African Warts
Senegalale Libya ( Lybius dubius )
Gulu la asayansi

Lybiidae Sibley & Ahlquist, 1985

African Warts (Chilatini: Lybiidae) - chuma (banja) la mbalame kuchokera ku chuma (chofikira) cha mitengo yamatabwa.

Pali mitundu 42 ya ndevu, kuchokera ku mtundu wa Libia (Lidius)wokhala m'nkhalango, mpaka osula (Pogoniulus) okhala onse munkhalango ndi shrubby. Mtundu wa mbalamezi ndi wa ku Africa yonse, kupatula gawo lakumwera chakumadzulo.

Rod Rodastiki-trachyphonuses (Trachyphonus. khalani zigwa zotseguka kuchokera kumwera kwa Sahara kupita ku South Africa.

Kufotokozera ndi chilengedwe

Ndevu zambiri za ku Africa zimakhala ndi thupi lozungulira 20-25 cm lalitali lokhala ndi mutu waukulu komanso nthenga zazifupi m'munsi mwa mulomo. Makina amkuwa ndi ang'ono, ang'ono kwambiri ndi ma braziers okhala ndi nkhope ofiira (Pogoniulus atroflavus) masekeli 7 ndi 9 cm kukula kwake.

Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokha, zimadya tizilombo ndi zipatso. Zakudyazi zimaphatikizapo mitundu 60 ya zipatso ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana, osati zokulira kokha, komanso zolimidwa ndi anthu - ndevu nthawi zambiri zimayendera minda ndi zipatso. Zipatso zimamezedwa ndi nthanga, zomwe zimadzimbidwa pambuyo pake zisanayimbidwe, koma osati mchisa. Komabe, amisiri ojambula pamakontena amasiyira njere za mistletoe pafupi ndi zisa, mwina kuti aope adani. Monga ndevu zina, mbalamezi ndizomwe zimagulitsa mbewu m'nkhalango zotentha.

Ndevu za ku Africa zimadyetsanso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tambiri, monga nyerere, ndudu, chinkhanira, cickets, dzombe, kafadala, agulugufe, zovala zapamwamba, zophatikizidwa mosamala kuchokera kunthambi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo. Scorpion, millipedes, ndipo nthawi zina ma detebrates - abuluzi, achule, geckos - amapitanso kukadya.

Biology yakubereka imamvekabe bwino. Ngakhale mitundu ina yoweta ikumakhala mofunitsitsa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kapena m'malire am'mphepete mwa mitsinje, zomwe sizimakonda nkhuni, zina zimapanga zisa m'miyala yamitengo. Nthawi zambiri mazira 2-4 amawayika (kupatula ngale trachyphonus (pearl trachyphonus)Trachyphonus margaritatus), kugona mpaka mazira 6), kuwaswa masiku 135. Makolo onsewa ali ndi udindo wokhwimira anapiye.

Kulowerera kwa anthu ndi kukopa kwake ndikunyinyirika. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwitsidwa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yomwe imakhala makamaka m'malo a nkhalango chifukwa cha kudula mitengo, komwe kumapereka mwayi kwa mitundu ina ya ndevu. Mwachitsanzo, kutsika kwa nkhalango zamapiri ku Kenya kudapangitsa kuti mitengo ya mitengo ya mapiri itheretu (Pogoniulus leucomystax) ndikukulitsa mtundu wazithunzi zokhala ndi nkhope yofiyira (Pogoniulus pusillus).

Gulu

• • Buccanodon Wofalikira ( Buccanodon duchaillui)
  • Buccanodon dowsetti
• Chifundo Tricholaema
  • Wofalikira ku Libya ( Tricholaema hirsuta)
  • Redhead Libya ( Tricholaema diademata)
  • Tricholaema kutsogolo
  • Redhead Libya ( Tricholaema leucomelas)
  • Kukulira Libya ( Tricholaema lacrymosa)
  • Blackhead Libya ( Tricholaema melanocephala)
• Ndodo ya Libya ( Lybius)
  • Libya yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri ( Lybius bidentatus)
  • Lybius chaplini
  • Senegalale Libya ( Lybius dubius )
  • Libya yoletsedwa ndi zakuda ( Lybius guifsobalito)
  • Bald Head Libya ( Lybius leucocephalus)
  • Brown wamabele Lybius melanopterus )
  • Pink-belided Libya ( Lybius wamng'ono)
  • Libya yokhala ndi chifuwa chakuda ( Lybius rolleti)
  • Libya yoyang'ana nkhope Katemera wa Lybius)
  • Collared Libya ( Lybius torquatus)
  • Mphete yaku Libya ( Lybius undatus)
  • Magazi A Magazi ku Libya ( Lybius vieilloti)

Kwa banja ili, kapena kwa banja la mbao la ku Asia, ometa, (lat. Megalaimidae), ndi amtundu Capitonides , yemwe amakhala ku Miocene koyambirira komanso kwapakati ku Europe.

