Njuchi tsiku lililonse labwino kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka pakati pa nthawi yophukira, imawuluka kuchokera ku duwa kupita ku maluwa kuti ikatengeko dontho la timadzi tokoma kenako ndikubwera nayo mng'oma. Pobwerera kunyumba, amayika timuyo tokongola tomwe timasungunuka, ndikubwezeretsanso zinthu zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito masiku amenewo ngati sizotheka kubweretsa timadzi tokoma (izi zitha kukhala nthawi yozizira komanso nthawi yachilimwe).
Nthawi zambiri, nyama zimagawana chakudya ndikupanga zakudya, ndipo njuchi ndi amodzi mwa nyama zochepa izi. Amasungidwa m'maselo osiyanasiyana komanso mkati mwa uchi (chakudya chamoto) ndi mkate wa njuchi (chakudya chama protein). Adzagwiritsa ntchito uchi kuti apange mphamvu ndikusunga kutentha koyenera mumng'oma chaka chonse. Njuchi zimangofunika mapuloteni kuti azitha kupanga njuchi zatsopano.
M'nyengo yozizira, njuchi zimangodya uchi wokha
Kutentha kochepa komwe kumatsika, njuchi zimaleka kukula, ndikuyamba kudya uchi wokha. M'nyengo yozizira, mng'oma, njuchi zonse zimapangidwa ngati mpira - kupanga "kalabu". Njuchi zomwe zimakhala pamphepete mwa kalabu yotere nthawi zonse zimadya uchi ndikuwotcha njuchi mkati mwake, zomwe zakhala zisakugwira ntchito nthawi yonseyi ndipo, motero, musadye uchi. M'nyengo yozizira, banja la njuchi lathanzi limadya pafupifupi magalamu 60 a uchi patsiku. Kuzizira kumazungulira mng'oma, uchi wambiri njuchi zimafunikira kudya kuti uzitentha nthawi zonse mkati mwa kalabu.
Uchi uyenera kumwedwa nthawi yomweyo.
Zakudya zomanga thupi zomwe zimapanga uchi pamene zidyedwa ndi njuchi ziyenera kumamwa nthawi yomweyo, osafunikira mphamvu zowonjezera pakugaya. Zakudya zam'madzi izi zimaphatikizapo shuga ndi fructose, ndipo zimapezeka mu uchi.
Timadzi tokoma tomwe njuchi tangotenga kumene maluwa sikuyenera kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa mumakhala madzi ambiri, ndipo sioyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yozizira, muli zovuta zam'mimba, mayamwidwe omwe amafunika kuwonongedwa kwa mphamvu yowonjezera. M'chilimwe chonse, njuchi zimachita ntchito yokonza timadzi tamng'onoting'ono timalowa mumng'oma mu uchi, womwe umangokhala ndi mavitamini athanzi ndi mavitamini. M'nyengo yotentha, njuchi zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti m'badwo wachisanu wa njuchi zitha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito yawo. Njuchi zomwe zimagwira nawo ntchito yosonkhanitsa uchi ndikupanga timadzi tokoma timangokhala pafupifupi Masiku 35. Njuchi zomwe sizigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'nyengo yozizira, chifukwa zimakhala ndi ntchito inanso yofunika: idyani uchi wonse nthawi yozizira, tsitsani mng'oma ndikusunga moyo wamatumboyo kufikira nthawi yamasika. Njuchi zotere, zimangodya uchi wapamwamba kwambiri, zimatha kukwaniritsa Masiku 200.
Uchi wachilengedwe Ndiwothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu, popeza, amalowa m'thupi, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphamvu. M'nyengo yozizira, imathandizira kutentha mwachangu, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito uchi panthawi yodwala kumathandizira kuti musawononge mphamvu zambiri pakugaya chakudya.
Kodi ndizotheka kutenga uchi womwe unasonkhanitsidwa ndi njuchi mumng'oma
Njuchi ili ndi gawo lothandiza kwambiri - kuthekera kodabwitsa kogwira ntchito. Amasunga uchi ndi zochuluka kwambiri kuti mutha kupulumuka ngakhale nyengo zovuta kwambiri.
Zowonjezera zake zitha kutumizidwa ndi mlimi wa njuchi mu njuchi, kuti muthe kupita pagome ndi onse okonda uchi wokoma wachilengedwe.
Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti ndi uchi wambiri wotengedwa ndi njuchi womwe ungatenge kuchokera mumng'oma. Ndiosafunika kuchita izi mchaka (werengani za nkhaniyi m'nkhani yokhudza uchi wa dandelion) pakagwiridwe kake ka banja la njuchi komanso kugwa, pomwe kusonkhanitsa uchi kwatha. Poyamba, njuchi zimatha kuloledwa mwayi wolera mwana, ndipo chachiwiri, kusankha uchi kumatha kuwopseza imfa m'nyengo yozizira chifukwa cha njala.
