Chikhalalachi ndichimodzi mwadongosolo la amphibians opanda mchira. Kutalika kwa thupi la mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumasiyana kuchokera pa 2 cm mpaka 55 cm.Ndi kulemera kwa thupi la chinthu chomwecho - kuchokera pa magalamu 10 mpaka 3.6 kilogalamu. Thupi ndilotakata ndi miyendo yayifupi, popanda nthiti. Khungu limakhala louma, lozama, lophimbidwa ndi ma tubercles. Mapeto ake amatha kukhala osalala kapena owala. Mwana wangayo ndi wozungulira, kumbuyo kwa maso pali tinthu timene timatulutsa parotid. Mankhwalawa amaphatikiza poizoni yemwe amateteza kwa adani komanso majeremusi akhungu.

Izi zimatha kukhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi, wogwira ntchito usiku. Komabe, pali mitundu yam'madzi yamtchire komanso yamtchire. Nthawi yomweyo, misozi yonse imayikira mazira m'madzi, kupatula ovoviviparous. Amadyera nyongolotsi, nkhono, tizilombo. Chida chikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi; sichimapezeka kumadera ozizira okha, ku Madagascar, New Zealand, kuzilumba zambiri za Pacific Ocean.

Chule

Chule ndi cha ochita kukhala osachita kanthu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 1.6 masentimita mpaka 32. Kunenepa kuchokera pama gramu ochepa mpaka 3,2 kg. Khungu limakhala losalala komanso lonyowa. Phunziroli ndi lozungulira pomwepo. Ma Parotids sanatchulidwe. Miyendo yakumaso ndi yayikulu komanso yolimba ndi ma membala otukuka.

Achule ambiri amakhala m'madzi pafupi ndi pafupi. Mitundu ina imatha kukhala m'madzi opanda brack. Pali mitundu yamitengo. Amakhala m'malo otentha. Chule chimayikira mazira m'madzi. Komanso, m'malo otentha, pali mitundu ina yomwe imayikira mazira pansi.

Awa omwe amakhala ndi moyo amakhala kulikonse, kupatula kumadera ozizira. Alinso kum'mwera kwa South Africa, South America, Madagas ndi Australia, kupatula gawo lakumpoto. M'mayiko ena ku Europe, ku Africa, ku Caribbean, anthu amadya miyendo yakumbuyo ya achule kuti awadye ndipo amawawona kuti ndi chakudya chabwino.

Gome la zofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa achule ndi zala

Achule - Kufotokozera

Achule ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la gulu la nyama kuchokera pagulu la amoyo opanda zingwe. Mwanjira yayikulu, mawu oti "chule" amatanthauza oyimira onse a dongosolo la opanda mchira. Mwanjira yopapatiza, dzinali limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa oimira banja la achule enieni. Mphutsi za achule zimatchedwa tadpoles. Chule zimagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi - kuchokera kumadera otentha kupita kumadera otentha, kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kumakhala kokhazikika m'malo owonongera mvula.

Kukula kwa akuluakulu kumasiyana kuyambira 8 mm (Paedophryne amauensis) mpaka 32 cm (goliath chule). Oyimira chithunzicho ali ndi thupi lothithikana, maso otuluka, lilime lopakidwa ndi miyendo yolowedwa pansi pa thupi, mchira sukusowa. Malo okhala achule nthawi zonse za chitukuko amaphatikizapo matupi amadzi opanda madzi, ndipo kwa akuluakulu, amaphatikizaponso pamtunda, akorona amitengo ndi zomangira zapansi panthaka. Njira yodziwika kwambiri yosunthira achule ndikulumpha, koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana idakwanitsa njira zina: kuyenda ndikuthamanga, kusambira, kukwera-dart, kukonzekera.

Mtundu wa achule umakhala ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa, khungu limatulutsa zamtundu wina ndizowopsa kwambiri. Mitundu ya achule imasiyana kuchokera ku sitayilo yofiirira, yobiriwira ndi imvi mpaka utoto wowala kwambiri, wachikaso ndi wakuda, nthawi zambiri amaonetsa poizoni (kapena kutsitsa). Khungu la achule limavomerezedwa ndi madzi, koma kusinthasintha kosiyanasiyana kumawathandiza kuti asataye kwambiri chinyontho panthawi yamoyo.

