Makupalat
Njoka Yamadzi Ya Schneider
Gulu la asayansi

Ufumu:

Eumetazoi

Chinsinsi:

Lepidosauromorphs

Malo:

Alethinophidia

Zabwino Kwambiri:

Colubroidea

Banja:

Makupalat

Dzina lasayansi yapadziko lonse

Makupalat (lat.) - banja la njoka. M'mbuyomu ankawaganizira kuti ndi banja lachibale lokhalokha.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika konse kwa oimira banja lino kuchokera pa 50cm mpaka 1mamutu. Mutu ndiwosalala, wamtali. Thupi limakhala lolimba komanso lonyowa, mchirawo umakhala wautali.

Monga njoka zowuma, mphuno imasunthika kumtunda kwa muzzle, maso amawongolera m'mwamba, ndipo mkamwa ndi mphuno zimakhala ndi valavu yapadera yomwe imalepheretsa madzi kuyenda. Komabe, mamba omwe amaphimba thupi sanasinthe kwambiri poyerekeza ndi njoka zam'munda. Mano a chitseko cham'mbuyo cha nsagwada yam'mwamba amakulitsidwa, ali ndi poyambira kutsogolo ndipo amalumikizana ndi kutulutsa kwa poyizoni.

Mtundu wa khungu umakhala wachikasu mpaka bulauni.

Moyo

Mitundu yambiri imakhala m'madzi. Madzi onsewa amakhala opanda madzi komanso madzi abwino, kuphatikizapo ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale osakhalitsa. Mitundu ina ndiyambiri, mwachitsanzo, m'minda ya mpunga ndi m'madambo. Kumbani mabowo. Nthawi zambiri amatuluka pamadzi kupita kumtunda, kumene amakhala ndi chidaliro.

Kuluma kwa njoka'zi kumawumitsa kapena kupha nsomba, crustaceans ndi amphibians, zomwe amadya, koma sizabwino kwa anthu. Njoka izi zimatha kumeza umunthu wawo ngakhale pansi pa madzi.

Habitat

Madzi amakhala kale pamtunda waukulu, wopanga danga kuchokera ku Central ndi Southern Europe mpaka Western China ndi Northwest India. Zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ku Russia ndi Ukraine, ku Crimea, Ciscaucasia ndi Transcaucasia, Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan.

Malo okondweretsa njoka zam'madzi ndi malo pafupi ndi matupi amadzi (atsopano ndi mchere). Zimapezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zilumba zomwe zili munyanja. Zitha kuonedwa pafupi ndi ngalande zothirira m'midzi, paminda yothiriridwa, pamalo opendekera okhala ndi mabango ndi mitsinje yamapiri yowonekera.

Amakonda makamaka malo omwe mabanki ndi pansi adakutidwa ndi miyala yayikulu, ndipo tchire ndi mitengo zimamera m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Yesani kupewa magawo otseguka ndi otsetsereka pafupi ndi madzi.

Machitidwe a njoka yamadzi

Njoka izi zimagwira ntchito masana. M'mawa, amatuluka m'madzimo ndikukasamba padzuwa nthawi yayitali, ndikubisala usiku. M'nyengo yotentha, nthawi yambiri masanawa amakhala m'madzi, ndipo nthawi yamadzulo amapita kumtunda komwe amagona.

Njoka zamadzi zimasambira zonse pamadzi ndi pansi pa madzi. Atatulutsa chisa pamwamba pamadzi, akumwetulira thupi, monga kukwawa, amasambira mwachangu. Kuthawa kuzunzidwa, amabisala ngakhale m'mitsinje ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, pansi pamiyala pansi pamtunda wamtunda wa 2-3 mamita kuchokera kumtunda. Kuwonekera pakatha mphindi 4-5.

M'chilimwe, amakhala malo otetezedwa pansi pazidutswa zamiyala, milu yamitanda yamitengo, tchire lodzala ndi magombe amadzi, ndi zina zambiri.

Njoka zam'madzi nthawi zambiri zimatsata masamba awo ndipo sizipanga timagulu tambiri. Amasamukira mkati mwa 200-400 m.

Amadziwika ndi masomphenya akuthwa kwambiri. Poona munthu ngakhale mita 10, amathamangira kukabisala m'madzi.

Zakudya Zabwino Komanso Kusaka

Njoka zamadzi zimadya kwambiri nsomba, komanso zochepa - amphibians. Amasaka kwambiri komanso kugwira nsomba, kuziyang'ana pansi. Ngati nsomba isambira ku njoka yosagwedezeka, imagwira nyama ndi mphamvu imodzi, koma ikaphonya, siyiyisunga posambira.

Malinga ndi zomwe wapezeka m'madzi muja, njoka zimameza nsomba zazing'ono zomwe pansi pano. Nthawi zambiri nyama zazikulu zimadyedwa pagombe. Kugwira nsomba nthawi zambiri ndi mchira, njokayo imathamangira kumtunda ndipo, ikagwira mwala ndi thupi, kuyesera kuutulutsa mu madzi.

Zisanu

M'nyengo yozizira, njoka zam'madzi zimasowa nthawi yomweyo monga wamba mu Okutobala-Novembala, pomwe zipatsozi zimachitika. Nthawi zambiri mu Seputembala amakhala osagwira ntchito, amabisalira m'maenje, pansi pamiyala yamiyala, pansi pa maziko a nyumba.

Amakonda kubisala m'magulu (nthawi zina mpaka anthu 200) kapena mwayokha. Amatha kukhala yozizira limodzi ndi njoka wamba. Malo omwewo nthawi yozizira (malo owuma pansi pa miyala, ma skigs, burrows) amagwiritsa ntchito njoka zaka zingapo motsatizana.

Kudzuka kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena mu Epulo, kutengera malo, nyengo ndi nyengo yamasika. Amabwera pamtunda pomwe kutentha kwa mpweya kumakwera mpaka kutentha kwa 9-10 ° C, komabe, poyamba sizigwira ntchito. Pobwerera kuzizira, amabisanso m'malo awo okhala.

Kuswana

Nyengo yakukhwima imayamba mu Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, ndipo kuyikira mazira kumachitika kumapeto kwa Juni - mu Julayi. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira 6 mpaka 18. Kuyika kwa mkazi aliyense kumatenga maola angapo. M'mazira owala bwino, mazira amawoneka bwino, omwe amayamba kukula ngakhale mthupi la mkazi.

Mazira amadzazidwa masiku 40-50. Njoka zazing'ono ndizogwira, zachangu mwachangu ndipo mawonekedwe ake sizimasiyana ndi maonekedwe akuluakulu, kupatula kukula. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi 16-19 cm.

Adani

Njoka zamadzi zomwe zimapezeka m'madziwe nthawi zambiri zimasesedwa ndi anthu, kuwayesa ngati poyizoni kapena tizirombo.

Mwa nyama, adani a njoka zamtunduwu ndi njoka ya chiwombankhanga, ndipo nthawi zina mbalame zina zakudya. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti kite wakuda amadya njoka zam'madzi ku Caucasus. Zitsamba ndizowopsa kwa iwo. Kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono, seagull ndi nsomba zolusa zitha kukhala zowopsa. Nthawi zina amakodwa ndi nkhandwe ndi mimbulu.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokoza

Chithunzi: Madzi kale

Pomwepo njoka yamadzi ndi njoka yopanda poizoni ya banja kale komanso mtundu wa njoka zenizeni. Zowawa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolakwika kuti zikhale ndi njoka yoopsa, chifukwa chake, nthawi zina, zimachita nawo nkhanza. Choyamba, mtundu wake umasiyana ndi njoka yamadzi wamba, chifukwa chake ndikulakwitsa kuti njoka yapoizoni.

Kanema: Madzi kale

Njoka yamadzi ilibe maonekedwe achikasu kapena malalanje pamutu pa occipital pamutu, ngati wachibale wamba, wamtundu wina wamtundu wake:

Chochititsa chidwi: Pakati pa njoka zam'madzi pali zotulutsa, zimakhala utoto kwathunthu.

Njoka yamadzi kuchokera kwa wamba imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe wozungulira, thupi lake limakutidwa ndi kiyubiki. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti dzina lake lachi Latin "tessellata" potanthauzira limatanthawuza "yokutidwa ndi cubes" kapena "chess". Chifukwa chachilendo ichi, anthu adatcha "chess njer". Ambiri, inde, amaganiza kuti uwu ndi mtundu wa njoka.

Madzi kale osati wachibale yekha wamba, komanso mnansi wake, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi, malo okhala oyandikana ndi malo omwewo ndi nyengo. Chofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wake wopambana ndi woyenera kupezeka kukhalapo kwamtsinje wamadzi, kuthamanga ndi madzi oyima.

