1. Dongosolo Lofotokozera Zachilengedwe
2. Malo
3. Mpumulo ndi dothi
4. Nyengo
5. Dziko lamasamba
6. Dziko la nyama
7. Zachilengedwe
8. Mlonda wa Taiga
9. Tinapfundzanji?

Malo

Dera lachilengedwe la taiga lili kumayiko awiri. Ku North America, chimafalikira kumpoto konsekonse. Ku Eurasia, kuchokera ku Scandinavia Peninsula kupita kugombe la Pacific.

Dera lachilengedwe la Russia, taiga, limakhala gawo lalikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwake ku gawo la ku Europe ndi 800 km., Ku Eastern Siberia - 2150 km. Kuyendetsa madzi ndikofunikira. Mitsinje ikuluikulu ya taiga ndi Northern Dvina, Pechora, ndi Ob.

Mpumulo ndi dothi

Kupumulako kumakhala kosalala nthawi zambiri, komwe nthawi zina kumasanjidwa ndi zigwa zowzama. Nthambi zobiriwira nthawi zonse zili m'mapiri omwe adapanga nthawi ya ayezi.

Dothi silili bwino. Chifukwa cha nyengo yotentha, dothi lachonde ndi lochepa kwambiri; mitengo yayikulu yosakhazikika siyingakhale pano. Kuphatikiza apo, singano zakugwa kuchokera kumitengo zimakhala ndi ma asidi owopsa, omwe, atakola, amadzaza ngakhale malo osauka.

Nyengo

Ichi ndiye chida chachikulu cha gawo lachilengedwe la taiga. Masamba ozizira, owuma, okhalapo miyezi 7-8. Chilimwe, ngakhale sichitali, koma kutentha. Yophukira ndi masika aifupi kwambiri, nthawi zambiri sawonjezerapo mwezi. Popeza matondo a taiga ali pamtunda wa tundra, mphepo yozizira imawomba pano kuchokera ku Arctic Circle kwazaka zambiri.

Kutentha kwambiri kwa chilimwe ku Celsius ndi + 21 °. Kutentha kotsika kwambiri yozizira ndi -54 °.

Dziko lamasamba

Oimira wamkulu nthawi zonse amakhala conifers. Amadziwika motero chifukwa masamba awo ofanana ndi singano amalola kuti chinyontho chizikhala chaka chonse ndipo mitengoyo siliyenera kutseguka ngati masamba ndi kutaya singano. Kusiyana kwake ndi larch. Ngakhale mtengo uwu umakhala wodziwika bwino, umawonekera nthawi yozizira.

Oimira ena a taiga: paini, spruce, fir, larch. Munkhalango zoterezi, mumapezeka bowa wambiri. Mosses, lichens, ndi zitsamba zochepa zimamera pansi. Pali maluwa ochepa munthaka zakuda.

Dziko la nyama

Nyama zonse zinkayenera kuzolowera zovuta. Mwa mbalame, zambiri zimasamukira. Chaka chonse, mphungu ndi kadzidzi zokha ndizotsalira. Pafupi ndi nthaka mumakhala timakola tating'onoting'ono. Oyang'anira m'nkhalangoyi ndi zimbalangondo, ndipo nthawi yozizira amakhala hibernate. Mfumu yamtchire imadziwika kuti ndi nguluwe wofiira - chifukwa cha nyanga zake zambiri. Ku taiga kumakhala woimira wamkulu kwambiri wa banja la mphaka - akambuku a ku Siberia.

Kunyada kwa Primorsky Territory ku Russia ndi Ussuri taiga. Kuphatikizika kwachilengedwe kumeneku kumayamikiridwa pazachuma chake komanso malo okongola. Koma chofunikira kwambiri ndikuti nthumwi yosowa kwambiri imakhala kuno - kambuku la Ussuri, komwe m'chilengedwe kuli anthu ochepa chabe.

Chith. 3. Ussuri tiger

Zachilengedwe

Russian taiga yaphunziridwa pang'ono. Chifukwa cha kutalika kwake komanso malo ake ovuta, nkovuta kwambiri kukhazikitsa malo kafukufuku pano. M'dziko lathu, nkhalango imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu m'mafakitale. Amapanganso mafuta, gasi, malasha.

Canada taiga ndi yolemera kwambiri. Apa, zitsulo monga golide, mkuwa, zinki, siliva, uranium ndizokumbidwa. Nthawi inayake, anthu onse omwe amagwira mgodi wa golide amapita ku North America kuti akalemere.

Chimbalangondo chakuda (chosankha)

Chimbalangondo chakuda kapena baribal chimapanga mtundu wina ndipo chimawoneka mosiyana ndi chimbalangondo chakuda. Ndi yaying'ono kuposa chimbalangondo chachikulu, chomwe chimakhazikika kumadera amodzi a North America, ndipo pakati pamapewa sichimakhala ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira. Mutha kukumana ndi baribal ku Alaska, pafupifupi mayiko onse a Canada. Ku United States, palibe nyama yokhayo yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi Mississippi. Chimbalangondo chakuda chimakhala kumadzulo, kum'mawa kwa dzikolo, ndikugwira zigawo zakumwera. Anadzisankhira zigawo zapakati komanso kumadzulo kwa Mexico. Ndiye kuti, mtunduwu umapezekanso ku North America, ngati chimbalangondo chofiirira ku Siberia.

Kulemera kwa chimbalangondo chakuda kumasiyanasiyana ndi nthawi ya zaka, zaka, komanso jenda. M'dzinja, baribal imalemera 30% kuposa nthawi ya kasupe, pomwe imachoka pobowoka nyengo yozizira ikadzaza. Zimbalangondo zakuda pagombe lakum'maŵa kwenikweni zili zolemera kuposa nzika za kumadzulo. Kulemera kwa amuna kumayambira 55 mpaka 250 kg. Akazi amalemera kuyambira 40 mpaka 170 kg. Ndiye kuti, azimayi ndi ocheperako kuposa ogonana olimba. Kutalika kwa chimbalangondo chokulirapo ndi 1.5-2 mita. Kutalika kwa kufota kumafika masentimita 70 mpaka 60. Mchirawo umakula kutalika mpaka 8-17 cm.

Ubweya wa baribal ndi wakuda, waufupi komanso wosalala. Chizindikiro chokhacho chomwe chili ndi utoto wachikasu. Koma nthawi zina pamakhala zimbalangondo zomwe zimakhala ndi ubweya osiyanasiyana. Imatha kukhala ya bulauni, yakuda ndi yoyera yamtambo, yoyera. Mtundu womaliza ndi wosowa kwambiri. Mwa mazana a ana obadwa, ndi m'modzi yekha amene amatha kudzitamandira chifukwa chachilendo komanso chosakhazikika cha tsitsi lakuda. Zoyipa zoyera zimapezeka makamaka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Canada.

Kedari

Wokonda mtedza wa painiyu ndi munthu wamba wokhala pa taiga. Ndi mlomo wamtali wolimba, iye mosamala amachotsa mbewu ku ma kucha okhwima. Atadzaza ndi goiter, mkungudza umawulukira chakudya chamadzulo kumapeto kwa nkhalango. Ndipo anapiye akumva njala akamudikirira, amawadyetsa iwo mu chisa, chopotozedwa ndi nthambi ndi mbewa paini yayitali. Pofika nthawi yachisanu, amakola mtedza pobisalira m'miyala kapena m'miyala ya mitengo yowola.

Mbalame zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale nyama, zimakonda kuyendera iye. Zina mwa mbewuzo zimatsalira m'misempha ndipo zimamera ndi kuphukira: Umu ndi momwe mkungudza umathandizidwira pokonzanso pine ya mkungudza ku Siberia. Mtedza usanakhwime, mbalamezo zimadya nsikidzi, mbozi, mbewu za spruce, zipatso. Mu zaka zomwe sizipanga zipatso za cine, mitengo yamkungudza ya paini imasonkhana pamagulu ndi kuyendayenda.

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti chimbalangondo ndi nyama yoopsa kwambiri pamtchire, koma sichoncho. Choopsa kwambiri ndi mbewa. Mwachidziwikire, anyani amphongo nthawi yophukira ("nyengo yakukhwima"). Pakadali pano, wamwamuna woledzera ndi mahomoni ogonana amuna amakhala osakwanira machitidwe ake ndipo amawona chamoyo chilichonse ngati mpikisano. Omwe amasamalira mkazi samakhala ndi chidwi ndi munthu wina yemwe amasamalira wokondedwa wake - chabwino, ndizomveka (ndani akufuna?). Ndipo chifukwa chake nkhanza zake ndizabwino kwambiri. Amangowukira osayenda, osasamala. Amenya kutsogolo kwa yemwe angathe kuchita nawo mpikisano, ndipo ngati uyu ndi munthu, ndiye kuti alibe mwayi. Kuwomba kwa chimphona ichi (kuchoka pa 300 kufika pa 650 kg) ndikulimba, chifukwa chake kukumana ndi mphalapakati munyengo yobereka kumakhala kowopsa. Nthawi yokhazikika imatha kugwa, Seputembara-Okutobala.

