Dzina lachi Latin: | Nucifraga caryocatactes |
Gulu: | Odutsa |
Banja: | Ma Corvids |
Chosankha: | Kufotokozera kwamitundu ya ku Europe |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Mbalame yamtchire yamtchire ndi yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa jackdaw. Kutalika kwa thupi 32- 35 cm, mapiko masentimita 49-53, kulemera kwa 120-200 g. Mutu waukulu, mulomo wawutali, wowongoka. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wokhala ndi malire m'malire kuchokera pansi. Mbiri yonse ya mankhwalawo ndi ya bulauni, yokhala ndi mawanga oyera oyera ambiri. Munthawi ya nesting, mbalame yobisalira kwambiri, nthawi zambiri imagwira diso poyenda maulendo atachita kusanja. Mitundu yamnkhalango, yomwe imayenda makamaka pamakona a mitengo, imatha kudumphira panthambi ndikulendewera pansi pa zitsulo za spruce ikamachotsa nthangala zake.
Kufotokozera. Palibe mitundu yofananira. Amuna ndi akazi ndi osiyana. Mu mbalame zazikulu, utoto ndi wakuda, wokhala ndi mawanga oyera oyera, owonda kumbuyo ndi mapewa, onse komanso ozunguliridwa pachifuwa ndi pamimba. Pamero ndi pakhosi amawoneka ngati amikwapulo. Chipewa chake ndi chofiirira chakuda, chopanda mawanga. Mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi wakuda, wokhala ndi tint yobiriwira, opanda mawanga. Pamwamba pa mchira ndiovala mkatikati ndi zoyera. Mlomo ndi miyendo zakuda. Maso ndi a bulauni. Ku European Russia pali ma subspecies awiri omwe ndi osiyana kwambiri mawonekedwe.
Mbalame zam'mayiko aku Europe N.C. myoyama, yomwe imakhala mkati mwa chigawo, imakhala ndi mulomo wokulirapo pang'ono ndi wokwera wopendekera pang'ono, ndipo malire oyera a nsonga zopendekera ndi ocheperako (osapitirira 2,5 cm). Mbalame zam'mapiri a ku Siberia N.C. macrorhynchos (m'chigawo chathu amapezeka ku Urals ndi Cis-Urals, nthawi zina mkati mwazowonekera amawonekera kumadera akumadzulo ndi kumwera) amakhala ndi mulomo wopyapyala wokhala ndi thonje wowongoka kwambiri, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi nthenga zopendekeka ndizosachepera 3 cm.Mwana mbalame zazing'ono, utoto chowala komanso chofiirira kuposa akuluakulu, mawanga oyera okhala ndi mbali zotumphukira, pang'ono pang'ono. Mlomo ndi waufupi kuposa wa mbalame zazikulu.
Voterani. Nthawi zambiri khalani phokoso (kupatula nyengo yakuswana). Fuula - mofuula, wotsika komanso wautali "kusweka kwachinyengo"Kapena"kray kray". Amatha kupanga nyimbo zazifupi zazing'onoting'ono ndi mawu ena.
Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Maderawa amaphatikizapo gawo la nkhalango kuyambira ku Balkan ndi Scandinavia kupita ku Far East ndi Southeast Asia. Ku Russia ku Europe, imakhala mu nkhalango zakuda komanso zosakanikirana kuyambira ku Baltic ndi White Seas kupita ku Urals. Dera lakumpoto la magawo limafikira malire a nkhalango, kumwera - kwa zigawo za Moscow ndi Kirov. Ma Urals aku South. Maonedwe osasintha, osunthika pang'ono nyengo yozizira. Chiwerengero chimadalira zokolola za mtedza wa paini ndi mbewu za spruce. Mu zaka zotsalira za mkungudza ndi zaka spruce, zimatha kusunthira anthu ambiri kum'mwera, panthawi imeneyi zimafika kudera lopanda mitengo.
Moyo. Maonekedwe a nkhalango. Amabzala mitengo ya coniferous (spruce, fir ndi mkungudza). Imayamba kubereka pazaka zakubadwa za 1-2, zisa m'magulu awiriawiri. Munthawi yonse yobereka kumakhala njira yobisalira kwambiri. Imayamba chisanu ngakhale chisanu chisanasungunuke. Chidacho chimakhala pamtengo pamtunda wa mamita 5-8, nthawi zambiri chimakhala m'malo owopsa a nkhalangoyi. Chojambulachi chimakhala ndi mazira 2-5 obiriwira obiriwira okhala ndi malo ang'onoang'ono abulauni. Kugwedeza kumatenga masiku 16-18. Nthochi zimachoka pachisa chokha pakatha milungu 3-4, kenako mitengo ya paini nthawi yomweyo imayamba kusuntha ndikukhala mbalame zowoneka bwino komanso zaphokoso.
Chakudyacho chimakhala chosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ma invertebrates ndi ma vertebrates ang'ono, mbewu za mbewu, zipatso, carrion, zinyalala za chakudya. Amakonzekeretsa mbewu za spruce ndi mtedza wa paini. Kupanga chakudya kumathandizanso kwambiri pakupangitsanso mtengo wa mkungudza.
Mkungudza, kapena nati (Nucifraga caryocatactes)
Mawonekedwe
Mitengo ya mkungudza imakhala ndi kusiyana kosiyana ndi kugonana, makamaka akuluakulu. Amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi osakhala akatswiri. Zachikazi zimasiyana ndi zazimuna kukula, ndizocheperako. Zambiri mwa izo ndizosalala kuposa zazimuna. Mitundu ya kuchuluka kwa matabwa a mkungudza imawalola pafupifupi kuphatikiza kwathunthu ndi chilengedwe - matayilo a taiga. Izi si mbalame zazikulu kwambiri, ngakhale zimabisala, nthawi zambiri zimakhala pachiwopsezo cha adani. Kuuluka kwawo mkungudza ndilemera, mapiko ndi olimba. Chifukwa chake, amafunika kupumula, ngakhale atayenda pang'ono.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mbalamezi zimakonda kupuma panthambi zouma, zomwe zimapereka chiwonetsero chabwino.
Chifukwa chake, amasanthula madera awo kuti pakhale zilombo kapena alendo, omwe zolimba zazikulu zimakonda kudutsa.
Kedrovka ndi wa banja la ma corvids. Mbalamezi ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa ma jackdaw kapena ma jay. Kutalika kwa mkungudza kumakhala pafupifupi 30 cm kuphatikiza mchira, kutalika kwake sikupita masentimita 11. Mapiko ake ndi apakati pa 55 cm.