Kuyerekezera achule ndi mikanda

Nthawi zambiri, achule amatumphukira m'madzi. Mphutsi zam'madzi, ma tadpoles omwe ali ndi mazira ndi matayala kuchokera kumazira. Mapaipi amapita gawo la metamorphosis, kumapeto kwake amasintha kukhala achikulire. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu ina imamera pamtunda, pomwe ina simadutsa gawo la tadpole. Akuluakulu a mitundu yambiri ndi nyama zolusa, zomwe amadya zakudya zomwe zimakhala zochepa, koma pali mitundu ina yopatsa thanzi komanso mitundu ingapo yomwe imadya zipatso.

Achule amatha kutulutsa mawu osiyanasiyana pamutu, makamaka munyengo yakukhwima. Kupenyetsetsa kwa achule kunawonetsa machitidwe ovuta kusintha pamiyambo yamatenda, yomwe imawopseza moyo komanso nthawi zina.

Mitundu yambiri ya achule imawopsezedwa kuti idzatha. Anthu amadya achule monga chakudya, ali ndi ziweto, kuphatikiza apo, achule amagwira ntchito ngati zitsanzo zosavuta pofufuza zachilengedwe.

Chida - Kufotokozera

Zida, kapena zala zenizeni (lat. Bufonidae) - banja la amphibians opanda mchira, lokhalo lomwe onse oimilira amatchedwa "mikanda", ngakhale mitundu ina imatha kutchedwa achule (mwachitsanzo, ma atelopes). Pa mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri wamagwiritsidwe ntchito, mawu oti "mkanda" samangolekeredwa ku banja lokhali, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yochokera ku mabanja ena (mwachitsanzo, mkanda wazamba, mkanda wazala, chifuwa chokhala ngati chule.

Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa zovala zake zimasiyana kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa 20 mm (Guiana harlequin) mpaka 250 mm (to Blomberg toad). Thupi nthawi zambiri limakhala lalikulu, lolemetsa, miyendo yochepa. Khungu limakhala louma kukhudza, lalitali, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakutidwa ndi ma tubercles angapo osalala. Chilankhulo chake ndi chopapatiza, chachikulu. Mano, nthawi zambiri, amakhala pang'ono kapena kuti ochepa. Phunziroli ndi lozungulira, zala za miyendo yakumbuyo zimalumikizana pang'ono ndi membrane akusambira.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta Parotid (ma parotid), omwe kulibe mitundu yambiri yotentha, akuwoneka bwino kumbuyo kwa maso. Izi tiziwalo timene timakhala ndi poizoni wa alkaloid - bufotoxin, womwe umabweretsa chinsinsi pakakhala mavuto. Kuphatikizika ndi kuchuluka kwa poizoni m'mitundu mitundu amasiyana. Ululu wazida zina (mwachitsanzo, Colourad toad) umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosangalatsa psychotropic.

Amuna am'banjamo ali ndi chiwalo chapadera cha Bidder, ovaryary ovary, chomwe chimayamba pamphepete mwa mayeso a larval ndipo imatha kupitilira mu amphibians ambiri achikulire. Nthawi zina, chiwalo chimadzakhala chamchiberekero, ndipo chachimuna chimakhala chachikazi.

Zida zamtundu wa usiku ndizamoyo zam'madzi zomwe zimalowa m'madzi okha kuti ziike mazira, koma palinso mitundu yam'madzi (mwachitsanzo, ansonia) ndi arboreal (mikanda yamitengo). Zimakhazikika pansi. Amadyetsa okha ma invertebrates ang'ono: tizilombo, mphutsi ndi nkhono. Kuthamangitsa tizirombo taulimi.

Habitat

Achule amatha nthawi yawo yambiri m'madzi, nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mphepete mwa maiwe ndi madambo. Amakhala odzipereka kumalo awo obadwira ndipo samachoka pamenepo m'moyo wawo wonse.

Zikhalazi ndizokhazikika m'minda. Popeza amabadwira m'madzi, amabwerera kumalo awo osungirako nthawi iliyonse yamakoma. Nthawi yotsala, mikanda nthawi zambiri imakhala kutali ndi izo.

