Ngongole ya wophedwa ndi yosalala, yokutidwa ndi ubweya, yayikulu kwambiri, tinene kuti ndiofanana kutalika kwa thupi. Mchira umakwaniritsa osati zokongoletsera zokha, komanso umagwira ntchito kwambiri - umagwiritsa ntchito, marten amasunga muyeso pa kulumpha kapena kusuntha limodzi ndi nthambi zamitengo.

Nkhuni zamoto ndizazifupi, panthawi yozizira imayamba kukhala ubweya wambiri. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyamayo izithamangira pagulu la madzi oundana kapena matalala popanda zovuta. Chigoba chilichonse chimatha ndi zala zisanu zokhala ndi zikhadabo zopindika zomwe zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa kukula kwake.

Nkhope ya pine marten ndi yayitali komanso yotakata, nyamayo imakhala ndi nsagwada yamphamvu komanso mano owongoka kwambiri. Makutu a nyama zakutchire ndi owoneka ngati mbali zitatu, m'malo mophatikizana. Pamapeto iwo azunguliridwa, m'mphepete mwake mumakhala utoto wachikaso.

Mphuno ya kufera ndi yakuda. Maso ali ndi khungu lakuda, pomwe abusa amatenga mtundu wamkuwa pang'ono. Mukayang'ana kuchokera pamwamba pa chithunzi cha nyama, mutha kumva zomwe zili zabwino kwambiri. Kuchokera kwa iyemwini amawoneka wachikondi komanso wopanda vuto, mawonekedwe ake ndi olondola. Chisamaliro chapadera chikuyenera kulipidwa ku ubweya wa nyama zapamwamba komanso mtundu wodabwitsa.

Mtundu wa chovala cha ubweya wanyama umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi ma chestnut ndi bulauni, kuti chikaso. Kumbuyo, miyendo ndi mutu, ubweya nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mthunzi wakuda kuposa kulowa pamimba ndi mbali. Mchira kumapeto pafupipafupi (kwa wakuda.

Chizindikiro chakunja cha pine marten kuchokera kwa oimira ena amtunduwu ndi mthunzi wa tsitsi lalitali pakhosi, ena akuyenda mosadukiza. Kuchokera pano pomwe beret ili ndi dzina lake, dzina lina la nyama - cholengedwa chachikasu.

Malinga ndi kukula kwake, marten amafanana ndi mphaka wamkulu wamkulu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika masentimita 55, ndipo mchirawo nthawi zambiri umakhala pafupifupi masentimita 26. Poyerekeza ndi wamwamuna wamkulu, PA ndi gawo limodzi lachitatu.

Habitat

Pafupifupi pano, nkhalango za ku Europe zili ndi anthu ambiri okhala ndi mitengo ya pine. Nyama izi zimakhala m'dera lalikulu: kuchokera ku Caucasus ndi Iran, kumadzulo kwa Siberia ndi Corsica, kumapeto kwa mayiko a Asia Minor ndi Sicily, kupita kuzilumba za Mediterranean ndi Sardinia.

Achichepere nthawi zambiri amasankha malo okhala m'nkhalango ndi mitengo yabwino, nthawi zina amasakanikirana. Nthawi zambiri amatha kupezeka malo otumphukira. Mwapadera, pine marten amatha kudyera m'mapiri ataliatali, koma pokhapokha mitengo.

Malo abwino kukhalamo (mitundu ya nyama ndi nkhalango momwe muli mitengo yomwe ili ndi dzenje. Pamwamba pa izi, mbali zambiri za marten zimatuluka pongofuna kusaka. Rocketodrome, momwe malo amiyala amapezekera, sioyenera nyama.

Nyama iyi sidzipangira yokha yopaka padera komanso yosatha. Nthawi zambiri, njoka yamakutu imadzipezera mabowo, zisa zachikale, zophulika zamphepo zosiyidwa ndi agologolo, ndikusankha malo okwera kuyambira mita 5-6. Apa marten amayimilira kuti agwiritse ntchito masana.

Atatha kuchuluka kwamadzulo ndi usiku, wolusa wokoma amatuluka kukafunafuna chakudya, kenako amapita kwina kukagona. Komabe, matalala akuluakulu akabwera marten, chikhulupiriro chake chimatha kusintha. Potere, nyama kwa nthawi yayitali imakhala m'malo obisalamo, pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe idakonzekeratu chakudya. Msungwana wokhala ndi chikasu amakonda malo omwe amakhala kutali ndi anthu komanso malo okhala.

Chikhalidwe cha ubweya wa nyama chimazindikira kuti mapaini a pine ndi mtundu wofunika kwambiri wamalonda wa marten. Chifukwa chake, cholengedwa chachikasu chimakumana ndi zovuta zokwanira kubereka komanso kupulumuka. Zochepa zomwe zimapangitsa izi: osaphunzira akungochulukitsitsa m'malo obisalamo nyama zomwe zingakhalepo ndi nyama, komanso kuchuluka kwa osaka omwe akufuna kukhala okwera mtengo.

Makhalidwe

Wofesayo sachita mantha konse ndi nsonga za mitengo, wokondedwa amatha kuchoka pa nthambi kupita ku nthambi, ndipo mtunda wokwanira kutumphuka kwa nyamayo ungafikire mita zinayi. Ngakhale padziko lapansi amatha kumalumphanso. Kuphatikiza apo, marten ndiwosambira bwino kwambiri, ndipo amatha kulowa m'madzi munjira zapadera.

Pine marten amasiyanitsidwa ndi agility, dexterity ndi liwiro. Chilombocho chimatha kuthana ndi maulendo ataliatali munthawi yochepa. Anthu ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito nyama zakutchire amamuchitira kaduka, kumva komanso kununkhira, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti azisaka. Cholengedwa chachikaso ndichoseketsa mokwanira, chokongola komanso chidwi. M'magulu awo, anyaniwa amalankhula pogwiritsa ntchito mawu amodzi kumaso amodzi ndi kape kapena puroti. Ana a nyama izi amapanga mawu ofanana ndi twitter.

Ambiri mwa nyamazo amakonda kukhala okha, kupatula oyimira ena amtunduwu. Nyama iliyonse imakhala ndi payokha payokha. Marten amachepetsa gawo lake, pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zapadera zafungo, zomwe zimapezeka chifukwa cha kufinya kwamankhwala onunkhira ochokera ku ma gland. Mkazi wadama amatha kukhala malo a mahekitala 5000. Nthawi zambiri, akazi amakhala ndi malo omwe ndi ochepa kangapo kuposa amuna. Kuphatikiza apo, malowo amatha kuchepa ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira.

Amuna amateteza dera lawo kudzera nyama zina zamtunduwu. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa akazi ndi amuna, "zogawana" zimatha kudutsana. Komanso, ngati abambo awiri akukumana kunja nthawi yachisawawa, nthawi zambiri izi siziphatikizidwa ndi zolimba ndikuwonetsa kukwiya.

