mchira, zala, ngakhale zoyambira zamapiko zomwe sizikupezeka pachinthu chodziwika bwino, chofanana ndi cha pterosaurs.

Zotsatira za Peters zidatsutsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi akatswiri a paleontologists.

Zolemba zolemba "26861-1"

Whoisk longiskwama?

Chithunzi chojambula cha Longiskwama chomwe chikufotokozedwa koyambirira kwa A.G. Sharov.

Zotsatira za ntchito yolumikizirayi inali kufalitsa nkhani yomwe inali ndi mutu wakuti, "Non-bird Feather of the Late Triassic Archosaurus", momwe zimatsimikiziridwa kuti zida zapazitali za longisquama zimakhala ndi chomangira komanso chombo cholowera chamakondo, chomwe mbali yake ndi yopapatiza. Zizindikiro zonsezi zimafanana ndi mawonekedwe am'maso ndi nthenga, zomwe, mosiyana ndi masikelo, zimapangidwa kuchokera kumalo omizidwa pakhungu - follicular papilla. Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti zomanga zokhala ngati nthenga zimawonekera zaka 75-80 miliyoni zapitazo kuposa za Archeopteryx, mbalame yakale kwambiri yomwe idakhala zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Jurassic.M'mawu apakamwa a olemba ena aku America zankhaniyi, akuti a longiscwama sakhala a dinosaurs ndikuti mbalamezo sizingafanane ndi izi.

Kukonzanso mawonekedwe a longiscwama ndi omwe adalemba positiyi.

1. Sharov A.G. // Paleontol. magazini 1970.? 1. S.127-130.

2. Hatbold H., Buffetaut E. // C. R. Acad. Sayansi. Paris 1987. V. 305. P.65-70.

3. Jones. T. et al. // Sayansi. 2000. V.288. ? 5474. P.2202-2205.

4. Olshevsky J. // Mndandanda Wolemba Wodziwika wa Mitundu ya Dinosaur ndi Continent. San Diego, 2000.

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