Mosiyana ndi ma corvid ena ambiri, mtedza wa pine umapakidwa bulauni, osakonda kukhala wakuda, wokhala ndi mawanga oyera ambiri, ndipo pamalire pake pali mzere woyera. Mtundu wa paini wachikazi umalemera 150-170 gr, wamwamuna 170-190 gr. Mlomo ndi miyendo ya mbalameyo ndi yakuda kapena yakuda.
ZONSE ZABWINO
Mitengo ya mkungudza imadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zipatso, zipatso, zipatso, njere. Mbewu za conifers ndi mtedza womwe amadya ndizopatsa mphamvu kwambiri kuposa tizilombo. Tizilombo tambiri, monga zakudya za nyama, timakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, koma kuti tizitha kukhalako nthawi yachisanu chisanu, mbalame zimafunikira mphamvu yomwe zimapeza kuchokera ku chakudya chamagulu. Mitengo ya paini yomwe imakhala kumwera kwa Scandinavia Peninsula amadya makamaka ma hazelnuts. M'malo ena, mbalame zimadya nthangala za coniferous - nkhalango zamapine za alpine, mwachitsanzo, ngati mtedza wa paini. Kupeza mbewu zokoma kuchokera ku ma cones ndi ma kernel si kovuta kwa mkungudza. Amatulutsa njere pamiyeso yokhala ndi mulomo wocheperako, ndikumenya mtedza pamtengo kapena pamwala. Mu mbalame zina, chifukwa cha kudya kwakutali, mbewu za mbewu zina zimapanga mtundu wapadera wa mulomo. Anapiye a mkungudza amafunika mapuloteni a nyama, chifukwa chake makolo amawadyetsa ndi tizilombo.
Zachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe
Nkhalango za paini ndizobisalira komanso mbalame zopanda phokoso. Nthawi zambiri samapereka mawu omwe amawoneka ngati khwangwala. Chokha chopatula ndi nyengo yakukhwima ndi nthawi yosonkhanitsa mbewu zatsopano za mtedza. Ngati zokolola zili zofooka, ndiye kuti kulira kwa mitengo ya paini kumangokhala chete.
Kedrovka amapanga mtedza waukulu wam'madzi nthawi yanjala, ndipo malinga ndi asayansi, nthawi yotentha imawapeza ndi fungo, ndipo nthawi yozizira, pomwe chophimba cha chipale chofewa chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri, ndizosatheka kupeza mbalame zobisika.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Amakhulupirira kuti mkungudza umatha kupanga zikwizikwi zomwe amatchedwa mabulogu m'moyo wonse. Kenako m'malo oiwalika pomwe zakudya zimabisidwa, mitengo imakula nthawi yayitali.
Pali milandu yodziwika pamene kunali kotheka kugwiritsira ntchito nati ya pine yokhala ndi mtedza 165 m'thumba la mmero. Uwu ndi katundu wochititsa chidwi, chifukwa chakuti mkungudza ndi mbalame yaing'ono kwambiri.
Mbalamezi ndizolimbikira, nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'magulu awiriawiri kapena mokhazikika, koma nthawi zina zimasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono koma phokoso. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika mbalame zikauluka pandege kukasaka chakudya. Kukonda mtedza kumakhala kolimba kwambiri kotero kuti pakhala pali nthawi pomwe mitengo ya paini idayendetsa gologolo kuchokera ku mkungudza, pomwe pali ma cones ambiri odzaza ndi mtedza. Mapawiri a mkungudza wamoyo, ndiye kuti, ndi amodzi.
Moyo ndi moyo
Mitengo yamkungudza si mbalame zosamukira. Amakhala moyo wongokhala, akumapanga maulendo ochepa ndege kukafunafuna chakudya ndi magawo atsopano. Awa ndi anthu enieni okhala nyengo yovuta ya taiga, amatha kupirira nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Nkhalango za mkungudza ndi mbalame zam'mapiri, zimangodya zokha m'malire a gawo lawo, zomwe zimateteza mwachangu kwa alendo.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mbalamezi zimakhala nthawi yayitali, anthu ena ali ndi zaka 10-12 kapena kupitilira. Muukapolo, nthawi zambiri samasungidwa ngati ziweto.
Ku malo osungira nyama, komwe malo abwino amapangidwira ndipo palibe adani achilengedwe, amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 15.
Habitat, malo okhala ndi mtedza
Kedrovka ndi anthu okhala ku taiga. Itha kupezeka nthawi zambiri ku nkhalango za ku Europe ndi Asia kuchokera ku Scandinavia ndi ku Alps kupita ku Japan ndi China. Mbalame yaying'ono imeneyi imakonda nkhalango zowirira. Pano mtedza wa paini amapeza chakudya chake chachikulu - mbewu zomwe zimatengedwa paini, spruce ndi ma cesed ces.
Ndi kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kukuchitika, mkungudza wa paini ukhoza kupezeka ngakhale m'nkhalango pafupi ndi Moscow, zomwe sizinali zaka 15-20 zapitazo. Komabe, izi ndi ngozi kuposa chizolowezi. Mwina mbalamezi zidayambitsidwa mwaluso, ndipo pambuyo pake zidazika mizu ndikukakhazikika m'magawo atsopano.
Zakudya, kodi mkungudza ukudya chiyani
Zakudya zambiri za mtedza zimapangidwa ndi mbewu za coniferous. Mukamaberekera komanso munthawi yodyetsa ana, tizilombo timawonjezera mtedzawu, motero zimadzipatsa chakudya pamodzi ndi ana. Munkhalango zomwe zili m'mapiri, nyengo zomwe mbalame zimakhala zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi ya chaka.
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa kasupe mpaka kugwa, nthawi zonse pamakhala chakudya chambiri cha mitengo ya mkungudza, mtedza ndi zipatso zambiri zimacha, ndipo zimaswana tizilombo. Koma koposa zonse, mbalamezi zimakonda mtedza wa paini. Amadziwika kuti m'thumba la mmero pafupi ndi nati ya pine pamatha kukhala ndi mtedza wambiri kuposa momwe ungadye.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Munthawi ya chisa, mbalameyi imachita mobisa ndipo zimavuta kuiwona. Ndizachilendo kwambiri kuwona mkungudza wa paini pachisa nthawi yomwe akukola anapiye.
Zofunika! Mbalamezi zimakafika pomanga chisa mosamala, pogwiritsa ntchito masamba, masamba, dongo ndi nthambi ngati nyumba yomangira.