Pakutha kwa nyengo, mutha kupopera uchi wambiri, kusiya chakudya chokwanira njuchi mumng'oma nyengo yachisanu.
Mukafuna kupopera uchi
Palinso nthawi yomwe kupopera uchi wambiri ndikofunikira. Njuchi zikadzaza malo onse mumng'oma ndi uchi, nzeru zongowonekera zitha kuwoneka chifukwa zomwe zimatha kukhala zopandaumoyo ndikusiya kuyang'anira uchi ngakhale malo atakhala mwaulere. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kupereka njuchi ndi malo ambiri (mafelemu okhala ndi zisa) kapena kusamalira kuti muchotse uchi wocha nthawi.
Momwe mungatulutsire uchi wambiri
Kuti njuchi zitha kugawana uchi wambiri ndi munthu, munthuyo, amawasamaliranso:
- khalani ndi moyo wabwino,
- onetsetsani kuti njuchi zitheke,
- ndikofunikira kuti mutenge zowonjezera zokha wokondedwa
- kukonzekera nyengo yachisanu moyenera.
Pokhapokha, njuchi zimathokoza mlimi ndi zokolola zambiri zapamwamba kwambiri!
Momwe njuchi zimapangira uchi
Anthu ambiri akulakwitsa, akukhulupirira kuti njuchi, kutolera timadzi tokoma, kubweretsa zomaliza mu mng'oma. Kwa ena, uchi umapangidwa ndi alimi a njuchi. Koma zonsezi ndi chinyengo. Mutha kuphunzira za momwe uchi umawonekera, kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwa njuchi iliyonse kuchokera pagulu.
Palibe chovuta kulingalira kuti m'nyumba zamkati ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kusanjanika, momwe muli boma ndipo chilichonse chimakhala ndi cholinga. Gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo limagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa, ayenera kupeza chakudya chamzinda wonse wa njuchi.
Kubwera kwa masika, kuwuka ku hibernation, mahava a minke ayamba kusamalira kuchuluka kwa timadzi tokoma. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuchotsa chimbudzi chomwe chimasonkhanitsidwa nthawi yachisanu. Mlengalenga ukangotha kutentha mpaka madigiri 13, tizilombo timayambitsa magetsi oyamba kuderalo, omwe amatchedwa kuyeretsa. Kuuluka koyamba sikukutula mungu.
Zindikirani! Kuti muyambe kutolera mungu, mpweya wofundira uyenera kutenthetsa osachepera 15-17 madigiri. Kufikira pano, zisa za uchi zakonzedwa, ming'oma imatsukidwa ndi kuipitsidwa ndi zotsalira za abwenzi omwe adameta.
Ali ndi milozo komanso ma scout ake. Njuchi yotero imasanthula m'deralo ndikuudziwitsa zisa za uchi ngati chomera chatha, ndikofunikira kukonzekera ntchito. Ndege zofufuza zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku. Pothawa kothawathawa, ma scout amawatsogolera ku gwero la mungu. Pakadali pano, olandila amakhalabe mnyumba, kudikirira nectar, chifukwa ndi omwe amalandila uchi ndikubweretsa uchi wawo.
Njira yachindunji, momwe uchi umapangidwira kuchokera ku njuchi, umakhala magawo angapo. Nyama, chakudya chotengera chimaperekedwa kwa njuchi kwa olandila. Pambuyo poti tizilombo tayamba kupanga mwachindunji uchi.
Kutola mungu
Mungu wovomerezeka uli ndi shuga wambiri, mavitamini, mavitamini, amino acid, ndi zina zambiri. Pa kufala, michere yomwe imasungidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi timizere touluka timawonjezera pazinthu zazikulu. Ma enzyme owonjezeredwa amathandizira kuwoneka kwa maltose ndi shuga owonjezera, amachepetsa chinyezi chomwe chili. Tsopano olandirira owona akuyamba kupukusa mapangidwe am'chipinda, ndikupitiliza madzi m'thupi, kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zofunika komanso kutentha kwambiri kwa ming'oma. Kuphatikiza apo, maselo odzazidwa amasungidwa ndi mapulagi a sera, momwe mungapezere katemera. Chifukwa chake izi zimapitilirabe kukhwima. Pakusindikiza maselo, njuchi zimabayira zinthu zomwe ndizosungidwa zachilengedwe. Kenako, uchi umakhala pansi pa chivundikiro cha mpweya; mpweya ndi madzi sizimafikako. Chifukwa chake, mankhwalawa amasungidwa kwanthawi yayitali.