Mbalame zotsogola zamtunduwu zimafanana ndi maukalamba akale ndipo, mwina, zimakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi chuma chambiri ndi ma ndevu, (infraorder Ramphastides) Kumbali inayo, ali ofanana kwambiri ndi mitengo yamtundu wamtundu wa Africa (Trachyphonus), ndichifukwa chake asayansi ena amawanena kuti amtunduwu.

M'mphepete mwa Middle Miocene pafupi ndi Grive-Saint-Alban, France, bulu adapezeka (lat. carpometacarpus- Mafupa a metparpal carpal, amodzi mwa zinthu za mafupa a mapiko a mbalame) amafanana ndi mafupa ometedwa. Kufufuza koyambirira kunawonetsa kuti inali yosiyana ndi fupa. Capitonides ndi zina ngati mafupa a anthu aku Europe opulumuka. Kupeza kumeneku nthawi zina kumagwirizananso ndi nkhokwe zam'madzi zachi Africa, zomwe ndizoyenera.

Mafuta otsalira ofukula zotsalira (Pogoniulus) Late Miocene opezeka pafupi ndi mzinda wa Cofidis (Austria). Komabe, sanaphunziridwebe ndipo sizikudziwika ngati ali m'gulu lililonse lomwe lilipoli. Poyerekeza ndi zomwe zaposachedwa, izi zili choncho.

Khalidwe la mtundu:

• Kusaka
• Anzanu

• Yoyenera kusaka
• Waubwenzi
• Wokhulupirika kwambiri
• Kumvera kwabwino
• Kusenda pang'ono

• Agalu ogona kwambiri

Kalulu. Kanema

Galu wa obereka Barbet ndi gulu la agalu osaka mfuti. Mitundu yakaleyi yaku France imadziwika kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1400. Makolo ake anali agalu akale amadzi.

Barbet imafanana kwambiri ndi poodle: chovala chimodzimodzi chokhotakhota, nthawi zina chimapindika kukhala zingwe, chomwe sichimagwira madzi, komanso chitetezo chabwino ku chimfine. Ndipo amatha kufananizidwa ndi chidole choseweretsa. Mtundu wa barbeque ukhoza kukhala wakuda, mbandakucha, mgoza, imvi, kunyezimira, zoyera komanso zosakanikirana. Nthawi zina pamakhala zizindikiro. Agaluwa ndi ochezeka, ochezeka komanso anzeru kwambiri.

Zosangalatsa zachiwerewere ndipo mwiniwake sadzakhala wotopa. Ndiwomvera, olemekezeka, koma nthawi yomweyo, amasankha zochita komanso amakhala odziyimira pawokha. Amakonda kucheza ndi ana, amasangalala kukhala ndi ana. Amakhalanso bwino ndi nyama. Ndiwosaka kwambiri ikafika nthawi yotseka madzi. Chifukwa cha nzeru zopanga bwino zogawa, amagawana masewera owombera, koma amathanso kukhala othandiza kwambiri pansi.

Kufotokozera kwamasamba

Mitunduyi ndi imodzi yakale kwambiri, yotanthauza "ndevu" posinthika. Ntchito za agalu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu wamba, oyenda panyanja, ngakhale mafumu.

Agalu a mtundu uwu amakhala ndi chigaza chokulungika, chachikulu mokwanira, chopondereza chamkamwa, milomo yakuda bii komanso ndevu zazitali. Maso akuthwa amaphimba m'maso mozungulira. Makutu ataliitali nawonso amaphimbidwa ndi ubweya. Tsitsi ndi lopotana, koma lozungulira komanso lolimba pamaonekedwe, lophimba thupi lonse lamphamvu, chifuwa chachikulu, miyendo yowongoka komanso yopanda minofu, mchira wotsika waung'ono.