Zisa za mkungudza ndi zolimba kwambiri ndipo monga lamulo zimakhala pamtunda wa mamita 4-6. Koma sizipulumutsa nthawi zonse kwa adani omwe amatha kukwera mitengo, koma amaziteteza ku nthaka.
Kuswana ndi kubzala nthawi ya mitengo ya paini kumatenga mu Marichi mpaka Meyi. Yaikazi imagona 4-5, nthawi zina, mazira 7 amtundu wa buluu wopepuka wokhala ndi mawanga bulauni. Nthawi yolumikizira ndi masiku 18-22. Makolo onse awiriwo amawatchinjiriza, kupatsana mpata ndi kuwuluka kuti adye.
Nkhalango za payini ndi mbalame zoopsa zomwe zimapanga awiriawiri moyo. Wamphongo ndi wamkazi amatenga nawo mbali podyetsa ana. Pakatha milungu pafupifupi 3-4, anapiyewo ali okonzekera kuuluka koyamba kuchokera pachisa. Makolo adakali motalikirana ndi momwe mbalame zimakhalira - zimadyetsa anapiye kwa miyezi itatu, ndikachoka chisa.
Adani achilengedwe
Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya paini pa nesting ndi adani awo achilengedwe - owononga ochepa. Pakadali pano, mbalame zachikulire zimayamba kugwidwa mosavuta, nthawi zambiri amawu ake kapena kuyikira dzira. Zoyipa kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto ndi ma weasels, martens, ankhandwe ndi amphaka amtchire.
Zofunika! Popeza mkungudza umalemera pamtengowo ndipo umanyamuka pang'onopang'ono, ulibe mwayi wothawa mano a marten kapena nkhandwe.
Nthawi zambiri, mitengo yamkungudza imakhala nyama yosavuta nthawi yomweyo ikakumba mtedza womwe wasungidwa kuti ugwiritse ntchito mtsogolo.. Kenako mbalameyo imakhala tcheru, kuiona ndi kumva bwino, kenako imakhala yosatetezeka ngakhale itakhala kuti ilibe nyama yoopsa.
MALO OYAMBIRA
Kedrovka ndi anthu okhala ku taiga. Imapezeka m'nkhalango za taiga ku Europe ndi Asia kuchokera ku Scandinavia ndi Alps kupita ku Japan ndi China.
Mbalameyi imakonda nkhalango zowirira ngati nkhalango za mkungudza komanso matabwa a mkungudza. Munkhalango zachilengedwe za coniferous, nkhalango za paini zimapeza chakudya chake chachikulu - mbewu zomwe zimatengedwa pine, spruce ndi cones cered. Koma koposa zonse, mbalamezi zimakonda mtedza.
Munkhalango zamapiri, nyengo ya mbalame imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi ya chaka. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa masika mpaka nthawi yophukira, nkhalango za paini zimapeza chakudya chambiri pano: mtedza ndi zipatso zimacha, tizilombo timabala. Komabe, chisanu choyambirira chikagwa, zipatso ndi mtedza zimatha, ndipo tizirombo tonse timafa kapena kubisala m'malo osavomerezeka. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa dzinja mpaka masika, sizingatheke kupeza chakudya m'nkhalango yotentha, kotero, mitundu yambiri yamitundu imawulukira kumwera. Komabe, mitengo ya paini imakhalabe pano. Mbalamezi zapanga njira yopulumukira - amakhala ngati agologolo: M'nyengo yotentha, mitengo ya mkungudza imasungira nyengo yachisanu. Mbalame zimabisala chakudya m'malo ambiri obisika.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Nkhalango zowongoka ndi malo okondedwa a nkhalango za paini, nthawi zonse zimavutika ndi moto wachilengedwe komanso wopangidwa ndi anthu, zimadula mitengo mwachisawawa, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri malo okhala mbalamezi. Mosakayikira, izi zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mitengo ya paini. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mitengo ya payini pakadali pano sikuli pachiwopsezo ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kumakhazikika.
Kufalitsa
Nkhalango za payini ndi mbalame zoopsa zomwe zimapanga awiriawiri moyo. Nthawi yakukhwima, amayesetsa kuti asakodze aliyense ndipo nthawi zonse azikhala m'gawo lawo. Pa nesting, mkungudza wa paini umakhala moyo wachinsinsi. Chisa chake ndi mulu wosokonekera wa mitengo, udzu, mbewa ndi zonyansa zomangidwa pamodzi ndi dongo. Imayikidwa pamtengo wa coniferous pamtunda wa mamita 4-6. Popeza yozizira ya paini yozizira samasowa chakudya, imayamba kusowa m'mawa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri mbalame imamanga chisa pomwe kumakhalako matalala mozungulira ndipo kutentha kwa mpweya kumakhala pansi pa ziro.
Onsewa amalimbitsa mtima. Izi sizachilendo kwa mbalame za banja lamadyedwe, koma ndizomveka, popeza zamphongo sizimadziwa kumene kuli akazi, ndipo sizingawakwaniritse iwo okha. Mbalame zimachita bwino wina ndi mnzake mu chisa kupatsa mnzakeyo chakudya. Mitengo ya mkungudza imadyetsanso anapiye awo ndi njere, zomwe zimayamba kusinthidwa mu goiter. Pakudya chakudya cha nthawi yozizira, makolo amayamba kubweretsa tiana kwa anapiye, omwe nthawi zambiri amawagwira kunja kwa gawo lawo. Achinyamata atachoka, makolo ake amawadyetsa kwa miyezi itatu.
ZINSINSI ZA KUDZULULA
M'nyengo yonse ya chilimwe, mkungudza umakhala wotanganidwa kutola mbewu za conifers ndi mtedza, zomwe zimabisala mu malo ake amodzi odziwika okha, omwe amachezeredwa panthawi yachisanu yozizira. Mbalameyo imadzaza chikwama cha pakhosi ndi njere ndi mtedza, momwe zimadziphatika pamodzi ndi malovu ndikupanga mtanda wambiri.
Mbewu za mkungudza zimatola mbewu pokhapokha pagawo lake, zomwe zafotokoza bwino malire. Mbalameyi imaphimba chakudya pansi, ndikuphimba mosamala chakudyacho, ndikuuluka ndikuyamba kusaka mbewu kukabzala. Pakapita kanthawi, matabwa a mkungudza amapeza malo obisika bwino kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuyesayaku, zidapezeka kuti mkungudza "umakumbukira" pafupifupi malo okwanira 86% ake.
MALANGIZO OGULITSIRA
Ku Ukraine, amatchedwa nati - chifukwa, chifukwa chosowa mitengo yamkungudza, mkungudza umadyetsedwa pano ndi nthangala za hazel.