Momwe uchi umapangidwira
Kupangidwa kwa uchi ndi njira yayitali komanso yovuta. Kuti timvetsetse momwe njuchi zimapangitsira uchi, ndikofunika kuzama pang'ono momwe kapangidwe kake kachilombo kali. Kuyimitsa pazomera, kachilomboka kachikena kuyesa kutola, ndikunyambita kuchuluka kwake, timadzi tokoma. Amayamwa pakhosi, pomwe amasakanikirana ndi ma enzyme. Kwenikweni ili ndi gawo loyamba lokhazikitsa, lokhalitsa uchi usanapangidwe.
Njuchi zimadzaza zisa ndi uchi
Momwe uchi umapangidwira: malemu a ntchofu, otsika m'mphepete, mumadziunjika mumapadera a uchi - goiter. Ma gochi uchi amatsekera gawo la m'mimba. Kapangidwe kameneka kamaonetsa malo poti pali uchi wochepa kuti azitha kudya okha, ena onsewo amakhala m'maselo a maselo. Umu ndi momwe uchi umapangidwira. Chifukwa chake, njuchi zimatha kukonzekera ndikusuntha timadzi tokoma kwambiri mng'oma. Tizilombo tisanatulutse mulingo woyenera ndikudzaza chokwera, pamafunika kuwuluka mozungulira mitundu yoposa 100.
Chifukwa chiyani njuchi zimapanga uchi?
Tizilombo tating'ono timafunikira uchi wapamwamba kwambiri kuti tisunge zikhalidwe zathupi lathu monga:
- Maphunziro amkaka
- Kupanga ma enzyme,
- Kupanga kwa wax
- Kukula, kukula, kupuma.
Zofunika kukumbukira! Uchi ndi zina zokhudzana nazo zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zathanzi komanso zopatsa thanzi. Mulinso zinthu zopitilira 300, kufunikira komwe sikungafotokozedwe m'mawu.
Uchi ndi uchi wopangidwa mwachindunji umawonedwa ngati chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha njuchi, chopangidwa ndi chakudya choyenera. Asanapeze uchi, achikulire amadya timadzi tokoma pa zosowa zawo. Ndiwothandizanso kudzutsa mphutsi za ana. Apa, dzira lililonse lomwe limayikidwa ndi chiberekero lilinso ndi cholinga china. Ngati simunakakhala umuna, ma drones amakokana kuchokera ku mphutsi, mazira okhathamiritsa amakhala akazi, omwe, ngati atadyetsedwa bwino, m'tsogolomu amakhala tizirombo toyambitsa matenda. Palinso mphutsi imodzi yomwe imadyetsedwa bwino kuposa ina - mtsogolo, njuchi yamfumukazi imaswa.
Wophatikiza njuchi, kuwonjezera pa uchi, umapezekanso mungu. Komanso, amafunikira uchi nthawi zonse, ndipo amatha popanda mungu. Kuperewera kapena kusapezeka kwathunthu kwa chakudya chotere kumatha kupha tizirombo tating'onoting'ono. Kwa nthawi yakusambira, anthu ogwira ntchito amatha kutenga chakudya chomwe akufuna kwa masiku angapo.
Zofunika! Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timapanga uchi kuti uzisamalira pa zinthu zofunika pamoyo wawo ndipo umasungira nthawi ina mtsogolo. Kwa chaka chimodzi, boma limodzi la njuchi limatha kudya mpaka makilogalamu 100 a uchi. Chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka kuchotsa mbewu zonse zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kwa iwo.
Kwachiwiri komwe kwatsirizidwa ndi zakudya ndi zakudya kwa achinyamata. Pa gawo la mphutsi, kukula kwachinyamata kumayamba kudya uchi, mungu ndi madzi mu chakudya kuyambira tsiku la 4 la moyo. Izi ndizofunikira pakudya kwa chiberekero, mutatha kusiya zakumwa za amayi. M'malo mwake, zinthu zomwe tizilombo timene timapanga ndizokhazokha zodalirika zamphamvu zawo. Ikawotedwa, kutentha kumapangidwa komwe kumawotha dziko lonse la njuchi mu moyo wonse (kusunga kutentha kwa mpweya madigiri 33-35).
Momwe njuchi zimatengera timadzi tokoma
M'madambo a njuchi, gawo lirilonse ndilofunikira chifukwa lili ndi cholinga chake. Mwachitsanzo, okhometsa tizirombo akugwira nawo ntchito yotola timadzi tokoma ndi mungu, ntchito yomwe ntchito yawo ndi kusungitsa ndikupereka zipatso zochuluka kwambiri mng'oma. Kupitilira apo, malonda ake amaperekedwa kwa anthu payekha - olandila omwe amayamwa ma nectarines kuchokera mkamwa mwa njuchi zakuthengo. Pakusintha kumeneku, zinthu zotsekemera zimaphatikizidwanso ndi zofunikira za chisa cha chinyama cha njuchi. Umu ndi momwe njira yapamwamba kwambiri imapangidwira.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pamtunda waukulu kuchokera ku njuchi kupita ku mbewu za uchi, tizilombo timabweretsa ubweya wocheperako ku mng'oma. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chofunikira kusamalira nyonga yaanthu omwe akugwira ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti alimi akuyenera kulinganiza bwino malo owetera njuchi molondola. Ma radiyo othandizira amaonedwa kuti ndi mtunda wa makilomita atatu.