Mafuta ndi kunyada kwa osunga. Koma, pamafunika chisamaliro mosamala: chisa, kudula, chepetsa, ngati kuli kofunikira, kusamba galu, kenako kuti asagwire chimfine, ayenera kupukuta bwino. Matenda wamba a mtundu uwu ndi otitis media, ndipo ena onse amtunduwu amatha kukhala athanzi. Zaka zomwe nyama zimayembekezera zimachokera zaka khumi ndi zitatu mpaka khumi ndi zisanu.

Kuchokera ku mbiri ya Barbet

Agalu abusa a a Moors, omwe amakhala m'zaka za VII-VIII. mu Pyrenees amadziwika kuti ndi makolo a barbet. Adafika ku Central Europe ndi France ndi omenyera. Pambuyo pakuwolokerana ndi agalu am'deralo, ma hybrids adawonekera, omwe nthawi yomweyo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi obereketsa ndi agalu agalu azaka za zana la makumi awiri kuti apange barbet mwanjira yamakono.

Kuthandizira kwakukulu pakupanga mtunduwo kunapangidwa ndi mlenje Le Wheeler, yemwe batoni yake inatengedwa ndi Dr. Vincenti, ndiye mwana wake wamkazi Petra, yemwe adakwanitsa kulembetsa agalu ake kuti azisaka. Koma munthu wofatsa dzina lake Hermes adawona kuti agaluwa si olondola chifukwa kapangidwe kawo, kotero adayamba kudzipangira, atapanga gulu lake lapa barbet. Chifukwa chake, mtundu uwu uli ndi mizere iwiri yosiyana.

Zotsatira zakudutsa mizerezi zidayenda bwino mosayembekezereka - agaluwo adangokhala odabwitsa. Ali ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu komanso ophatikizika, miyendo yolimba komanso yayitali, nkhope yokongola yokhala ndi ndevu (komwe dzinali lidachokera). Mphuno zotseguka zimakhala pamphuno, agalu agalu amakhala olimba komanso amafupikitsa, makutu ndi osalala komanso aatali, okutidwa ndi tsitsi, pamaso. Galu akagwira ntchito, mchira wake umakhala wowongoka. Matumba a agalu amakhalanso okutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali. Kutalika kwa kufota kwa chingwe chachikulire ndi masentimita 58-65, mwa akazi phindu ili ndi 4 cm. Ubweya ukhoza kukhala wa mitundu yotsatirayi: yoyera, yakucha, yofiirira, imvi komanso yakuda.

Khalidwe

Agalu ndi mafoni, monga ziyenera kukhalira kwa asaka enieni, ochitachita, ochita bwino, omwe amakonda kukhala pagulu la anthu, kotero alendo omwe amabwera kunyumba kwanu amakhala osangalala nthawi zonse kwa iwo. Ndiwabwino kwambiri, ngakhale ali ndi mawonekedwe ochepa komanso ovala malaya.

Mtundu wawo wabwino ndiwabwino kwambiri kuti ngakhale amphaka sangakhumudwe, osatchula mwana, kotero mutha kusiyira ana momasuka ndi galu uyu. Mnyumbamo amakhala moyandikana ndi nyama iliyonse. Amafuna kuyenda kosalekeza, nthawi yayitali, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtunduwo ukhale wofunika kwa anthu akhama omwe amakonda masewera.

Zaumoyo

M'nyumba yanyumba, agalu sakhala omasuka, ndipo moyo wopanda ntchito umabweretsa kuti agalu otakataka ayamba "kufota" pamaso pathu. Amatha kudwala, ngakhale kuti mtunduwo ndi wathanzi.

Agaluwa amatha kutenga matenda omwe amabadwa nawo, chifukwa chake pogula mwana wa ana, muyenera kudziwa bwino zomwe makolo amafotokoza. Ngati m'modzi wa iwo ali ndi matendawa, mutha kukhala otsimikiza kuti adzapatsiridwa kwa ana. Kuphatikiza pa matenda omwe atchulidwa kale, matenda agalu amatha: hernias, khunyu, dysplasia, ndi ena.

Choyamba, zimakhudza makutu chifukwa chofala ndi matenda opatsirana. Afunika kuwunika pafupipafupi kuti asadzaphonye zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa ndikuti ayambe kulandira chithandizo munthawi yake. Zimatenga nthawi yayitali kusamalira tsitsi la agaluwa. Lamulo, limayenera kutsanulidwa masiku onse awiri, ndipo zimachitika pafupipafupi ngati lalitali. Mukapanda kuchita izi, mphutsi zimapangidwa nthawi yomweyo.

