Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785)
Banja la Cunyi Mustelidae
Mkhalidwe ndi gulu. 3 - mitundu yachilendo pamtunda wakumpoto wa magawidwe.
Kufotokozera kwapfupi. Kharza ndi chirombo chachikulu komanso champhamvu chokhala ndi minofu yayitali kwambiri, khosi lalitali, mutu wochepa, komanso mchira waafupi, wamfupi. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika 80 cm, mchira - mpaka 44 cm, kulemera - mpaka 5.7 kg. Zowonera tsitsi ndizosowa, koma zochepa, zonyoza, zonyezimira kwambiri. Mtundu wake ndi wowala: khosi ndi kutsogolo kwa kumbuyo kuli golide wamtundu, pang'onopang'ono kunadetsedwa mpaka kumunsi ndikutembenuzira chakumacho kukhala mthunzi wa bulauni, pamwamba pamutu pang'onopang'ono ndi bulawuni wakuda, mbali yamkatiyo ndi yachikasu chagolide, chifuwa chili ndi malo oyera, miyendo ndi mchira wake ndi pafupifupi wakuda (1).
Kufalitsa. M'mafilimu aku Russia, charza imachokera kumalo otentha, popeza gawo lalikulu la zilumba zake ndi Great Sunda Islands, Peninsula ya Malacca, Indochina, mapiri a Himalayas, China, ndi Peninsula ya Korea. Malo okhala kwayekha amadziwika kum'mwera kwa Indian subcontinent. Dera la Amur, limakhala m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zosakanikirana za mtundu wa Manchurian m'mbali mwa mapiri, pafupi ndi mitsinje ya Arkharin ndi Bureysk. Ku Russia amadziwika kuchokera kumadera a Khabarovsk ndi Primorsky, Chigawo cha Chiyuda cha Autonomous. Habitats ndi biology. Charza amapezeka makamaka ku conifers, mbali ina yopanda mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yosakanikirana. Imayenda bwino pansi komanso pamitengo yamitengo, pomwe imagwira agologolo. Amatha kuchita kudumpha. Imadyera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira makoswe mpaka agalu a raccoon, agwape ndi agwape. Kharza amathandizanso nkhumba za nkhumba zakutchire, ana agalu, agwape, mbalame, ndi zina zaini za pine ndi zipatso zimangokhala chakudya chowonjezera (2). Biology ya Harza mkati mwa Dera la Amur siliphunziridwa bwino.
Mphamvu, kuchepetsa zinthu komanso kuwopseza. Palibe zochulukitsa mu Chigawo cha Amur. Harza ndi osowa. Zifukwa zakuchepa msanga kwa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu sizinaphunzire. Mwinanso, kuchepa kwa chakudya komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu za anthropogenic pamalo azinyama zomwe zakhudzidwa.
Njira zoyenera zotetezedwa. Yophatikizidwa ndi Annex III ku Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse mu Endangered mitundu ya Fauna ndi Flora (CITES). Kuletsedwa kwa usodzi, kuphunzira za mitundu ya nyama, ndikuwunikira pafupipafupi kuti apange njira zapadera zotetezera zofunika.
Magwero achidziwitso. 1. Doppelmair et al., 1951, 2. Yudin, Batalov, 1982. Zopangidwa. K.S. Gaunt.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Kulongosola koyamba kwa harza kunaperekedwa ndi wolemba zachilengedwe Wachingelezi a Thomas Pennat muutumiki wa History of the ezine-Legged mu 1781. Pamenepo adanenedwa ngati chikondi chamaso oyera. Zaka zambiri atatulutsidwa ndi ntchito ya Boddert, pomwe adapatsa nkhosayo tanthauzo lamakono ndi dzina - Martes flavigula, kupezeka kwa marten wokhala ndi mawere achikasu owoneka bwino kunafunsidwa, mpaka wachilengedwe Wachingelezi Thomas Hardwig atabweretsa khungu la nyamayi kuchokera ku India kupita kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale ku East India Company.
Iyi ndi mtundu wina wakale kwambiri wa marten ndipo mwina udawonekera pa Pliocene. Mtunduwu umatsimikiziridwa ndi malo ake komanso mtundu wa atypical. Zotsalira za nyama zomwe zidadyedwa zidapezeka ku Russia kumwera kwa Primorye kuphanga la Geographical Society (Upper Quaternary) komanso ku Bat Cave (Holocene). Zomwe zidapeza koyambirira zidapezeka ku Late Pliocene kumpoto kwa India komanso ku Pleistocene kumwera kwa China.
Mtundu wa harza uli ndi mitundu iwiri (mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yafotokozedwa kwathunthu), Amur amapezeka ku Russia, ndipo ku India kuli mitundu yachilendo kwambiri - Nilgir (amakhala kumapiri a mapiri a Nilgiri). Kumpoto komwe amakhala, kukulira nyama, amakhala ndi ubweya wambiri wowoneka bwino komanso wamtali komanso wowoneka bwino. Pankhani yowala, imafanana ndi nyama yotentha, yomwe ili, koma m'nkhalango za Primorye zilombozi zimawoneka zachilendo komanso mwina zosayembekezeka.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Harza
Choyimira ichi cha nyama zam'mimba ndizolimba, zimakhala ndi minofu yolimba, yodukiza, khosi lalitali komanso mutu wochepa. Mchira wake siwofewetsa, koma wamtali kuposa kukula kwina, malingalirowo amalimbikitsidwa chifukwa chakuti siwofewetsa ngati a wachibale wawo. Tizilomboto tating'ono timakhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira, okhala ndi mawonekedwe atatu. Harza ali ndi kukula kwakukulu.