Kupatula pine marten amadya

Nyama iyi imakhala yosasamala chakudya, imadya nyama zodabwitsa. Mlingo wa pine marten uli wokhazikika komanso wotsimikizika pofika nthawi yachilimwe, kuchuluka kwa malo ake komanso kuthekanso kupeza chakudya china chomwechi. Koma, chophatikiza chake cha chakudya ndi chakudya chochokera kuchinyama. Agologolo wamba amakonda zakudya zabwino kwambiri za pine marten.

Dziwani kuti zimachitika kuti mlenje amakwanitsa kugwira gologoloyo mokhazikika mkati mwa dzenje. Komabe, ngati izi sizingachitike, wopandayo amatha kuthamangitsa nyama kwa nthawi yayitali, kusuntha pambuyo pake panthambi za mitengo. Ndizo zonse pali mndandanda wosangalatsa wa nyama zazing'ono zingapo, zotsatiridwa ndi zomwe marten adzatsegula mosangalala kusaka kwake kosaka. Zitha kuimbidwa ndi nkhono wamba komanso mahete akutchire ndi ma hedgehogs. Ndizachilendo kuti ngakhale nyama yomwe imadyera nyama ikudyera yokha, ikuluma mosavomerezeka pakhosi pake. Nyama sizimanyoza zovunda.

Koyambilira kwa chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, mapaini a pine amagwira ntchito mokonzanso thupi lake ndi mavitamini ofunikira. Chisoni chimadya mtedza, zipatso zamtchire, zipatso zomwe zimamera pamitengo, ndi zakudya zina zomwe zimakhala ndi kufufuza zinthu. Kuchuluka mosakayika kwa chakudya chomwe njuchi zimabisala mawa m'maenje. Koposa zonse, nyamayi imakonda kudya zipatso za mzere wobiriwira kapena ma buluu.

Nthawi Yamoyo Komanso Kubwereza

M'nyengo yotentha, nthawi yophukira imayambira paini wa pine. Mwamuna wamkulu wamwamuna amasankha wamkazi kapena awiri wamkazi kuti akole. Ndizodabwitsa kuti nthawi yozizira ikayamba, nyengo yotchedwa zabodza yomwe imabereka ikubwera. Pankhaniyi, iwonso, amawonetsa kuda nkhawa, kuchita zankhondo ndi zankhondo, koma izi sizitsogolera pakukula.

Pambuyo pa kubereka kwa pakati, ana amabala kwa masiku 236-274. Madzulo a momwe ana amabadwira, wokondedwa amatenga dongosolo la nyumba yake, ndikupanga iye wogwirizira. Amakhala pamenepo mpaka (kufikira izi (makanda sabadwa. Nthawi zambiri, mayi m'modzi amabadwa nthawi yayitali. Ant. Amakhala ndi ana asanu ndi atatu.) Thupi la mwana aliyense limakutidwa ndi ubweya wocheperapo komanso wamfupi, ana eni ake amakhala ogontha komanso akhungu poyamba.

Pakadutsa milungu yoposa itatu yokha, ana amayamba kumva mawu, ndipo pofika tsiku la 28 amabowula. Ngati mayi akufuna kusaka, amatha kusiyira ana kwakanthawi. Panthawi ya ayi, ayi, ndipo inde, ali pangozi, amayi ake amawatengera kumalo ena, otetezeka.

Pakufika miyezi inayi, nyama zazing'ono zomwe zakhwima zimatha kuwonetsa kudziyimira pawokha ndikudzipezera chakudya, koma pakukhala kwanthawi yakhala zikukhala pafupi ndi amayi awo. Kutalika kwa moyo wa paini marten kumawonjezeka khumi, koma m'malo abwino kwambiri amatha kukhala ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu.

Zida

Pini marten ndizovuta kubereka m'malo opangidwa mwaluso. Kwambiri, magulu ambiri a nyama zimenezi amakhala m'malo osungira nyama omwe ali ku Germany ndi ku Austria. Kuphatikiza apo, mafani ena azidyamakanda amawasungira kudziko lakwawo. Komabe, ziyenera kumvetsedwa kuti sizikudziwika kuti wopandukayo adzatani munthu wam'nyumba. Oimira ena amakhala okonda komanso odekha, ena angakhumudwe, ndipo enanso ayamba kukhala mwamtopola.

Ngakhale adalosera, ma pine ena amasiya kukhala amantha komanso amanyazi. Panthawi yochita mantha, amagwidwa, zomwe zimachitika ndi kupweteka kwambiri, nthawi zina, ndimakomoka. Chifukwa chake, patapita kanthawi, nyamayo ikuwuluka. Nthawi zambiri, kulanda kumadutsa osakungotsata, koma nthawi zina kumatha ndikumwalira kwa wofera.

Chikasu cha Corpus luteum chitha kukhala chowopsa, osati kwa nyama zina zokha, komanso kwa anthu. Marten ndi amene amathanso kuyambitsa matenda a chiwewe, majeremusi ndi mphutsi, komanso mliri. Kuphatikiza apo, marten amafwamba pa nkhuku amakola nthawi ndi nthawi.

Mndandanda wa adani a nyama iyi ndi omwe amadyera ena. Izi zimaphatikizapo mmbulu, lynx kapena kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga, nkhandwe ndi mbalame zina, mwachitsanzo, gulu lankhondo kapena chiwombankhanga chagolide. Kuchokera kwa olusa pamtunda, marten amatha kutha bwino pamitengo yayitali. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika, ndipo osaka nyama zikuluzikulu amapha zolengedwa zachikasu, zomwe sizabwino pachakudya, ndikuchotsa yemwe akuchita nawo mpikisano.

Pakadali pano, anthu padziko lonse lapansi a paini martens ali ndi kanthu pafupifupi mitu 200,000. Komanso, ndizodabwitsa kuti cholengedwa chachikasu chimatha kuwirikiza ndi nthumwi za mitundu yowoneka. Pankhaniyi, wosakanizidwa amakhala wosabereka, amatchedwa Kindus.

Forest marten. Mitengo yopanda nkhalango ndi malo okhala

Nyama yakudya yam'madzi yokhala ndi ubweya wautali wamtengo wapatali yochokera ku banja la marten ndipo marten amatchedwa pine marten. Mwanjira ina, amatchedwanso kuti nsomba za chikasu. Pine marten wosakhazikika komanso wachisomo.

Mchira wake wamtengo wapatali komanso wokongola uli ndi miyeso yoposa theka kutalika kwa thupi. Mchira sukhala ngati chodzikongoletsera cha chirombochi, mothandizidwa ndi woponda matendawa amakwanitsa kukhalabe olimba podumphira komanso pakukwera mitengo.

Miyendo yake inayi yodziwika imadziwika chifukwa mapazi awo amaphimbidwa ndi ubweya ndikubwera kozizira kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza nyamayi kusuntha mosavuta poyenda ndi chipale chofewa komanso ayezi. Pamiyendo inayiyo pali zala zisanu, zokhala ndi zikhadabo zopindika.