Kuwoneka m'malo opumula akusamba, munthu wotere nthawi zambiri amabweretsa mantha komanso chisokonezo, kwinaku akuvutika. Mantha onsewa komanso mdani wamadzi wakuthengo chifukwa cha umbuli wa anthu, ndizopweteketsa konse komanso ayi.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Madzi a Njoka

Kuphatikiza apo madzi samapatsidwa mawanga owala a lalanje kumbuyo kwake, amakhalanso ndizinthu zina zakunja mwanjira imeneyi. Kutalika kwa thupi la njoka yamadzi kumatha kufika mita imodzi ndi theka, koma anthu kutalika pafupifupi 80 cm nthawi zambiri amapezeka. Akazi ndi okulirapo pang'ono komanso kutalika kuposa amuna. Kutalika kwa njoka wamba kuli ofanana; kumatha kukula kwambiri masentimita angapo.

Poyerekeza ndi njoka wamba, m'mphepete mwa muzzle mumalozedwa kwambiri pamadzi. Monga taonera kale, nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa chifukwa cha njoka chifukwa cha mtundu wake, khungu, komanso kusowa kwa malalanje. Komabe, ngati tingaphunzire za njoka yamadzi mwatsatanetsatane, titha kuona zizindikilo zina zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi zodontha:

• Mutu wa njoka umakhala wofanana ndi utatu, ndipo njokayo imasalala,
• Zidutswa za njoka ndizazikulu, zam'mimba zazing'ono kwambiri,
• mukayang'ana m'maso mwa njokayo, mutha kuwona kuti mwana wa njokayo wakhazikika, pomwe njokayo yazungulira,
• malinga ndi kukula kwake, chowonjezeracho ndi chaching'ono kuposa njoka, kutalika kwake, monga lamulo, sichidutsa 73 cm, ndipo kutalika kwa njoka kumadutsa mita.

Mamba omwe amaphimba kumtunda kwa zodzikongoletsera ali ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi nthiti, ndipo nthiti zimapezeka kwakanthawi. Tidazindikira mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa njokayo, ndipo m'mimba mwake mumakhala ofiira amuna ndi amtundu wachikasu amtundu wachikazi. Kumbali yamkati, kumbuyo kwenikweni kumachepetsedwa ndi mawanga amdima omwe amapezeka paliponse pa thupi la njoka.

Chinthu chinanso cha njoka yamadzi ndi malo omwe ali pamalo a occipital a mutu mu mawonekedwe a zilembo "V", nsonga yake imatsogozedwa kutsogolo. Mtundu wa nyama zazing'ono zamadzulo ndizofanana ndi mtundu wa okhwima, mimba zawo zimakhala zoyera. Maso a njoka ali ndi ana ozungulira ndi iris wachikasu wokhala ndi madontho otuwa.

Kodi madzi amakhala kuti?

Gawoli la njoka yamadzi ndilambiri. Poyerekeza ndi mgonero wamba, njokayo imatha kuganiziridwa ngati Thermophilic komanso kumwera. Anakhala kudera lakumwera kwa Europe, ndikukhala kumwera kwa Ukraine ndi Russia, atasankha madera a Don, Kuban, Volga, madera a Azov ndi Black Seas.

Ngati tifotokozere za malire akukhazikika kwa njoka wamba, chithunzicho chikuwoneka motere:

• kumadzulo, mtunduwo umakhala kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa France (chigwa cha Rhine),
• kum'mwera, malire amayenda kudera lakumpoto kwa Africa, mpaka Pakistan ndi Persian Gulf,
• kutsogolo komwe kumakhala njoka kumadutsa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China,
• malire a kumpoto kwa masanjidwewo akufalikira pachitunda cha Volga-Kama.

Kuchokera ku dzina lokhalo lachiwonetsero ndizodziwikiratu kuti sungakhale kutali ndi matupi amadzi, imafunikira magwero amadzi m'malo ake. Mwakutero, mumadzi amadzimadzi amagwiritsa ntchito mkango nthawi yake. Madzi amakonda kukhala m'mbali mwa nyanja, mtsinje, dziwe, nyanja. Ngalande zopangidwa mwaluso ndi zotetezeka zimatha kukhalamo. Anthu akunyanja amakonda kwambiri madzi osayenda kapena aulesi, koma amakhalanso m'mitsinje yozizira, yamkuntho. M'mapiri, njoka yamadzi imatha kukumana pamtunda wamakilomita atatu.

Nthawi zambiri, njoka zimasankha mayiwe okhala ndi khomo lolowera kumadzi kuti azikhalamo, malo otsetsereka omwe amaphimbidwa ndi miyala, dothi kapena mchenga. Mimvi imapewera m'mphepete mwa mapiri. Matupi oyipitsidwa ndi njoka amadutsanso ndi njoka, chifukwa zimasaka ndikudya nyama yaying'ono popanda kukwawa kuchokera m'madzi. Malo okondedwa kwambiri pomwe zirombo zopumulirako zimakonda kupuma komanso kupumula ndi miyala ikuluikulu, yosalala yozungulira yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, kapena nthambi zamitengo, zomwe zimayikidwa mwachindunji pamwamba pamadzi. Njoka zake ndizoyang'ana bwino ndikuyenda korona wamitengo, chifukwa chake zimakonda kukwera nthambi za mbewu zomwe zili pafupi ndi posungira.

Kodi chimadya madzi ndi chiyani?

Chithunzi: Madzi omwe adachokera kale ku Buku Lofiira

Sizosadabwitsa konse kuti mndandanda wamakedzedwe amapangidwa makamaka ndi mbale zam'madzi. Amasaka akudya ake omwe amawakonda, onse mumchere komanso m'madzi atsopano.

Zakudya za nsomba zimakhala:

Amamwa nsomba yaying'ono yomwe ili mgulu la madzi, ndipo amayenera kupumira m'madzi ndi yayikulu, motero amachita nayo gombe.

Chosangalatsa: Pa kusaka kamodzi kopambana, amatha kale kumeza nsomba zazing'ono ndi mainchesi atatu, koma nsomba ndizokulirapo (kutalika kwa 15 cm) zopezeka muzakudya zake.

Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, madziwo samasiyananso kudya achule, ma tadpoles, maads, newts. M'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Azov ndi Crimea, mumalowa ng'ombe zazing'ombe zambiri, choncho mbadwa zawo amazitcha "ng'ombe yamphongo." Njoka zam'madzi zimakonda kusaka m'njira ziwiri: zimatha kubisala ndikudikirira wobisalira, kenako ndikuyigwira ndi liwiro, kapena ikulondola zomwe zingagwire, mochenjera mochenjera.

Ngati wovulalayo akwanitsa kuthawa nthawi ya nkhondoyi, samupeza, apeza chinthu chatsopano chosakira. Nthawi zambiri, nyama yam'madziyo imamatira pakati penipeni pa nsomba, nyama yayikulu imamangidwa ndi nsagwada zake ndikusambira nayo kumtunda, ndikuyigwira pamwamba pamadzi. Ikakamiza mchira wake pachitsamba china cham'mbali, imakoka katundu wayo kumtunda.

Chakudyacho chimayamba ndi kumeza mutu wa nsomba. Mizere ya nyama ya nyama imatha kukhala yayikulupo kuposa chakudya cham'mutu, chifukwa chake chokwawa chimametsa mothandizidwa ndi mafinya a nsagwada yapansi ndi mafupa omwe amakhala pafupi. Poona izi, zikuwoneka kuti akukwiyira wom'gwirayo.

Chosangalatsa: Ndizodziwika bwino kuti m'mimba mwa imodzi ya njoka mumapezeka njoka zazing'ono wamba.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Madzi kale

Njoka zam'madzi ndizomwe zimadya njoka masana zomwe zimagwira masana masana. Chikutuluka m'phanga lake m'mawa, imawotha kwa nthawi yayitali m'mamawa. Amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, kutuluka m'mamawa kwambiri, kenako amathawira kunyumba kwake mpaka m'mawa. Njoka sizimakonda kutentha kwambiri, chifukwa chake, nthawi yotentha imabisala m'madzi kapena zitsamba zamchere.

Sizachidziwikire kuti dzina la njoka ndizosambira bwino komanso osambira abwino omwe amadziwa bwino kwambiri zam'madzi ndipo amatha kukhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri, njoka iliyonse imakhala ndi gawo lawolawo, lomwe limamatirira, kusuntha limodzi ndi mazana awiri mpaka mazana anayi.

Chosangalatsa: Masomphenya a njoka zamadzi salephera, ndi owala kwambiri komanso osamala. Popeza tawoneratu kuphulika ngakhale patali pafupifupi mita khumi, malo othamangitsirako amathamangira kulowa pansi komanso kupewa msonkhano wosayenera.