Tisanatole timphuzu, tizilomboti timafunafuna kwa mphindi 30. Mwanjira iyi, kuwonongeka kwa mashuga ovuta kumachitika, ndikupanga zinthu zosavuta. Chifukwa chake chomera chimayamba kugaya bwino ndipo chimathandizira kuteteza ku mabakiteriya akasungidwa mosungira. Pambuyo pokonza, imayikidwa m'maselo.
Momwe uchi umapangidwira kuchokera ku timadzi tokoma
Wotuta ndi kuwola zotsekemera pambuyo pokonza amakhalabe mu chisa. Ndondomeko yonseyi imatchedwa kusinthasintha kwa mankhwala. Kufunika kwa kukhwima kwa uchi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi amadzimadzi kumatsimikiza. Mwa njira, timadzi tokoma titha kukhala ndi madzi 40 mpaka 80% amadzi mu kapangidwe kake. Mlingowu umatha kusiyanasiyana, kutengera nyengo yotentha, nyengo komanso mawonekedwe a mbewu za uchi.
Pa kufala, timadzi tokoma timalandira chithandizo mobwerezabwereza ndi ma enzyme omwe ali kale mthupi la njuchi zosawuluka. Izi zimawumitsa madzi omwe alipo. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yokolola, mng'oma umapuma ndi banja lonse la njuchi. Madzi odzikundikira amapita pang'onopang'ono, ndikupanga madzi oundana. Kuti tifulumizane njira zokulitsira, antchito amawomba ndi funde la mapiko, ngati fan. Sipuni yokhala ndi mawonekedwe osafunikira kwenikweni ndi mankhwala omaliza a uchi. Tsopano zisa zodzaza ndi uchi zimasindikizidwa ndi mapulagi a sera, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku timabowo totsekedwa ndi tizi timene timatulutsa sera.
Kupanga zinthu za uchi ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya tizilombo tokhala m'mizeremizere. Mlingo wa zokolola za njuchi zimatha kukhala zosiyana. Zonse zimatengera mtunda pakati pomwe panali malo owetera ndi uchi. Nyengo yabwino imakuthandizani kuti mupange ndege zosachepera 13 patsiku, pomwe anthu amatha kudzaza zodzaza ndi theka la ora. Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti ndikakhala ndi malo olondola, banja limodzi lokhazikika limatha kubweretsa ma kilogalamu 20 a uchi mumng'oma patsiku.
Chifukwa chiyani njuchi zimapanga uchi?
Uchi ndi chakudya cha anthu onse a banja la njuchi. Tizilombo timawadya osati nthawi yozizira, komanso nthawi yachilimwe. Nthawi yozizira ikadzafika, anthu okhala mumng'oma wamakoko am'madzi amadzaza ndi uchi wambiri wa kalori, womwe umawapatsa mphamvu zofunika.
Kenako tizilombo timayamba kukupiza mapiko ake mwachangu, zomwe zimathandizira kuti panyumba pakhale nyengo yabwino. Rastra yamphamvu yolandilidwa pa kutentha kofunikira, imafunikira njuchi kuti zitsirize msanga - tizilombo timafunikira chakudya. Kuphatikiza pa uchi, amalimi amafunika mkate wa njuchi wotchedwa "mkate wa njuchi" - umalowa m'malo mwa mapuloteni.
Banja la njuchi limatha kukhala ndi anthu opitilira zikwizikwi omwe akusowa malo osungirako nthawi yachisanu. Chifukwa chakuti tizilombo timatha kupusa komanso kuchenjera, njuchi zambiri zimakhala chakudya chofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu. Alimi odziwitsa omwe amasamala zaumoyo wa njuchi zawo amasiya uchi wofunikira mumng'oma nyengo yachisanu kuti osakira atha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka kumapeto koma asamwalire - amapumula.
Alimi omwe amangoganiza zopindulira nthawi yomweyo amatola zonse zofunika, ndipo njuchi zimapatsidwa shuga. Koma mankhwalawa sangakhale chakudya chonse cha tizilombo, popeza alibe mavitamini, michere ndi michere. Chifukwa cha izi, njuchi, kudya manyuchi, zimafooka, kupirira kwawo ndikuyenda kwawo kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Pakadzafika masiku ofunda, zimakhala zovuta kuti mbewa zimayamba kutolera uchi.