Amatha kukokedwa pakati. Phokoso la marten ndi lokwera komanso lalitali. Nyama imakhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu ndi mano owonda. Makutu a martenwo ndi amitundu itatu, yayikulu poyerekeza ndi muzzle. Pamwamba iwo azunguliridwa komanso ndi chikongoletso chachikaso.

Mphuno ndi lakuthwa, lakuda. Maso ali amdima: usiku utoto wawo umasandulika amkuwa. Forest marten mu chithunzi imangosangalatsa. Chimawoneka ngati cholengedwa chofatsa komanso chopanda vuto ndi mawonekedwe osalakwa. Mtundu wokongola ndi mtundu wa ubweya wa marten ndiwowoneka bwino.

Amachokera ku mgoza wopepuka wokhala ndi yellowness mpaka bulauni. M'dera lakumbuyo, mutu ndi miyendo, tsitsi limakhala loyera nthawi zonse kuposa m'dera lam'mimba ndi mbali. Chingwe cha mchira wa nyama chimakhala chakuda nthawi zonse.

Mbali yodziwika bwino kwa marten kuchokera ku mitundu ina yonse ya marten ndi mtundu wachikaso kapena wamalanje wamalanje m'khosi, womwe umapitilira miyendo yakutsogolo. Kuchokera pamenepo adatuluka dzina lachiwiri la wophedwa - cholengedwa chachikasu.

Magawo a nyama yolusa ndi ofanana ndi mphaka wamkulu. Kutalika kwa thupi 34-57 cm.Utali wautali masentimita 17-29. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala 30% kuposa amuna.

Zojambula ndi malo a pine marten

Dera lonse la nkhalango ku Eurasia mulinso anthu ambiri amtunduwu. Martens amakhala kunkhalango pagawo lalikulu. Amapezeka m'malo ochokera ku Great Britain ndikutha ndi Siberia Yakumadzulo, Caucasus ndi zilumba za Mediterranean, Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, Iran ndi Asia Minor.

Nyama imakonda nkhalango zosakanizika komanso zowola, nthawi zambiri zomwe zimakonda kukhala chambiri. Nthawi zambiri, marten nthawi zina amakhala pamwamba m'mapiri, koma m'malo omwe mumakhala mitengo.

Nyama imakonda malo ndi mitengo yopanda mabowo. Potseguka amatha kupita kukasaka kokha. Malo amiyala yamapeto ndi malo osayenera; iye akuwapewa.

Palibe malo okhazikika mwa mwana wachikasu. Amakhala m'malo obisalamo pamitengo yayitali mita 6, m'mabowo agologolo, malo osiyidwa, zoponderezedwa ndi mphepo. M'malo oterowo, nyamayo imaleka kupumula kwa tsiku.

Madzulo pakubwera, nyama zolusa zimayamba kusaka, ndipo zitatha kuthawira kwina. Koma kumayambiriro kwa chisanu champhamvu, moyo wake ungasinthe, wopandukayo kwa nthawi yayitali amakhala pabalaza, kudya chakudya chosungidwa kale. Pine marten akuyesera kuti azikhala kutali ndi anthu.

Zithunzi za Marten anakakamizika kumuyang'ana iye ndi kutengeka mtima ndi chilakolako china chosagwedezeka chogwira nyama m'manja ndi kumenyedwa. Akasaka nyama zamtunduwu komanso zochepa pang'onopang'ono m'tchire momwe zimapezekera, zimavuta kwambiri kuti zizikhala ndi kubereketsa. Marten waku Russia ndimaganizirabe mtundu wina wofunika kwambiri wamalonda chifukwa cha ubweya wake.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Pini marten amakonda kukhala ndi kusaka mitengo kuposa ena onse amtundu wake. Amakwera mitengo yayikulu mosavuta. Mchira wake umamuthandiza kuthana ndi izi, amagwira ntchito ngati woponda, gudumu, ndipo nthawi zina parachute, chifukwa chake nyamayo imalumphira pansi popanda zotsatirapo zake.

Nsonga za mitengo ya marten sizowopsa konse, zimasuntha mosavuta kuchoka ku nthambi imodzi kupita ku ina ndipo zimatha kudumpha mamita anayi. Pansi, iyenso amalumpha. Amasambira mwaluso, koma samachita kangapo.

Mu chithunzicho pine marten pamphako

Ichi ndi nyama yachinyengo komanso yothamanga kwambiri. Itha kuphimba mtunda wautali. Mphamvu zake za kununkhira, masomphenya ndi kumva zili pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakupsa. Mwachilengedwe, ndi nyama yoseketsa komanso yosangalatsa. Pakati pawo, ma martens amalumikizana ndi oyeretsa ndi ma cookls, ndipo mawu ofanana ndi twitter amachokera kwa makanda.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Nyama yodabwitsayi siimasankha chakudya. Nyama zimadya, kutengera nyengo, malo okhala, komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya. Koma amakonda zakudya za nyama. Amadyedwa kwambiri marten ndi agologolo.

Nthawi zambiri, nyama yolusa imagwira agologolo pamalo ake, koma ngati izi sizingachitike, imasaka kwa nthawi yayitali komanso mosalekeza, kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Pali mndandanda waukulu wa oimira nyama zanyama zomwe zimagwera m'sitolo yogulitsa marten.

Kuyambira pa nkhono zazing'ono, kumatha ndi ma hares ndi ma hedgehogs. Zambiri zosangalatsa za pine marten Amati amapha mnzake pomenyera kamodzi kumbuyo kwa mutu. Nyamayo sikukana ndikugwa.

Nyama imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya chilimwe ndi yophukira kuti imabwezeretsenso thupi lake ndi mavitamini. Zipatso, mtedza, zipatso, chilichonse chomwe chili ndi michere yamagetsi othandiza chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Wofera amapezera ena a iwo mtsogolo ndikuwasunga mophweka. Chosangalatsa kwambiri cha maluwa opatsirana achikasu ndi ma buluu komanso phulusa lamapiri.

Kubala ndi kutalika kwa moyo wa paini marten

M'chilimwe, nyama izi zimayamba kuthamanga. Amuna okwatirana amodzi ndi akazi amodzi kapena awiri. M'nyengo yozizira, martens nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi liwiro labodza. Pakadali pano, amachita zinthu mosasangalatsa, amakhala ngati wankhondo komanso amakula, koma matani sizimachitika.

Mimba yaikazi imatenga masiku 236-274. Asanabadwe, amasamalira pogona ndikukhazikika pamenepo mpaka ana atawonekera. 3-8 ana obadwa. Ngakhale amaphimbidwa ndi ubweya waung'ono, ana ndi akhungu komanso agonthi.

Chithunzi cha pine marten

Kumva kumatinso pokhapokha pa tsiku la 23, ndipo maso amayamba kuwona tsiku la 28. Zachikazi zimatha kusiya ana kwa nthawi yayitali yosaka. Pakachitika ngozi, amawatengera kumalo otetezeka.

Pazaka zinayi zokha, nyama zimatha kukhala zokha, koma kwakanthawi zimakhala ndi amayi awo. Wopandukayo amakhala zaka 10, ndipo pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino, zaka zake zimakhala zaka 15.

Maonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka thupi

Pini marten amakhala ndi thupi lalitali, lotha kusintha komanso losalala. Mchira wowonda kwambiri woposa theka kutalika kwa thupi. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuyang'anira bwino podumpha ndikukwera mitengo.

Marten ali ndi ma tayi atifupi, omwe mapazi ake amaphimbidwa ndi ubweya m'nyengo yozizira. Chifukwa cha izi, malo awo othandizira amawonjezeka, ndipo kuyenda kwa nyama mu chisanu kumakhala kosavuta. Pali zala zisanu pamawamba okhala ndi zopindika zopindika zomwe zimatha kuzichotsanso pakati.

Kumbuyo kwa m'mimba mwa chikasu pamakhala chimbudzi chapadera chobisa chinsinsi, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama polemba chizindikiro. Akazi amakhala ndi tiziwalo timene timameta.

Nkhope ya pine marten ndi yotakata, yotalika ndi nsagwada yamphamvu ndi mano owongoka. Makutu ndiwosanjikizika mawonekedwe ndi nsonga zozungulira ndizochulukirapo ndipo amakhala ndi chikaso chachikasu. Mphuno zowoneka zakuda. Maso ali akuda kwambiri: usiku amawoneka ofiira.

Mtundu ndi mphamvu za ubweya

Mitundu ya ubweya wa pine marten imatha kusiyanasiyana ndi mgoza wamtambo wokhala ndi chikasu chofiirira mpaka chofiirira. Nthawi zina pamakhala imvi. Msana, mutu ndi miyendo zakuda kuposa m'mimba ndi m'mbali. Kumapeto kwa mchira, tsitsi limakhala lakuda.

Pakhosi pa chifuwa cha marten pali malo ena owoneka bwino achikasu kapena ooneka ngati lalanje owoneka kupitirira miyendo yakutsogolo. Chifukwa chake, amatchedwa "chikombero chachikasu."

Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ubweya wa marten zimasiyana ndi nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala wautali, wowoneka bwino wokhala ndi kuwala kwamkati ndi tsitsi lakunja lowonekera. M'chilimwe, zitsulo zazikulu zimakhala zolimba, zazifupi komanso zotsika. Chaka chilichonse, kumapeto kwa chaka, marten amayamba kusungunuka, mpaka September.

Kugawa

Mtengo wa paini uli ponseponse kudera la nkhalango ku kontinenti ya Europe. Madera ake amachokera ku UK kupita ku Western Siberia, kumwera kumakhala ndi Caucasus ndi zilumba za Mediterranean, kuphatikizapo Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia ndi zina. Komanso nyamayi imatha kupezeka ku Iran ndi Asia Minor. Ku Iceland ndi ku peninsula ya Scandinavia siziri.

Habitat

Pine marten amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zosakanizika komanso zowola, nthawi zambiri amakhala mu coniferous (spruce, fir). Nthawi zina imakhazikika kumapiri, koma kutalika komwe mitengo imakulabe.

Nyamayi imakonda malo okhala ndi mitengo yopanda pake komanso mitengo yakufa. Amapita panja pokhapokha pakusaka. Koma matanthwe a malo owolokapo.

Mtundu wachikasu ulibe nyumba yokhazikika. Kudera lake, amadzikonzera okha malo okhala, amawasungira mabowo kutalika kwa mita 5, nyumba za agologolo, zisa zazikulu zosiyidwa, malovu, zophulikira mphepo ndi zina zotero. Marten amapumula masana. Kutacha, amasaka, ndipo m'mawa amatenga nyumba ina. Koma kuzizira kwambiri, nyamayo singathenso kutuluka munthawi yayitali, ikudya pazinthu zina. Nyamayo imangoyendayenda pamalo ake, osasiya malire ake kwa zaka zingapo motsatizana.

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti, mosiyana ndi mwala wofowoletsa miyala, nkhalangoyi siimakhala pafupi ndi anthu.

Gulu la anthu

Martens amakhala okha. Aliyense amakhala ndi chiwembu chake. Malire a gawo la nyama amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafungo omwe amapezeka ndi chinsonkho kuchokera ku tiziwalo tambiri. Malo oti "zigawidwe" zimasiyana kuchokera 3 mpaka 50 ma kilomita. Akazi ali ndi masamba ochepa kuposa amuna. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kwawo kumachepetsedwa nthawi yozizira.

Amuna amateteza madera awo kwa amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Komanso "gawo" la amuna ndi akazi nthawi zina limafalikira. Msonkhano wa abambo awiri kunja kwa nyengo yakukhwima sikuphatikizidwa ndi ziwonetsero.

Makhalidwe

Pini marten ndiwowonjezereka kuposa abale ake kuti akhale m'mitengo: siyimangokhala m'maenje awo, komanso kusaka, kusuntha limodzi ndi nthambi. Kapangidwe kapadera ka thupi kamathandiza nyama kukwera pamiyendo - mapazi ake amatembenuka madigiri 180. Mchira wofiyira umagwira ngati chiwombankhanga, ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, parachute, chifukwa chomwe cholengedwa chikaso chimatha kudumphira pansi kuchokera kumtunda waukulu popanda zotsatira zoyipa.

Pine marten imasunthira mosavuta kuchoka ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi ngakhale pamtengo wamtengo wapamwamba. Pakulumpha kamodzi, amatha kuphimba mtunda wa mamita anayi. Pansi, nyamayo imangoyendayenda. Mbola zimatha kusambira, koma ndizosowa kwambiri.

Wodya zonyansa, wosasunthika komanso wofulumira, wokhala ndi kununkhira bwino, kupenya ndi kumva, amagwiritsa ntchito usiku makamaka m'deralo, ndipo masana amakhala m'malo otetezeka.

Mkhalidwe wa martens ndiwosewera komanso wosangalatsa. Kulankhulana pakati pawo, nyama zimatha kulira kapena purr, ndipo ana amapanga mawu ofanana ndi twitter.

Mu chilengedwe, martens amakhala zaka pafupifupi zitatu kapena zinayi, koma anthu ena amatha kufikira zaka khumi ndi chimodzi. Ali mu ukapolo, amakhalabe ndi zaka 18.

Adani

Kuopsa kwa chikasu kumayimiriridwa ndi nkhandwe, mimbulu, lynxes, komanso mbalame zazikulu: akambuku, buluzi wa chiwombankhanga ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Nthawi yomweyo, zilombo sizimamupha nthawi zonse kuti apeze chakudya. Nthawi zina, amangochotsa wopikisana naye yemwe amati chakudya. Kwa adani nyama imathawa, ikabisala mumitengo.

Kodi ofera akuwoneka bwanji?

Izi ndi zilombo zapakatikati: kutalika kwa thupi la nyama, kutengera mitundu, kutalika kwa 30 mpaka 75 cm, kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 12-45 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 0.5-6 kg. Mu mitundu yonse ya jini, amuna ndi olemera kwambiri kuposa akazi.