Wamng'ono, osapitirira jay, mbalame yochokera ku banja la corvidae. Imapezeka m'nkhalango zosakanizika ndi zam'madzi za Europe, zomwe ndizambiri mwa nkhalango za mkungudza. Mtedza wa paini ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha mkungudza kwa chaka chathunthu. Mu zaka zakututa, matabwa a mkungudza amachotsa nthangala ku ma cones ndikuwabisa m'malo obisika kwambiri, kenako amakhala nthawi yayitali chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito, popeza mitengo yamikungudza imabala zipatso osati chaka chilichonse. Tsopano zadziwika kuti mbalame ndi mnzake weniweni wamini ya mkungudza, chifukwa gawo lalikulu la mbewu zobisika ndi mkungudza pansi limamera. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zimanyamula mbewu mtunda wautali. Nyama zina zimagwiritsanso ntchito zida za mkungudza - pansi pa chimbalangondo. Amadyetsa anapiyewo ndi tizilombo komanso mbewu zosankhidwa.
DZIWANI IZI:
- Sizikudziwika kuti mitengo ya paini imapeza bwanji malo obisalira. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti amatsogozedwa ndi kununkhira, koma njirayi imagwira ntchito nthawi yayitali chipale chofewa. Mwambiri, mbalame zimakumbukira malo omwe "mapinki" awo amakhala.
- Zikalephera kubzala mbewu za paini komanso mbewu za conifere zikupezeka m'dera la ku Siberia, mitengo ya mkungudza imasamukira kumadzulo kukafunafuna chakudya. M'zaka zoperewera zoterezi, gulu la mbalame zocheperako zaku Siberian zimadzaza Kum'mawa ndi Central Europe.
- Makolo amaphatikiza anapiyewo pamene mbalame zimayamba kusowa m'mawa ndikupempha chakudya.
- Ngati mtengo wa paini, womwe uku ndikusuntha m'matangadza, udziwa kuti ukuwonedwa, ndiye kuti uyesa kubisa malowo.
NKHANI ZOSAVUTA ZA KUPANGIRA
Mazira: 3-4 mazira opepuka amtambo kapena amtundu wobiriwira wokutira ndi imvi ndi bulauni.
Mapiko: wozungulira, woderapo kapena wakuda.Pothawa kuchokera pansi, mawanga oyera amawoneka pamapiko.
Mlomo: lalitali ndi lamphamvu. Ndi iyo, nati ya paini imachotsa mbewu ku ma cones ndikuphwanya mtedza.
Throat: mtedza khumi ndi awiri umayikidwa m'thumba la mtengo wa mkungudza.
- Malo a mkungudza
PAMENE AMAKHALA
Kedrovka amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma za Central ndi Southeast Europe, ku Siberia kupita ku Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin. Anthu okhala kwina amakhala kumapiri a South Asia.
KUTETEZA NDI KUPULUMUTSA
Nkhalango zodyetsa msanga zimakula mwachangu kuposa momwe zimakhalira, komanso zimakumana ndi moto, kudula mitengo ndi kuipitsidwa, zotsatira zake zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi.
01.03.2018
Pine nutcracker, kapena walnut (lat. Nucifraga caryocatactes) ndi mbalame yaying'ono yochokera ku banja la Corvidae. Amadziwika ndi chikondi chapadera cha mtedza wa paini ndipo mayendedwe awo adatenga thumba lapadera lomwe lili pansi pa lilime. Makamaka anthu opeza bwino amatha kuyika mtedza wokwana 120.
Ku North America, wachibale wake wapamtima amakhala, North America walnut (Nucifraga columbiana), yomwe ili ndi nthenga zambiri. Mbalame zonsezo ndizotsika kwambiri mpaka jackdaw (Coloeus monedula) ndi jay wamba (Garrulus glandarius).
Kufalitsa
Mpaka pano, magulu asanu ndi atatu a mkungudza amadziwika. Subspecies a N.c. carycatactes ndi amodzi ambiri ndipo amakhala kudera la Central ndi Eastern Europe. Mabuku otsala ndiofala kwambiri kudera la Asia.
Malowa amachokera kum'mwera kwa Scandinavia ndi Finland kudzera ku Siberia kupita kumpoto kwa China ndi Japan. Malire ake akumadzulo amapita kumapiri a Alps, ndi kumwera kumwera kwa Balkan, Caucasus, Altai, Tien Shan ndi Himalaya. Ku Taiwan, subspecies N.c. owstoni.
Malo onse okhala m'derali ndi pafupifupi mamilimita 10 miliyoni. km Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Europe chikuyembekezeka kukhala pakati pa mbalame pakati pa 800 ndi 1700 zikwi. Amapezeka kwambiri m'malo omwe mitengo ya mkungudza (Pinus cembra), spruce (Picea) ndi hazel wamba (Corylus avelana) imamera.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Nkhalango za Cedari, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina 120 ya mbalame yochokera kubanja la corvidae, ali ndi makolo akale, omwe ndi mabwinja akale kwambiri omwe adapezeka ku Germany ndi France. Adakhala zaka zina 17 miliyoni BC. M'mawonekedwe ake, mitengo yamkungudza imafanana ndi khwangwala, koma yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa mbalameyi.
Pali gawo logawanika m'magawo asanu ndi anayi osiyana maonekedwe, mtundu wa chakudya, komanso malo okhala, koma akatswiri ambiri a zamankhwala amakonda kuzichulukitsa m'magulu awiri: mitundu yakumpoto ndi yam'mwera. Amapezeka m'magawo osiyanasiyana a Eurasia.
Kanema: Kedari
Kuphatikiza apo, palinso mtundu wina womwe umakhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe za North America - Nucifraga columbiana kapena Clark's nutcracker. Mbalamezi ndizocheperako kuposa anzawo ku Europe ndipo zimakhala ndi imvi, kuwala kwamapweya, ndipo mapiko awo ndi mchira wake ndi zakuda. Amakhala chisa m'nkhalango zamapine ndipo ali ndi zofanana zambiri ndi oimira ena ma corvid - Podoces kapena jay jives.
Kutengera ndi mtundu wa chakudya, mbalame zimagawidwa mtedza - omwe ali ndi ma hazelnuts ndi mtedza wa pine muzakudya. Mtedza uli ndi mlomo wamphamvu kwambiri koma wamfupi. Ku Siberia, anthu amapezeka ndi wowonda kwambiri komanso mulomo wautali, wogwirizana ndi kudya mtedza wa paini.