Zokongola kwambiri kwa akazi ndi zazimuna zomwe zili ndi nyanga zazikulu kwambiri. Mukuti: chifukwa champhongo chotere chikuwoneka champhamvu? Zolakwika. Wamkazi amaganiza kuti ngati mwamunayo ali ndi nyanga zazikulupo, zikutanthauza kuti adatha kudzipezera yekha chakudya, kupikisana mokwanira ndi tsekwe zina pachakudya ichi mwakuti adakwanitsa kudzilimangira yekha nyanga zazikulu. Chifukwa chake kwa ana ake amtsogolo, azitha kupeza chakudya chochuluka, ana ake adzakhala athanzi ndi olimba. Poyerekeza ndi anthu, azimayi amatha kusankha mwamuna yemwe ali wolemera kwambiri kuposa olemera kwambiri.

Mphalapala amadya zakudya zam'mera zokha, monga ng'ombe ndi ngwazi. Mphalapala ndi za banja la agwape ndi dongosolo la artiodactyl. Nyama zimadya nthambi zamitengo, mitengo, mbewa, nyemba, bowa wabwino, zitsamba zosiyanasiyana. Amakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zobiriwira, zokutira ndi minga. Mwanjira imeneyi, mphalapala amadya pafupifupi matani 7 a zakudya pachaka. Ndipo nthawi yozizira, amadya zochepa, koma amapulumutsa mphamvu.

Ram dalla

Mu 1877, paulendo wake wopita kugombe lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa United States, katswiri wazowona za nyama ku America, William Hillie Dall (1845-1927) adawona ndikufotokoza mtundu watsopano wa nkhosa yamphongo, yomwe imadziwika ndi ubweya woyera ngati chipale chofewa. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, nyamayi idapezeka ndi woimira nyama zakuthengo komanso wolemba John Muir pa phiri lachiwiri la Mount Denali ku Alaska.

Pambuyo pake, idatchedwa nkhosa yamphongo. Amatchedwanso nkhosa yamphongo yopanda mafuta ndipo nthawi zina imawerengedwa ngati nkhosa yamphongo yopanda phindu.

Malo okhala nkhosa zamphongo a Dalla ndi malo opezeka mapiri pamtunda wa 650 mpaka 2500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Ali ndi kufunikira kwakukhalitsa. Akazi amapanga magulu ndi ana awo ndipo ndiabwino kwambiri pamagulu enanso. Pakati pawo, pafupifupi palibe kusamvana pakumagawanitsa msipu ndi chakudya.

Amuna amakhalanso m'magulu ndipo mpaka nthawi yakukhwima ikukhazikika paliponse popewa kulumikizana ndi akazi. Gulu lalikulu limalamulira pakati pa amuna. Mphamvu zonse ndi nkhosa yamphongo yayikulu komanso yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe ili ndi nyanga zazikulu kwambiri. Ngati nyanga ndizofanana, ndiye kuti kufotokozerana ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa omwe asankhidwa kuti akhale mtsogoleriwo ndiwosapeweka. Amphongo amatsitsa mitu yawo pansi ndikuwombana ndi nyanga kuchokera kutali ndi 10-12 m.

Chifukwa cha zigaza zamphamvu, kuvulala ndizosowa kwambiri, ndipo mpikisano pawokha ukhoza kukhala maola angapo motsatizana ndikupumira kochepa.

Ana a nkhosa zamphongo a Dalla amadya chilimwe m'malo osiyanasiyana a udzu komanso nthambi zamtchire, ndipo nthawi yozizira amakhala okhutira ndi moss ndi lichens zopezeka pansi pa chisanu.

Chombo

Mu nkhalango zakumpoto, monga lamulo, agalu ofiira amapezeka. M'mphepete mwa taiga, gombe la Manchurian, lili m'nkhalango za Altai - maral, ku North America - wapiti. Khwangwala amadya zakudya zamasamba. Zakudya ndizosiyanasiyana: zitsamba, bowa, zipatso zosiyanasiyana. Amadya singano za paini, fir, mkungudza. Chifukwa chosowa mchere m'thupi, agulu amakonda kunyambita nthaka, yomwe ili ndi mchere wambiri, mofunitsitsa amatha malawi amchere omwe adawakonzera. M'nyengo yozizira, nyama zimakakamizidwa kudya pafupifupi tsiku lonse kuti zithetsenso mphamvu zawo. M'mikhalidwe yamtchire, agalu amakhala pafupifupi mpaka zaka 20, pa zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zisanu amafika pa kutha. Nyanga zazimuna zazing'ono zimayamba kuwonekera kwina pachaka.

Monga ma artiodactyls, agwape ofiira amadziwika m'ndende. Kwa anthu akumpoto akutali kwambiri, agwape ofiira ndi omwe ali moyo. Zigawo zonse za nyamazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nyama yadyera ndimosangalatsa, ilibe tiziromboti chifukwa choti agwape samadya zonunkha ndi nyama zina. Venison imaperekedwa ku msika waku Russia kuchokera ku Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Kukula kwa nyanga kumakhala pafupifupi mpaka zaka 12, kenako nyanga zimakalamba, kuchuluka kwa mphukira kumachepa, nyanga zimafooka.

Nyanga zazing'ono zazikazi (zandalama) ndizofunikira kwambiri pa mankhwala azikhalidwe. Ku Altai marals akhala akudzigwetsera nyanga zake kwazaka zambiri. Otsutsa amadulidwa kuchokera ku moyo wakhola, akatula nyanga ndikuyamba kutuluka. Mafuta omwe amapezeka ndimadzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tonic, ndipo kukonzekera kumachitika.

Spika

Column - wolusa wocheperako wa genus weasel and trochees. Zipilala nthawi zambiri zimayerekezedwa ndi mink. Osati pachabe: chifukwa cha chibadwa chawo amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi ma European minks. Ichi ndi nyama yaying'ono: kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi 30 cm (kuchokera pamphuno mpaka mchira). Chipilalachi chili ndi mchira wokongola kwambiri: wautali (woposa theka la thupi) komanso wowonda kwambiri ngati marten. Amamadya kwambiri makoswe ang'onoang'ono, achule, nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito ngati mbalame ndi mbalame. Sanyalanyaza mzati ndi tizilombo, achule, nsomba. Imasaka usiku kapena madzulo. "Wampikisano" wamkulu pachidacho ndi sable, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayesa kuthamangitsa mzindawo m'malo osankha.

Zowawa zodziwika bwino

Beaver wamba, kapena mkamwa wamtsinje, ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pamitengo ya Old World, kulemera kwake mpaka 30 kg. Thupi ndi squat, lopitilira 1 m, 35 cm kutalika, mchira mpaka 30 cm, lili ndi mawonekedwe a oar. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna. Palibe ubweya pa mchira, koma m'malo mwake pali bristles ndi sikelo zazikulu. Tizilomboti tifupifupi tating'ono tating'ono, miyendo yakumbuyo yokhala ndi nembanemba. Zovala zake ndizazikulu, zopindika, ndipo chala chakumaso chakumanzere chokhala ndi foloko yowala ndimtundu wamtundu womwe woukayo amaphatikiza ubweya wake. Iye ndi woyera kwambiri.

Thupi la wolumikizayo limasinthidwa kuti lizizumphira m'maso: maso ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, omwe, akadzamira, amatseka ndikuteteza maso kuti asavulale. Mphuno ndi makutu zimatsekedwa mwamphamvu. Pamilomo ya beaver pali masamba ena apadera omwe amatsekera m'madzi ndipo osalola madzi kulowa mkati, ndipo mano awiri amatuluka. Ndi mano awa amatha kukuta pansi pa madzi.

Beavers ali ndi ubweya wakuda komanso wamtali wamtambo, wonyezimira wakuda ndi bulangeti lozama lomwe silimanyowa. Mapapu ndi mchira wakuda. Ubweya wapamwamba komanso wosanjikiza wamafuta osasunthika amasunga kutentha ngakhale m'madzi oundana. Madzi amatha kupitilira mphindi 10-15, ndikusambira panthawiyi mpaka 700 m.

Beaever amakhala m'nkhalango zowuma za ku Europe ndi Asia, m'makungwa amphepete mwa mitsinje ing'onoing'ono ndi nyanja zomwe sizizizira mpaka nyengo yozizira. Ngati gombe ndilofewa, ndipo bowo silingakumba, nyumba yooneka ngati chitsulo imapangidwa kuchokera ku mulu wa burashi, makhoma amakhala okutidwa ndi dongo kapena dongo.