- kutalika kwa thupi - 50-65 cm,
- kukula kwa mchira - 35-42 cm,
- kulemera - 1.2-3.8 kg.
- kutalika kwa thupi - 50-72 cm,
- kutalika kwam mchira - 35-44 cm,
- kulemera - 1.8-5.8 kg.
Ubweya wa nyama ndi wamfupi, wonyezimira, wowuma, mchira pachikuto cha yunifolomu. Mbali yakumwamba ya mutu, makutu, zoponderezeka, mchira ndi mbali zammiyendo zakuda. Mikwingwirima yokhala ngati mphero imatsika m'makutu m'mbali mwa khosi. Milomo yotsika, chibwano ndi yoyera. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mtundu wowala wa mtembowo. Kutsogolo kwake kuli kasootchi, kumapitirira mpaka kuderapo.
Mtunduwu umafikira mpaka ku miyendo yakumbuyo. Cifuba, mbali, miyendo yakutsogolo mpaka pakatikati pa thupi. Khosi ndi chifuwa zimakhala ndi mtundu wachikaso kapena wachikasu. Zovala zakuda, malekezero ndi oyera. M'chilimwe, mtundu wake siowala, pang'ono pang'ono pang'ono ndipo mithunzi yachikasu imakhala yofooka. Achinyamata ndi opepuka kuposa achikulire.
Kodi charza amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Harza Marten
Wotsogola amakhala ku Primorye, kumapeto kwa Korea, kum'mawa kwa China, ku Taiwan ndi Hainan, kumapiri a Himalayas, kumadzulo kwa Kashmir. Kumpoto, mtunduwo umafikira ku Indochina kufalikira mpaka ku Bangladesh, Thailand, Peninsula ya Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam. Pali chinyama pa Great Sunda Islands (Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra). Pali malo ena osiyana kumwera kwa India.
Mbidzi yambewu yachikasu imakonda nkhalango, koma imapezeka m'malo opezeka kumapiri a Pakistani. Ku Burma, nyama za m'madzi zimakhazikika m'madambo. M'malo osungirako zachilengedwe ku Nepalese, Kanchenjunga amakhala mdera lamapiri a mapiri a 4.5. Ku Russia, kumpoto, magawo a Ussuri marten amachokera ku Mtsinje wa Amur, kudutsa Bureya Range kupita kumphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Urmi.
Kodi harza amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Ussuri Harza
Gawo lalikulu la zakudya ndiung'ono ungulates. Nyamayi imakonda zokonda za musk: ndizowonjezereka kwambiri m'chigawochi, kuchuluka kwa oimira marten amenewa.
Amasakanso ana:
Kulemera kwa chowonjezera nthawi zambiri sikoposa 12 kg. Chilombochi chikuukira mbewa zazing'ono. Gawo la menyu ndi hares, agologolo, ma voles a mbewa ndi makoswe ena. Kuchokera kwa omwe ali ndi mavuto amatha kukhala hazel grouse kapena pheasants, mazira achisa. Nyama imatha kulanda salimoni ikangofalikira. Samapewa ma amphibians ndi njoka. Nthawi zina munthu wamkulu amadyera ena oimira anzawo, mwachitsanzo, gawo kapena mzati. Gawo lofunika pakudya, monga chowonjezera, limapangidwa ndi ma invertebrates ndi zakudya zam'mera, mtedza wa paini, zipatso, zipatso, tizilombo.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Harza chirombo
Nyamayi imakonda nkhalangozi, nkhalango za mkungudza komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana m'mipata ndi m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri; nthawi zina imapezeka m'malo amdima. Nthawi zambiri, imakhazikika komwe kulumikizana kwa musk - cholinga chachikulu cha kusaka kwake, koma kumatha kukhala komwe kulibe artiodactyl. M'malo amapiri limakwera mpaka kumtunda kwa nkhalango, malo opanda chiyembekezo ndi nyumba zomwe anthu amadutsa.
Wosaka wawung'ono amakwera mitengo bwino, koma amakonda nthawi yayitali kukhala padziko lapansi. Amatha kudumphira kutali kuchokera kunthambi kupita kunthambi, koma akukonda kupita pansi pamtengo. Amadziwa kusambira bwino. Kuchokera kwa oimira ena ofera, harz imasiyanitsidwa ndi chifukwa chomwe chimasaka m'magulu. Pokonzekera wovulazidwa, aliyense payekha amapita patali, kukakamira nkhalangoyi. Nthawi zina maukada amasintha, ndipo amalumikizana ndi unyolo. Kharza samayenda m'mawa mwake, nthawi zonse amakhala njira yatsopano.