Njoka zimagwera mu stumbor yozizira ndikuyamba kwa chisanu choyamba, chomwe chimakonda kupezeka mu Okutobala-Novembala. Kusunthika kwawo kwatayika kale ndi kuyamba kwa Seputembala, ikayamba kuzizira. Zima nyengo yozizira imatha kukhala imodzi kapena yophatikiza. Zoyatsira zomwe njoka zimapulumuka nthawi yozizira zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iwo kwazaka zambiri.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Nthawi zina, nthawi yachisanu ikaphatikizidwa, kumakhala chakudya chamadzulo pafupifupi mazana awiri. Nthawi zambiri madzi amasambira nthawi yozizira mdzenje lomwelo ndi abale awo wamba.

Kudzutsidwa kwa makanema oimitsidwa kumachitika kutentha kutentha komwe kukutentha mpaka madigiri 10 ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera, nthawi ino kugwera kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena koyambirira kwa Epulo, zonsezi zimatengera dera lokhalamo. Posachedwa kudzuka njoka zimawoneka ngati zaulesi ndikusunthira pang'ono, pang'onopang'ono ndikuchira ndikuyamba kulanda kutayika nthawi yachisanu.

Njira yosungunulira njoka zamadzi imachitika kangapo pachaka. Pali umboni kuti kusungunuka kwa chilimwe kumachitika pamwezi. Ngati tizingolankhula za chilengedwe komanso mawonekedwe a nyama zodabwitsazi, ndiye kuti titha kunena molimba mtima kuti cholengedwa cham'madzi ndi cholengedwa chamtendere, sichinaoneke pozunza anthu. Iyenso amayesetsa kukhala woyamba kubwezera akamaona anthu kuti akhale otetezeka komanso opanga bwino.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Madzi a Njoka

Nyengo yachisanu ya njoka ikadzatha pambuyo pake, imayamba nthawi yaukwati. Kenako njoka zam'madzi zimasonkhana m'magulu onse, momwe awiriawiri amapangidwira, akukonzekera kupakidwa. Zodzikongoletsa zimakhwima pofika zaka zitatu. Pakatha nyengo yamkuntho yamphongo, zazikazi zimayamba kukonzekera kuyikira mazira.

Pakupanga, amatha kuwerengera mpaka magawo 4 mpaka 20, njira yakuzengereza imatenga nthawi yayitali ndipo amatenga mayi aliyense wamtsogolo maola angapo angapo motsatizana.Kuyika kwa mkazi kumayikidwa mu dothi lotayirira ndi lonyowa, pansi pa miyala yayikulu. Mazira omwe anaikidwa kumene amakhala owonekera, motero, mawonekedwe a silika amaonekera kudzera pa chipolopolo.

Kuchulukitsa kumatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Ma kites opangidwa kumene kuyambira atabadwa ali ndi zochitika zambiri, ufulu komanso kudziyimira pawokha. Amakwawa mwachangu ndikuwoneka chimodzimodzi ndi makolo awo, chachiwiri kwa iwo kukula. Kutalika kwa nkhanu zazing'ono kumayambira masentimita 16 mpaka 19. Nthawi yomweyo, ana amapita kukasaka nsomba yoyamba.

Chosangalatsa: Njoka zam'madzi, monga wamba, zimakhala ndi ndulu zomwe zimapezekamo mazira chikwi.

M'madzi am'madzi, maphikidwe aukwati wa nyundo amachitikanso, pomwe zokwawa zimayamba kukhwima zisanachitike hibernation. Potere, kuyikira mazira kumapitilira ku chirimwe chotsatira.

Chifukwa cha kusadziwa kwawo, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti watermark ndi chifukwa cha mtanda pakati pa njoka wamba ndi chowonjezera, zomwe ndi zolakwika kwambiri. Malingaliro awa ndi olakwika, chifukwa Zoyenera ziwirizi ndi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mabanja ndipo sizingafanane.

Adani achilengedwe a njoka zamadzi

Chithunzi: Madzi a Caspian

Kwa anthu, madzi ndiotetezeka, koma nyama yothira yokha ikudikirira zoopsa zambiri. Njoka zimatha kukhala nyama zodyedwa ndi mbalame. Osauka kwambiri ndi nyama zazing'ono zopanda nzeru. Sizotsutsana konse ndi njoka, muskrats, muskrats, weasel, nkhandwe wamba, hedgehogs, chiwombankhanga chodya njoka, maimvi agalu, nkhanu, akhwangwala. Nthawi zambiri njoka zazing'ono zimayamba kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha nkhanu ndi ma gombe am'madzi.

Ngakhale nsomba yayikulu ngati pike ndi catfish imatha kukumba mosavuta njoka, makamaka yocheperako. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, anthu ena a njoka amakondanso kudya njoka (ma efa amchenga, njoka zamaso akulu ndi njoka zachikasu). Khwawa ili ndi zida zina zoteteza zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pokayikira. Kuwopseza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto, imayimba kulira ndikuwulutsa chinsinsi cha fetid mothandizidwa ndi ndulu zakugonana. Gawo lamadzi lomweli limasokoneza chidwi cha anthu ambiri omwe amadyera, kupulumutsa moyo wamadzulo.

Chochititsa chidwi: Watery ndi waluso weniweni yemwe amanamizira kuti ndi wakufa podziteteza, waluso wamba ali ndi talente yomweyo.

Ngakhale watermark ilibe poizoni konse, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi vuto laumbuli, chifukwa munthu mosadziwa amamutenga chifukwa cha njoka yoopsa. Ochepa ochepa atha kumenya nkhondo zosayenerana ndi anthu, chifukwa chake, atazindikira kuti kukuyandikira miyendo iwiri yolakwika, akufulumira kubwerera kwawo, atabisala m'madzi akuya.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Madzi kale

Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa njoka yamadzi ndikochulukirapo, kathiridwe kameneka kamakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyipa, chifukwa chake anthu akuchepa. M'dziko lathu, palibe zovuta zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa njoka yamadzi, kokha m'malo ena amalembedwa mu Red Book. Ku Europe, zinthu zikuipiraipira: Mtunduwu wayamba kale kutha.

Zowawa zoterezi mmaiko aku Europe ndi chifukwa choti ali ndi gawo laling'ono, choncho kulibe malo oti okhalamo azikhazikikapo, anthu pafupifupi adawadzaza kulikonse. Kuumitsa kwa ma swamp, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komanso kuyika misewu yayikulu kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pazakudya zam'madzulo, chifukwa chake zimatha kuchokera kumaderawa.

Kuphatikiza pa mavuto onse omwe ali pamwambawa, kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe zakhudzidwa kwambiri, chifukwa matupi amadzi ambiri ndiodetsedwa ndipo samakhala oyenera kudya chakudya chabwino. Njoka zimatha kutengeka kwambiri ndi phokoso lamtundu uliwonse kuchokera kumaboti amagetsi, sitima, malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja, etc. Musaiwale kuti anthu omwe amapha njoka zamadzi chifukwa chofanana ndi njoka yaululu.

Pa gawo la Russia lonse, njoka zamtunduwu sizikhala zopanda tanthauzo, chifukwa chidziwitso chodalirika cha kuchuluka kwa ziweto zamadzulo sichikupezeka. Ngati titha kunena za momwe njoka yamadzi yosungira padziko lonse lapansi imakhalira, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mitunduyi yazilomboti ndizotetezedwa ndi msonkhano wa Berne.

Kuteteza Njoka Yamadzi

Chithunzi: Madzi omwe adachokera kale ku Buku Lofiira

Tazindikira kale kuti kuchuluka kwa njoka zam'madzi kwachepa kwambiri m'malo a ku Europe, pomwe njoka iyi ikuwopsezedwa kuti idzatha. Zovuta zoyipa izi ndizolumikizana, choyambirira, chifukwa chakuti kulibe kwina kokhala, chifukwa madera onse ozungulira ali ndi anthu. Mkhalidwe wosungira njoka yamadzi pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi akuti mtundu wamtunduwu umaphatikizidwanso mundondomeko yachiwiri ya Berne Convention for the Protection of European Species of Wild Fauna ndi ma Habitats awo (nyama zomwe zimafunikira njira zapadera zosungira) za 1979. Mitunduyi imawonedwa ngati yosowa kwambiri, koma kuchuluka kwake sikudziwika.

M'madera adziko lathu, zinthu zomwe zili ndi zoweta zambiri sizoyipa ngati ku Europe, ngakhale kuti pang'onopang'ono m'malo ena anthu akucheperachepera. Zoyipa zake ndi kuipitsidwa kwa matupi amadzi ndi anthu omwe omwe amapha njoka zamadzi, kuwagwiritsa njoka. Pakadali pano, palibe deta pa chiwerengero cha njoka zamadzi, chiwerengero chawo chenicheni ku Russia sichinakhazikitsidwe. Katunduyu wolembedwa mu Red Book la madera ena osiyana: Voronezh, Samara, Saratov.