Beavers amakhala m'mabanja kapena okha. Mabanja amakhala akulu akulu awiri ndiomwe anali ndi ana omaliza. Mate kumapeto kwa dzinja, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe 2-4, mikanda itatu yayitali yamaso, yokutidwa ndi ubweya imawonekera. Pakatha masiku awiri, ana akhanda akusambira, ndipo atatha masiku 20 iwonso amapeza chakudya. Amakhala okhwima pofika zaka 2, ndiye kuti amasiya dzenje la abambo ndi amayi. Beavers amakhala zaka 10 mpaka 17, ndipo ali mu ukapolo - mpaka zaka 35.

Muskrat

Imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja yamadzi (mitsinje, nyanja, dziwe), ndikusankha malo okhala ndi masamba. Chilombochi chimasamala, koma ndicholimba kwambiri, chimatha kupezeka nthawi iliyonse masana. Koma nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwonekera madzulo.

Chakudya chachikulu ndizomera zam'madzi ndi zam'munda (sedge, mabango, mabango, mahatchi). Amatha kugwira chule, nsomba zazing'ono ndi mwachangu. Nyama zimadziwa kusambira komanso kusambira, popanda mpweya pansi pamadzi zimakhala mpaka mphindi 18.

Mchira wa nyamayo imakhala ngati mkondo, miyendo yakumbuyo imakhazikika m'madzi. Padziko lapansi, sizabwino. Muskrat ndi waluso wopanga mabowo ndi mahema. Mahuguwo amatuluka mumadzi mpaka kutalika kwa mita ndipo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Zapangidwa kuchokera kumiyala yamadzi am'madzi, ndi khomo lolowera "nsanja" pansi pamadzi.

Burrows kukumba m'mabanki apamwamba, mpaka 10 metres, zipinda zodyeramo zimakhala pamwamba pa madzi m'mizere iwiri. M'malo ovuta kwambiri mumakhala ma pantries, zipinda zabanja kuti mupumule ndi kugona, komanso pogona. Khomo lolowera pamakola amapezeka pansi pa madzi.

Muskrat ali ndi adani ambiri, awa ndi nkhandwe, coyotes, mink, raccoons, pikes ndi ena ambiri. Muskrats amapulumutsidwa kwa adani omwe amakwiririka ndikugwera m'madzi, kapena kubisala mu dzenje. M'malo opanda chiyembekezo, amadziteteza pogwiritsa ntchito zibwano ndi mano. Amakhala mgulu la banja, i.e. makolo ndi ana awo. Banja lililonse lili ndi gawo lawolawo, lomwe amuna amakhala nalo mwachangu, amathamangitsa alendo osawadziwa.

Yaikazi imabereka ana kuchokera kumadera awiri (akumwera) mpaka atatu kapena anayi (malo akumpoto) kamodzi pachaka. Mimba imatenga pafupifupi mwezi, ana akhungu ndi pafupifupi amaliseche amabadwa, kulemera kwa mwana m'modzi ndi magalamu 20. Nthawi zambiri mu zinyalala chimodzi mumakhala anthu 7 kapena 8.

Chibwana cha musk

Wina woyimira ngati detiodactyls. Musk deer amakhala ku Far East taiga. Imakonda miyala yamkuntho yamdima, yamiyala yamiyala, yolowera miyala. Amathamanga bwino ndipo amalumpha bwino kwambiri. Imatha kuyang'anitsitsa, osachepetsa, kusintha mayendedwe oyenda ndi 90 °. Kuthawa wowathamangitsa, ngwazi za musk, ngati kalulu, zimasokoneza mayendedwe. Amadyera ndi singano za fir, mkungudza, lichens, ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana. Zakudya zazingwe zamkaka zimangokhala zamasamba. Kuphatikiza chakudya, musk deer amatha kukwera mtengo wopendekera kapena kudumpha kuchokera kunthambi kupita ku nthambi mpaka kutalika kwa mamita 3-4.Ku Far East, mdani wake wamkulu ndi Kharza, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito mabanja osokoneza bongo. Nthawi zambiri lynx imadikirira kulembeka kwa musk kuti idye, mmbulu ndi kuthamangitsa nkhandwe. Chiyembekezo chawo chokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka 4 - 5 zokha m'chilengedwe mpaka 10 - 14 m'ndende.

Pamimba ya agwape amphongo amakhala gland wa musky, wokhala ndi chinsinsi cha fungo lakuda. Gland imodzi yamphongo yachikulire imakhala ndi 10 - 20 g ya musk wachilengedwe - nyama yotsika mtengo kwambiri. Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala a musk ndikovuta kwambiri: mafuta acids, sera, mafuta onunkhira komanso a steroid, cholesterol esters. Chonyamula chachikulu cha fungo la musk ndi macrocyclic ketone ketone. Magawo osasintha a musk amakhala ndi zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi zaka zazimuna komanso zazimuna ndipo amatha kuthamangitsa estrus mwa akazi.

Musk imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala akunyumba pakalipano. Ku China, ndi gawo la mankhwala opitilira 200 a mankhwala. Kafukufuku wachitika ku India adawonetsa kuti musk imakhala ndi mphamvu yambiri pamtima ndi pakati pamitsempha, imagwiranso ntchito ngati anti-yotupa. Ku Europe, musk ngati mankhwala sikuyenda bwino kwenikweni, koma apa adapezanso ntchito ina: mumsika wamafuta onunkhira ngati chosinthira kafungo.

Wochenjera

Idagawika m'magulu anayi. Zambiri ndizodziwika. Oimira ake amakonda kunyowa, kukhala pafupi ndi dziwe la taiga. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kamakhala munkhalango. Mu zakutchire taiga pali mitundu yocheperako yapakatikati ndi yaying'ono. Oimira otsirizira kutalika ndi 6-7 cm okha. Ichi ndi chiyezo chochepa kwambiri pakati pa nyama zosatetezeka ku Russia.

Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kakang'ono, carnivores nyama za taiga sangathe "kuyenda-kuponya" m'nkhalango. Izi zimasokoneza kufunafuna chakudya. Zilembo sizingachite popanda maola anayi. Zaka za nyama sizidutsa zaka ziwiri.

Wachisanu mwaiwo ndi m'badwo wa kubereka ana. Malembedwe achikazi amatha kuzengereza kugwira ntchito pang'ono povuta. Izi sizikhudza thanzi la mbewu. Makanda amabadwa ali athanzi patsiku la 18 ndi 28 kuyambira nthawi yomwe mayi watenga pakati.

Wolverine

Wachiwiri waukulu kubanja la marten. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama ndi kupitirira mita. Kunja, chilombocho ndi mtanda pakati pa mbendera yayikulu ndi galu wokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali. Wolverine sikuti watalika, komanso osati kuzizira nyengo yozizira. Tsitsi limakhala losalala koma loyipa kukhudza. Mtundu wa nyamayo ndi ya bulauni ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka m'mbali ndi mutu.

Dzinalo ndi Chilatini, lotanthauzidwa kuti "losakwaniritsidwa." Wolverine amadya chilichonse, kumayang'anitsitsa nyama zing'onozing'ono monga kalulu. Woimira banja la a Kunih agwira nyama mdera lakumwera kwa taiga. Simalowa pakati komanso makamaka kumpoto kwa wolverine.

Roe nswala

Nyama ya Artiodactyl wa banja la agwape. Mitundu iwiri ya agwape amakhala m'nkhalango za taiga: European, zomwe zimagwira dera la taiga pang'onopang'ono, ndi ku Siberia. Nyanjayi imadalira kutalika ndi nthawi ya chipale chofewa. Kuzama kwa chipale chofewa kwa agwape a Siberia ndi cm 50. Nyama zam'madzi za Siberia zimapewa malo omwe chipale chofunda chimakhala masiku 230-240 pachaka. Roe deer amalowa munkhalangomo pokhapokha ngati nthaka yake ili mkati, ndipo amakhala kwambiri m'nkhalango zosakanikirana.

Imakonda ngati chakudyacho chimayika malo a nkhalango zowala bwino zomwe zimakhala ndi malo obiriwira ochepa, ozunguliridwa ndi mitengo ndi minda, kapena (nthawi yotentha) maudzu ataliatali okhala ndi zitsamba. Imapezeka m'ngongole za mabango, m'nkhalango zamadzi osefukira, m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri ndi malo otenthedwa, m'mipanda ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Poyerekeza ndi ku Siberian, agwape a ku Europe samangokhala ndipo sakhala osamuka nthawi yayitali. Chimadya zakudya zam'mera zomwe zimakhala ndi michere ndi madzi. Mphukira zazing'ono (zotsika mu fiber) ndizomwe zimakonda kwambiri. Zambiri zouma komanso zamtundu wa mbewu, chimanga ndi matope, mbewu zokhala ndi poizoni (saponin, alkaloids, phenols ndi glucosides) nthawi zambiri samadya kapena kudya mosasamala.

Kuti alipire ndalama za kuchepa kwa mcherewu, agwape amayendera malo osungirako mchere kapena kumwa madzi ochokera kumagwero amchere.