Marten ali ndi thupi lokwera pang'ono, phokoso lokhala ndi sphenoid ndi makutu ozungulira, okulirapo kuposa awo Mchira wofiyira, womwe umagwira ngati chopondera, komanso ma tchuthi akuluakulu okhala ndi matalala owoneka ndi ubweya wolimba amapereka zabwino zabwino ku nyama zamtchire izi - zimadumphira mosavuta kuchoka kunthambi kupita nthambi. Mano, monga amafananira ndi nyama yolusa, ndi akuthwa kwambiri.

Mu chithunzichi, marten amawonetsa mano ake.

Ubweya wa marten ndi wofewa komanso wokutira, wonyezimira, wamdima mchira ndi miyendo. Pali malo owoneka bwino pakhosi, osakonda malo akuda.

Amadya chiyani?

Nyama zam'madzi zimadya nyama zazing'ono, mbalame, nsomba, tizilombo, ndipo nthawi zina zipatso. Onsewa ndiwosaka osatopa, osasaka ndi kufunafuna nyama, ngakhale patabisala. Ndi achule okongola ndipo amatha kugwira mbalame ndi agologolo mu zisa zawo. Kuti akhale ndi moyo wopanda chakudya, nyama zimapeza chakudya chochuluka nthawi yambiri. Amapha nyama zochuluka momwe angathere, nthawi zina zochuluka kuposa zomwe angadye.

Masanjidwe

Kutengera mtundu, mawonekedwe a pine martens, ndiko kuti, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a ubweya wawo, komanso kukula kwa thupi, amasintha kwambiri. Pamenepa, mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya nyamayi imasiyanitsidwa:

1. Martes Martes Martes ndimtundu wotuwa wakuda wakuda wamkulu wokhala ndi malo owonekera. Amakhala kumpoto kwa Russia komanso ku Western Europe.
2. Martes M. Borealis - amakhala kumpoto kwa Europe.
3. Martes M. Latinorum - yogawidwa pachilumba cha Sardinia ku Italy.
4. Martes M. Lorenzi - amakhala ku Caucasus, amadziwika ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu komanso ubweya wa bulauni wokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira.
5. Martes M. Minoricensis - malo ake ndi chisumbu cha Mediterranean cha Minorca, chokhala ndi Spain.
6. Martes M. Notialis - amakhala kumwera kwa Italy.
7. Martes M. Ruthena - amakhala kumadera apakati a Europe ku Russia, amakhala ndi tsitsi lofiirira lotuwa, lomwe limadetsedwa nthawi yozizira.
8. Martes M. Sabaneevi - yogawidwa ku Pechora taiga (Russia).
9. Martes M. Uralensis - amakhala ku Urals (Russia).

Kuphatikiza apo, m'chilengedwe pamakhala mtundu wosakanizidwa womwe umapezeka chifukwa chakuchulukana kwa chikaso cham'madzi ndi kanthete. Nyamayi imatchedwa kuti mwana. Ndikokulirapo pang'ono kuposa momwe zimakhalira pine marten. Ili ndi malo owala pachifuwa komanso mchira wautali wopepuka. Ubweya wa impso ndiolimba kuposa ubweya wolimba. Nyama iyi imalephera kubereka.

Forest marten ndi munthu

Ubweya wa pine marten umadziwika kuti ndi wamtengo wapatali pafupifupi ngati sable. Kale, khungu la nyama iyi limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndalama. Mu nthawi ya Kievan Rus, imodzi mwa ndalama zomwe zimatchedwa kuti kuna. Lero ndi gawo lomwe limatchedwa kuti ndalama ku Croatia, ndipo mtengo wa paini umawonetsedwa pamakobiri a dziko la Balkan.

Kwa nthawi yayitali kusaka kwachangu kwachitika pa nsomba zamtchire. M'mbuyomu, alenje ankathamangitsa chilombo chija kuthawa nduwira mitengo. Masiku ano, misampha imagwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukirapo kuti igwire, ndipo chilolezo chofunikira kusaka.

Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, chiwerengero cha anthu ofera mdziko lapansi chakhala chikuchepa. Izi zimachitika pazifukwa ziwiri: chifukwa chakusaka, komanso chifukwa chakuchepa kwa nkhalango zathanzi. Komabe, asayansi akukhulupirira kuti palibe choopseza kuti mitunduyi itha. Masiku ano, pali anthu oposa mazana awiri padziko lonse lapansi.

M'mayikidwe ochita kupanga, maonekedwe a chikasu samakhala bwino. Magulu ake akuluakulu amakhala kumalo osungira nyama m'mizinda ya Hankensbüttel (Germany) ndi Innsbruck (Austria).

Okonda nyama ena ankasunga mart kunyumba. Amisidi okhala mu ukapolo amachita mosiyana ndi ena. Ena amadziphatika kumunthuyo ndikuwonetsa chikondi, anthu ena alibe chidwi, ena amawonetsa mkwiyo. Pali nyama zamanyazi kwambiri, zimagwidwa ndi mantha, zimagwidwa ndimakomokomo, kenako zimatsika popanda kuyenda. Pakapita kanthawi, kuukira kotereku kumatha, koma kungayambitse kuti nyamayo iphedwe.

Mapaini a pine ndiofunika kwambiri kwa anthu monga chinthu chogulitsa ubweya, makamaka ku Europe ku Russia ndi ku Urals. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama yolusa imeneyi imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'moyo wamtchire: imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa makoswe ndi tizilombo.

Komabe, pine marten imabweretsa chiopsezo kwa anthu ndi nyama zina, chifukwa imatha kukhala yonyamula matenda a chiwewe, miliri ndi majeremusi amkati. Amathanso kulimbana ndi nkhuku nkhuku, koma ndizosowa kwambiri.

M'mamartens, ngati nyama zambiri zamtchire, mitundu yambiri ya nyongolotsi zamitundu ina imafalikira:

• trematode (Euparyphium melis),
• nematode (Capillaria mucronata, Capillaria mustelorum, Capillaria putorii, Trichinella spiralis, Thominx aerophilus, Molineus patens, Crenosoma vulpis, Ascaris columnaris),
• cestode (Tenia mustelae, Sparganum spirometra erinacei, Mesocestoides lineatus),
• woduka mutu (Centrorhynchus sp).

Zowopsa kwambiri ndizo Filaroides martis (parasitizing m'mapapu) ndi Skrjabingylus petrowi - majeremusi ofiira owala, mpaka 4cm (kutulutsa mafupa a kutsogolo, kupangitsa kuti mafupa apambuyo, mafinya awa atha kubweretsa kufa kwa nyama).

Kufotokozera kwa a Marten

Ichi ndi nyama yayikulu bwino. Malo okhala marten ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zosakanikirana, momwe muli mitengo yambiri yakale yopanda tanthauzo ndi tchire zosaloweka. Ndi m'malo ngati amenewa pomwe ofowoka amatha kupeza chakudya ndi kupeza pogona, pomwe amakonzekera mabowo kutalika.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mbidzi zimatha kukwera mitengo mwachangu komanso kudumpha kuchokera ku nthambi ina kupita ina, pogwiritsa ntchito mchira wake wapamwamba ngati parachute. Amasambira ndikuyenda bwino kwambiri (kupyola m'nkhalango yotentha kwambiri, chifukwa m'mphepete mwake mumalepheretsa nyama kuti isagwere kwambiri).