Mavitamini omwe ali mu uchi samathandizira kukonza zofunikira za thupi, komanso amathandizira magwiridwe antchito a zinsinsi zomwe zimatulutsa sera - zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga uchi.
Magawo a uchi
Kutola kwa uchi ndi ntchito yayikulu ya njuchi, chifukwa ntchito zawo zonse zimayendetsedwa kuti zitsimikizire njirayi. Kuti muchite izi, maudindo onse amagawidwa momveka bwino pakati pa onse a banja la njuchi.
Kodi zimachitika bwanji:
- Chiberekero chimayikira mazira, potero kuonetsetsa kuti njuchi zimakulitsidwa. A Scout amapita kukasaka mbewu za uchi, ndipo njuchi zogwira ntchito zimamanga uchi, kutola mungu ndi timadzi tokoma. Ngakhale njuchi zongobadwa kumene zimatanganidwa ndi ntchito - zimadyetsa mphutsi, kuyeretsa nyumba ndikukhalabe kutentha kwambiri mmenemo.
- Njuchi zimapeza bwino kuchokera ku maluwa a mbewu za uchi.Olima matendawa amayamba kugwira ntchito yophukira, maluwa atayamba. Ma Scout ndi oyamba "kusaka" - fungo lokhazikika lomwe limakupatsani mwayi wopeza maluwa, kutengera timadzi tokoma kwa iwo ndikubwerera kwawo.
- Kunyumba, njuchi zimauza anthu am'banja mwawo kuti mbewuyo idachokera kuti kuti akolere timadzi tokoma. Njuchi zimalumikizana mu mayendedwe achilendo. Kenako scout ndi osankha njuchi amapita kumalo omwe anapeza.
- Olima amatenga uchi ndi proboscis, womwe umalowa mosavuta mu duwa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kuzindikira kukoma kwa zakumwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma receptor - zimakhala pamawonekedwe.
- Njuchi imakhala pachomera, imatenga timadzi tokhatira, ndikuyamba kutola mungu kuchokera kumiyendo yake yakumbuyo, komwe amakhala mabulashi apadera, kenako ndikupanga mpira. Chotetezachi chimayikidwa m'basiketi yapadera yomwe ili m'munsi mwa kachilombo. Mpira umodzi womwewo ukhoza kupezeka utatenga timadzi tokoma kuzomera zambiri.
Njuchi ndizilombo zomwe zimakhala ndi m'mimba ziwiri. Mmodzi wa iwo, chakudya chimakumbwa, ndipo chachiwiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yosungiramo timadzi tokoma - timakhala pafupifupi 70 mg ya timadzi tokoma. Koma ngati wogulitsa akufunika kuti athamange mtunda wautali, amawononga pafupifupi 25-30% ya nkhokwe kuti abwezeretsenso mphamvu zake. Njuchi yogwira ntchito imatha kuuluka mpaka makilomita asanu ndi atatu patsiku, koma maulendo ataliatali amakhala owopsa. Mtunda woyenera kwambiri wosonkhanitsa uchi ndi 2-3 km.
Poterepa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kukonza mahekitala 12 m'munda. Kudzaza ndi timadzi tokoma, njuchi imafunika kuuluka mozungulira mbewu zikwizikwi ndi theka, ndikusonkhanitsa kilogalamu imodzi ya nectar - kupanga kuchokera ndege 50 mpaka 150,000.
Mukamasunga uchi, tizilombo timakutidwa ndi mungu. Kenako, zikauluka, njuchi zimanyamula mungu ndi maluwa, ndikuonetsetsa kuti mbewu zimaberekanso komanso zimabweretsa zokolola zambiri. Akadzaza zoperekazo ndi timadzi tokoma, osankhawo amabwerera kumng'oma, komwe amasamutsira timadzi tokoma ku njuchi zomwe zalandira. Tizilombo tikugawika moyenera: ena amasiyidwa kuti azidyetsa mphutsi, enawo amatumizidwa kukakonza.
Zinthu za kuswana ndi kuchuluka kwa uchi
Kuchuluka kwa uchi womwe watengedwa kumatha kukhala kosiyanasiyana kutengera dera, malo owetera, nyengo, mtundu wa njuchi ndi chisamaliro chawo, mbewu za uchi zomwe zimamera pafupi. Ngati nthawi yozizira idakhala yozizira kwambiri, ndipo kasupe adachedwa, banja la njuchi lisonkhanitsa zinthu zochepa kwambiri kuposa masiku onse. Mikhalidwe yabwino (mpweya wofunda ndi wonyowa) umathandizira kusungitsa uchi wambiri.