Mwa zina zoteteza njoka yamadzi, mutha kulembapo:

• bungwe la malo osungira mwapadera,
• kuletsa kugwidwa
• kufalitsa kwa njira zotetezera njoka zam'madzi mwa okhala m'deralo,
• Kuchepetsa kwa kulowerera kwaumunthu pazinthu zachilengedwe.

Pomaliza, zikuwonjezeranso kuti sizinthu zonse zosadziwika zomwe zili zowopsa, komanso madzi am'madzi, omwe ambiri sanalingalirepo, akumangotenga njoka. Moyo wam'madzi a njoka wokonda nsomba wopanda vuto uyu ndiwosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo, mukasanthula mwatsatanetsatane, muphunzira zambiri zatsopano komanso zachilendo zomwe kale zinkabisidwa mwakuya kapena m'malo owuma, osafunikira, m'nkhokwe.

Makhalidwe a mitundu ya njoka zamadzi

Pali magulu awiri akuluakulu a njoka zam'madzi - madzi abwino komanso nyanja. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti zolengedwa zam'nyanja zam'madzi zoterezi sizipezeka pagawo lathu, tikambirane za njoka zam'madzi zatsopano. Ambiri mwa oimira gulu lachiwerewereliwa ndi a banja la ofanana kale, palinso nthumwi zochokera ku boas ndi banja la njoka zamtopola.

Chingwe

Zomwe zikuwoneka ngati njoka yam'makomo:

• chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha njokayo ndi kupezeka kwa njira ziwiri pamutu, zomwe zimakutidwa ndi mamba ochepa kwambiri,
• kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana pakati pa 70 mpaka 90 sentimita,
• thupi lakutidwa ndi mamba,
• Alonda omwe cholinga chake ndi kuyenda pamtunda, chomwe chili pamimba mwa njoka'zi, ndi chopapatiza kwambiri ndikupanga ma eyel awiri.
• Pamwamba pa thupi la njoka za chihemacho, zimatha kukula mmakola ake osiyanasiyana kuti apangidwe mochititsa manyazi.

Ngakhale ma herpetons (dzina lachiwiri la izi zapamwamba) ali ndi kuthekera kosunthira padziko lapansi, pafupifupi samasiya matupi amadzi. Mtunduwu umangokhala ku Indochina, ngakhale zochitika zapadera zomwe zimakumana nawo kumayiko ena okhala ndi lamba wokhala ndi equatorial zimadziwika. Amatha kuyenda kudutsa mitsinje kapena nyanja zomwe akukhalamo, koma amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi madzi oyambira, popeza ndi kutentha kwokhawo komwe kumakhala ndi moyo wabwino. Choyambirira chachikulu m'zakudya za nyama zamagazi ozizira awa ndi nsomba. Pokonzekera kusaka, amapinda matupi awo ngati momwe amalembera J, natembenuzira mitu yawo ndikuyang'ana mchira, ndikuyimilira pameneponso ndikuyembekezera wozunzidwayo.

Womwe wakwanitsa kusambira akwanira mokwanira, njokayo imakankhira ndi mchira wake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsombayo ichite mantha ndikugugudika pakamwa pa nyama yam'madzi. Chimbudzi chimatha kutenga masiku atatu ndipo zimatengera kukula kwake. Mtundu wankhonya wamtunduwu umadziwika ndi kubadwa kwamoyo. Ntchito zakukhwima ndi masewera a mating zitha kuchitika chaka chonse, chifukwa nyengo yam'mitunduyo imawalola kuwonetsa ntchito chaka chonse. Pofufuza awiriawiri, mahema obisidwa pamutu pa njokayi amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa chake amatenga madzi akunjenjemera omwe amadziwika ndi ena oimira banja lawo. Pokonzekera umuna, mwamunayo amalowetsa mkazi ndi thupi lake ndikumakonza ndi mano m'khosi. Pafupifupi, wamkazi amatsogolera mu lita imodzi kuchokera pa ana 10 mpaka 15 omwe amabadwa kuti azitha kudzilamulira.

Warty

Mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a izi zapamwamba ndi awa:

• ali ndi miyeso yaying'ono yokhala ndi zopindika zomwe siziphimba dera lililonse, komwe mungapeze malo opanda khungu. Chifukwa cha izi, matupi ake sakhala osalala, monga zimakhalira kwa pafupifupi ena onse oimilira pamalowo, koma zimamveka ngati malo ena okutidwa ndi tinthu tating'ono tating'ono,
• Kusintha kwa mutu mpaka khosi kumakhala kosalala komanso kosapindika,
• Ana a zilombozi ndiwowoneka bwino, maso ndi ozungulira, ndipo okulirapo, ali pamutu penipeni.
• ili ndi mphamvu zokwanira, koma nthawi yomweyo mano ofanana omwewo. Mano samaphimba nsagwada, komanso mkamwa.

Monga njoka zina zonse zamadzi, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimatha kuyenda pamtunda, koma zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri m'madzi. Ali ndi malo okhala, kuphatikizapo India, Australia, New Guinea ndi South ndi Southeast Asia. Amakonda malo osungira, omwe madziwo samapitirira mita imodzi. Nthawi zina amakhala akusaka zakudya ndipo ali ndi cholinga chofufuza gawo lawolo amatha kukwera mitsinje yomwe amakhala. Zitha kupezekanso m'malo a mangande, marshy ndi lonyowa, komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chakudya chachikulu cha njoka izi ndi nsomba zamitundu mitundu. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kusaka kumene ndi kosiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi: ngati wakale amakonda kutsatira njira ndi kuthamangitsa nyama, anthu obisala nthawi zambiri amawadikirira.

Nthawi yamphamvu kwambiri yazirombo izi nthawi zambiri imakhala usiku, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi zozizwitsa zamapangidwe awo ogwiritsira ntchito, komanso miyambo ya ozungulira a adani awo achilengedwe - nyamayi yolusa, njoka zina zazikulu ndi anthu. Kubalidwa kwa njoka izi kumatha kuchitika pafupifupi chaka chonse, kupatula nthawi kuyambira Disembala mpaka Januwale, nyengo ikamapangitsa kuti achepetse ntchito zawo. Akazi ndi amuna amakhala mosiyana, amakonda kukumana wina ndi mnzake chifukwa cha umuna. Pokonzekera coitus, yamphongo imakulunga thupi ndi kuzungulira mkaziyo ndikumanga zikwanje m'khosi. Oyimira banja lanyama zamtunduwu amatha kuteteza umuna, kotero kuti mkazi sayenera kuyang'ana wamwamuna nthawi iliyonse akukonzekera izi. Amayi amabereka ana atatu kapena 7, omwe atangobereka amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.

Anacondas

Anacondas ndi zolengedwa zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zasungidwa mpaka pano padziko lapansi:

• kukula kwakukulu kumasiyana kuyambira 4 mpaka 6 metres. M'mabuku mutha kuwona kuti zanyama zamtunduwu zimatchedwanso "madzi boa",
• khungu lawo limayimiridwa makamaka ndi matuwa obiriwira,
• kumbuyo kwa anacondas kwaphimbidwa ndi mizere iwiri ya malo akulu akulu amtundu wabulawuni, mulitali kapena ozunguliridwa, omwe amaphatikizana ndi cheke
• m'mbali mwake ndi wokutidwa ndi mizere ing'onoing'ono ya chikasu chachikuda yomwe imazungulira mphetezo zakuda. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi ntchito yobisika, yolola ma anacondas kubisala m'madzi.

Njoka izi zimapezeka m'maiko otsatirawa: Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Paraguay, Trinidad, Peru ndi Guyana. Malo okhala anacondas amakhala chete, opanda madzi amtsinje, mitsinje, akulu ndi nyanja zam'mphepete mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu ya Amazon ndi Orinoco. Anacondas amakonda kusasiya matupi amadzi ndikungokwera kumtunda kuti angotchire padzuwa, mnzanu akafuna kuwonongeka. Ntchito yayikulu yosaka anacondas imachitika m'madzi, pomwe amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ma valavu apadera omwe amatseka mphuno. Maziko a anacondas akudya ndi:

• zinyama
• mbalame zam'madzi
• zazing'onozing'ono.

Anthu akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amatsutsana ndi caimans, capybaras ndi ophika mkate. Nthawi zambiri, akambuku osiyanasiyana, tagu, komanso oyimira ang'onoang'ono amitundu yawo amathanso kukhala anaconda. Monga boas, njoka iyi imadikirira nyama, ikabisala m'madzi, ndipo ikasungika, imangodziponya mwadzidzidzi, ndikuyimata m'mphete, ndikufinya. Kumeza nyama kwamphamvu kumachitika kwathunthu, komwe anaconda amayenera kutambasulira pakamwa komanso pakhosi pake.