Nguluwe zakuthengo

Nthawi zambiri nguluwe zakutchire zimakhala m'malo otentha ndipo zimapezeka ngakhale kumalo otentha. Koma amathanso kutchedwa woyimira nyama ya taiga. Nguluwe zamtchire ndi kholo la nkhumba zathu zapakhomo, koma chilombo cholimba, champhamvu komanso chankhanza kwambiri. Misonkhano yokhala ndi nkhumba zakutchire imatha kutaya munthu nthawi yayitali. Amakula mpaka kukula kwakukulu, kutalika kwa thupi mwa anthu ena, ngati sichinama, pafupifupi mita 4. Pa intaneti pali zithunzi za osaka omwe ali ndi zikuluzikulu zazikulu. Koma pafupifupi, nguluwe yamtchire imalemera pafupifupi 175-200 kg, kutalika kwa thupi 1.5 - 2 metres.

Nguluwe zamtchire ndizosangalatsa. Ndipo mutha kuzindikira bwinobwino kuti mnzanuyu amakonda kudya kwathunthu. Amadyetsa makamaka zakudya zamasamba, koma idyani makoswe osiyanasiyana ndi zovunda. Nguluwe zakutchire zimakonda malowa okhala ndi ma puddles osiyanasiyana, malo osungira. Amakonda kuyendayenda m'matumba awa, kusanza matope (nkhumba). Nyama yokhala ndi phokoso, imathamanga kwambiri, imasambira bwino. Kumva ndi kununkhiza kumakulitsidwa bwino; Nguluwe zakutchire zimasamala, koma osati zamantha: zimapweteketsa, kuvulala, kapena kuteteza ana, zimakhala zolimba mtima komanso zowopsa chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo ndi ma fang akuluakulu. Amayendanso minda ya mbatata, masamba, mbewu, kuwononga ulimi, makamaka powononga ndi kuponda mbewu. Nthawi zambiri amawononga mitengo yaying'ono. Osowa kwambiri, nkhumba zakutchire zimakonda kuukira nyama zazikulu, zodwala kapena zovulala, mwachitsanzo, agwape, agwape, ngakhale agwada, amapha ndikudya.

Agulu othawa

Agologolo ouluka ali am'banja la agologolo, gulu lapang'ono kwambiri la makoswe. Gologolo wamba wamba amakhala m'nkhalango za Russia. Ndi gulu la agologolo a ku Asia (Europe) omwe akuuluka, ndikuphatikiza mitundu iwiri - agologolo wamba aku Japan ndi agologolo aku Japan. Gologolo wamba yemwe amatchedwa "gologolo wouluka". Kapangidwe kazachilengedwe kamalola nyamayo kuti isangouluka kuchoka pamtengo umodzi kupita ku imzake, komanso kupanga zovuta zovuta kuzungulira: kukonzekera, kuyendetsa modabwitsa ndi kuyendetsa mlengalenga, nthawi zina kukafika pamalo omwewo poyambira pomwe idayamba.

Agogo akuuluka amaoneka ngati agologolo, koma ali ndi thupi laling'ono ndi mchira. Kutalika kwa nyamayo kumayambira 12 mpaka 23 cm, kulemera kwake - pafupifupi 170 g. Pamutu wozungulira wozungulira ndi makutu amfupi opanda makutu ndi maso akulu akuda. Pamaso pake pali ubweya wonyezimira wopaka pamwamba pa thupi ndi wa imvi, nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi tinsalu yofiirira, yoyera ndi chikasu pamimba. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimasiyanitsa gologolo wouluka ku gologolo ndi kukhalapo kwa membrane wa khungu lomwe lili pakati pa kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo, komwe limakonzekera kukonzekera kuthawa. Pakadumpha, pamene gologolo amatha kupatula mbali yake, nembanemba imatambasuka, kusokonezeka kwake komanso malo omwe miyendo yake imatsogolera imatha kuthawa. Mchirawo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikika pakuwuluka ndikuchita ngati kuthyoka pamene ukutsika pamtengo.

Malo okhala agologolo owuluka amakhala osakanikirana ndi nkhalango zowuma, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala osanunkha kanthu. Makamaka amakhala moyo wamadzulo komanso wamadzulo. Agulugufe othawa ndimagwira ntchito chaka chonse, pokhapokha masiku achisanu akamabowola m'chisa, amadya masheya omwe akukonzekera kuti adzagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo. Ambiri mwa miyoyo yawo amathera pamitengo, osamila pansi. Nthata zimamangidwa m'mabowo opangidwa kuchokera ku mitengo yosanjikiza, maula ndi agologolo. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti agologolo owuluka amakhala m'malo okhala mbalame. Zomera zimakutidwa ndi mbewa, udzu wouma, nyemba. Agogo owuluka sakhala ankhanza, nthawi zambiri anthu awiri amatha kukhazikika mu chisa chimodzi. Ali maso, amafunafuna chakudya. Agologolo ouluka amadya zakudya zamasamba - mbewu, masamba, nsonga, mphukira, bowa. Matambala a birch ndi alder amakonda kwambiri, omwe amapindapinda mwalawo, ndikupanga nkhokwe yozizira. Kamodzi pachaka, wamkazi amakhala ndi ana amphongo awiri osavala komanso amaso amphongo omwe ali 50 pofika tsiku la 50 amatha kukonza ndikudziyimira pawokha. Adani ndi kadzidzi wamkulu, wofera, wogulitsa. Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu, m'ndende nyama zimakhala nthawi yayitali.

Mmbulu ndi nyama yokondedwa kwambiri ya taiga mwa anthu ambiri. Anthu ambiri amakonda kuyika zithunzi za nkhandwe pa avatars awo ndipo amangophatikiza mimbulu ndi chinthu chokongola, amapatsa mimbulu ulemu komanso mphamvu zamatsenga. M'malo mwake, mimbulu siyokhala yoyera komanso yolankhula bwino monga momwe anthu ambiri amawonera. Ndipo mimbulu yokhayo simakhalapo, ndiyosowa kwambiri munsanja. Mimbulu ndi nyama yonyamula, imasonkhana m'mathumba ndipo imakhala yosungidwa kwazaka zambiri. M'mgulu la mimbulu, kumakhala kosavuta kupulumuka, kuti mupeze chakudya mu nyengo yotentha ya taiga, m'malo mongokhala nokha. Mimbulu yokhayokha, kapena m'malo mwake, mabanja a mimbulu, imapezeka m'malo omwe mumapezeka chakudya chochuluka, ndipo sipafunikanso kusonkhana pagulu. Koma nthawi zambiri mmbulu umakhala mu paketi. Ndipo palibe ulemu pano. Gulu ndi gulu lokhazikika lomwe lili ndi magulu akeawo. Pali mtsogoleri yemwe anthu ena onse amamvera, pali mimbulu yapakati komanso wotsika kwambiri - otayika. Kutulutsidwa kotereku sikuthamangitsidwa, koma kumathandizidwa kwambiri, komabe, nkosavuta kwa omwe ali kunja kuti azikhala mumkati, m'malo mokha.

Inde, mimbulu imakhala yokongola kwambiri chifukwa cha chovala chokongola, koma mulibe ulemu pakati pawo. Amangoyang'anira gulu la nkhosalo, motero nkhandwe imodzi siyowopsa. Mimbulu imakhala yoopsa nthawi yachisanu, nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira imazunza anthu kapena ziweto m'midzi. Oyipa kwambiri ndi mimbulu yakuda.

Chipmunk cha ku Siberia

Chipmunks amakhala m'nkhalangozi komanso m'nkhalango zowirira. Chithandizo chomwe mumakonda kwambiri ndi ma cones a mkungudza. Chipmunk imatulutsa zitsa zopanda kanthu ndi maenje, osaya pansi pa mizu yamitengo. Ndipo momwe kumazizira, kumazizira kwa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri! Chapakatikati, nyamayo imawuluka kukasamba dzuwa lowala. Pakadali pano, zinthu zake ndizothandiza kwambiri! Ikakhala yotentha kwathunthu, yaikazi imabweretsa kuchokera ku zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi! Amakula mwachangu kwambiri ndipo patapita mwezi umodzi amasiya makolo awo kwamuyaya.

Lynx ndi woimira wamba nyama zolusa zakutchire. Imafanana ndi galu wamkulu: pakufota sikupita masentimita 70, kulemera kwakukulu ndi 18-25 kg.

Lingaliro limasiyanitsidwa ndi ma taye ataliatali pamakutu ndi "ndevu", ndizosatheka kusokoneza ndi ena. Ubweya ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso wotentha pakati pa amphaka onse, koma apo ayi, nyama za taiga ziyenera kusinthidwa ndi chisanu chowononga.

Monga amphaka onse, iye ndi mlenje wodabwitsa. Lynx samaponyera nyama yake kuchokera kumwamba, ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali amakhala pakubisalira ndikuyembekezera mphindi yabwino.