Nyamayi imayenda kwambiri ndipo imagwira ntchito mosasamala usana ndi usiku ndipo imatha kuthamanga makilomita 20 patsiku. Msewu ukakhala ozizira, kubisala m'nyumba yopanda masiku angapo. Nyama imanyeka kawiri pachaka: kasupe - mu Marichi-Ogasiti, nthawi yophukira - mu Okutobala. Munthu m'modzi amatha kusaka m'derali kuyambira 2 mpaka 12 m2. Zozungulira malowa chifukwa cha kumva, kununkhiza, kupenya. Pakulumikizana, kumalumikizana, ndipo makanda amakhala ndi mawu ochulukirapo omwe amafanana ndi kukuwa.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Wophedwa, mosiyana ndi abale ake apamtima, amakhala m'magulu a anthu angapo ndikusaka, akusonkhana m'magulu aanthu awiri. M'nyengo yotentha, magulu oterowo nthawi zambiri amakhala osokonezeka ndipo nyama zimasaka zokha. Nyamayo sikhala ndi moyo wakhazikika ndipo siyimamangidwa pamalo amodzi, koma zazikazi zimapanga zisa za nthawi ya chibwenzi cha ana, kuzikonza m'maenje kapena m'malo ena obisika. Oimira amkhalapakati amafika paunyamata mchaka chachiwiri. Ziwopsezo, zomwe zimakonda kukhala, ndizomwe zimayambitsa mavuto, chifukwa zimapanga magulu awiri okhazikika. Kukwatirana kumachitika mu nthawi imodzi: mu February-March kapena June-August. Nthawi zina mpikisano umatha mpaka Okutobala.
Mimba ndi masiku 200 kapena kuposerapo, kuphatikiza nthawi yomwe mwana wosabadwayo samakula. Kusinthasintha kwa mawu kumeneku kumathandizira kuti ana ongobadwa kumene azikhala abwino. Ana amabadwa mu Epulo, nthawi zambiri ana agalu pa zinyalala, nthawi zambiri 5. Poyamba amakhala akhungu komanso ogontha, ndipo kulemera kwawo kumafikira g 60. Amayi amasamalira ana, amaphunzitsa maluso osaka. Ana atakula ndikuchoka chisa, amapitilizabe kukhala ndi amayi awo ndikusaka naye mpaka kuphukira, koma iwowo amatha kupulumuka ndikudya tizilombo komanso ma invertebrates koyambirira.
Adani achilengedwe a Harza
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Harza
Mbira yambewu yachikasu ilibe mdani aliyense mwachilengedwe. Ndizokwanira okwanira anthu okhala m'nkhalango komanso madera ena. Kutha kwawo kudumphira mitengo ndikulumpha kuchokera kumodzi kupita kwina kumathandizira kuti pasapezeke zoyipa zolemera: lynx kapena wolverine. Nthawi yayitali ya nyama yolusa kuthengo ndi zaka 7.5, koma ikakhala mu ukapolo, imakhala zaka 15-16.
Marten ndi osowa, koma atha kukhala khungwali la kadzidzi, kambuku wa Ussuri, Himalayan ndi mitundu ina ya zimbalangondo. Koma nyama zomwe zimadyera zilombo zimapeŵa kusaka nyama yokhala ndi mawere achikasu, popeza nyamayo imakhala ndi fungo linalake, lomwe limasungidwa ndi zisa. Ngakhale nyalugwe imatha kugwidwa ndi nyama zambiri, nthawi zambiri zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi nkhalangozi za ku Ussuri kuti zitha kudya nawo nyama yomwe yatsala ndikudya chakudya chamadzulo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chiwerengero ku Russia malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosavomerezeka ndi pafupifupi 3.5 miliyoni zolinga. Palibe kuwedza komwe kumachitidwapo, chifukwa ubweya wa nyama ndi wamwano komanso wopanda phindu. Malinga ndi njira ya IUCN, Kharza amadziwika kuti amachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri. Nyamayi imakhala ndi malo ambiri ndipo imakhala m'malo ambiri m'malo otetezedwa. Palibe chomwe chikuwopseza mtunduwu, popeza m'chilengedwe mulibe adani owonekeratu. Nyamandayo siziwedza. Ndi malo ena okha omwe amatha kupezeka kuti ali pangozi.
Kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kudula mitengo mwachidwi kwapangitsa kuchepa kwa anthu ambiri. Koma pazomera zomwe zimagawidwa m'nkhalango zachilengedwe zobiriwira, padakali malo akulu kwambiri oti zikhazikikemo. Chifukwa chake, kuchepa pang'ono kwa anthu sikumawopseza mitundu.
Chilombochi chimatha kukhalabe bwino m'nkhalango zotsalira komanso m'minda yokumbira pazifukwa zingapo:
- Zidyera zambiri sizigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri harza ngati chakudya,
- pafupifupi samamsaka,
- Khalidwe ndi machitidwe ake zimachepetsa mwayi wogwera mumsampha,
- amathawa mosavuta agalu am'nyumba komanso akuthambo.
Ngakhale palibe chowopseza kwa anthu ku Southeast Asia, kukongola kwamawonekedwe achikasu kumasakidwa ku Laos, Vietnam, Korea, Pakistan ndi Afghanistan. Nuristan ndiye wogulitsa kwambiri ubweya m'misika ya Kabul. Nyama imatetezedwa ndi malamulo m'malo ena ake, awa ndi: Manyama, Thailand, peninsular Malaysia. Amalembedwa ku India ku CITES Appendix III, m'gulu lachiwiri la Natural Protection Act ya China, mdziko muno limaphatikizidwa ndi Red Book.