Makamaka njuchi zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa uchi. Koma posankha mtundu, zimafunika kuganizira dera komanso nyengo zamaderawo. M'madera ena, ndibwino kusankha njuchi ya Carpathian, kwa ena - Central Russian. Komanso kukula ndi mawonekedwe a mng'omawo kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa zomwe mwapeza. Ndizabwino kwambiri kusankha nyumba zingapo. Ndikofunikira kutchera khutu kuti sikuti maselo onse amakhala ndi masheya, maselo aulere ayenera kukhalapo nthawi zonse.
Ndikofunika kuti mlimi akhale ndi luso loweta njuchi, komanso kusamalira bwino tizilombo. Mlimi waluso amatha kungokhala ndi mabanja olimba komanso mfumukazi zapamwamba komanso zapamwamba. Chifukwa chake imapereka malo oyenera pamoyo wawo, kuswana ndi kuzizira, kumayang'anira timing'oma ndi mafelemu ake, kuyika uchi wina, kupewa njuchi kuti zisabowole ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, imatenga njuchi kumalo ena, komwe kuli udzu wosangalatsa, zitsamba kapena mitengo.
Nthawi zambiri kupompa mumng'oma kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza ma kilogalamu 13-18 a chinthu chapadera. Ndi chilimwe chotentha kwambiri kapena mvula, magwiridwewo amatsika kwambiri - mpaka mapaundi 10. Mikhalidwe yabwino imathandizira kusonkhetsa mpaka 200 makilogalamu a maswiti athanzi kuchokera ku banja limodzi la njuchi.
Kutolera kwa uchi ndi ntchito yayikulu ya njuchi. Tizilombo tambiri tidayikiratu, timagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo kuti tipeze timadzi tokoma komanso kupeza uchi. Njuchi iliyonse kuchokera ku banja lalikulu imagwira ntchito zina, koma nthawi yomweyo amakhalabe ndi cholinga chimodzi - kutolera timadzi tokoma ndi kuikonzera uchi wabwino.
4 maphikidwe Irina Chadeeva
Kuchokera m'buku "Pirogovedenie kwa oyamba kumene"
Pafupifupi nthawi yonse yomwe anthu amadya uchi, sichinali chinsinsi kwa iwo kuti njuchi zimatulutsa bwanji. Ndiye kuti, zinali zowonekeratu kuti amapanga kuchokera pazomwe amapanga maluwa, koma bwanji komanso chifukwa cha zomwe sizikudziwika.
Pazaka zambiri zokha zopenyerera, zopeza za kusanthula kwa mankhwala ndi kukhazikitsa kafukufuku wazachilengedwe pamlingo wochepetsetsa kwambiri adatilola ife kuti tidziwe zinsinsi zambiri zogwirizana ndi chinthu chodabwitsachi.
Tinapanga chithunzithunzi chachifupi chazomwe zimachitika ndi timadzi tamaluwa m'thupi la njuchi komanso m'maselo a zisa, kuti ngakhale mwana amvetsetse uchi.
Sitinapange zambiri mwatsatanetsatane asayansi - koma tinapanga chofunikira kwambiri momveka bwino.
Kodi timadzi timeneti timachokera kuti?
Njuchi zimapanga uchi kuchokera ku timadzi tokoma. Nectar ndi msuzi wokhala ndi shuga womwe maluwa omwe amatulutsa amapanga. Amapangidwa mu timitsempha, timene timapanga maluwa. Chakudya chotchedwa nctar, calorie chapamwamba, chimakopa tizilombo, ndipo, nawonso, chimagwirira mungu, kusinthanitsa mungu ndi chibadwa kuchokera pamtundu wina kupita kwina, potero ndikulola mbewu kuchuluka. Njuchi imalowetsa timadzi tambiri m'thupi lake mothandizidwa ndi phenoscis, yopangidwa kuchokera pakamwa lotsika kwambiri ndi nsagwada zapansi.
(Koma palinso uchi wotchedwa uchi: njuchi zimapanga kuchokera pachidacho cha nyama, makoma otsekemera a tizilombo timene timakhala pamasamba azomera, kapena kuchokera kumame amchere, msuzi, womwe umapezeka pamasamba (kapena singano) chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa kutentha.)
Kodi ziwalo zopanga uchi zayamba bwanji?
Njuchi zimakhala ndi pulogalamu yogaya (ngakhale kuti ilibe chidwi). Chofunikira kwambiri ndi chisa cha uchi, nyumba yosungiramo malo ndi malo oyambira timadzi tokoma, tomwe njuchi imasonkhanitsa ndi proboscis. Chotchinga chimasiyanitsidwa ndi matumbo apakati ndi valavu yapadera, kotero kuti timadzi tokoma timalowamo pokhapokha njuchi itakhala ndi njala, komanso yochepa. Chifukwa chake, kachilomboka kamapereka gawo lalikulu la nyama yogwiritsira ntchito ku uchi, komwe imakhazikika m'maselo.