Atadumphadumpha kwanthawi yayitali, amapeza womenyedwayo ndikukumba m'khosi. Nyama yovulala ndi yopsinjika imatha kukoka wosaka mokwanira, koma nyamayo singathe kubwerera, ikudziwa kuti mphamvu zake zikugwira.

Lynx makamaka imasaka ma hares, ndipo grouse yake imaperekedwanso kwa nyama zodyera, phala, agwape, agwape, ana agogo ndi abuluzi. Zichitika kuti posowa chakudya, imakumana ndi agalu ndi amphaka.

Mphaka wamkulu uyu samakondweretsa osati mawonekedwe ake, komanso mawonekedwe ake. Samalekerera nkhandwe zomwe zimakonda kuba nyama yake. Chilango cha ichi ndi chimodzi - lynx imapha akuba, koma osadya, koma kusiya ena ngati chenjezo.

Fox

Nyama yovuta kwambiri ya taiga ndi nkhandwe. Osati pachabe pakati pa anthu, ngakhale mawu oterewa adakonzedwa - "machenjera ngati nkhandwe". Ndizomveka: kuti chilombo chokhala ndi mtundu wowala kwambiri chikhale ndi chakudya chake, ndikofunikira kuti chikhale chanzeru komanso chododometsa. Nkhandwe imakhala ndi khutu lokhala bwino, mothandizidwa ndi makutu ake imamva kuti nyama yake idabisala kwinakwake pafupi. M'nyengo yozizira, nkhandwe imamva mbewa zikuyenda pansi pa chisanu. Kung'ung'udza komanso kukayika pang'ono kumatola makutu ake abwino kwambiri. Pansi pa matalala a masentimita angapo, nkhandwe imalondola nyama yake, ikulowera mkati mwake - ndikugwira makoswe omwe amawasirira. Chifukwa chake, nkhandweyo imakonda kukhazikika m'malo momasuka, m'zigwa, m'mapiri kuposa nkhalango. M'nyengo yozizira komanso nthawi yotentha, nkhandwe imakhala yosavuta kupeza chakudya kuposa nkhalango zowirira. Monga lamulo, nkhandwe zimangokhala, sizisunthira kulikonse. Bwanji mupite kwina ngati kuli mbewa zokwanira kulikonse!

Nkhandwe ndi nyama yokhala ndi nkhandwe, imakonda kukhazikika mabowo. Komanso, mabowo amadzikumba okha, kapena amagwiritsa ntchito alendo. Asanagone, amayang'anitsitsa zinthu zonse za m'deralo, kenako amagona pansi ndikumvetsera zingwe zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chakuti chakudya chachikulu cha nkhandwe ndi makoswe, nkhandwe imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa makoswe. Zolaula ndizowopsa mukamadya njere. Koma nthawi zina kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe kumakula. Kenako nkhandweyo zimayamba kubwera kumidzi yapafupi, mizinda. Kukwapula zinyalala, kuti mukwere pamasamba. Amakonda kuyandikira malo omwe alendo amakhala.

Gule

Hazel grouse ndi mbalame yochokera ku grouse mtundu, wakuda grouse subfamily, banja la pheasant dongosolo la nkhuku. Mitundu yofalikira yomwe imakhala pafupifupi kulikonse m'nkhalango komanso m'mapiri a Eurasia, kuchokera ku Western Europe kupita ku Korea. Grouse ndiye woimira ochepa kwambiri wa grouse. Kulemera kwa anthu akuluakulu nthawi zambiri sikoposa 500 g. Munkhalangomo, ndizovuta kusokoneza ndi mbalame zina za grouse, pomwe zimasiyana osati zazing'ono zokha, komanso mtundu wowoneka bwino. Ngakhale maula okongola, "olemekezeka" (kuchokera pomwe mbalameyo idatchulidwira dzina lachi Russia), ngakhale patali pang'ono, grouse ya hazel imawoneka bwino, yofiirira. Kuyerekeza zogonana mu hazel grouse sikutchulidwa kwenikweni kuposa grouse ina - ndizovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi mwachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, mosiyana ndi grouse ena, hazel grouse ndi mbalame yodontha.

Khalidwe la hazel grouse laphunziridwa mokwanira. Iyi ndi mbalame yokhazikika, yopanga maulendo ataliatali. Hazel grouse, monga grouse yonse, imakhala yowonda kwambiri, ngakhale kuti ndi yotentha, chakudya cha nyama chimakhala ndi malo ake ambiri pachakudya chake, koma anapiye amadya makamaka ndi tizilombo. M'nyengo yozizira, hazel grouse amakakamizidwa kuti azikhala wokhutira ndi chakudya chochepa mphamvu komanso chopatsa thanzi. Pamaso chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa, chipinda cha hazel chimabisala m'chipale chofewa nyengo yozizira, kugona usiku ndi maola ozizira amasana. Amatitetezanso kwa zilombo, pomwe ma hazel grouse amakula bwino nthawi yozizira komanso yotentha.

Ngakhale kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuchepa kwakanthawi kachulukidwe ka anthu, chiwonetsero cha hazel chidakalipobe ndipo sichili pachiwopsezo chofuna kutha. Ambiri mwa anthu ogulitsa padziko lapansi, omwe amafikira mpaka mbalame mamiliyoni 40, agwera ku Russia. Nthawi zambiri, masamba 11 a hazel grouse amasiyanitsidwa, omwe amakhala osiyana pang'ono ndi omwe amadziwika.

Badger

Woyipa ndi nyama ya taiga yakummwera, sakhala m'nkhalango kumpoto. Amatsatira madera owuma, koma pafupi ndi malo osungirako, malo otsika, komwe kupezeka chakudya kumakhala kolemera. Woyipayo amakhala m'makola akuya omwe amakumba m'mphepete mwa mapiri amchenga, mitsinje yamapiri ndi maenje. Nyama ku mibadwomibadwo kumamatira m'malo omwe amakonda. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wapadera wa geochronological, matauni ena oyipa ali ndi zaka masauzande angapo. Osakwatira amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zosavuta, zokhala ndi khomo limodzi ndi chipinda chochezera. Zomangira zakale zowerengera zingaimire nyumba yokhala ndi mipando yambiri ya pansi pamiyala ingapo (mpaka 40-50) yolowera ndi mipata yolowera mkati ndi m'litali mwake (5 mpaka 10) mita yolumikizira kuzipinda zazitali za 2-3 zokhala ndi zinyalala zowuma zomwe zimakhala pakuya mpaka 5 m .

Zochita zoyipa zimachitika usiku. Amapatsa mphamvu, koma amakonda zakudya zamasamba. Woyipayo samakwiya kwambiri ndi zilombo komanso anthu, amasankha kuchokapo ndikupita kothawira kudzenje kapena kumalo ena, koma akakwiya, amenya mphuno yake ndikumenya wolakwayo, kenako nkuthawa.Amadyetsa makoswe onga mbewa, achule, abuluzi, mbalame ndi mazira, tizilombo ndi mphutsi zake, anyani, nyongolotsi, bowa, zipatso, mtedza ndi udzu. Pokasaka, mbozi imayenera kumazungulira malo akuluakulu, ikungolira mitengo itagwa, ndikugwetsa makungwa a mitengo ndi chitsa posaka mphutsi ndi tizilombo. Komabe, amangodya 0,5 kg zokha za chakudya patsiku, ndipo pokhapokha ndi kugwa amadya kwambiri ndikudyetsa mafuta, omwe amakhala gwero lake la zakudya munyengo yozizira.

Marten

Ophedwa akuimira banja lalikulu la marten. Ndiwodya nyama yolusa komanso yolimba, yomwe ingathe kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, ikukwera kumtunda wamtchire ndikukwera mitengo ikuluikulu ikamagwirira nyama. Nyama yophedwa ndi nyama ndi ya nyama zofunikira kuphatira ubweya ndipo imakhala ndi ubweya wokongola kuyambira pachifuwa chakuda mpaka pamtambo wachikasu..

Malamulo a marten amakhudza mwachindunji zizolowezi zake: nyama iyi imangoyendayenda mozungulirazungulira kapena mopupuluma (panthawi yothamanga). Thupi losinthika la marten limagwira ntchito ngati kasupe wotanuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama yathawayo igwete kwakanthawi pazitseko za ma conifers. Wofesayo amakonda kukhala pakati ndi mitengo yamitengo yayitali. Mosamala amakwera mitengo, ndikutsitsa mitengo ingapo yowongoka yomwe imamupatsa mwayi wopanga zibowo zakuthwa.

Pini marten amakhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kusaka pansi ndikuwononga nthawi yayitali pamitengo. Wofesayo amakonza zogona m'mayenje amitengo mpaka 16 metre kapena mwachindunji korona wawo. Wofera samangopewera munthu, koma amabisala. Amakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika, osasintha malo omwe amakonda, ngakhale kuperewera kwa chakudya. Koma nthawi zina, amatha kuyendayenda ndimapuloteni omwe nthawi zambiri amasuntha maulendo ataliatali.