Cholinga chachikulu cha kuteteza zachilengedwe ndikuwunikira masiku ano anthu a Kharz kuti athe kuchita zinthu moyenera panthawi ina iliyonse yomwe zilumba zakutali ziyambe kutsika. Harza - nyama yolusa, yowala ilibe tanthauzo ku Russia, koma ndiyosowa. Palibe chifukwa chokokomezera zowonongeka zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha nyamayi posaka musk deer, kapena sable. Ayenera kulemekezedwa ndi kutetezedwa.
Kufotokozera kwa Harza
Mpaini wa charza anali a Thomas Pennant, omwe adamuyimbira mu 1781 Weasel-White-cheeked-white. Katswiri wofufuza za nyama ku Dutch Peter Boddert sanagwirizane ndi mnzake ndipo adasinthanso nyamayo Mustela flavigula (marten yellow-pakhosi).
Si asayansi onse omwe amakhulupirira kuti chilombochi chinakhalapodi, koma kukayikira kwawo kunathetsedwa mu 1824, pomwe chiwonetsero chatsopano, khungu la wopachika chikasu, lidalowa munyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ku East India Company.
Khalidwe la Harza
Ichi ndi chilombo chapagulu chomwe chimalemekeza maziko abanja. Ambiri pachaka ma chart amasungidwa m'matumba a 2-3, nthawi zambiri achibale a 5-7. Amasaka chimodzimodzi, amagawana m'magulu awiri: m'modzi amayendetsa yemwe akuvutikira, enawo atabisalira. Ma martens opaka njoka samadziwika ndi malo okhalamo ndi okhazikika: akazi okha omwe amadyetsa ana aang'ono m'makona akutali kwambiri a chitoliro omwe amawonetsa mtundu wachiwiri.
Nthawi zina, wolusa amadyera pansi kufunafuna nyama zankhondo, kupumula m'malo osakhalitsa (m'maenje, mitengo yotsika, miyala yamiyala, m'mipanda yamitengo yopindika komanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje).
Ndizosangalatsa! Zochita za Kharza zimakhala pafupifupi zodziyimira nthawi masana, ngakhale amasaka kwambiri masana, komanso kuchepera usiku (pamene mwezi wowala ukuwala). Chilombo sichimawopa kukwera m'mwamba ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, chimawuluka kuchoka pamtengo kupita pamtengo, yolowedwa 8-9 m mosiyana.
Kusunthika kwa Harza kumakwaniritsidwa ndi kupirira komanso mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yotsalira: pakufunafuna nyama, wofera amatha kuthamanga mwachangu komanso kwanthawi yayitali. Patsiku limodzi, charza imagonjetsa mosavuta 10 km, kusiya zosinthika, ngati pali zolengedwa zambiri zoyenera pafupi. Kuwona momwe atsikana adafera pamenepa kunawonetsa kuti nthawi yozizira amakhala pafupifupi km 90 mlungu umodzi, kukhala malo amodzi osaposa tsiku limodzi. Mwa njira, kuyenda pamayendedwe omasuka a matalala harza kumathandizidwa kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka ma tambo otambalala.
Habitat, malo okhala
Nepalese marten amakhala ku Nepal (zomwe ndizomveka), komanso ku India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Afghanistan, China ndi South / North Korea. Malo ogawikirawa ndi a pachilumba cha Malacca ndi Indochina, zilumba za Hainan, Taiwan, Java, Borneo ndi Sumatra, kufikira (kumadzulo kwa tsambali) kumalire a Iran.
Ku Russia, a Ussuri marten adakhazikika ku Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk Territories (Sikhote-Alin), beseni la mtsinje. Ussuri, Chigawo cha Amur, mu Jewish Autonomous Oblast ndi Dera la Amur (mbali yake). Kuphatikiza kwa charza kukupitirirabe ku Crimea (pafupi ndi Yalta), Krasnodar Territory (pafupi ndi Novorossiysk ndi Sochi), komanso ku North Ossetia, Dagestan (pafupi ndi Derbent) komanso ku Adygea.
Zofunika! Mitengoyi imaphatikizapo malo otentha komanso malo okwera. Nyanja za Siberia komanso nyanja - ndipo pafupifupi kulikonse kumene charza imasankha nkhalango zazitali zazitali, zopanda munthu.
Ku Primorye, mitengo ya pine marten imawoneka m'nkhalango zosakanikirana zomwe zimamera m'mphepete mwa mapiri (kutali ndi chitukuko), koma kumayiko akumwera amakhalanso pamadambo, ndipo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Himalayas, pakati pamatanthwe okutidwa ndi zitsamba komanso m'nkhalango za mitengo ya juniper.