Nyengo yayikulu yakukhwima imayamba mu Epulo mpaka Meyi ndipo imagwirizana ndi nyengo yamvula. Munthawi imeneyi, anacondas amasonkhana m'magulu omwe njoka payekha imapeza pansi pang'onopang'ono pansi, yopangidwa chifukwa cha ma pheromones obisidwa ndi akazi. Pokonzekera kukhwima, njoka zimagogoda palimodzi mwamkokomo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'modzi wamkazi ndi amuna angapo. Kulumikizana limodzi pakupanga coitus, njoka izi zimagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yakumbuyo, ndikupanga mawu opukusa. Nthawi ya bere imatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndi itatu, pomwe mkazi amatha kutaya pafupifupi hafu ya kulemera chifukwa chakusaka zovuta chifukwa cha udindo wake. Yaikazi imakhala ndi ana osakwana 45 nthawi, omwe akangobadwa amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.

Njoka yaku America

Woimira banja lino, anthu omwe amakhala m'malo omwe amagawikirako, amatchedwa njoka yamadzi yakuda:

• Njoka zaku America zimakhala ndi kutalika kwamthupi kuyambira pa 120 mpaka 150 sentimita. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakula kuposa amuna,
• thupi ndilabwino kwambiri ndipo lili ndi mainchesi okwanira
• thupi lakutidwa ndi osalala, chonyezimira m'miyeso yamadzi, brownish, maolivi maolivi obiriwira kapena imvi yakuda, omwe ali pafupi kwambiri wina ndi mnzake,
• Mamba a msana anena kuti,
• Kumbuyo kumchira pali zingwe ziwiri zopyapyala m'lifupi, m'malo mwa anthu ena,
• ali ndi maso akulu akulu, ozungulira omwe ali kumbali ya muzzle ndi ana akulu, ozungulira.

Malo okhala amakhala makamaka kumayiko a North ndi Central America. Nthawi zambiri amatha kukumana ku United States, Mexico, Canada, Cuba ndi zilumba za Pacific. Monga malo okhalamo, nyamazo zimakonda mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamadzi am'madzi - mayendedwe a mitsinje yaying'ono yoyenda pang'onopang'ono, nyanja zazing'ono, zosaya komanso zazing'ono kukula kwake ndi zipinda zazitali, komanso magombe am'nyanja. Masana, nthawi zambiri amapezeka akusenda dzuwa. Amakwera bwino pamitengo ndi tchire pamwamba pa madzi, komabe, akangoona zoopsa, amalumphira m'matupi amadzi othamanga ndi mphezi. Gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha oimira gulu lino la njoka ndi nsomba zamitundu mitundu ndi zapamwamba. Nkhani zodya nyama zazing'ono zaku America za ana awo ang'ono ndi zazing'ono zalembedwa. Kusaka kumachitika m'madzi.Njokayo imamira mpaka pansi, ikagwira m'mphete ndipo imayembekezera mwachidwi nthawi yomwe ikubwera.

Pambuyo poti atayetsetse ndikusambira pafupi kwambiri ndi njoka yosaka, amapanga mphekesera, ndikukhomera nyama mkamwa mwake ndikulunga thupi lake mozungulira kuti ayambe kuyambukira pang'onopang'ono. Nyama zazikazi zimadya. Kugaya chakudya kumatha kutenga masiku 5, kutengera kukula kwa nyama, nthawi yomwe nyama siyili kutali ndi madzi komwe ikukhala. Njira yogwira ntchito kwambiri yoberekera izi zapambuyo ndiyambira pa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi. Pakadali pano, anyamatawa akufunafuna mwachangu akazi omwe amawotcha kutentha ndi ma pheromones omwe amawatulutsa m'moyo wawo. Akazi ndi wamwamuna akakumana, amakonda kupeza malo opanda phokoso oti angakhalire - mwachitsanzo, dzenje la mtengo, phanga laling'ono, vuto la mwala kapena kusiyana pakati pa mizu yamitengo. Mtunduwu umadziwika ndi kupanga dzira. Pakapita nthawi yayitali, zazikazi zimapanga mazira kwakanthawi kochepa, kuchokera pomwe ana amayandikira. Pafupifupi, wamkazi amatha kuikira mazira 90 nthawi imodzi.

Njoka zamadzi ndi munthu

Chifukwa cha kuchulukana kwakukulu kwa anthu padziko lapansi komanso kuchuluka pang'onopang'ono kwa anthu m'malo omwe sanakhalepo kale chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta kapena kuthekera, anthu akukumana kwambiri ndi izi zobwerezabwereza.

Popeza onse oimira gulu la njoka zam'madzi sakhala ndi poizoni ndipo, kwenikweni, sangawononge anthu ambiri (kupatula anaconda), nthawi zambiri misonkhano iyi imatha ndikungoletsa mtundu wawo, kuwonongedwa kwa munthu aliyense payekha ndi mazira, zomwe zimatsogolera pakuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono kwa izi zokwawa ndi nkhope za dziko lapansi. Pansipa tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane ndi zomwe mungachite ngati mudalumidwa ndi njoka, zotsatira zake zingayambitse, komanso momwe mungapewere kuluma.

Ndi nthawi ziti zomwe zingakulume

Kwenikweni, njoka izi zimayamba kuwonetsera mkwiyo kwa munthu ngati wapita gawo lalitali kwambiri, amakhala wovuta kwa iwo, kapena ngati akuchita nkhanza. Popeza njoka izi zimapezeka kwambiri pagawo lamadzi am'madzi, nthawi zambiri munthu samazindikira kuti pano ali m'gawo lomwe aliyense woimira gulu lanyanjali amakhala.

Nthawi zambiri, anthu amalumidwa ndi zokwawa panthawi yoyenda pansi pa malo osungira, pomwe amatha kusokoneza kapena kusokoneza njoka yamadzi yobisala akuyembekezera chakudya chamadzulo. Popanda kupweteketsa chidwi cha munthu, mkwiyo wake kwa iye ungathe kuwonetsedwa kokha ndi anthu akuluakulu a anacondas, omwe amatanthauzira omwe kale anali ngati mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito.

Zotsatira za kuluma

Kuluma palokha, ngakhale kumakhala kowawa nthawi zambiri, sikubweretsa vuto lililonse, chifukwa m'malo mwa njoka zam'madzi mulibe zinthu zilizonse zoopsa kwa anthu. Komabe, kwa anthu ena omwe amakonda kulimbana ndi mtundu waposachedwa, zimatha kukhala zowopsa chifukwa cha chitukuko cha angioedema, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti Quincke edema. Ngozi yayikulu imapangidwa ndi mphumu, yomwe imayamba chifukwa cha kupuma kwa thirakiti ndi edematous mucous membrane wa larynx ndi glottis. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza ambiri mwa zovulala izi zimayambitsidwa ndi anthu mwachindunji m'madzi, pamakhala kuthekera kwa kutalika kwakutali kwa njira yotchulidwa yotupa, nthawi zina ngakhalenso gangrene komanso sepsis.

Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mabakiteriya ambiri okhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala m'madzi (izi ndizowona makamaka kwa matupi amadzi atsopano). Zotsatira zodziwika kwambiri zakupeza kuluma ndi kukula kwa edema yakumalo yomwe ili pafupi ndi malo omwe akulumirayo, magazi pang'ono kuchokera pachilonda ndikupanga kutumphuka, komwe nthawi zina kumatha kukhala kochepa.

Choyamba thandizo kuluma

Chochita chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimayenera kuchitidwa mukangoluma njoka yamadzi iliyonse ndi kusazindikira mabala, omwe, ngati ali ndi nthawi komanso okwanira, ayenera kupewa zotsatira zoyipa mwa njira yotupa. Pankhani ya chitukuko cha angioedema, mulimonse, muyenera thandizo la katswiri woyenera. Pansipa tikufotokozera mwatsatane-tsatane njira yoyamba yothandizira kuluma izi:

1. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuchotsa zovala ndi nsapato zonse kuchokera pagulu lomwe lakhudzidwa (nthawi zambiri limakhala miyendo).
2. Kenako ndikofunikira kupukuta magazi omwe awonekera pamalo omwe akulumayo ndikuwona mtundu wa bala. Izi ndizofunikira kuti mumutumize kwa dokotalayo ngati wovulalayo alandidwa bala.
3. Chotsatira, muyenera kutenga njira iliyonse yothetsera matenda yomwe muli nayo ndikuyigwiritsa ntchito ngati chokoleti kapena thonje, ndikusunthira pang'ono ndi kuzungulira kwa kuluma komweko komanso malo ozungulira.
4. Pambuyo pake, tengani swab yatsopano yokhala ndi antiseptic kapena mankhwala opha majekiseni ndikuwakanikiza pang'onopang'ono pamalo ovulalawo.
5. Pomaliza, ikani bandeji yolimba, yosalala yomwe imasunga swab ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo, kuletsa mwayi wofalitsa matendawa komanso kupewa kutaya magazi ena.