Chifukwa cha kuthamanga, mphamvu komanso kuperewera, nyamayi ndiwosaka bwino kwambiri. Nyama zing'onozing'ono, mbalame ndi amphibians nthawi zambiri zimakhala nyama yake, ndipo pofunafuna agologolo, wopandayo amatha kulumpha kwambiri pamtengo wa mitengo. Marten nthawi zambiri amawononga zisa za mbalame. Osati mbalame zamtchire zokha zomwe zimavutika ndi kuwukira kwawo, komanso, pomanga zisa zawo, zazitali pam mitengo. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti pine marten imapindulitsa munthu pokhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa makoswe m'malo mwake.

Mawonekedwe

Marten amakhala ndi chovala chovala bwino komanso chokomera, chomwe nthawi yake ndi chisanu nthawi yachisanu kuposa chilimwe. Mtundu wake umatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulawuni (chocolate, chestnut, brown). Kumbuyo kwa nyamayo ndi utoto wonyezimira, ndipo mbali zake ndiyopepuka. Pamafuwa, malo owala achikasu owoneka bwino amawonekera, omwe amawonekera kwambiri nthawi yachilimwe kuposa nthawi yozizira.

Matako a marten ndi ofupikirapo, ndi zala zisanu zomwe pali zibwano zakuthwa. Chizindikiro chake chimakhala cholocha, chokhala ndi makutu amfupi atatu, chimakhala m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete ndi ubweya wachikasu. Thupi la marten ndi squat ndipo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe, ndipo kukula kwa munthu wamkulu kuli pafupifupi theka la mita. Unyinji wa amuna ndi wamkulu kuposa zazikazi ndipo nthawi zambiri umaposa 2 kilos.

Marten waku America

Izi ndi mitundu ya nyama yosowa komanso yophunzitsidwa bwino. Kunja, marten waku America ali ngati mtengo wophedwa. Mtundu wake umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi chikaso chokoleti. Chifuwa chimakhala chachikaso chowoneka bwino, ndipo miyendo imatha kukhala yakuda. Zizolowezi za woimira banja la martenzi sizinaphunziridwe kwathunthu, chifukwa marten waku America amakonda kusaka kokha usiku ndi njira zonse zomwe zimakopa anthu.

Ilka

Maonedwe akulu kwambiri ophedwa. Kutalika kwa thupi lake limodzi ndi mchira mwa anthu ena kumafikira mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera - 4 kilogalamu. Chovacho chimakhala chakuda, chofiirira. M'nyengo yotentha, ubweya wake umakhala wolimba, koma nthawi yozizira imakhala yofewa komanso motalikirapo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tasiliva. Ilka amasaka agologolo, mavu, mbewa, mapira ndi mbalame. Ndimakonda kudya zipatso ndi zipatso. Awa a banja la a Kunih amatha kuthamangitsa mosavuta osati mobisa, komanso okwera mumitengo.

Mwala wophedwa

Gawo lalikulu la magawidwe ake ndi gawo la ku Europe. Miyala yamiyala imakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala, zomwe sizingatheke kwa oimira banja. Ubweya wa nyama zamtunduwu ndi wolimba, womwe ndi wotuwa. Khosi lake lili ndi malo owala. Maonekedwe a mwala woyesedwa ndi mphuno ndi mapazi owala, osatha. Zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono, achule, abuluzi, mbalame ndi tizilombo. M'chilimwe, amatha kudya zakudya zamasamba. Amatha kulimbana ndi nkhuku ndi akalulu. Ndiwo mtundu uwu womwe nthawi zambiri kuposa womwe umakhala chinthu chosaka ndi kutulutsa ubweya wofunika.

Harza

Woimira uyu wa banja la Kunih ndiwachilendo kwambiri ndipo ambiri amawatcha nyama iyi ngati mtundu wodziimira pawokha. Kharza ndi nyama yayikulu. Kutalika kwa thupi (ndi mchira) nthawi zina kumapitirira mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera kwa zofananira zaumwini kumatha kukhala kilogalamu 6. Chovalacho chili ndi sheen wokongola. Imagwira makamaka pa agologolo, ma sabhu, ma chipmunks, agalu a fodya, mavu, mbalame ndi makoswe. Zimatha kusiyanitsa kadyedwe chifukwa cha tizilombo kapena achule. Pakhala nthawi zina zobwera kwa charza pa ana a mphalapakati, agwape, ndi nkhumba zazikazi. Amadyanso mtedza, zipatso ndi uchi wamtchire.

Nilgir Harza

Woyimira wamkulu wabanja. Kutalika kwake kumafikira mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera - mpaka 2,5 kilogalamu. Zizolowezi ndi moyo wa Nilgir Kharza ndiosaphunzira bwino. Amakhulupirira kuti nyamayi imakonda moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndipo imakhala makamaka pamitengo. Asayansi amavomereza kuti pakusaka, nyamayo imatsikira pansi, monga mitundu ina ya marten. Owona ena akuti adachitapo umboni kusaka nyama iyi kwa mbalame ndi agologolo.

Kodi wofera amakhala ndi ndalama zingati?

M'mikhalidwe yabwino, moyo wa marten umatha kufikira zaka 15, koma kuthengo samakhala kocheperako. Nyama iyi ili ndi mpikisano wambiri pamtundu wa kapangidwe ka chakudya - anthu onse apakati komanso abwinobwino okhala m'nkhalangoyi. Komabe, palibe adani omwe akuwopseza kwambiri anthu omwe anaphedwa chifukwa cha chilengedwechi.

M'malo ena, kuchuluka kwa zinyama kumadalira kusefukira kwamadzi masika (pomwe gawo lalikulu la makoswe, omwe ali amodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakudya kwa martens) amafa ndikudula mitengo mwachisawawa (kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango zakale kumapeto kwake kungachititse kuti nyamazo zithe.

Habitat, malo okhala

Moyo wa marten umalumikizana kwambiri ndi nkhalango. Nthawi zambiri imatha kupezeka mu spruce, pine kapena nkhalango zina za coniferous. Madera akumpoto komwe amakhala, izi ndi zokometsera kapena fir, ndipo kum'mwera, spruce kapena nkhalango zosakanizika.

Poti azikhalamo nthawi zonse, amasankha nkhalango zambiri zokhala ndi kamphepo kakang'ono, mitengo yayitali yayitali, m'mphepete mwake, komanso malo omasuka ndi ana ang'onoang'ono.