Zakudya za Harza
Congenital carnivore sikulepheretsa Harza kusinthira nthawi ndi nthawi patebulo lamasamba, kotero menyu ake (kutengera nyengo ndi malo) akuphatikizapo:
- musk deer ndi muntzhak (nthawi zambiri ana ake),
- agulugufe, elk, agwape ofiira ndi ana amphaka amphaka,
- Chinese goral (ana) ndi nkhumba zakuthengo (nkhumba),
- agologolo masana, chipmunk ndi agologolo owuluka,
- mbalame (kuphatikizapo pheasants ndi hazel grouse), komanso anapiye awo ndi mazira,
- nsomba za nsomba (mutatulutsa) ndi ma mollusks,
- amphibians, abuluzi a mitengo ndi tizilombo,
- uchi ndi uchi.
- mtedza wa paini, mphesa / zipatso za actinidia.
Pali nthawi zina pamene zakale / odwala akale anali kufunafuna chakudya ngakhale m'maofesi amatauni.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kharza ndi yekhayo amene amapha nyama mosasamala m'gulu: izi zimathandiza kugonjetsa nyama yayikulu. Ndi mbawala yaying'ono kapena nkhumba, nyama zomwe zimadya zimangokhala zokha.
Pothamangira wovutikayo, wodutsayo amadula njirayo, kudutsa mitsinje / zinyalala matalala. Komabe, samaimitsidwa ndi chipale chofewa, chomwe iye (chifukwa chamiyendo yake) chimapambana mosavuta. Koma chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa, ngati ayezi, chimakhala msampha wa anthu osaphunzira. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa kupanga kamodzi ndi 10-12 makilogalamu: izi ndi zokwanira kudyetsa martens 2-3 kwa masiku angapo.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Gawo ili la moyo wa mabere achikasu amaphunziridwa bwino kwambiri. Zinakhazikitsidwa kuti nthawi yakukhwima, amuna akamamenyera akazi, imayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe, kapena, mu Ogasiti.. Kubereka kumatenga masiku 220-290, monga momwe zimakhalira marten ambiri, pamene mluza umayamba kuzimiririka kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo mimba imadutsa gawo lomaliza. Monga nthambi yamagulu, njuchi imagwiritsa ntchito chipululu, komwe malo ake ali ndi chipwirikiti cham'mphepete komanso matayala osawoneka, pomwe nthawi yophukira imatulutsa zinyalala za 2-5.
Amabadwa opanikizika (monga onse marten), akhungu komanso otseka ovomerezeka amkati. Kusamalira ana kumangokhala kwa mayi wokhayo, yemwe mnzake amusiya atangotsala pang'ono kubereka. Pofika nthawi yophukira, kakang'ono kakang'ono kakuyerekezedwa ndi amayi ake, koma sikuwasiya. Akuluakulu charz amakhala ndikusaka naye mpaka ana atawonekera. Izi zimachitika, monga lamulo, kasupe wotsatira, koma, kusiya amayi, abale ndi alongo samasiyana nthawi yomweyo.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Kharza amadziwika kuti ndi omwe amadyera kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka thupi la charza ndi kofanana ndi ma martens onse. Kuyenda ndi dexterity amadziwika mu thupi losinthika, lalitali, miyendo yolimba ndi mchira wautali. Kulemera kwa kwamphongo wamwamuna okhwima panthawi yodyetsedwa kumatha kufika 3.8-4 kg. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika mpaka masentimita 64-70. Mchirawo umafalikira masentimita 40-45.
Mutu ndi wocheperako. Kutalika kwa chigaza ndi 10-12% kutalika kwa thupi. Kutalika kwa chigaza kumakhala kotsika pang'ono mpaka kutalika. Maonekedwe a chigaza, ngati mungayang'ane kuchokera pamwambapa, ndi atatu. Pansi pazigawo zitatu ndi mzere pakati pa makutu ang'onoang'ono, ozungulira. Pamwamba ndi nsonga yakuda yammphuno. Mbali yakumtunda ndi yofiirira, pafupifupi yakuda, gawo lakumbuyo ndi loyera.
Thupi limapuma osati miyendo yayitali kwambiri. Awiri kumbuyo ndi owoneka mwamphamvu komanso achitali kuposa awiri oyambilira. Onsewa amaphimbidwa ndi ubweya wofowoka, akutha ndi maondo osanjika zisanu. Harza— chinyama kuyimitsa. Chifukwa chake, miyendo ya harza imapangidwa bwino, kuyambira zibwano mpaka chidendene.
Kharza ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pa marten ndi utoto wowala kwambiri
Thupi lonse la nyamayo, kupatulapo nsonga ya mphuno ndi chala, idakutidwa ndi ubweya. Ubweya wamfupi, wolimba umakhala ngakhale kumiyendo. Kutalika kwa tsitsi laubweya, charza amasiyira abale ake. Ngakhale mchira wake sunakutidwa bwino ndi ubweya. Ubweya wa chilimwe ndiwovuta kuposa nthawi yozizira. Tsitsi limafupikika ndipo limakula nthawi zambiri.
Osatinso ubweya wabwino kwambiri komanso undercoat umathetsedwa ndi mtundu wapadera. Harza mu chithunzi Zikuwoneka bwino. Mtundu wa zojambula bwino ndi wa nyama yotentha ndipo zimawoneka zachilendo kwambiri mu mtundu woipa kwambiri wa Far East.