Kumanani ndi Njoka Zam'nyanja

Kwa anthu angapo omwe amawira munyanja zotentha za Indian kapena Pacific Oceans, ndizotheka kukumana ndi anthu achilendo ngati awa ngati njoka zam'nyanja. Zikuyimira mabanja ambiri odziwika kwa aliyense kuyambira ali mwana, zokwawa zokwawa.
Mwambiri, njoka ndizofala kwambiri padziko lathuli - malo omwe amakhala ndi osiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana pokhudzana ndi kukhalapo komanso malo okhala nyengo. Mwina sangapezeke ku Antarctica ndi mpweya kokha, komwe sanapangirepo gawo lokhalamo.

Zokwanira, mitundu yoposa 2600 ya njoka imadziwika padziko lapansi, nthawi zambiri imagawana mabanja 12. Ochulukira kwambiri ndi banja la njoka zokhala ngati njoka, zomwe zimaphatikizapo theka la njoka zonse zomwe zimadziwika ndi sayansi.
Asayansi samadziwa chilichonse chokhudza njoka. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamikhalidwe imayesedwa pansi pomwe makolo akale a njoka adataya miyendo yawo ndikusinthira njira yowumbiramo. Akatswiri ena owonetsa zinyama amakhulupirira kuti makolo a njoka amatenga machitidwe awo chifukwa chakusintha kwawo kukhala moyo wopasuka, ena amaimira makolo a njoka ngati anthu okhala m'madzi, pang'onopang'ono kusamukira kumtunda, pomwe ena amati miyendo idatayidwa ndi makolo a njoka chifukwa chokhala pakati pa udzu ndi miyala.
Iliyonse ya njirazi imatha kutenga gawo lalikulu kapena lochepera pakusintha kwa zolengedwa zopanda miyendo izi.

Banja lonse - njoka zam'nyanja (Hydrophiidae) adakhala ndikukhala m'madzi a mnyanja, ndipo ambiri aiwo amabala ana kuchokera kumtunda ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kusinthika kumalo okhala m'madzi kunasiya zozama zakuya zakuwumbidwe ndi njoka za njoka izi kuti zimayenera kugawidwa ku banja lapadera.
Mitundu 56 ya njoka zam'madzi amadziwika, kuphatikiza 16 genera. Mitundu itatu, kuphatikiza mitundu 14 yapanga subfamily njoka zam'madzi zoterera (Laticaudinae), Mitundu 13, yolumikiza mitundu 39, mawonekedwe subfamily of njoka zokongoletsa (Hydrophilinae).
Njoka zanyanja zokhala ndi tchire sizimalumikizana ndi malo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kumayiko ena.

Njoka zam'nyanja zimakhala m'madzi otentha onse am'madzi a Pacific ndi Indian, kuyambira pagombe lakummawa kwa Africa mpaka kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Central America. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu Nyanja Yofiila. Kumpoto iwo amakafika ku Japan. M'madzi a Atlantic, njoka zam'madzi sizimachitika, ndipo ndi mtundu umodzi wokha - bicolor bonito (Pelamis platurus) adatha kulowa ku Caribbean kuchokera ku Gulf of Mexico kudzera ku Panama Canal.
Zambiri mwa kuchuluka ndi mitundu ya njoka zam'nyanja ku South China Sea komanso madzi a Mala Archipelago. Njoka zazikulu za njoka zam'madzi zimapezeka kuno, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala kumapeto kwa usodzi. Malo omwe mumawakonda ndi madzi amphepete mwa nyanja osapitirira 5-6 km kuchokera pamtunda, makamaka pafupi ndi milomo ya mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda munyanja, pomwe njoka zam'madzi zimadzipezera chakudya chochuluka. Nthawi zina zimasambira mtunda wa makilomita 50 kuchokera pagombe, pomwe mitundu ina imakhala pamtunda wamakilomita mazana ambiri kuchokera kumtunda.

Dera lakuya lomwe amakhala ndi laling'ono - osapitirira 200-300 metres, ndipo njoka zam'madzi zimakhala mpaka maola awiri popanda mpweya. Izi zimatheka kudzera pakupuma kwapakamwa komanso pakhungu.

Maonekedwe a njoka zam'madzi ndizodziwikiratu zamitundu yambiri - mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi timiyendo tating'ono, wokutidwa ndi zikopa zazikulu ndikuyenda bwino mthupi. Thupi la njoka zam'nyanja kutsogolo limakhala yopyapyala, yolimba, pomwe imayenda kumbuyo, imakutidwa ndi mbali ndikutha mchira ndi mchira wamitundu-yayikulu, kutalika kwake komwe kumatha kufika 1/6 thupi lonse. Chizindikiro cha njoka zam'nyanja ndi kusowa kwa zishango zamkati, zomwe zimagwira gawo lalikulu kuti njoka zikukwawa pamimba zawo, zomwe zidasoweka panyanja.
Thupi la njoka zam'madzi ambiri limakutidwa mbali zonse ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono ofanana. Njoka zakale kwambiri zam'madzi (Laticauda, Aipysurus ndi ena), omwe adalumikizana ndi nthaka, zopitilira muyeso zingapo zowonjezera zidatsalira pamimba.

Mphuno yomwe ili kumapeto kwenikweni kwa nsonga ya njoka imawalola kupuma pomamatira gawo laling'ono kwambiri la mphuno kuchokera m'madzi. Malo otsegula mphuno amatsekedwa ndikamizidwa ndi valavu yapadera kuti madzi asalowe m'mphuno. M'mphuno zopindika, mosiyana ndi njoka zina zam'madzi, zimakhala pamutu pake. Lilime la njoka zam'nyanja limafupikitsidwa kwambiri ndipo ndi gawo lokhalo lomwe lingatuluke pakamwa.

Njoka zam'madzi zimatha kupumira mkamwa mwawo - nembanemba ya pakamwa imakhala ndi mitsempha yamagazi komanso imatha kutenga mpweya kuchokera kumadzi mwachindunji. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena a zinyama, njoka zam'nyanja zimapuma pakhungu. Chifukwa cha izi thupi, njoka zam'madzi zimatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali (mpaka maola awiri).

Mano a poizoni opakidwa amakhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mafupa. Amakhala afupiafupi, amawerama pang'ono ndipo ali ndi njira yopweteka.
Kuseri kwa ma sumu omwe ali pachiwono chapamwamba pali mano ang'ono, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njoka zam'madzi amasiyana 1 mpaka 18. Mwa mphete ya emidocephalus (Emydocephalus annulatus) kumbuyo kwa poyizoni kulibe mano ang'ono konse.

Nsomba zingapo, makamaka ma eel, zimakhala chakudya cha njoka zam'nyanja, nthawi zina zimadyanso crustaceans ndi shrimp. Amasaka, nthawi zambiri, kuchokera pakubisalira kapena kugwira nyama, yomwe, pambuyo pa njoka ndi kubweretsa poyizoni, imafa ziwalo. Nthawi zina njoka zam'nyanja zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyambira kusaka, pomwe njokayo imagona pamwamba pa madzi, ndikuyembekezera nsomba zazing'ono ndi nyama zina zazing'ono kuti zisonkhanitse kuzinthu zachilendo. Kusuntha kwakuthwa kwa thupi la njoka yam'nyanja - ndipo imodzi mwa nsomba ija yagwidwa.
Njoka zam'nyanja zimamwa nyama yonse.

Kubadwanso kwa njoka zam'madzi kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu ina yogwirizana kwambiri ndi kumtunda ndi kuyikira mazira. Nyoka zikuluzikulu zam'nyanja ndi ovoviviparous, mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi placenta yakale yomwe imagwirizanitsa mluza ndi thupi la amayi. Mitundu ina imabereka ana mwachindunji m'madzi, ena amapita kumtunda chifukwa chaichi. Chonde cha njoka zam'nyanja ndizochepa kwambiri - ma 1-2 awiri okha.
Amakwanitsa chaka chimodzi.

Mwa oimira owala kwambiri a banja la njoka zam'madzi amatha kusiyanitsidwa malo ogulitsira akulu (L.semifasciata), yofikira kutalika kwamitala iwiri ndi makulidwe akuya masentimita 7-8
Njoka zam'nyanjazi ndizofala kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, kuchokera ku zilumba za Ryukyu mpaka Samoa. Mchira wambiri wamapiri m'dera la Phillipin wakhala ukulozera kwa asodzi aku Japan omwe amagwira njoka chifukwa cha chikopa, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zikumbutso ndi haberdashery, komanso nyama, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Japan ku zakudya zosuta kapena zotsekemera.