Nyakwawa imatha kukondana ndi zigwa komanso nkhalango zamapiri momwe imakhala m'malo a mitsinje yayikulu ndi mitsinje. Mitundu ina ya nyamayi imakonda malo amwala ndi oyika miyala. Ambiri mwa oimira mamembawa amayesa kupewa malo okhala. Chosiyana ndi miyala yamwala, yomwe imatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi malo okhala.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi mamembala ena am'banja, mwachitsanzo, ma sables (omwe amangokhala ku Siberia), marten amagawidwa pafupifupi m'chigawo chonse cha Europe, mpaka kumapiri a Ural ndi mtsinje wa Ob.

Zakudya za Marten

Nyama ndi nyama zodabwitsa, koma zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimasaka ndi nyama zazing'ono (agologolo, mbewa zam'munda). Amasaka makoswe mwachangu, omwe amphaka ambiri amayesa kupewa chifukwa cha kukula kwawo. Zitha kuwononga zisa za mbalame, komanso kudya nyama zodyedwa ndi nyama zamphongo. Nthawi zina amaloledwa kudya zovalazo. M'nyengo yotentha, martens amadzisangalatsa ndi zipatso, mtedza, zipatso, makamaka phulusa lamapiri.

Kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso nthawi yonse yakugwa, martens amapanga masheya omwe amawathandiza kupulumuka nyengo yachisanu. Zakudya za marten zimadalira kutalika kwa nyengo yozizira, malo okhala, omwe amafanana ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyama, mbalame ndi mbewu. Ngakhale nyamayo imayenda bwino pamtengo wa mitengo, imadyanso pansi. Kumpoto wakumpoto komanso pakati pa Russia, chakudya chachikulu ndi mapuloteni, grouse wakuda, hazel grouse, partridge, mazira awo ndi anapiye.

Mwalawu sutha kulumidwa ndi njuchi ndi maudzu, motero ma martens nthawi zina amathira njuchi kapena kudya uchi kuchokera ku njuchi zakuthengo. Nthawi zina amakwera mumalovu a nkhuku kapena nyumba zina. Imaponya mbalame yamantha, kuwadzutsa zilombo zenizeni mwa iwo, kuwapangitsa kupha nyama yomwe ingagwire, ngakhale yomwe sangathe kudya.

Kubala ndi kubereka

Chiwerengero cha martens sichimasintha chaka ndi chaka, chifukwa cha nyama yachilengedwe. Kuperewera kwa chakudya chimodzi, chilombochi chitha kusintha china. Kuchulukitsa kapena kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumachitika chifukwa chakuwonjezera kapena kusowa kwa chakudya kwa zaka zingapo motsatana, komabe, kusintha kotereku ndikosowa. Olimba kuposa chiwerengero cha martens m'dera linalake zimakhudza kusodza kwa nyama yonyamula ubweya.

Amuna amakula pambuyo pa zaka zitatu za moyo. Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Yaikazi imanyamula zazing'ono kwa miyezi 7-9. Kutalika kotereku kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa nthawi yochepetsetsa kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo, yemwe amayambiranso kokha mchaka.

Posachedwa, ana amuna awiri mpaka asanu ndi atatu amawonekera mwa mkazi. Amabadwa amaliseche ndi khungu (masomphenya amangowonekera mwezi umodzi) osalemera kuposa magalamu 30. Pakapita kanthawi, mano awo amaphulika ndipo mayiyo amayamba kuwapatsa chakudya chanyama. Achinyamata a martens amayamba kudumpha ndikukwera mitengo mu miyezi 3-4, ndi theka la chaka kuti azisaka pawokha. Kuyambira ali ndi miyezi iwiri, zazikazi zimayamba kutsalira kuyambira zazimuna ndipo zimasinthasintha moyo wawo wonse.

Pofika nthawi yozizira, amafikira kukula kwa nyama zazikulu, ndipo ana amasweka. Poyamba, nyama zazing'ono zimasaka pamalo amama, kenako zimayamba kudziwa malo osagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amakhala oyipa kwambiri komanso okhala ndi malo ochepa osungirako kuposa otukuka. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa usodzi, ndi omwe amapanga zochuluka za kusaka kosaka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Amakhala kumadera ambiri a Eurasia. Kukhazikika kwake kumayambira pa Pyrenees mpaka ku Himalayas. Kuchuluka m'gawo lonselo ndikokwera kwambiri ndipo opandirayo amaloledwa kusaka. M'mayiko ena a North America, martens adakhazikitsidwa mwapadera komanso amaweta kuti azisaka ubweya.

Izi ndizosangalatsa! Marten ndi woimira banja lalikulu la marten. Ndiwe nyama yanyama yodalira ubweya, ndipo ilinso ndi mgoza wokongola wakuda kapena ubweya wonyezimira.

Moyo, kubereka

Martens amagwira ntchito mumdima. Nyamayi ikhoza kuyenda mtunda wamakilomita angapo kukafunafuna chakudya. Masana, nyama yotopa imathiridwa kumalo osungirako, komwe imatha kutumizidwa ndi dzenje, ma voids m'matanthwe, zisa za agologolo kapena mbalame, etc.

Martens amakhala okha. Tikakumana ndi abale, amawonetsa chidani, ndipo nthawi yakubzala yokha pamabwera chisokonezo kwakanthawi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Amakhala mitala, i.e. Chaka chilichonse amayamba banja ndi anzawo osiyanasiyana.

Nthawi yakukhwima nthawi zambiri imakhala kumapeto kwa chilimwe (kokha pecans - koyambirira kwa kasupe). Mitundu yambiri kumpoto, mimba imatenga miyezi 8-9, kuphatikizapo kuchereza kwa miyezi 6 mpaka 6.

Mu kasupe, wamkazi amabereka ana 1 mpaka 5. Ana amabadwa akhungu, ogontha, yokutidwa ndi ubweya wosowa. Amadyetsa mkaka wa amayi pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, ndikuyamba kusaka okha pakatha miyezi 3-4.

Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yazamoyo zambiri ndi zaka 10-15.

Popeza mitundu ina ya martens, makamaka yosalala ndi ma pecans, imakhala ndi ubweya wofunikira, makina osakira nawo okhala ndi mfuti ndi misampha mu anthu awo nthawi zina anali amphamvu kwambiri. Kupsinjika kumeneku, kuphatikiza kuwonongeka kwa malo awo - nkhalango zowerengeka komanso zosakanikirana - kwapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu ena. Komabe, ndi Nilgir charza yekha amene amakhala ku South India amene amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wosavomerezeka.

Tyra

Tyra ali pafupi ndi martens, koma ndi wa mtundu wina (Eira). Imakhala yosiyanasiyana masikono akulu, thupi lopanda malire, miyendo yayitali. Amakhala m'nkhalango zaku America kuyambira ku Mexico kupita ku Argentina komanso pachilumba cha Trinidad.

Tyra amadya mbalame, nyama zing'onozing'ono ndi zipatso, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawononga kwambiri minda yama nthochi.

Zoyenera

Imakhala m'mbali yonse ya Russia kuchokera ku Urals kupita kugombe la Pacific. Nyumba yakomweko ya Sable ndi taiga yamdima yovuta.

Kutalika kwa thupi la chilombo ichi ndi 35-55 cm, kulemera kwake ndi 0.5-2 kg. Mtundu wa ubweya umasiyana ndi kuwala mpaka mtundu wa bulauni, khungu limakhala lachikasu.