Ndi moyo wake wonse, marten ndi wolumikizidwa ndi nkhalango. Imapezeka m'malo ambiri okhala m'nkhalango momwe mitengo yosiyanasiyana imamera, koma koposa zonse imakonda spruce, nkhalango za paini ndi mbewu zodziyandikana nazo pafupi. Madera akumpoto, ndi spruce-fir, kum'mwera - spruce-deciduous, m'chigawo cha Caucasus - nkhalango za fir-beech.

Altai mole

Dera la Altai mole limakhala kudera lalikulu la Western ndi Central Siberia. Malire ake akumadzulo amachokera ku Semipalatinsk kupita ku Barnaul, Novosibirsk, pomwe amatembenukira mwadzidzidzi kumadzulo ndipo mwina amadutsa pang'ono kumpoto kwa Barabinsk.

Ubweya wa ma mole aku Siberiya ndi wautali komanso wosalala. Utoto wa ubweya umasiyana kwambiri kuchokera pa kutsogola kumayera imvi kupita kwakuda ndi chokoleti chofiirira kapena: brownish shades zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ubweya wosasinthika umadziwika ndi sheen wofotokozedwa bwino. Mbali yamkati nthawi zambiri imakhala yowonjezereka. Nthawi zambiri kumakhala kukhosi ndi chifuwa. Monga timadontho tina, maalubino athunthu kapena pang'ono komanso amitundu ina amapezeka nthawi zina.

M'mawonekedwe, mwachizolowezi, chimafanana ndi mole waku Europe, wosiyana, komabe, mukukula kwakukulu kwambiri, chingwe chakuthwa, chofupikitsa ndi kupindika. Maso amawoneka kuchokera kunja komanso ali ndi makope oyenda. Chigaza ndichachikulu, kutalika kwake-basal ndiko 37.1 - 41.0 mm. Ikuwoneka ngati yapendekeka, yolimba kwambiri, yopaka m'mimba yamkati ndikuyatsidwa mu bokosi laubongo.

Zoyenera

Sable ndi nyama yokhazikika komanso yolimba yokhala ndi ubweya wamtengo wapatali, woimira banja lakufera. Izi zimakonda kukhala anthu okhala kumapiri komanso kumapiri. Amakhala moyo wongokhala kwayokha kudera losankhidwa, vuto likatha, amatha kupita kumadera ena. Wachibale wapafupi wa sable ndi pine marten.

Mtundu wa zikopa zowoneka bwino umasinthasintha komanso nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umakhala wopepuka pang'ono, nthawi yotentha - mithunzi pang'ono imada. Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kuyambira bulauni mpaka pafupifupi wakuda, pachifuwa cha nyama pamakhala malo enaake achikaso. Mtundu wa bulauni umakhala wakuda pamiyendo ya sable. M'nyengo yozizira, ubweya umaphimba ma pallet komanso ngakhale zikhadabo za chilombo. Ubweya wa nyama ndi yofewa, yothina komanso yotentha, motero ndiyofunika kwambiri.

Malo okhala ma sables ndi taiga ya Eurasia. Nyama izi zimagawidwa kuchokera kumapiri a Ural kupita kugombe la Pacific. Gawo lalikulu m'gawo lomwe ma sables amakhala la Russia. Komanso nyama zokhala ndi ubweya wamtengo wapatali zimapezeka kumpoto kwa China ndi Mongolia, pachilumba cha Japan ku Hokkaido, ku North Korea.

Otsala amakonza pobisalira m'miyala ndi m'maenje a mitengo yakale yomwe imagwa, amagwiritsa ntchito nyansi pansi pa mizu. Mkati mwanyumbamo, mitsuko yokhala ndi masamba owuma kapena udzu, chimbudzi chimakhala chokhazokha ndi chipinda chachikulu chotsekera, koma pafupi kwambiri mpaka dzenjelo.

Ma Sabata ndiopusa komanso amadyera ena olimba chifukwa cha kukula kwawo. Amakhala ndi moyo wokhalitsa pamtunda, amakhala otakataka nthawi yamadzulo komanso m'mawa, koma amatha kusaka nthawi iliyonse masana. Popeza ma sabata amagwira ntchito usiku, amagona masana. Amakonda kusuntha nyama zokhala ndi ubweya wofunikira pansi, m'madzi kapena pamitengo pangozi.

Pofufuza zakudya za tsikulo, sable imayenda pafupifupi makilomita atatu. M'nyengo yozizira, mtundawu umatha kukula mpaka makilomita 10, pamene nyama imakakamizidwa kukhala ndi moyo wosasunthika pofunafuna chakudya. M'zaka zachonde, ngakhale nthawi yotentha, ma sabulo amakakamizidwa kuthamanga makilomita 10 mpaka 20 kuti akapeze chakudya choyenera.

Chiwombankhanga

Pansi pa malamulo aku US, aliyense amene ali ndi nthenga kapena gawo limodzi la thupi la chiwombankhanga ali ndi chindapusa chachikulu. Komabe, lamuloli siligwira ntchito kwa amwenye omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthenga za chiwombankhanga ngati zokongoletsera.

Chakudya chachikulu cha chiwombankhanga cha nsomba ndi nsomba ndi nkhanu. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito madzi am'madzi.

Nthawi zambiri, chiwombankhanga cha dazi chimakhala pafupi ndi madzi pamalo okwezeka, monga mtengo wamtali kapena mwala, ndikuyang'ana nyama. Poizindikira, mbalameyo imagwera pansi mosavuta, ndikugwira nsombazo ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa ndikubwerera kumtunda, komwe imamaliza kudya modekha.

Ngati chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi anapiye, chimanyamula chisa ku chisa. Nthawi zambiri, nkhondo yolimbana ndi nsomba imakhumba kwambiri kwakuti kamphindi chiwombankhanga chimadzaza madzi. Kuti akhale wamphamvu, mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imakhutitsidwa ndi nsomba zakufa. Kuphatikiza apo, chiwombankhanga chadazi chimatenga nyama kuchokera kwa mbalame zina zazing'ono. Ichi ndichifukwa chake a Benjamin Franklin adatsutsa lingaliro loti mbalameyi ikuyenera kukhala loyimira chifanizo cha United States of America, chifukwa chiwombankhanga chimakhala mosaona mtima - nthawi zambiri samapeza chakudya ndi ntchito yake, koma amachotsa kuchokera kwa mbalame zina, zopanda mphamvu. Modabwitsa, zikuwoneka kuti America kuposa momwe ikufanizira ndi chizindikiro chake!

M'zaka za zana la XVIII, pomwe chiwombankhanga chamdima chimakhala chizindikiro cha United States, panali mbalame pafupifupi 75,000. Koma podzafika kumapeto kwa 1940 panali ochepa kwambiri mwa iwo kotero kuti lamulo lidatetezedwa loteteza chiwombankhanga. Zinthu zotsatirazi zidadzetsa kuchepa kowopsa kwa chiwombankhanga chambiri: kuwononga zachilengedwe, kuwononga chiwombankhanga ndi alimi ndi osaka, popeza mbalame imakonda kuwombera ziweto, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo a DDT, omwe amasonkhana mthupi la mbalame ndikupangitsa kuti aleke kulolera.

Orlan nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, madambo, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, momwe mumatha kupha nsomba, chomwe ndicho chakudya chake chachikulu. Ziwombankhanga zambiri zimapezeka m'nkhalango za paini za Florida ndi mitundu ingapo yadzikoli. Malo omwe pali chiwombankhanga chochuluka ndi Alaska. Anthu pawokha amapezeka chaka chonse kumadera ambiri North America. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimayenda ma kilomita kufunafuna chakudya.

Mtundu wakuda

Woodpecker wachikasu kapena wakuda - m'modzi mwa oimira wamkulu wa banja la woodpeckers. Black Woodpecker amakhala ku Europe kupatula kumwera kwenikweni. Ku Asia, wogawidwa ku Caucasus, ku Siberia kupita ku Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Peninsula ya Korea ndi Northern Japan. Kuti azikhalamo, amasankha mitengo yayitali kwambiri, pine, spruce ndi nkhalango za mkungudza, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pakuwotcha.

Zhelna amatanthauza mbalame zazikulu, kutalika kwake kumafika 50 cm, kulemera pafupifupi 300 magalamu. Mapikowo ndi ozunguliridwa, mutu ndi waukulu, khosi loonda. Woodpecker wakuda ali ndi mlomo waukulu wopangidwa ndi mulomo, wamtali wa 55-65 mm, mtundu wa mulomo ndi imvi. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi nthenga zakuda zamalaala, msana wokhala ndi kunyezimira. Wamphongo amakhala ndi chifuwa chofiyira pamutu pake chopangidwa ndi nthenga, zomwe zimakhala pamphumi, nape ndi korona wamutu, zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala wosiyana ndi wamkazi wakuda kwathunthu.