Malo okhala ku Europe ndi nkhalango:
- anadya wamba
- Pine waku Swiss
- nkhalango zosakanizika,
- pine wamba
- paini wakuda
- Pine ya ku Makedonia
- Hazel (Corylus).
Nzika zaku Siberia ndi Far East zimakonda:
- mkungudza
- Pine ya ku Siberia
- Mkungudza waku Japan
- Sakhalin fir.
Anthu okhala Tien Shan amakopeka ndi nkhalango za Tien Shan spruce. Ku Himalaya, malo omwe amakhala ndi nkhalango zachilengedwe, mitengo ya mkungudza, paini wamtambo, pini ya pini, Himalayan fir, Morinda spruce wokhala ndi nthenga za Rhododendron.
Kodi mkungudza umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kedrovka ku Russia
Palibe malo okhalitsa a nati za paini ku Eurasia, makamaka ku gawo la ku Europe. Zimatengera kukhalapo kwa nkhalango zomwe zimatha kupereka chakudya chachikulu cha mbalamezi - mtedza. Kedrovka imapezeka kumadera ambiri kumpoto kwa Africa, komwe amakhala kum'mwera pakati pa Europe, m'chigawo cha Tien Shan komanso kum'mawa kwa zilumba za Japan. Zimapezeka kumayiko a Scandinavia ndi mapiri a Alpine kumpoto kwa Italy, mwina ku Pyrenees.
Malire akumwera amadutsa a Carpathians, akukwera kumwera kwa Belarus, amadutsa m'chigwa cha Kama. Ku Asia, malire akum'mwera amatsika kumapiri a Altai, ku Mongolia amadutsa Hangai ndi Kentei, Greater Khingan, ku China - mapiri a Zhangguangtsailin, akukwera kumwera kwa Primorye. Kumpoto, malire ali paliponse amagwirizana ndi malire a nkhalango ndi zigawo za tundra. Malo okhala kutali ndi mapiri a Tien Shan, Dzhungarsky Alatau, Ketmen, Kyrgyz Range, mapiri akumadzulo kwa Talas Massif, kumapiri akum'mawa kwa mapiri a Altai.
Ku Kashmir, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono a pine waku Siberiya, amasintha kukhala N. Multipunctata. Mbalameyi ndi yokulirapo komanso yakuda, koma malo owala ali ndi mawonekedwe akulu. Kummwera chakum'mawa kwa Himalaya, ma subspecies ena amapezeka - N. hemispila, wofanana ndi Kashmir payekhapayokha, koma mtundu wawo waukulu ndi wopepuka ndipo malo awo oyera ndi ochepa. Mtundu wa mbalamezi umagwira kwambiri mapiri a Himalaya, kum'mawa kwa Tibet ndi madera akumwera kwa China, kuyambira kum'mawa kwa Afghanistan mpaka ku Peninsula ya Korea.
Kedrovka amayenda pang'ono m'malo, amakonda kukhazikika. Amachita manyazi makamaka ndi madzi. M'zaka zovuta, mbalamezi zimakakamizidwa kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna chakudya. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amakhulupirira kuti umu ndi momwe mitengo ya paini idafikira kuzilumba za Kuril ndi Japan, Sakhalin.
Chosangalatsa: Kusunthika kwakukulu kwa mtedza wa paini kunawonedwa mu 1885 kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Russia (zigawo za Arkhangelsk ndi Perm) kumwera chakumadzulo ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Ural. Popita kum'mwera chakumadzulo, mbalamezo zidadutsa ku Poland ndi Hungary, zidasamukira ku Germany ndi Belgium, Holland, France, ndi Southern England. Gawo laling'ono la mbalame ndi lomwe linabwerako. Ochuluka adamwalira, ena adatsalira kumadera atsopano.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbalame ya mkungudza imakhala. Tiwone zomwe amadya.
Kodi mkungudza umadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kedari nthawi yachisanu
Mbalamezi m'zakudya zake zimakonda kwambiri mtedza wa paini, koma m'malo ambiri omwe nkhalango zotambalala zimakonda, zimadya ma hazelnuts, mbewu za beech ndi mbewu zina. Conifer ena amathanso kukhala gawo la zokonda za munthu wokhala m'nkhalango. Mbalame kugwa zimapanga zokonzekera zambiri, kusonkhanitsa mtedza m'malo obisala.
Mlomo wamphamvu umathandizira kupeza zipatso za mtedzawu kwa ogulitsa m'nkhalango. Kedrovka pang'ono amatsegula ndikumenya chipolopolo. Zotsatira zimagwera pamfundo ziwiri nthawi imodzi ndikuphwanya chipolopolo. Ngakhale walnuts adapezeka mum mitengo yamkungudza; mulomo wamphamvu amatha kugawa zipolopolo zawo.
Chosangalatsa: Pini wa mkungudza umagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula masheya pogwiritsa ntchito chikwama chaching'ono, momwe mumatha kukhala pafupifupi mtedza wa paini zana.
Mitengo yam'madzi imabisidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, makamaka amakonda kuchita izi m'malo otsetsereka. Ngakhale nthawi yamasika, mbalame zamtendere zimapitilirabe kusaka zakudya zawo ndikudyetsa anapiye awo. Amakumbukira bwino malo amkhwalawa ndipo amapezeka mosavuta pansi pa chipale chofewa. Mbalame yaying'ono, yomwe sifikira magalamu 200, imatha kupeza masheya nthawi yozizira mpaka 60 makilogalamu, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka 90 makilogalamu a mtedza wa paini. Ndipo m'mimba mwake amaikidwa ma 10-13 nucleoli.
Chochititsa chidwi: Amakeki okhala ndi masheya osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitengo ya mkungudza amachititsa kuti mitengo yamkuwa ya mkungudza yamphamvu ikhale mtsogolo. Mbalameyi ndiyoigawa kwambiri pine ya ku Siberia komanso mkungudza wamapiri kumtunda kwa mapiri mpaka kumpoto. Mbewu za mitengo imeneyi zimatha kupezeka m'miyala yamipini patali kwamakilomita anayi.
Ngakhale pafupi ndi tundra zone ndi char, munthu amatha kuwona mbande za mkungudza zomwe zimabweretsedwa ndi mkungudza wopanda ntchito. Mphukira sizimakhala m'mavuto otere ndipo zimafa zaka zingapo. Koma mbalame zambiri mwazomwezi zimapangidwa kumapeto kwa nkhalangoyi, m'mphepete mwa mitengo yamisala, yomwe imathandizira kutuluka kwa mphukira zatsopano za mkungudza wamphamvu.