Mwa njoka zam'nyanja zofiirira, zodziwika bwino mphete yooneka ngati mphete (Laticauda laticaudata) Mtunduwu wafalikira kuyambira ku Ryukyu Islands kupita ku Australia komanso kuchokera ku India kupita ku Solomon Islands. Thupi lake limakhala lowala bwino, pomwe mbali zake zakuda zimasinthana. Mbali yamkati yapakidwa utoto wonyezimira wamtambo wonyezimira. Njoka yokongola iyi ndiyofala kwambiri pamatanthwe a korali komanso pakati pa zomerazo.

Njoka zocheperako za njoka zam'nyanja zopyapyala zimaphatikizapo ringed emidocephalus (Emydocephalus annulatus), yogawidwa kuchokera pagombe la Ryukyu kupita kugombe la Australia ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya Aipysurus okhala m'madzi aku Southeast Asia ndi North Australia.

Njoka zam'nyanja za Foxtail sizingosinthidwa kuti zizikhala pamtunda, pomwe sizingatheke konse. Pamalo olimba, sizingathe kuyenda chifukwa kulibe zotchingira pamimba. M'madzi, njoka zam'madzi izi zimamva, monga nsomba.
Njoka zam'madzi zaphinjo zimatha kukhala moyo wawo wonse kunyanja, ndipo ndi mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe sikusankhidwa pamtunda kuti ibereke ana. Njoka zonse zam'madzi zam'madzi zimakhala ndi ovoviviparous.

Zojambula zakunja kwa njoka zam'nyanja zodzaza ndi mutu wochepa komanso mbali yaku thupi yotsika, yomwe imasiyana kwambiri ndi mbali yakumaso komanso yayikulu kwambiri, komanso kupezeka kwa mchira wamphamvu ngati (kapena ngati-ngati-mwala). Kapangidwe kameneka kamafanana kumathandizira kuti michira yopendekera ipange mataya othamanga ikamagwira chakudya mu khola lamadzi pomwe kulibe chithandizo pansi kapena pansi. Pankhaniyi, misa yakumbuyo imathandizira mutu ndi mapapo amtsogolo.

Nayi kufotokoza kwa mitundu yamitundu yomwe imapezeka ndi mitundu:

Dovetail Yomangidwa (H. fasciatus) ili ndi mbali yayikulu yam'mimba (nthawi 4-5 yopyapyala kuposa kutsogolo). Imakhala yakuda kutsogolo, komwe kumakhala mawanga achikasu m'mbali mwake, ndipo mawanga amdima akhungu amayikidwa kumbuyo kwa thupilo kumbuyo. Imapezeka ku Indian Ocean ndi madzi a Mala Archipelago.

Zingwe zopota (H.cyanocinctus,, wopaka utoto wonyezimira wamtambo wakuda ndi wamtambo wakuda, umafika kutalika kwa mita 2. Ndizofala munyanja zotentha za kunyanja ya Pacific ndi India, pakati pa zisumbu za pachilumba cha Malaysia ndikufikira kumpoto ku Japan.

Spiral dovetail (H.spiralis) imayimilira kutalika kwake - pafupifupi 3 mita. Kugawa kwake kuli kofanana ndi tepi dovetail.
Osati otsika kwambiri kwa iye kukula chisangalalo chokoma (MaHelegans), yemwe amakhala m'madzi a kumpoto kwa Australia ndikuchokera kuzilumba za Aru. Kutalika kwake kumatha kupitirira 2 metres.

Nyimbo ziwiri bonito (Pelamis platurus- - njoka yaying'ono yam'nyanja (mpaka mita imodzi) yotalika mutu kuchokera kumtunda ndi khosi lakuthwa, thupi loponderezedwa kuchokera kumbali ndi mchira wamiyala. Mtundu wakuda, wakuda bii mbali yakumaso kwa njoka zam'nyanja iyi umasiyana ndi utoto wachikasu wam'mimba mwa thupi. Mitundu iwiriyi mwadzidzidzi, popanda kusinthana, imasinthana wina ndi mnzake. Mchirawo umakutidwa ndi mawanga amdima akuda. Komabe, m'malo osiyanasiyana a bonito, mitundu yawo imatha kusiyanasiyana.
Njoka yam'nyanja, bonito yamitundu iwiri, imapezeka m'malo ambiri ku Indian ndi Pacific Oceans - kuchokera pagombe la ku Africa, kupita kumadzulo kumadzulo kwa Central America. Mtundu wake ndiwotalikirapo kuposa magawo anyoka yonse yam'nyanja. Imapezeka kumwera ku Cape of Good Hope komanso kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Japan.
Sichikupezeka munyanja zadzikoli.Kamodzi kokha kamunthu wakufa wa bonito yamitundu iwiri anapezeka m'mphepete mwa Posyet Bay, kumwera kwa Vladivostok.
Njoka zam'nyanja izi sizikumangidwa kwathunthu, zimatha kupezedwa makilomita mazana ambiri kuchokera pagombe.

Adasinthidwa bwino kukhala m'madzi otseguka a nyanja komanso ma microcephals ochepa (Microcephalophis gracilis) okhala ku Indian ndi Western Pacific Oceans. Awa ndi njoka zazing'ono (70-80 cm) yokhala ndi mutu waching'onoting'ono ("microcephalus" - "mutu wawung'ono") ndi mbali yakuonda ya thupi, yosiyana kwambiri ndi kumbuyo kwakumaso. Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi mamba ofanana a hexagonal okhala ndi mbali zolimba zolimba.

Njoka zambiri zam'madzi zimapanga magulu akuluakulu m'malo amtunda wawo. Pankhaniyi, zikuonekeratu kupenda (Astrotia stokesii) Utoto wowala kwambiri ngati mphezi yakunyanja yakubwera mpaka 1.5 m umatha kupanga masango akuluakulu ngati matepi mpaka mita angapo mulifupi ndi kupitirira makilomita zana. Riboni wakuda bii la njoka zikuluzikulu masauzande ambiri nthawi zina zimayamba kuchokera pomwepo.
Zomwe zimayambitsa izi zimadziwika. Izi mwina zikuchitika chifukwa cha kubadwanso kwakukulu kwa zinthu zakuthambo.

Payokha, tiyenera kuganizira za poizoni wa njoka zam'nyanja. Pafupifupi onsewo ali ndi ma fangala ogwidwa ndi poyizoni. Ziwopsezo za njoka zam'nyanja zina ndizambiri poizoni kuposa ziphe za mitundu yoopsa kwambiri yamtchire.
Njoka yaukali kwambiri yam'madzi imaganiziridwa Njoka Ya Dubois Nyanja (Aipysurus duboisii), pomwe chakumwa chake chili pamalo achitatu padziko lonse lapansi la njoka (pambuyo pa njoka ya taipan ndi ya bulauni).

Njoka ya Dubois Nyanja imapezeka m'mbali mwa gombe lakumpoto la Australia ndi nyanja zam'madzi a Mala Archipelago mpaka mamita 30. Amakonda malo okhala ndi zomera pansi pamadzi pakati pa ma corals, pamchenga ndi dothi lamchere. Kutalika kwa njoka izi kuli pafupifupi mita 1, koma kumatha kutalika mita ndi theka. Imapaka utoto wonyezimira komanso wamtundu wakuda wachisoni kumbuyo ndi m'mbali. Chakudya cha njoka za Dubois ndi tinsomba ting'onoting'ono, ma eel ndi nyama zina zapansi, zomwe amameza zathunthu, olumala ndi poyizoni. Kuwopsa kwa poizoni wa njokayi tingayerekeze ndi chifuwa cha mamba, koma, mosiyana ndi ichi, sikuti timayambitsa zotupa. Kuchita kwa poizoni kumafikira kumanjenje, makamaka, kukakamiza kupuma, chifukwa chomwe wozunzidwayo amafa chifukwa chokhutitsidwa. Komabe, munthu sayenera kusambira modabwitsa pakuwona njoka yam'nyanja Dubois - ichi ndi cholengedwa chamtendere, ndipo sichisonyeza kukwiya popanda chifukwa. Zachidziwikire, simuyenera kuseka njoka kapena kuigwira mchira, pokhapokha, ndicholinga chanu kuti mumve kuluma komanso kuchita ngati poyizoni.

Ikalumidwa ndi njoka yam'nyanja, poizoni wambiri amalowa m'matupi a omwe akuwonongeka kuposa omwe akulumidwa ndi abale awo. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka zambiri za kunyanja siziluma popanda chifukwa. Asodzi a ku India mosamala amatenga njoka zam'madzi zomwe zimagwidwa mu maukonde awo ndi manja awo. Iwo akudziwa. kuti njoka yam'madzi ikuluma. ngati mutagwira kwambiri komanso kupweteka.
Poizoni wa njoka zam'madzi amachokera mu thupi. Zotupa ndi zotupa pamalo akumwa sizimachitika. Zambiri zimayambika - kufooka, kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka kayendedwe. kusanza, kukokana, kupuma movutikira, komanso ngakhale ziwalo zathunthu zopumira. Ngati simupereka chithandizo choyamba kwa amene akukhudzidwayo, ndiye kuti patatha maola ochepa munthu akhoza kufa.
Komabe, kuchuluka kwaimfa kumakhala kochepa chifukwa chakuti njoka zam'nyanja zimabayira poizoni wocheperako ndikuluma.
Njoka zambiri zam'madzi zimakhala ndi poizoni wotsika, zomwe sizikuwononga thupi.