Momwe michere yambiri imasweka mthupi la njuchi
Invertase ndi enzyme yomwe imathandizira kupasuka kwa sucrose kukhala zosavuta zosavuta - fructose ndi glucose.
Glucose oxidase amalimbikitsa kusokonekera kwa glucose mu gluconic acid (mwa ma organic acid onse, amakhudza kwambiri kukoma kwa uchi) ndi hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide ndiosakhazikika ndipo imawonongeka pambuyo pake, koma kumayambiriro kwa njirayi kumateteza uchi kuchokera ku tizilombo.
Diastase (amylase) imaphwanya chakudya chamagulu owonjezera monga wowuma kuti akhale osavuta ngati maltose. Kuphatikizidwa ndi enzyme iyi ndi chizindikiro cha uchi monga kuchuluka kwa diastase, ndiko kuti kuchuluka kwa enzyme pa voliyumu yonse. Chiwerengero cha diastase ndi chosiyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya uchi komanso uchi wochokera kumagawo osiyanasiyana. Mu linden, mthethe, uchi wa mpendadzuwa, ndizochepa, mu buckwheat - mkulu. Mu uchi kuchokera kumadera omwe kumatentha kwambiri, chiwerengero cha diastase ndichotsika kuposa uchi womwewo kuchokera kumalo ozizira. Koma popeza nambala ya diastase yamitundu ina kuchokera kudera linalake imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malire (ndipo ngakhale imasinthidwa ndi GOST), yotsikirako poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimachitika, zisonyezo zikuwonetsa kuti uchiwo ndi wowuma, udawotedwa kapena ngakhale kuperewera.
Momwe njuchi imadzitsira uchi
Njuchi zodulira zimabweretsa timadzi tambiri totsegulira mumng'oma. Pamenepo amalandila ndi wolandila njuchi. Njuchi yolandirayo imatola timadzi tokonzedwera ndikuigwira kwakanthawi mu tsekwe lolowamo uchi, pomwe amawotchera. Kenako amafunikira dontho la zinthu kumapeto kwa ndalamazo kuti chinyezi chizituluka, kenako ndikuziyamwa kuti zibwererenso. Njirayi imabwerezedwa ka 120-240 nthawi, kenako timadzi tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayikidwa mu cell. Njuchi imasinthanitsa timadzi tokoma, kusanduka uchi, kuchokera ku khungu limodzi kupita ku lina, ndipo nthawi zambiri timatsegulira uchiwo ndi mapiko, zomwe zimathandizira kutuluka kwinyontho. Chifukwa chake, mothandizidwa ndi kupesa komanso nthawi yomweyo kuchepetsa madzi, timadzi tokoma timasinthanso kukhala uchi. Kuti mupange uchi wa 100 g, mumafunika timadzi tokoma, tomwe timatulutsa maluwa pafupifupi miliyoni.
Njuchi kupanga uchi
Musanayambe kusonkhanitsa timadzi tokoma ndikupanga uchi, tizilomboti amapanga zisa za uchi, komwe timadzi tosungira timitengo timene timasungirako komanso komwe timalizira. Mauchi ndi ma hexagonal maselo opangidwa ndi sera. Sangapangidwe kuti apangidwe ndi kusungidwa kwa "golide wokoma", komanso kuti aziikira mazira ndi kulera ana.
Kodi njuchi zimapanga bwanji uchi? Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti njuchi nthawi yomweyo zimatenga izi zotsekemera kuchokera ku duwa ndikuzipititsa mng'oma, koma sizili choncho. Njira yopangira uchi ndizovuta kwambiri. Choyamba, njuchi zouluka zimawulukira kumalo osiyanasiyana kukafufuza maluwa ndi mbewu zoyenerera, kenako zimabwereranso mumng'oma ndi kukauza ogwirawo kuti ali ndi gule lapaderalo kwa omwe ali ndi malo osungirako bwino.
Kodi njuchi zimatola bwanji timadzi tokoma? Njuchi zogwira ntchito zimatola timadzi tokhatira, timene timawuluka kuchokera kumaluwo kupita pamalonda, ndikuyika m'matumba apadera omwe ali pamimba, kwinaku tikuwathandiza ndi malovu ake, omwe ndi njira yothandiza kuthyola shuga. Ndipo zimayamba kupanga uchi.
Atatola ndi kukonzanso mochedwa momwe njuchi imodzi yaying'ono ingabweretsere, amazinyingira mumng'oma ndi kubwerera, atazungulira dera la mahekitala 12 patsiku.