Menyu yamkungudza imaphatikizaponso:
- zipatso
- mbozi ndi mphutsi,
- oyang'anira malo,
- mazira a mbalame zina.
Mtengo wa mkungudza umatha kuukira mbalame zazing'ono mosamala, ndipo ukapambana, choyambirira, imaluma bongo kuchokera pamauku ake. Nthenga ndi zovalazo sizinyansidwa, zimatha kudya nyama yomwe yakodwa mumsampha kapena m'chiuno. Mtengo ukakhudzidwa ndi mphutsi za tizilombo, ndiye kuti mbalame zimasonkhana mozungulira kuti zitheke. Amatha kugwiritsa ntchito milomo yawo kuti achotse tizilombo tomwe timakhala pansi mobisa kuti tiziwaloza.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Cedari
Zamoyo zamtchire zamtchirezi zimasiyana nthawi zosiyana pachaka. Nthawi ya chisa, imapeza ngodya zobisika m'nkhalango ndipo sichimachoka pamalire a gawo laling'onoli. Ngati panthawiyi munthu akabwera pafupi ndi malowa, ndiye kuti mbalameyo imabisala mwachangu, ndikuikidwa m'mutu mwa mitengo.
Nthawi zina pachaka, mbalamezi zimakonda kucheza, sizimachita mantha ndi anthu ndipo zimatha kukhala pafupi ndi nyumba, podziwa kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala zopindulitsa. Nthawi zambiri, mitengo ya paini imatha kuwoneka kumapeto ndi m'malire, m'mphepete mwa nkhalangoyi, m'mitsinje ndi m'mitsinje.
Chosangalatsa: Kedrovka, monga mabodza ena, ndiwopangika kwambiri. Akatswiri a Ornithologists adawona momwe amachepetsa mbozi za paini mu Novembala mwachindunji kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa, ndikupanga malembedwe oyaka mu chipale chofewa.
Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimakhala pamitengo yotsika yam mitengo, zimatulutsa nthangala kuchokera ku ma cones. Akaona zoopsa, amatha kuuluka ndikubisala pamwamba pa mtengo umodzi wapafupi. Nthawi zina mbalame imalola munthu kuti ayandikire.
Mitengo yamkungudza imapanga mawu osangalatsa. Amatha kufananizidwa ndi kulira kwa khwangwala, koma osati mosangalatsa, kuli ngati kulira kwa jay. Maimbidwe awo akhoza kumveka ngati "khwangwala", ngati ali ndi nkhawa, akuwopa, ndiye kuti "cr-cr". Nthawi zina phokoso laphokoso limatha kutchedwa kuti nyimbo.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mkungudza kunkhalango
Nkhalango za mkungudza zimatha kutchedwa mbalame zapagulu, kupatula nthawi yakusanja. Ngati mukuwona mbalame imodzi, ndiye kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala mwayi wokumananso ena pafupi. Vapors mawonekedwe kumapeto kwa dzinja, ndipo zisa zimakonzedwa ngakhale chisanu chomaliza chisanasungunuke. Chisa cha m'nkhalangozi chimatha kukumana kawirikawiri, m'matulo osamva kwambiri, ngati panthawiyi munthu akumana ndiini ya mkungudza, amangochisiya. Kutengera nyengo ya nyengo, mbalamezi, zazimuna ndi zazimuna, zimagwira nawo ntchito yomanga zisa zawo kuyambira mwezi wa March mpaka Meyi.
Ichi ndi chopangidwa chachikulu kutalika kwa masentimita 30 ndi mpaka 15 cm. Pankhaniyi, thireyi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri: pafupifupi masentimita 10-15. Chidacho chimakhala pamwamba pamitengo yamipiri kapena ma coniferiya ena, m'malo omwe nthambi imasiya. Nthambi zouma zophimbidwa ndi ndere zimayikidwa pansi pake, nthambi za birch zimatsata gawo lotsatira, chisa chimakhala ndi udzu, ulusi wamakungwa, zonsezi zimabwera ndi kuphatikizika kwa dongo, ndipo pamwamba pake amaphimbidwa ndi udzu wouma, moss, ndi pansi.
Mbalame zimagona 3 mpaka 7, koma nthawi zambiri mazira 5 amakhala oyera-bwino kapena ofota. Madontho a azitona kapena ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa violet amapita kumbuyo kwa chigolacho. Nthawi zina pamakhala zokonda zochepa ndipo zimatengedwa kumapeto. Mazira a oblong mawonekedwe ali pafupifupi masentimita atatu, ndi masentimita awiri ndi theka kudutsa.
Onse awiri makolo amatenga nawo gawo. Nthochi zimawonekera patatha masiku 19. Choyamba zimadyetsedwa tizilombo ndi zipatso, zipatso za mtedza. Pakatha milungu itatu, anapiyewo amatuluka kale chisa ndipo amatha kupeza chakudya pawokha. Koma ngakhale mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri sizibisikanso, mokweza makolo kuti abweretse chakudya, ndipo mbalame zachikulire zokhala ndi kulira kwambiri zimathamangira aliyense amene amazungulira ana. Pambuyo pa anapiyewo, mbalame zakale zimapsa. Ana akakhala olimba, magulu amitengo ya paini amasamuka m'malo osamva kupita kwina. Kukula mu mbalamezi kumachitika pofika chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri.
Kodi mkungudza umaoneka bwanji
Popereka lipoti kapena polankhula mkalasi pamutu wankhani, muyenera kulankhula za momwe mungazindikirire mbalame pakati pa ena.
Iyi ndi mbalame yaying'ono, yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa jackdaw, kunja kofanana ndi ma corvids ena. Kulemera kwa Kedrovka ndi pafupifupi 150-170 g; Amuna ndi olemera pang'ono kuposa akazi. Kutalika kwa thupi lopanda mchira ndi 20-30 cm.
Mbalameyi imakhala ndi maula bulauni omwe amakhala ndi zoyera. Kupanga utoto ndi chibadwa mthupi. Pamwamba pamutu mulibe banga. Mchira ndi mapiko ake ndi zakuda ndi tint yobiriwira. Mlomo ndi miyendo ndi imvi yakuda, maso ndi a bulauni.
Mlomo ndi wolimba, wolimba, wautali mokwanira, wowonda komanso wokongola kwambiri kuposa ma corvids ena. Mlomo wotere umakupatsani mwayi wofika pini mtedza muma cones.
Matata amtundu wamphamvu, akuluakulu, okhala ndi zibwano zamphamvu, zomwe mbalameyo imasunga mosavuta ma cones akuluakulu pakudya.