Maziko a chakudya chachikasu ndi tizilombo komanso mphutsi zake. Amakonzeka kudya kafadala, mitengo yamatabwa, kafadala, golide. Amadyanso nyerere, mbozi ndi mphutsi za mchira wa horntail. Woodpecker wakuda amadya kuyambira 300 mpaka 650 mphutsi za mtengo wa birch patsiku. M'nyengo yozizira, imadyanso mbewu za coniferous, koma ochepa.

Woodpecker wakuda amakhala ndi moyo wosungulumwa, kupatula nyengo yakukhwima, yomwe imayamba kumayambiriro kwa Marichi. Amuna amakopa chidwi cha akazi mwa kugunda mokweza mitengo ndikufuula. Kulira kwachikasu kumamveka ngati kwamtundu "wopandaulere", kumamveka patali kwambiri. Nthawi zina mbalame zimatulutsa mawu opembedzera achisoni - "keee".

Pambuyo pa kukhwima, mbalamezo zimakhalira limodzi kumadera akutali a nkhalangoyi ndikupanga mabowo awo kuti apange chisa. Nthawi zambiri amafuna kukhazikika mchisa chimodzi kwa zaka zingapo motsatizana. Koma ngati chisa chili ndi mbalame zina (kadzidzi ndi zolembera zambiri zimakhala pabowo lamatabwa akuda) kapena ngati pali mitengo yambiri yaulere m'nkhalangomo, awiriwo amatulutsa dzenje latsopano.

Tsitsi loyera

Mbawala yoyera-yoyera ndi gawo la mitundu ya agwape a agwape. Amapanga mtundu womwe umakhala kudera la North, Central ndi South America. Chiweto chachikulu kwambiri chimakhala kumwera kwa Canada, ku USA ndi Mexico. Ku South America, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimangokhala kumpoto kwa zigawo. Malo okhala ndiosiyanasiyana kwambiri: nkhalango, mapiri, chipululu, komanso malo owombeza. Artiodactyl iyi imasinthasintha kulikonse ndi zamderalo. Mkati mwa zaka zana zapitazi, nthumwi za mitunduyi zinabweretsedwa ku Scandinavia, komwe zinasinthira mwachangu. Ponseponse, padziko lapansi masiku ano pali pafupifupi 14 miliyoni a nyama zodzipereka izi.

Kukula kwake ndi kosiyana ndipo zimatengera dera lomwe akukhalamo. Kumpoto, zokulira nyama. Oimira nyama omwe amakhala ku Canada komanso kumpoto kwa USA akulemera 60 mpaka 130 kg. Amuna ena amalemera mpaka 155 kg. Akazi si olemera kuposa 90 kg. Kummwera, ngwazi zimakhala zochepa. Kulemera kwawo kumasiyana kuyambira 35 mpaka 50 kg. Kulemera kwazimuna nthawi zonse, mosaganizira dera, ndi makilogalamu 68, ndipo mwa akazi mtengo wake ndi 45 kg. Kutalika kwa kufota kumayambira pa 55 mpaka masentimita 120. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 95-220 masentimita. Izi zimaphatikizanso mchira. Kutalika kwake ndi 10-37 masentimita.

Khungu mumalimwe ndi chilimwe limakhala lofiirira. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yachisanu, imvi. Kumtunda kwa thupi, chovalacho chimakhala chakuda pang'ono kuposa m'munsi. Mchirawo ndi wodera pamtunda komanso pansi woyera. Nyama ikathamanga, imadzutsa mchira wake. Panthawi yamavuto, ichi ndi chizindikiro kwa abale. Amuna okha ndi omwe ali ndi nyanga. Amazitaya kumapeto kwa nyengo yakukhwima. Pamalo awa, mawonekedwe atsopano amayamba kukula. Pa nyanga iliyonse pamakhala machitidwe.

Oimira mitundu yamtunduwu amakhala ndi nkhawa ndi anthu. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa nthawi zonse anthu amawombera nyama mwachisoni, pofika kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, anachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kenako idakwera pang'onopang'ono, koma osafikira mamiliyoni makumi angapo. Mukathamanga, mbawala imatha kuthamanga 75 km / h. Kutalika kwa kudumpha pamalo owopsa ndi 10 metres, ndipo kutalika kwake kumafikira mamita 2.7.

Ngwazi zokhala ndi bala loyera zokhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Nyama zimadya masamba, udzu, masamba, zipatso, zipatso, zipatso, zipatso. Zomwe zimachitika m'mimba zimakulolani kudya bowa ndi ivy ya poizoni. Zakudyazo zimatengera nyengo ya chaka. Nthawi zina, ma artiodactyl amathanso kudya mbewa zam'minda, anapiye, ndi mbalame.

Namwali owl

Mbalame yayikulu yakudya, ya banja la kadzidzi ndikugawidwa madera a North ndi South America, imatchedwa Virginian kadzidzi. Mtunduwu udapezeka koyamba ndikufotokozedwa pagawo la Virginia, motero udalandira dzina lofanana. Malo amenewa amakhala pafupifupi kumpoto konse kwa North America mpaka kumadera akutali kwambiri kumpoto.

Mbalamezi zimakhalanso ku Central America, kumpoto kwa South America, ku Argentina, Bolivia, ndi Peru. Palibe ku Amazon ndi kumwera kwa South America. Malo omwe amakhala ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Awa ndi ma deciduous, ophatikizika, osakanikirana, nkhalango zam'malo otentha, mapepala, malo achitetezo, mapiri, madera, mapiri, subarctic tundra. Zimapezeka pamtunda wamtunda wamtunda wa 3,3,000 kumtunda kwa nyanja. Kunja kwa nthawi yokhazikika, zokonda zimaperekedwa m'malo otseguka, komanso kumalo achitetezo m'nthawi yakukhwima. Mtunduwu wagawidwa m'magulu 10.

M'banja, nthumwi za owl zamtunduwu zimakhala wachiwiri kwa kadzidzi wowonda kwambiri komanso kukula kwake. Thupi limakhala ngati mbiya, mutu wake ndi waukulu, mapiko ake ndi onse. Maso ndi okulirapo komanso ochepa pang'onopang'ono kuposa maso a munthu. Amasinthidwa kuti azisaka usiku ndipo amapereka mawonekedwe owonera. Mtundu wa cornea ndi lalanje-wachikasu.

Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 43-65 cm, mapiko ndi 91-153 cm, pomwe akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amuna pafupifupi pa 15%. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa akazi ndi makilogalamu 1.6, pomwe amuna ndi chisonyezo chofananira ndi 1.2 kg. Mchira umafikira kutalika kwa 17-25 cm.Miyendo ndi zopondera ndizazikulu komanso zamphamvu. Kutalika kwamiyendo kwa miyendo ndi masentimita 20. Mabowo a khutu amabisika ndi nthenga, pomwe khutu lakumanzere limakhala lalikulupo kuposa lamanja.

Weasel

Weasel - nyama ndiyankhanza kwambiri komanso ndi magaziwokhoza kuchita zakuba mwachinyengo m'nyumba za anthu. Komabe, chodabwitsa kwambiri ndichakuti nyamayi ndiyotopetsa, Ngati malo omwe chilengedwechi "chimapatsidwira" mawonekedwewo, ndi cholengedwa chaching'ono kwambiri komanso chokongola - kutalika kwa thupi lake kumafikira pafupifupi masentimita 16-18 okha.

Weasel ali ndi thupi losinthika, dodgy, lalitali, loonda ndipo ndiye woimira gulu laling'ono kwambiri lazoyang'anira. Kunja, weasel ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi efmine, amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a thupi ndi ubweya wa ubweya. Kusiyana pakati pawo kuli kocheperako kwa weasel komanso kufanana kwake mchira wake wamfupi kwambiri kuposa uja wa ermine (mpaka 9 cm, popanda burashi yakuda). Pansi pake pali tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timitsempha tambiri.

Phukusi laling'ono ndi lalifupi komanso lovuta. Mtundu wake umatengera nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, weasel amakhala ndi mtundu woyera, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe imakhala yotuwa kunja kwa matako, mchira, m'mbali, kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu - mkatikati mwa matako, m'mimba, pachifuwa, m'mphepete mwa milomo yapamwamba komanso pakhosi pakadayera. Mwa kukula kwa kupyapyala kwa ubweya, chovala cha weasel chimakhala chofanana nthawi zonse - kuti nthawi yotentha, nthawi yachisanu, ndikusiyana kokha kuti nthawi yotentha, tsitsi limakhala lalifupi komanso loonda kuposa nyengo yachisanu. M'madera ena akumwera, nyama sizisintha konse, zimangokhala zofiirira.

Weasel wokwera bwino, amathamanga ngakhale kusambira - chifukwa chake ndi nyama yosawoneka bwino komanso yopusa. Zomwe zimasiyanitsa zizolowezi zake ndizoperewera, magazi pamaukidwe ndi kulimba mtima, kotero amatha kupezeka usiku kunyumba ya anthu, komwe amalowera zachuma kudzera m'mabowo ang'onoang'ono komanso okongola. Weasel amagwira ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana masana, koma nthawi zambiri amasaka usiku kapena madzulo.