Pamwamba pamutu wa nyamayo ndi yakuda ndi tint yoyera. Pamasaya, chivundikiro chinapeza tint yofiirira, tsitsi lakelo limakulitsidwa ndi ubweya woyera kumapeto. Kuseri kwa makutu kwakuda, mkatimu ndi imvi. Nape ndi ya bulauni ndi kuwala kwa golide wachikasu. Zonunkhira ndi msana wonse zimapakidwa utoto.
M'mphepete ndi pamimba, mtunduwo umakhala wachikasu. Khosi ndi chifuwa cha nyama ndizowala kwambiri mu lalanje, golide wopepuka. Mbali yakumwambako ndi yakuda, mbali yakumunsi ndi miyendo yakuda. Miyendo yakumbuyo imapakidwa chimodzimodzi. Pansi pa mchira ndi woderapo. Mchira womwewo ndi wakuda bii. Pamapeto pazowoneka zofiirira.
Onse marten, kuphatikiza charza, ali ndi tiziwalo totsekemera. Ziwalo izi zimabisa chinsinsi chomwe chili ndi fungo losasinthika, losasangalatsa. M'moyo wachipembedzo, zinsinsi za zoterezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podziwitsa nyama zina za kukhalapo kwawo, izi ndizofunikira kwambiri nthawi yakukhwima. Pakakhala mantha, fungo lokhazikitsidwa ndilolimba kwambiri kotero kuti litha kuwopsyeza wolusa yemwe waukira harzah.
Wofera wamkaka, Harza Far East, Nepalese marten, chong wang ndi dzina la nyama imodzimodziyo, yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi gulu lazamoyo pansi pa dzina lachi Latin loti Martes flavigula kapena harza. Ndi wa gulu la abambo. Momwe muli:
Mu chithunzi marten ilka
- american, nkhalango, miyala yophera miyala,
Kwa chovala choyera pachifuwa, mwalawu umatchedwa whitetail
- Kharza (Far East, Ussuri marten),
- Nilgir Harza,
- ChiJapanizi komanso chofala (cha ku Siberia).
Kuyandikira kwa mtundu wake ndi kukula kwake kungaoneke pakati pa wolusa wa Ussuri ndi Nilgir harzah yemwe amakhala kumwera kwa India. Kufanana kwakunja kunapangitsa kuti akhale ndi mayina ofanana. Epithet imawonjezeredwa ku dzina la wokhala ku India, wogwirizana ndi komwe amakhala - Nilgiri Upland.
Kharza ndi mtundu wa monotypic, ndiye kuti, sunagawike m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mphamvu zambiri zotha kuzilola kuti zizipezeka ku nkhwawa za ku Burmese ndi mapiri achipululu ku Pakistan, zigwa za Siberia. Momwe madera omwe mdyiti amakhalamo, izi zitha kusiyanitsidwa mtundu wa charza:
Zinthu za malo amtunda nthawi zambiri zimatsatiridwa ndikusintha kwa zakudya, njira zosaka, ndi zina zina m'moyo. Zomwe zimatha kukhudza mwachindunji mawonekedwe a morphological ndi anatomical. Koma a charza adakhalabe owona kwa iyemwini ndipo adangoimilira ngati a Martes flavigula.
Moyo & Habitat
Harza amakhala mumitundu yosiyana kwambiri. Madera ake amachokera kumpoto kwa India kupita ku Russia Far East. Imapezeka nthawi zambiri ku Indochina, imapulumuka bwino kuzilumba za Korea komanso kuzilumba za Indonesia. Imasinthidwa kuti ikhale ndi moyo komanso kusaka munjira zambiri zachilengedwe, koma imamva bwino kwambiri m'nkhalango.
Amphaka am'mawere achikasu amakhala ndikusaka ngati gawo laling'ono, lomwe limaphatikizapo nyama zitatu mpaka 7. Nthawi zambiri maziko a gululi ndi akazi ndi ana agalu omaliza a chaka chatha. Kusaka kwamagulu m'nyengo yozizira kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri. Pofika nthawi yotentha, magulu azidyera amatha kusweka. Ndiye kuti, charza amadziwika ndi moyo wagulu owerengeka osakhala ndi mwayi wosadziwika.
Kharza amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika kwambiri
Amameta mabere achikasu amatha kupeza chakudya nthawi iliyonse masana. Samatha kuwona mumdima, motero amasaka usiku wopanda mitambo, mwezi ukawala bwino mokwanira. Kharza akuyembekeza kuti akumva fungo komanso kumva.
Kuthamanga, komwe nyama zimagulitsa pansi kwambiri, imawonjezeredwa ndikuwoneka bwino kwambiri, kumva komanso kununkhira. Chinyama chimasuntha, chikutsamira pa phazi lonse. Madera owonjezerawa amakuthandizani kuti musamayende mwachangu osati panthaka yolimba, komanso pamadambo kapena pamtunda wokutidwa ndi chipale.
Mtundu wa harza umatha kuthana ndi magawo omwe sungawolokerepo podumpha kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo, kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Kutha kusunthira limodzi ndi dothi losiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kuthamangitsidwa pansi ndikudumphira pamtengo kumapereka mwayi pamene kuthamangitsa wozunza kapena kupewa kuthamangitsa.