Ma barbe amafunikanso kumeta tsitsi nthawi zonse, apo ayi amawoneka osokoneza. Koma ma pluseswo akuphatikizira mfundo yoti galuyo samazirala, ndipo chovala chake sichimayambitsa chifuwa. Ayeneranso kusamba zovala zapadera nthawi zambiri, chifukwa amakonda mapilidwe ndipo samaphonya mwayiwu.

Zizindikiro zakunja za barbet yayikulu yobiriwira

Nyani Yaikulu Yobiriwira ndi mbalame yautali wamkati wokhala ndi mutu waukulu komanso mulomo wofiyira, wolimba. Mu nyengo yakukhwima, nthenga pansi pa mulomo zimasanduka lalanje, pomwe mbalame zazing'onozi nthenga zazing'onozi zimachita imvi. Mtundu wa maula ndi wa bulauni wowoneka bwino ndi mikwaso yoyera.

Maso akulu akuda azunguliridwa ndi mzere wachikaso wowala. Mtundu wa bulauni umasowa kumbuyo kwa khosi, malaya ndikusintha kukhala tint wobiriwira. Crest yobiriwira ndi timadontho tating'ono tating'ono tomwe timakhala ngati timadontho toyera. Mchira wake ndiwobiliwira, m'mimba ndiwobiliwira. Chifuwa ndi mmero ndi zofiirira. Pamutu pali mikwingwirima ya beige. Miyendo ya barbet yayikulu yobiriwira ndi chikaso. Amuna ndi akazi pomwepo samasiyana wina ndi mnzake pakuwoneka.

Green barbets amadya zipatso zosakhwima.

Kufalikira kwa barbet yayikulu yobiriwira

Barbet yayikulu yobiriwira ili ponseponse ku India, komanso ku Bangladesh ndi Sri Lanka, kumwera kwa Nepal.

Barbet wamkulu wobiriwira amakhala m'mitundu yonse yamvula. Nthawi zina amapezeka pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, m'mapaki, m'minda ndi m'minda. Itha kuonedwa pafupi ndi mizinda yayikulu monga Delhi ndi Bombay.

Mitundu itatu ya barbet yayikulu yobiriwira imadziwika. Mapulogalamu a Caniceps amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Nepal ndi Northern India, ku Punjab ndi Uttar Pradesh, molowera South Maharashtra, Orissa ndi Bihar). Inornata amakhala ku Central-West ndi South-West of India (Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka).

Kudya Chipewa Cha Green Green

Barbet wamkulu wobiriwira amadya zipatso, kuphatikiza ficus bengalensis, koma amatha kuwuluka m'minda ya zipatso kufunafuna zipatso. Kuyendera malo obzala khofi. Amadyetsa zipatso za ma buluwe. Chimadya tizilombo, mphutsi, zovala, chimbudzi. Zakudya za mbalameyi zimaphatikizanso timadzi tokongola tathu ndi maluwa a corolla.

Mbalame yosangalatsayi imapezeka ku Kerala, Tamil Nadu, ku Sri Lanka. Barb-mutu wofiirira kapena Large Green Barbet (Megalaima zeylanica)

Kubala barbet wamkulu wobiriwira

Mtundu waukulu wamalo obiriwira kuchokera ku February mpaka Okutobala. Nizilombo nthawi zambiri zimakonzedwa m'miyenje yamitengo pamtunda wa 2 mpaka 10 metres. Zoyenda mumtengowo zimatsukidwa ndi mbalame zonse ziwiri. Khomalo ndi lozama kuchokera pa 15 mpaka 80 cm. Mkazi amayikira mazira oyera a 2-4 ndi kuwikira kwakuda. Kubwatcha kumatenga milungu iwiri. Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amadyetsa anapiye.

Zojambula za barbet yayikulu yobiriwira

Mbiya yayikulu yobiriwira imakhala moyo wongokhala, yopanga mayendedwe ang'onoang'ono kufunafuna chakudya. Akakhala pamtengo wake umodzi, ficus Bengalensis, utoto wake umaphatikizika ndi masamba ake. Ngakhale mulomo wake uli ndi mtundu wa zipatso za ficus. Ziphuphu zazikulu zobiriwira nthawi zambiri zimadyetsa pagulu lalikulu la anthu makumi awiri kapena kuposerapo.

Barbet wamkulu wobiriwira ndi mbalame wamba.