Mawonekedwe

Zingwe ndizokulirapo komanso zokulirapo kuposa achule, matupi awo ndi athanzi, kulemera, ndipo mutu wawo umakhala pafupi ndi nthaka. Ngakhale kukula kwa thupi laling'ono, mutu wa achule ndi wokulirapo kuposa chovala chamkati, kupatula apo, chimakwezedwa nthawi zonse.

Khungu la zovalalo ndi loyipa, louma, lili ndi ma tubercles, ansalu ofiira pamwamba, komanso owoneka pamimba, okhala ndi mawanga amdima. Achule amakhala oterera, yosalala komanso yonyowa ngati mbande zam'madzi.

Awiriwo achule ndi achule amameza nyama yawo yonse. Chowonadi ndi chakuti zalaula ilibe mano. Chule ili ndi mano, koma apamwamba okha. Vomerezerani, kutafuna chakudya ndi theka limodzi la nsagwada siili yabwino kwambiri.

Zambiri:

1. Community on the world of zomera for loving and akatswiri http://www.botanichka.ru
2. Mtanthauzira mawu a chilankhulo cha Russian S. I. Ozhegova
3. Tsamba loperekedwa kwa amphibians http://www.zemnovodik.ru

Malinga ndi Dongosololi la Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary, achule ndi mikanda ali ndi mawonekedwe omwe amatha kusiyanitsidwa: achule ali ndi miyendo yayitali yamphongo yosinthika kuti idumphe, ndipo zala zokhala ndi khungu lotupa. Biology imafotokoza zosiyana zochulukirapo.

Kuyika kwa Caviar

Awiriwo achule ndi achule amakonda kuyikira mazira m'madzi. Mazira a achulewo amalumikizidwa pamodzi, ndipo mawonekedwe ake onse amafanana ndi mawonekedwe onunkhira. Mazira achimangawo amalumikizidwa mu tcheni, kutalika kwake kumafikira mamita angapo. Chingwe cholowachi chimavulazidwa kangapo kuzungulira chomera m'madzi.

Chule ndi mbalame

Zakudya zomwe amakonda

Chakudya chachikulu cha achule ndi mikanda ndi tizilombo, ndipo ambiri mwaiwo ndi tizirombo. Mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi zakudya zomwe umakonda: chule cha moor chimakonda kangaude ndi ma cicadas, udzu umakonda nsapato ndi udzu, udzu wamtundu umakonda nsikidzi ndi nyerere, nsikidzi zobiriwira. Koma ngati chakudya chomwe mumakonda sichikusowa, ndiye kuti azisangalala kudya chilichonse chamoyo chomwe adakapezapo: chimbalangondo, mavu, ma waya, Mtundu wa chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata ndi kafadala womwewo, mbozi ndi ena ambiri. Achule omwe amalumpha bwino tizilombo touluka, kuphatikizapo udzudzu ndi agulugufe.

Chule amadya 1-2 g ya chakudya patsiku, chikhomo - mpaka 8 g. Zimatinso kuti nthawi yotentha kwambiri chule amadya pafupifupi tizirombo 1300. Chiwerengero cha tizirombo timadyedwa ndi achule ndi ma chala ndichokwera kwambiri kapena katatu kuposa mbalame zosavutikira. Samakana tizilombo ndi fungo losasangalatsa komanso kukoma kwake, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku mphutsi za kachilombo ka mbatata za Colorado, zomwe mbalame sizimadya. Amagwira tizilombo kuposa mbalame, mtundu wake womwe umalumikizana ndi maziko. Zimasaka usiku mbalame zikagona, zimadya tizilombo zomwe zimatsogola: kusenda agulugufe, njenjete, mbozi, ulesi.

Achule ndi zala m'munda

Achule ndi zala, ngakhale mawonekedwe awo osasangalatsa komanso mawu okwanira, ali ndiubwenzi kwambiri kuposa adani patsamba lathu. Chakudya chachikulu cha amphibians ndi tizilombo, nthawi zambiri tizirombo. Chifukwa chake, alimi odziwa bwino ntchito zamaluwa amapanga dala zabwino za moyo wa nyamazi m'munda ndi m'munda wawo.