Palibe adani ambiri omwe ma marten omwe amakhala m'maso achikasu amayenera kuchita mantha. Ali aang'ono, nyama zakugonana zimawonedwa ndi martens kapena lynxes omwewo. Pamalo otseguka, gulu la mimbulu limatha kugwira wodwala, wofowoka charza. Ambiri omwe amadyera akudziwa chida chobisika cha charza - tiziwiti timene timatulutsa timadzi tomwe timakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa - chifukwa chake samawononga kawirikawiri.
Mdani wamkulu wa Kharza ndi munthu. Monga gwero la nyama kapena ubweya, marten wachikasu samakondweretsa anthu. Fur ndi nyama yamtundu woyipa. Akatswiri osaka ntchito amakhulupirira kuti charza imapha ng'ombe zazing'onoting'ono zochuluka kwambiri, agwape, ndi elk. Chifukwa chake, ma martens achikasu achikasu adalembedwa ngati tizirombo ndipo amawomberedwa chimodzimodzi monga mimbulu kapena agalu a raccoon amawomberedwa.
Zowopsa zazikulu zoweta sizimayambitsidwa chifukwa cha asaka omwe akufuna kupulumutsa agwape kapena ntchito. Adani akuluakulu a nyama zomwe zikukhala m'tchigo ndi odula mitengo. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikuwonongedwa kwa chilengedwe chosiyana kwambiri cha Far East, kuukira kwa zinthu zonse zamoyo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Mdziko la Russia, ku Far East taiga, Kharza amakhala m'modzi mwamphamvu kwambiri. Iye, ndithudi, sangafanane ndi Amur tiger kapena kambuku. Miyeso ya Harza, kupsa mtima komanso mtundu wa nyama zomwe zimayang'aniridwa zimayiyika pambali ndi trot. Omwe akukumana ndi zochepa ndi tizilombo. Osachepera kuposa kafadala ndi ziwala, anapiye ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimagwera m'zakudya zake.
Maluso okwera ndi ulesi apangitsa kuti charza ikhale chiopsezo mosalekeza ku zisa za mbalame ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala pansi komanso m'nkhalangoyi. Kubisala mumapuloteni osabisika kapena chipewa simalandila chitetezo. Kharza amalowa m'malo obisika kwambiri mumitengo ya mitengo. Kharza ndi ena, oimira ang'onoang'ono a marten sapuma.
Pofunafuna makoswe, charza imachita bwino mpikisano ndi nyama zing'onozing'ono komanso zazing'onoting'ono za taiga. Maheya achinsinsi komanso othamanga nthawi ndi nthawi amagwa mabeleki achikasu pachakudya chamasana. Nthawi zambiri anthu osakonda achinyamata osavutikira amadwala Kharza. Ana a nkhumba ndi ana amphongo kuchokera ku nkhumba zam'madzi kupita ku agwape a Manchurian ndi elk amabweretsedwa ku chakudya chamadzulo ndi marten wamkaka wamkaka ngakhale kutetezedwa ndi nyama zazikulu.
Kharza ndi m'modzi mwa anthu owononga nyama za taiga omwe adachita bwino kwambiri njira zowukira. Chinyengo choyamba ndi kusaka abisala. Gulu la akatswiri onyamula mabere achikasu limayendetsa wofikirayo kumalo komwe anakakonzera obisalirawo. Njira ina yosakira ndikuyendetsa nyama yosavomerezeka pamadzi a mtsinje kapena nyanja. Pamalo oterera, agulu amataya kukhazikika, kuthekera kubisala kwa omwe akuwathamangitsa.
Agulu apakatikati apakati, makamaka ngwazi za musk, ndi gulu lotchuka kwambiri la kusaka harz. Kuyang'anira nyama imodzi kumapereka chakudya kwa masiku ambiri. Kusaka palimodzi kumachitika makamaka nthawi yozizira. Ndi kumayambiriro kwa masika, kuoneka kwa ana m'midzi yambiri ya taiga, kufunikira kwadongosolo kumatha.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Ndi chiyambi cha nthawi yophukira, nyama zazaka ziwiri zimayamba kufunafuna banja. Zotsatira za Odor zimawathandiza pamenepa. Zidyamazi sizitsatira madera ena; amuna amasiya malo awo osaka ndikupita kudera la akazi okonzekera kubereka.
Pakakhala msonkhano ndi wotsutsa, nkhondo zoopsa zimachitika. Zinthu sizifika pakupha mdani, wamwamuna wofooka kwambiri amayendetsedwa. Pambuyo pa kulumikizana kwa chikazi ndi chachimuna, ntchito za kholo zaumwini zimatha. Yaikazi imanyamula martens amtsogolo kufikira masika.
Marten wachikasu amabereka ana agalu 2-5. Chiwerengero chawo chimadalira msinkhu komanso kunenepa kwa mayi. Ana ake ndi akhungu, opanda ubweya, osathandiza konse. Kupangidwa kwathunthu kwa nyama kumatenga chilimwe chonse. Pofika nthawi yophukira, anyani aang'ono amayamba kutsagana ndi amayi awo kukasaka. Amatha kukhala pafupi ndi kholo ngakhale atakhala odziyimira pawokha.