Maanga ndi mawanga omwe amapezeka mumwambowu amathandizira kuti mbalame zisagone kwambiri chifukwa cha nthambi. Kedrovka simapanga maulendo ataliatali; zopinga zamadzi zopitilira 3 km mulitali sizingagundike.
Mbalame zimatha kulowa zilumbazi ndi typhoon, kapena nthawi zazikulu zosamuka chifukwa cha zolephera.
Kufotokozera kwa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, kusiyana kwawo
Akazi, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mbalame, ndi ochepa komanso opepuka kuposa amuna.
Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa chachikazi ndi chachimuna, komabe, izi zitha kuchitika mwa kulabadira kuchuluka kwa malo oyera mu manambala. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi madontho ochepa poyerekeza ndi amuna.
Mitundu wamba ya mkungudza
Rod Kedrovka amaphatikiza mitundu iwiri yokha:
Kedari (Nut) - Maonekedwe a ku Europe.
Nut ku North America - Mitundu yaku North America. Oyimira zamtunduwu ndi ang'ono, maula a aspen, mchira ndi mapiko ake ndi akuda. Amakhala munkhalango zamapiri.
Kufalitsa kwa mkungudza
Kunja kwa nyengo yakubereka, nkhalango za paini zimakhala m'magulu. Amalumikizana awiriawiri mu February, chisa chawo ndi chokonzekera April-Meyi.
Lamulo lalikulu: malo oti azikola ana amasankhika ogontha, paphala lalitali kapena paini.
Pakumapeto kwa kasupe, mazira akuwala a 5-6 okhala ndi mawalo a azitona amaikidwa mu chisa. Makolo onse awiriwa amawawasa. Chingwe chikuku pambuyo masiku 8-10.
Pakatha milungu itatu, mitengo yaying'ono ya pine itasiya kale chisa, koma kwakanthawi, makolowo akudya chakudya cha ana awo.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa mkungudza kuthengo ndi zaka 9 - 11.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za mkungudza
Pali nkhani zomwe mkungudza kutchire umatha kuthana ndi agologolo ndi makoswe ena kuti achotsere pine.
Kusunthika kwakukulu kwambiri, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kakhalidwe kakang'ono ka mtedza wa paini, kunachitika mu 1885. Malinga ndi malipoti a asayansi achilengedwe omwewo, magulu a mbalame adasamukira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa gawo la Europe la Russia kupita kumwera-kumadzulo kupita ku Poland, Belgium, France ndi Germany. Gawo laling'ono la mitengo ya paini linabweranso, ambiri anamwalira, ndipo omwe anapulumuka adayamba kuchuluka m'malo okhala.
Mkungudza wa Taiga sunalembedwe mu Red Book la dera lililonse. Malinga ndi akatswiri a ornithologists, chiwerengerochi nchokhazikika ndipo sichikuyandikira njira zobisika.
Zingwe za mkungudza zosungidwa ndi mitengo ya mkungudza ndi njira ya m'nkhalango ya mkungudza yomwe imateteza chilengedwe chotizungulira. Zomwe sizidzadyedwa ndi mbalame ndi makoswe zimayambitsa kukongola kwatsopano kwa taiga - mikungudza.
Khalidwe
Kedrovka amakhala ndi moyo wongokhala, kuyesa kuti asakope chidwi chapadera. Nthawi zambiri, amatha kuwoneka mukugwa, pamene mtedza womwe amakonda kwambiri umacha. Mbalame zimasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono phokoso ndipo zimawulukira ku ma hazel ndi m'nkhalango za mkungudza. Nthawi zambiri, kukafunafuna zabwino zawo, amawulukira m'minda yamtunda ndi m'mapaki.
Njala yokhutiritsa, ma walnuts nthawi yomweyo amayamba kupanga zosungidwa nthawi yachisanu. Amabisa mtedza wokwanira m'malo osiyanasiyana omwe amakumbukiridwa bwino.
M'matangadza am'maluwa simatupa, choncho nkhalango za paini zimadziwika kuti ndi zomwe zimabzala mitengo ikuluikulu ku Siberia.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimasunga zabwino zawo m'mitengo yopanda ngakhale pansi padenga la nyumba. Wokolola m'maso wina amatha kukolola mtedza wokwana makilogalamu 50 pachaka ndikuwabisa m'malo pafupifupi 20,000. Amakumbukira malo ake onse obisala, koma kuyambira 30 mpaka 75% yazopezeka zimapezeka ndikudya nyama zina.
Oimira amtunduwu amavutika chisanu mpaka -40 ° C, ndipo, monga lamulo, nthawi yachisanu m'malo awo. Pazaka zochepa chabe momwe amayenera kusamukira nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri pamitunda yayitali kukafunafuna chakudya. Nthawi zambiri zimawuluka kumpoto kwa Ulaya kupita ku nkhalango pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Baltic.
Zowukira zambiri za ma subspecies a Siberia N.c. macrorhynchos adawonedwa ku Central Europe mu 1968, 1977 ndi 1985. Nthawi zina mbalame zanjala zimatha kuwuluka pa Chingelezi Channel ndikuwonekera kudera la England.
Mafuta a pine, kupatula mtedza, amadya tizilombo, nkhono, zodzikongoletsera zazing'ono ndi amphibians, zipatso ndi zipatso. M'malo ozizira, menyu wawo amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangidwa nthawi yotentha komanso yophukira. Sadzaphonya mwayi wakudya mazira a anthu ena ndi anapiye, mbewa ndi ma voles. Mbalamezi ndi zodabwitsa komanso zimadya chilichonse chomwe chimapezeka m'malo omwe zimakhala.
Mtedza umatchuka chifukwa cha chidwi chawo ndipo amakonda kuyendera anthu kukafunafuna ndalama. Sawopa munthu ndikuwalola kuti abwere pafupi.
Kuyimba kwawo kumakhala kofanana ndi kamtambo kamtambo ndikusanzira mawu a mbalame zina. Amawonetsa kusakhutira kwawo ndi nkhawa yawo mofuula kwambiri.
Arehaўka
Mwinanso gawo lonse la Belarus
Banja Corvidae - Corvidae.
Ku Belarus - N. c. caryocotactes, munthawi yakuukiridwa N. c. macrorhynchos.
Mitundu yaying'ono yoswana ndi nyengo yachisanu. Amakhala ochulukirapo kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakumma kwa republic, komwe kumapezeka nthawi zambiri. Imachitika kaŵirikaŵiri kumwera kwa republic, imawuluka mosagwirizana, ndipo nthawi zambiri imachitika nthawi yozizira. Malire akum'mwera kwa chigwa cha mkungudza amadutsa ku Belarus, ndikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi gawo logawanika kwa spruce, pomwe mbalameyo imalumikizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe.