Chule cha ku Moor chimakonda akangaude ndi ma cicadas, chule la udzu limakonda nsapato ndi udzu, chala cha imvi chimakonda nsikidzi ndi nyerere, ndipo chobiriwira chobiriwira chimakonda nsikidzi. Zimadyanso zophimba, chimbalangondo, ma waya, mphutsi za kachilombo ka Colorado, mbozi ndi tizirombo tina. Achule omwe amalumpha amagwira agulugufe ndi udzudzu. Achule ang'ono amadyera udzudzu, mavu ndi tiziromboti.

Panyengo yachilimwe, pamazana onse a mundawo, mahule ndi achule amadya pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi. Ndipo kuchuluka kwa mitundu yoyipa ya tizilombo tosakaza tomwe tawonongeka ndi ma chule ndi achule sikokwanira kuchulukirapo kawiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo todyedwa ndi mbalame zokongoletsa. Izi ndichifukwa choti zakudya zazikulu za amphibians zimapangidwa ndi tizilombo ndi fungo losasangalatsa komanso utoto woteteza. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama zimasaka mumdima, ndikuwononga njenjete usiku, mbozi zawo ndi ma slog a m'munda - tizirombo tosaka usiku, pomwe mbalamezo zikugona.

Malo abwino okhala ma tulo ndi achule pamalopo

Ma dziwe okongoletsera ndi ma dziwe amathandizira kupulumuka ndikuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha amphibians. Chule ndi zimbudzi zimakhazikika mosangalala m'mundamo ngati atapanga dziwe loziziramo bwino kuchokera mu beseni lakuya losafunikira, ufa, matayala agalimoto kapena bafa lakale. M'mphepete mwa dziwe losiyiratu, ndikofunika kuti muike matabwa kuti nyama zitheka kutuluka m'madzi.

Dziwe limayikidwa bwino kwambiri pamalo otsika kwambiri. Iyenera kukhala ndi kuya kokwanira osati kuzizira pansi nthawi yozizira.

M'malo obiriwira, mumatha kusiya zofunda ndi madzi pansi pa masamba a nkhaka. Ndi kuyika kumeneko achule angapo. Zingwe zidzakondwera “mokhalamo” kuchokera matabwa, nthambi ndi njerwa zotsalira m'mundamo. M'makona abwinobwino m'mundamo, ndikofunika kuchoka m'malo omwe muli udzu wosenda. Malo amenewo adzakhala pothawirapo nyama zothandiza.

Kodi maads amakhala kuti?

Ma amphibians omwe amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula dziko la Australia ndi Antarctica. Chosiyacho ndi udzu wazala, womwe umapangidwa mwamagawo a Green Continent ndi zilumba zapafupi. Mwachilengedwe, maula nthawi zambiri amasankha madzi obwezeretsa mitsinje, nkhalango zamvula, swamp - ndiye malo otentha komanso osatentha kwambiri. Nthawi zina mitengo imatha kukhala nyumba ya chala.

Kwa nyengo yozizira, nyama izi zimabisala, kukwera kumalo obisika: pansi pa masamba agwa kapena m'malo obisalamo.

Mverani mawu a chala

Liwu la Zida Zamiyazi

Liwu la chobiriwira zobiriwira

Liwu la bango

Mkazi wothira mazira amaikira mazira; Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 5 mpaka 60. Mitengo yamiyendo yakunja imafanana mwachangu ndi nsomba: ilibe miyendo.

Inde, ndi poyizoni, motero amagwidwa ndi magolovesi.

Pali chinthu chimodzi chokha chodabwitsachi chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mitundu ikhale yosambira ku Africa. Amadziberekera ana ake amtsogolo kwa miyezi isanu ndi inayi, pambuyo pake amabala zazing'ono zazing'ono.

Adani A Zipembedzo

Nyama zotere zimasakidwa ndi mahule, agulugufe, njoka, mbewa, nkhumba zakuthengo, nkhandwe, raccoon, heron. Mikanda yachizolowezi (yopanda poizoni) ndiyotetezeka kotheratu kwa adani awo; chonde chokhacho chomwe chimapulumutsa mitundu yawo kuti chisathe.

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