Kumva chikhumbo ndi mwayi wopitiliza mpikisano, nyama zazing'ono zimachoka pagulu la banja ndikupita kukapeza abwenzi. Amuna angati okhala ndi mapere achikasu omwe amakhala mchira wa taiga sanakhazikike kwenikweni. Zoyenera zaka 10-12. Moyo muukapolo umadziwika. Ku malo osungirako zinyama kapena kunyumba, charza imatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 15-17. Mwanjira imeneyi, zazikazi zimakhala zochepa kuposa amuna.
Kusamalira pakhomo komanso kukonza
Kuthamanga kwa Horza kuyesedwa nthawi zambiri ndipo kumakhala bwino. Mwachilengedwe, ndiwopanda mantha, komanso wolimba mtima. Kharzu sanachite mantha ndi bambo, ndipo amawaona agalu kuti ali ofanana naye. Mukamalowa ndi charza mnyumba, munthu ayenera kukumbukira zingapo za nyama iyi:
- Pakachitika ngozi, Horza imatha kutulutsa fungo loipa.
- Harza — kufera. Chidwi chomwe amakhala mwa iye sichingawonongeke. Koma, monga mphaka, iye amatha kuyanjana ndi mbalame.
- Nyama iyi ndiy mafoni ndipo ndiyosewera. Nyumbayo kapena nyumba yomwe nyama zodyeramo nkhalangoyi zimakhala Zinthu zosochera zochokera kumalo okhala charza ndizoyenera kuzichotsa.
- Kuphunzitsa mu thireyi la Ussuri marten kuyenera kuchitika kuyambira milungu yoyamba itabadwa.
- Harza, yemwe amakhala kumalo osungira ndege, amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nyama zodya kuthengo kuposa zikhalidwe zake.
Mukadyetsa nyama, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti ndi nyama yomwe imadya. Chifukwa chake, gawo lalikulu la chakudya ndi nyama, makamaka osati mafuta. Kuphatikiza pa nyama yaiwisi kapena nkhuku, zidutswa za nyama yophika ndizoyenera. Zakudya zopanda zakudya zabwino zama protein: chiwindi, mapapu, mtima. Masamba ophika kapena a stewed nthawi zonse amawonjezeredwa ndi mbale.
Voliyumu yotumikirayi imawerengeredwa ngati galu wosuntha. Pafupifupi 20 g pa 1 makilogalamu a kulemera kwa nyama. Mutha kudyetsa harza 1-2 pa tsiku. Amapaka ma bere achikasu amakhala ndi chizolowezi chobisalira zomwe sanadye tsiku lamvula. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuyang'anira momwe chakudya chimathere. Chepetsani gawo pazochitika zotsalira.
Nyama zomwe zimachokera kubanja la marten zakhala nthawi yayitali ndipo zikuchita bwino m'nyumba za anthu - awa ndi mafupa. Anthu adaphunzira kuwathandiza, akubala bwino ana. Ana agalu a nyama izi zitha kugulidwa pa malo ogulitsa ziweto kapena kwa anthu achinsinsi kwa ma ruble 5 - 10 zikwi. Ana a Harza kapena akuluakulu a Ussuri martens ndiovuta kugula.
Muyenera kuyamba kufunafuna woweta, wokondweretsa atanyamula mabele achikasu kunyumba. Athandizira kukopa harzu. Pali njira inanso yovuta. Ku Vietnam ndi Korea, nyama izi zimagulitsidwa mwaulere. Koma mtengo waopulumutsidwa mwachinsinsi udzakhala wokwera kwambiri.
Zosangalatsa
Ulendo waku Amur ndi bwalo lamayiko akunja. Kachiwiri kudachitika mu Julayi 2019 mumzinda wa Zeya. Kharza adasankhidwa kukhala chizindikiro. Nyama yokongola, yothamanga, ngati kuti yabadwa kuti izifanizire kusonkhana kwa olumikizana a chilengedwe cha Kum'maŵa. Kusagwirizana kunabuka ndi dzinalo. Mpaka mphindi yomaliza, palibe chisankho chomwe chidapangidwa pakati pa zosankha: Amurka, Taiga, Deya. Atavota pa intaneti, mascot a pa forum adayamba kudziwika ndi dzina loti Taiga.
Mu chirimwe cha 2019, chochitika chosowa chitika mu malo a Khabarovsk Territory - Kharza wogwidwa adabweretsa ana: Amuna awiri ndi wamkazi. Zaka ziwiri zapitazo, zochitika zofananazo zidatha zomvetsa chisoni - mayiyo sanadyetse ana, adamwalira. Ma cubs apano anali ndi mwayi - Kharza wachikazi adawalandira, tsogolo lotetezeka la ana agalu silikukayikira.
Akatswiri a sayansi akukhulupirira kuti marten wamkaka wamkaka samawopsezedwa kuti adzatha. Amakhala m'malo akulu. Chiwerengero cha nyama ndizokhazikika, sizibweretsa nkhawa. Zomwe zalembedwa mu Red Book lapadziko lonse. Koma dziko lathu limakhudzidwa ndi malire akumpoto a mtundu wa Kharza. M'mphepete mwa malo, kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kotsika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, charza adalembedwa mu Red Book of the Far Eastern Federal District mu 2007 ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi.