Mwachikhalidwe chathu kumakhala moyo wapadziko lapansi. Zimasunthira pamafashoni. Popenda gawo, amakonda kutsatira zitsamba ndi zina zophimba zachilengedwe kapena zojambula. Amayesetsa kupewa malo osatetezeka. Mu tsiku limodzi, weasel amatha kuthana ndi kilomita imodzi kapena awiri. M'nyengo yozizira, amasuntha m'chipale chofewa.

Chifukwa cha kutalika kwake, nsapato nthawi zambiri zimafa zikaponderezedwa ndi nyama zazikulu, koma nthawi yomweyo zimatha kutseka makosi a otsutsana nawo. Panthawi ya ndewu, tsitsi laimuna limatulutsa kamphamvu kwambiri.

Muskrat

Wofunikayo ndi mayi wachilengedwe chovuta kwambiri. Zili pagulu la osateteza. M'mbuyomu - chinthu chomwe chimasaka kwambiri. Pakadali pano, nyamayo yalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia ndipo ikutetezedwa. Kulongosola kwathunthu kwa wogwiridwa ndi nyama kukufotokozedwera pansipa.

Vykhuhol ndi mtundu wina wachilengedwe wovuta kwambiri ku Russia. M'mbuyomu, nthawi zambiri ankakumana ku Europe kupita ku British Isles. Dera lamakono lachilengedwe la muskrat limakhala malire a Volga, Dnieper, Urals ndi Don. Imapezekanso ku Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus ndi Lithuania.

Maonekedwe a nyama yolakalaka imadabwitsa ndi kusadziwika kwake. Ichi ndi nyama yayikulu ndipo yotalika masentimita 18 mpaka 22, ndi mchira wa kutalika kofanana ndi kulemera kwa 520 g. Mchira wa munthu wophimbayo umakutidwa ndi masikelo owoneka ngati horny, komanso pamwamba ndi tsitsi lolimba lomwe limapanga keel. Mchira womwe uli pansi kwambiri umakhala ngati ukukokedwa (pamenepo ndi mulifupi mwake). Kuseri kwa kulekeranako (gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwa mchira) ndi kukula kwa mawonekedwe a peyala. Pali tiziwalo tating'ono, tosanunkhira bwino, timadzi tambiri tomwe timatuluka m'mabowo ambiri - timakhala pansi pa izi. Mchira kumbuyo kwa makulidwe amakanikizidwa pambuyo pake. Kutseguka kwammphuno kwa wofunikayo kumatsekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito valavu yamkati m'mphuno. Nyama imachita phokoso lalitali kwambiri, ndipo tsitsi lowonda limamera m'thupi lake. Wogwirayo ali ndi miyendo yayifupi, wamphongo-5, pomwe kumapazi kwake ndi kumbuyo komanso amakula kuposa kutsogolo. Zala zakumanja zimaphatikizidwa ndi nembanemba yosambira. Misomali ndi yayitali, imapangidwa bwino komanso yopindika pang'ono. Mphepete mwa tsitsi lolimba limayenda m'mphepete mwa matako, ndikuwonjezera malo osambira m'chiuno chilichonse. Ubweya wa munthu wofunikayo ndi wabwino kwambiri, ndi wandiweyani komanso wokhalitsa. Tsitsi losalala pa wofunsalo silikonzedwa ngati nyama zina: amakula m'mwamba ndikuyenda m'mizu. Mtundu wakumbuyo wa imvi ndi utoto kapena woderapo, m'mimba ndi loyera kapena la siliva.

Ermine

Ermine ndi nyama yaying'ono ya banja lofera. Kunja, kumawoneka ngati wofera: thupi lokwera lomweli, miyendo yayifupi ndi khosi lalitali. Kuphatikiza apo, nyamayi ili ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira, a nyama zonse za Kunim. Maonekedwe a nyamayo ndiwokongola mwachinyengo, koma kwenikweni, nkhosayo ndiwowopsa, wolimba mtima komanso wankhanza wamagazi. Nyama ikapanda kutuluka, itha kuukira munthu. Ubweya wake mwina ndiwofunika kwambiri kuposa nyama zonse za ubweya. Nyamayi imachotsedwa ndendende chifukwa cha ubweya. Mwachilengedwe, pali mitundu ingapo ya 26 ya mtundu wa ermine, wosiyanasiyana mu mtundu wa ubweya ndi kukula kwa nyamayo.

Ermine ndi nyama yaying'ono yofanana ndi mpiru m'magulu a thupi ndi mutu wake. Thupi limakhala loonda komanso lalitali komanso losinthika, chifukwa nyama imakhala ndi moyo wam'manja ndikugwiritsa ntchito makoswe. Mawotchiwa ndi afupiafupi, motero ammutuwo amawoneka ngati squat. Ali ndi nsapato zazitali, zakuthwa, zolimba zomwe zimamuthandiza kuyenda pamitengo, komabe, osakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kukumba mabowo. Palinso ziwalo zolumikizira pazitseko za nyamayo, yomwe imakutidwa ndi moss nthawi yozizira, ndikuwonjezera malo a paws ndikupangitsa kuti nyamayo iziyenda mozizira. Mutu umakhala wotalikirana ndi mutu wopindika, makutu ake ndi ozungulira, monga onse kufera, mphuno ndi maso ndi zakuda. Nyamayi ili ndi mano akuthwa, chifukwa chakudya chake chachikulu ndi makoswe.

Nyama yaying'onoyi ndi yokalamba komanso yodwala. Amayenda mwachanguchangu ndikukangana pang'ono. Kusaka nyengo yachisanu, ermine amatha kuyenda mpaka makilomita khumi ndi asanu masana, ndipo nthawi yozizira mpaka makilomita atatu. Pamodzi ndi chipale chofewa, nyamayo imadumphadumpha mpaka theka la mita, pomwe yotalikirapo imakhala ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Adani ena akayamba kumuukira, amakonda kukhala pamitengo mpaka pomwe wowathamangayo atachoka.

The ermine ilinso ndi adani, awa ndi: nkhandwe yofiira ndi imvi, marten, sable, ilka, mbendera yaku America, komanso mbalame zodya nyama. Nthawi zina pamakhala kuti agalu amagwidwa ndi amphaka am'nyumba. Nyama zambiri zimafa chifukwa cha matenda omwe ali ndi nematode, nthenda yofunikira ya parasitic yonyamula ma shrews.

Njoka wamba

Njoka imeneyi ndi yayitali masentimita 35-50. Njoka wamba imatha kukhala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma pali chinthu chimodzi chosiyanitsa njoka zonse: ndi chida chakuda kumbuyo, kuyambira kumbuyo kwa mutu mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira, yomwe imayendetsedwa mbali iliyonse ndi mzere wautali wa malo amdima. Titha kuganiza kuti mtundu waukulu wa njokayo ndi siliva, koma ndi wokwanira, popeza anthu otuwa, otuwa, obiriwira komanso otuwa amapezeka. Mimba ya njoka ndi imvi kapena ngakhale yakuda. Mapeto a mchira amakhala opepuka m'mtundu, nthawi zambiri ndimu.

Vipers ali ndi maso akulu, ozungulira. Ena amati amawonetsera mtundu wina wamisala komanso wankhanza. Mtundu wa iris nthawi zambiri umakhala wowoneka ngati wofiira, wachikazi wakuda - wonyezimira.

M'malo okhalamo, nyanjayo ilibe chilichonse choikiratu, imatha kupezeka pano ndi apo: m'nkhalango ndi zipululu, m'mapiri, m'mapiri, m'minda, m'madambo, ndipo ngakhale kumapiri. Chachikulu ndichakuti pali chakudya chokwanira komanso kuwala, ndipo kwa zotsalazo sizikukakamiza zofunikira zapadera. Makamaka njoka zambiri zimapezeka m'malo achithaphwi. Pano amakhala nthawi zina zowerengeka zowopsa.

Ngakhale njoka zimakonda kuwala komanso kutentha, sitinganene kuti njoka imakhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, mmalo mwake, imachedwa masana, monga kuwalitsa dzuwa, ndipo kutacha, njoka zimayamba kugwira ntchito kusaka. Ngakhale maso ake adasinthika kuti awone mumdima: mwana amatha kukulira ndikucheperachepera, zomwe ndizosowa kwambiri pamadzi.

Zakudya zamanjoka zimapangidwa makamaka ndi nyama yamagazi ofunda, makamaka mbewa, zomwe njoka imakondera chakudya china chilichonse. Kuchokera pakuwona kwa asayansi zimachitika kuti samagwira mbewa zokha, komanso mobisa. Nyani, makamaka mbalame zomwe zimakhala pansi, nthawi zambiri zimagwa ndi njoka. Itha kudya nyama zazikulu. Amadya achule ndi abuluzi kokha ngati chomaliza.