Palibe zikuwonetsa mwachindunji momwe kufalikira kwamkungudza kumadera a Belarus. Imawonedwa nthawi ndi nthawi m'gawo lonse motero sizowunikira zapadera zamtunduwu. Malinga ndi M.E. Nikoforov (2008) ndi olemba ena, mkungudza umapezeka paliponse ku Belarus m'malo oyenera kukhalako. Nthawi yomweyo, palibe chidziwitso chokwanira chodzisamalira pazamoyo. Gaiduk ndi Abramova (2013) akuwonetsa kuti m'chigawo cha Brest. palibe milandu yodzinenera yomwe yanenedwapo, ngakhale pakhala pali malipoti a anthu pawokha. Olembawo amatchulapo milandu iwiri ya walnut nesting m'chigawo cha Svisloch kudera la Grodno. ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha: mu Meyi 1956 ndi Juni 1965 ku Brest Region. mbalame idalembedwa maulendo 5: 10/05/1984, 04/04/1989 ndi 10/25/1998, anthu amodzi mchigawo cha Berezovsky, 01/08/1986 (2 anthu) ndi 11/28/2001 (anthu atatu) mu Chigawo cha Ivatsevichi. Mu NP Pripyatsky, NP Braslav Lakes ndi NP Belovezhskaya Pushcha, mtunduwu akuwonetsedwa ngati nesting yokhazikika.
Mbalame yokhala ndi mbandakucha imakhala ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Mafutawa ndi a bulauni, okhala ndi mawanga oyera ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalamezi zizioneka ngati zapalasa. Pamutu pali "chipewa" cha bulauni, mapiko ndi mchira wake ndi zofiirira, koma nsonga za nthenga zimakhala zoyera, chifukwa choti kumapeto kwake mchira umakhala mzere woyera, wowonekera bwino pakuuluka ndikuuluka kwa mbalame. Chovala chovalachi ndi choyera, mulomo ndi miyendo yake imvi. Kulemera kwa yamphongo ndi 130-190 g, wamkazi ndi 124-200 g.Ukutalika kwa thupi (amuna ndi akazi onse) ndi 31-38 masentimita, mapiko ndi 52-60 cm.Ulitali wamphongo amuna ndi 18-20 cm, mchira ndi 14-14,5 cm, ma lugs ndi 5 mm . Kutalika kwa mapiko a akazi ndi 19-19,5 cm, tarsus 5 cm, mulomo 5 cm.
Ndi mbalame yobisalira, kumapeto kwa dzinja ndi kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisanu mukamatha kumva kulira kwa nati - khwangwala wonenepa kwambiri.
Nkhalango ya Cedar imakhala m'nkhalango zowirira nthawi zambiri, ndipo imakonda nkhalango zowuma, komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana (spruce-oak, spruce-pine, spruce-alder) zomwe zimakhala ndi Hazel m'malo opezekamo kapena malo oyandikira.
Zoweta awiriawiri. Amanga zisa pamitengo yamkungumi wazaka 20-30, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi thunthu, kutalika kwa 4-8 m, nthawi zina mpaka mamita 15-17. Ena mwaiwo ali okutidwa bwino ndi singano zowoneka, pomwe ena, pambali pake, ali otseguka kwathunthu. Zikuoneka kuti nkhani yodziwika bwino yokhudza malo omwe panali chisa pamtengo wa paini, m'nkhalango yamtchire ndi chinthu china.
Chisa chopanda chopindika chimamangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku nthambi zouma (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasakanizidwa ndi zobiriwira), zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakutidwa ndi lichens), nthawi zambiri ndi kuphatikiza ndi mitengo yopyapyala ya mitengo yabwino (makamaka yoyeserera). Mbale yotseka yophatikizika imalimbikitsidwa ndi bast, moss wobiriwira, lichens, nthawi zina zidutswa za ntchentche zowola, ndi nthaka. Thirayi imakhala ndi bedi lamadzi lakuthwa, udzu wouma, ndevu zokhala ndi ndevu, nthawi zambiri silikhala ndi ubweya ndi masamba. Nthenga ndi nthenga za mbalame yolumikizira nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mchisa. Kutalika kwa chisa ndi 21-25 cm, mainchesi ndi 30-45 cm, kuya kwa thireyi ndi 7-7,5 cm, mainchesi ndi 12-16 cm.
Clutch yonse imakhala ndi mazira 3-6 (nthawi zambiri 4). Chipolopolocho ndichopepuka kapena chonyezimira pang'ono. Mtundu wa maziko akulu umasiyana kuchokera pakakhala loyera mpaka loyera kapena loyera, nthawi zina limakhala losalala la imvi. Makhalidwe ake amathandizanso kwambiri. Mazira ena amaphimbidwa bwino ndi malo ochepa, ena amaphimbidwa ndi malo ochepa osawoneka bwino kwambiri kuti amawoneka ngati a monochromatic. Palinso mazira okhala ndi mawonekedwe akulu, okhazikika, osiyana ndi, m'malo mwake, okhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Nthawi zambiri, mawanga amayamba kuzimiririka kumapeto kwake, ndikupanga corolla. Utoto wa pamtunda umawoneka kuchokera kwa bulauni kupita pamtundu wowoneka wa maolivi, wakuya - pofikira ndi imvi. Kukula kwa dzira 11 g, kutalika 33-37 mm, mainchesi 24-26 mm.
Nthawi zokongoletsa zimakulitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri, kuyamba kwa oviposition kumachitika mu Marichi kapena khumi oyamba a Epulo. Pali ana amodzi mchaka, koma ngati chisa chitha kufa, kuyambiranso kumachitika (pambuyo pake). Mbalame zonsezi zimagwira masiku 18, usiku - chachikazi, masana - chachimuna ndi chachikazi. Anapiwe okhwima amachoka chisa ali ndi zaka 25.
Chakudyacho chimasakanizidwa, chimadya mbewu za spruce ndi pine, hazelnuts, masamba obiriwira a mitengo, makoswe okhala ngati mbewa, nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe - tizilombo, akangaude ndi mapira, nyengo yozizira sanyansidwa ndi zovunda. Acorns amapezekanso m'mimba mwa mbalame m'chilimwe (Julayi), chifukwa chake, mbalamezo adazigula kuchokera kumitengo yachaka chatha.
Akuluakulu omwe adalembetsedwa ku Europe ndi zaka 19 miyezi 11.
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