Chifukwa chiyani njoka zam'nyanja zimafunikira poyizoni?
M'mikhalidwe yakukhala pakati pa miyala yamiyala ndi matanthwe, ngati simufa ziwalo, imatha kubisala m'malo osavomerezeka komwe sizingatheke. Chifukwa chake, njoka zimagwiritsa ntchito kupha nyama zawo m'njira zosavuta motere.

Ponena za mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kwa iwo, lamulo loyamba la kulumikizana ndi okhala pansi pamadzi ndilovomerezeka - musawakhudze, osawawopsa ndipo musawakhumudwitse. Izi zikuthandizira kupewa zovuta zambiri pakutsamira.

Kodi ndani amene akuopsa njoka zamadzi?

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mdziko lamakono, mdani wowopsa kwambiri komanso wotchuka kwambiri wazinthu izi ndi munthu yemwe zochita zake zochulukirapo zimayipitsa tsoka la madzi. Komabe, sikuti ndi adani a okhawo omwe ndi adani. Adani odziwika a njoka zamadzi ndi:

• nsomba zodyedwa ndi mbalame,
• mbalame zovunda
• ziweto zazikulu
• Ng'ona
• alligators.

Komanso njoka zazikulu, nthawi zina ngakhale mitundu imodzimodzi. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa njoka zam'madzi zakutchire kukucheperachepera chaka chilichonse. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zachilengedwe ndizabwino kwambiri momwe zidapangidwira ndipo, ngakhale kuti nyama zimapatsirana nthawi zonse, kuchuluka kwawo nthawi zonse kumakhala kofanana pafupipafupi, ndipo zochita za anthu mopitilira muyeso zidayambitsa kuphwanya mzerewu. Chifukwa chake, khalani osamala kwambiri komanso osamala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zamtchire ndikuteteza chilengedwe.

Njoka Zamadzi: Zosiyanasiyana ndi Maonekedwe a Moyo

Njoka zimakhala m'mitundu mitundu yosiyanasiyana: zipululu, nyanja, nyanja, nkhalango zamvula, minda. Ngakhale pali mitundu ina yowuluka yomwe imapezeka ku Indonesia ndi Southeast Asia, imatha kupanga nthambi zamitengo.

Mitundu yambiri imakonda kusambira, pomwe ina asinthiratu ndi moyo wamadzi.

Njoka zamadzi zimakhala ku Australia, Indonesia, India, ndi Southeast Asia. Mitundu 44 ya njoka izi zimadziwika. Malo awo amakhala akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono, ndipo atsopano ndi amchere, Kuphatikiza apo amapezeka m'minda ya mpunga. Njoka zamadzi zimatha kuyenda pamtunda, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasankha.

Herpeton kapena Herpeton

Dziko la Erpeton ndi Indochina. Madzi atsopano, osakhwima, am'nyanja ndi oyenera njoka izi. Erpetones amapereka chidwi makamaka ku matupi amadzi omwe akula kwambiri ndi algae. Chofunikira ndikuti payenera kukhala nsomba zambiri mu dziwe, chifukwa ndizomwe zimayambira.

Maonekedwe a Erpeton ndiwachilendo kwambiri - pamutu pake pali mizere yolumikizidwa ndi masikelo, chifukwa chake dzinalo lidawonekeranso njoka - njokayo ya hema. Izi malekezero ndi chiwalo chowonjezera cholumikizira. Njoka ikasambira, imakoka nyanga izi patsogolo. Kukula kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi masentimita 90, koma nthawi zambiri ma erpenton amakhala ochepa kutalika. Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma herpetons: okhala ndi mamba ndi owala.

Njoka izi zimasinthidwa bwino ndi moyo wapansi pamadzi: zimatha kukhala pansi pamadzi popanda mpweya pafupifupi theka la ola. Mosiyana ndi achibale, ma erpetones samazimiririka nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chake, chivundikiro cha algae chimatha kupanga pakhungu, chomwe chimathandizira njokayo kudzipanga.

Pamtunda, njoka-zomangira samayenda bwino. Amathira nyamayo chiwembu kuti abisalire. Izi njoka ndi ovoviviparous, zimabala pansi pa madzi.

Njoka ya njovu kapena njoka

Njoka iyi imakhala ndi khungu "lokwera", chinali chifukwa cha khungu lomwe lidatenga dzina. Njoka yosoka ili ndi masikelo oyipa. Ndi chithandizo chake, njokayo imasunga nsomba mozengereza. Amphibians samaphatikizidwa mukudya kwa njoka zamkati.

Akuluakulu kutalika kwake amafikira mamita 2.5, koma nthawi zambiri kukula kwake kumakhala 1.5 metres. Mtundu ndi wa bulauni, wachikasu kumbali. Njoka zazing'ono zazing'ono zimakhala ndi mawanga amdima omwe amatha msinkhu.

Njoka izi zimakhala m'madzi opanda mchere ku Indonesia, Asia, Australia ndi India, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasambira munyanja.

Njoka zamtundu wamunthu zimakhala moyo wongokhala. Amakhala ovoviviparous ndipo amaberekera m'madzi. Pali chidziwitso chakuti chiphe cha mtengo wa njovu chimatha kukhala chowopsa kwa anthu.

Nyoka Nyanja Hydrophiinae

Mu nyanja za India ndi Pacific mumakhala njoka zam'madzi zambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu 63 ya njoka'zi ikufotokozedwa.

Njoka yam'nyanja ndi cholengedwa chowopsa.

Kukula kwa thupilo, kutengera mitundu, kuyambira mamitala 0.8-2.7. Thupi la njoka izi limakakamizidwa kuchokera kumbali kupita kumchira kwambiri kotero kuti mchira umafanana ndi tsamba. Chifukwa cha mchira uwu, njoka zimasambira bwino komanso kulowa m'madzi mozama kwambiri. Mutu ndi wocheperako. Pakamwa pake pamakhala zitseko zamitsempha yamagazi, chifukwa chomwe njokayo imatha kupumira oxygen yomwe imasungunuka m'madzi. Njoka ikamizidwa m'madzi, mphuno zake zimatsekedwa ndi mavuvu apadera. Lilime la njoka izi limachepetsedwa.

Njoka zambiri zam'nyanja ndi viviparous. Makanda obadwa kumene amatha kusambira nthawi yomweyo.

Mitundu yonse ya njoka zam'nyanja imakhala ndi poizoni wamphamvu, ndichifukwa chake akhala akuti ndi ma spids. Poizoniyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polimbikitsa munthu wovutikayo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kwambiri. Njoka zam'nyanja zimadya nsomba. Amazunza anthu nthawi zina pamene munthu iyemwini aputa njoka. Maola ochepa atalumidwa ndi njoka yam'nyanja, kumwalira ndi kuperewera.

Njoka za Nerody kapena America

Njoka izi zimakhala ku North America. Ndi abale akutali a njoka zathu. Fotokozani mitundu 10 yamanjenje, yonseyo imakhala moyo wamadzi. Njoka yamtundu umodzi imamasuliridwa kuti "njoka yamtambo wobiriwira." Ana a njoka izi ali ndi mtundu wowala modabwitsa, ngakhale alibe poizoni.

Kutalika kwambiri kwa njoka zaku America kumafikira mita 1.9. Ali ndi mnofu wowonda. Mutu umakhala wopindika patali, wopindika. Utoto, bulauni, bulauni. Ndi zaka, njoka zimayamba kuda. M'mawonekedwe, ali ofanana kwambiri ndi njoka, koma ana awo, osati ngati amanjoka, amakhala osakwatiwa, koma ozungulira.

Njoka zaku America zimadya nsomba ndi ma amphibians. Njoka zaku America, mosiyana ndi zathu, zimatha kudzilimira zokha, ngati mungagwiritse njoka pakona, imalira, kuponya ndi kugunda ndi mano anu. Ngati mdani sakubwerera, ndiye kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kumuwopseza ndikuponya madziwo mu cesspool, kutulutsa fungo losasangalatsa.

Njoka zaku America zimakhala bwino mu ukonde ndipo zimazolowera eni. Njoka zamtunduwu zimatha kubereka. Njoka zaku America ndiziphuphu, chonde cha mayi m'modzi chimatha kufikira ana mazana, chilichonse chimafikira masentimita 20 mpaka 26.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.