Kodi uchi umapangidwa bwanji pambuyo pake? Njuchi yogwira ntchito, yomwe yabwerera ndi ziphuphu, imapatsira wina amene amagwira ntchito mng'oma. Amayamwa ndikapitiriza kupesa, kenako nkuyiika m'munsi mwa maselo, pomwe chinyezi chimayamba kutuluka. Timadzi timeneti timasunthidwa nthawi zambiri kuchokera pagulu limodzi kupita ku limzake, ndipo kukonzanso kwa uchi kumachitika, nthawi yakucha yomwe kuyambira nthawi yotumiza timiyendo tating'onoting'ono ndi masiku 10. Ndi mankhwala omalizidwa, tizilombo timadzaza ma cell a zisa ndi kuzimata ndi sera. Chifukwa chake, malonda ake amatha kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri osataya mawonekedwe ake.
Ndikufuna kudziwa kuti pakupanga uchi ndikofunikira kusungitsa kutentha pang'ono mng'oma, womwe umatheka chifukwa cha mpweya wabwino. Njuchi zimayipanga ndikugwedeza mapiko ake kwambiri.
Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimasonkhezera kuphatikiza timadzi tokoma komanso kupanga uchi
Momwe njuchi zimapangitsira uchi, taphunzira, koma kuchuluka kwamtundu umodzi kungathe kututa zochuluka motani.
Choyamba, ndi nyengo. Nyengo zoyipa, nyengo yamkuntho ndi mvula, tizilombo sizidzawuluka ndikutola timadzi tokoma. Chilala chimathandizanso kwambiri. Ngati nyengo ili youma ndiye kuti mbewu za uchi zimakhala zochepa, motere, kuchuluka kwa timadzi tambiri tomwe timakhala ochepa.
Mtunda wochokera pakumera kwa chisa cha mbewa kuti ukhale wawukulu, ndiye kuti njuchi singabweretse timadzi tambiri, iye amadya gawo limodzi kuti akhale ndi mphamvu. Kupanga 1 makilogalamu a uchi, njuchi zimafunika kusonkha 4 kg ya nectar, kwinaku zikuuluka mozungulira maluwa oposa miliyoni. Panyengo yonse, banja la njuchi limatulutsa mankhwala okoma a makilogalamu 150, theka limadzichitira lokha.
Nyambo yatsopano yosodza! "Uyu yekha ndiye amaluma kuti azichita chibwenzi ndi zotsimikizika."
Ubwino wa uchi
Popeza ndaphunzira kuti uchi ndi chiyani, ndimomwe zimapangidwira chilengedwe chodabwitsachi, ndikufuna kuwonjezeranso zina zake zapadera. Izi ndi zamitundu iwiri:
Mitundu yoyamba imapangidwa kuchokera ku timadzi tomwe timatola kuchokera ku uchi. Imatha kukhala ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yamitundu iyi. Makhalidwe ake amakoma amadalira mtundu wa mbewu ndi zinthu zakunja - njira yotulutsa maluwa ikangoyamba, kuchuluka kwa timadzi tating'ono kumakhala kwakukulu, ndipo patatha kupukutira m'mimba kumachepa, ndikutulutsa chinyezi - timadzi tokoma timakhala totsekemera komanso mosemphanitsa.
Matope amapangidwa kuchokera ku chotsekemera chokoma cha nyama, chomwe ndi zopangidwa ndi tizilombo tina timene timadya pa timadziti ndi timadzi ta maluwa ndi maluwa.
Uchi wamtundu wachiwiri ndi wofunikira kwambiri kuposa woyamba kwa anthu, popeza umakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya amino acid, ma organic acids, michere ndi nitrogenous, komanso ma enzyme osiyanasiyana, koma izi sizoyenera kudyetsa banja la njuchi, chifukwa zimakhala ndi mchere wambiri wamankhwala tizilombo.
Choyambitsa njuchi chachilengedwe chimakhala ndi machiritso apadera. Imakhala yopanda mphamvu, imakhala ndi phindu pa kagayidwe, imapangitsa chitetezo chokwanira. Alibe wofanana pa matenda a chimfine ndi matenda am'mimba, zilonda zam'mimba ndi zilonda zam'mimba. Uchi wavulala machiritso ndi bactericidal katundu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazodzikongoletsera kusamalira khungu komanso tsitsi. Kwa nthawi yayitali mutha kulembera zabwino ndi zabwino za "golide wokoma".
Kuphatikiza timadzi tokoma, njuchi sizimangotulutsa uchi, komanso mungu; zimasinthanitsa mungu kuchokera ku duwa limodzi kupita kwina, mwakutero zimabweretsa zabwino zambiri mu ulimi. Popanda anthu akhama pantchito amenewa, sipakanapezeka zokolola m'minda ndi m'minda yamasamba. Khama komanso kulimbikira kwa tizilombo todabwitsachi, zomwe ndi zozizwitsa zapadera za mayi payekha komanso zitsanzo kwa anthu ambiri, zimangosilira. Njuchi ndi uchi ndi mphatso yapadera mwachilengedwe kwa munthu, yoyenera kuyamikiridwa.