Chowoneka ngati chi Japan

Malo okhala mabowo achi Japan amapitilira zilumba za Japan za Tsushima, Kyushu, Shikoku ndi Honshu.

Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama yolusa iyi ndi 30-45 masentimita, kulemera kwake sikapitilira 1.5 makilogalamu. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu, womwe umatha kukhala wachikasu mpaka woderapo wokhala ndi chikwangwani cha kuwala kumbuyo kwa mutu. Tsitsi la mmero ndi loyera kapena kirimu.

Zoyenera ku America

Kumakhala zigawo zakumpoto kwa North America.

Mtunduwu ndi wofanana kukula ku Japan sable. Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku golide kupita ku bulauni. Kirimu wa lalanje wammero.

Kutalika kwa moyo

Ali mu ukapolo, martin amakhala mizu osakakamira komanso munjira zosiyanasiyana - atha kukhala achiwerewere, kapena ankhanza. Ndi zotsatira zabwino, amatha kupulumuka mpaka zaka 15 kapena kupitirira. Munthawi yachilengedwe, nyama yolusa imatha kukhala zaka 11-13, koma zenizeni sizikhala choncho. Nyamayi imakhala pachiwopsezo cha majeremusi komanso matenda omwe amachititsa kufa.

Komanso kuthengo, mitundu ina ya anthu okhala m'nkhalango imawona m'matimu ndi mpikisano, komanso chakudya chamasana. Adani ake omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe, komanso mbalame zoyipa - kadzidzi, chiwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi kambuku.

Koma choyambitsa chachikulu pochotsa nyama ndi munthu. Marten ubweya zimakhala zodula nthawi zonse. Ngakhale mitundu yotchuka, monga miyala ya marten kapena yellowfish, sizinakhalepo zotsika mtengo.

Marten Hunt

Khola ndi nyama yamtengo wapatali yamalonda. Nthawi yosaka imayamba mu Novembala ndipo imatha mpaka Marichi, pomwe ubweya wa nyama ndi wandiweyani. Mu nthawi yamalimwe, khungu limaphwa ndikusenda, kenako nyama zowononga zimangokhala ngati tizilombo (nthawi zambiri mwala wamiyala, womwe umakwiyitsa alimi). Nthawi zambiri martens amagwidwa ndi misampha komanso ndege.

Nilgir Harza ndi Japan Sable ndiotetezedwa ndi malamulo. Marten Hunt aliyense mwa oimira ake apadera a mtundu wa Kunih ndi oletsedwa. Ziwonongeke zina zimaloledwa kusaka ngati pali chiphaso cha nthawi imodzi, mtengo wake umatengera mtundu wa nyama. Akagwira martin wopanda chikalata ichi, kusaka kumawerengedwa ngati mlandu ndipo kumayimbidwa milandu.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Funso la chiyambi cha martens ndilovuta komanso sodabwitsa. Kuti ndichite izi, ndinayenera kufufuza milandu yonse, kuti ndidziwe zamitundu yonse yomwe ilipo:

1. Zoyenera.
2. Forest marten.
3. Mwala wophedwa.
4. Ussuri marten (harza).
5. Impso (chisakanizo chophatikizika ndi pine marten).

Mitundu iyi ndi yamtundu wotchedwa genus marten ndipo ndi abale apamtima a ma genus mink, ma weelels, makoko, wolverines, zonyansa, mavalidwe, zikwangwani, ngakhale ma sea sea and river. Nyama zoterezi zimasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo kumakontinenti onse momwe anthu amakhala momasuka. Mutha kukumana nawo ku Taiga, Europe, Africa, South ndi North America, komanso kulikonse.

Anachokera kwa makolo wamba omwe mwina amakhala zaka 35 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu yomwe ili pamwambapa ndi ya banja la marten ndipo ilumikizana ndi banja la agalu, achichepere, zimbalangondo ndi amphaka. Ndikosavuta kulingalira, koma analidi ofanana, chifukwa amayimira gulu la adani.

Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi kholo lakale la myacid, yemwe amakhala padziko lapansi zaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni zapitazo! Amamuganizira kuti ndi kholo la zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zonse zomwe zimadziwika. Anali wocheperako, wosinthika, wokhala ndi mchira wautali komanso ubongo waukulu, zomwe zimawonetsa luntha labwino kwambiri nthawi imeneyo. Pambuyo pa zaka 15 miliyoni, oimira ena adayamba kukhala ndi martens, kuyambira pamenepo nkhani yawo idayamba.

Kodi ofera amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Marten

Pini marten amapezeka ku Europe, kumpoto kwa Asia ndi Caucasus. Gawoli limakhala pamitengo yayitali ya Urals ndi Western Siberia. Nthawi zina imatha kupezeka m'mapaki a mumzinda wa Moscow: Tsaritsyno ndi Vorobyovy Gory. Pang'onopang'ono, osasinthika mwamphamvu adawakankha kuti atuluke mu Mtsinje wa Ob, m'mbuyomu adapezeka kuti alipo.

Sable kudera lalikulu: Siberia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, Korea, kumpoto Japan, Mongolia, pang'ono Far East. Mosiyana ndi pine marten, amakonda kuthamanga pansi m'malo mokwera mitengo, amakonda kukhala m'malo otentha m'malo mokhalamo mitengo yowola. Nyama zangokhala izi sizimasinthiratu malo awo, pokhapokha zikavuta: moto, kusowa kwa chakudya kapena kudya kwa adani.

Kidas, monga wolandira cholowa pine komanso wolumala, amakhala pamphepete mwa anthu ovutawa. Malinga ndi mboni zowona ndi maso, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Pechora, mu Trans-Urals, Urals komanso kumpoto kwa Urals. Monga momwe zimakhalira, amakonda dziko lapansi.

Pine marten, mosiyana ndi abale ake, amakonda nyengo yotentha ndipo amakhala kumwera. Malo omwe amakhala amakhala pafupifupi Europe yonse ndi ku Asia kuchokera ku Pyrenees kupita ku Mongolia steppe ndi madera a Himalayan. Amakonda malo opondera ndi zitsamba zambiri. Anthu ena akumva bwino pamtunda wa ma 4000 metres, pomwe adadziyitanira mayina.

Harza amakonda nyengo yotentha ndipo amakhala kum'mwera kwambiri kuposa pine marten. Pali zambiri pachilumba cha Hindustan, mapiri aku China komanso zilumba. Imapezeka ku Malaysia, komanso Amur Region, Primorsky ndi Khabarovsk Territories. Anthu ena okhala kudera la Amur nthawi zina amakumana ndi charza, koma kangapo.

Kodi ophedwa amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Marten

Ma martens amtchire ndi omnivores. Amasaka, makamaka usiku, agologolo, mavu, ma voles, mbalame ndi mazira. Nthawi zina amadya nkhono, achule, tizilombo ndi zovunda. M'mapaki amumizinda amalimbana nawo makoswe ndi muskrats. Mukugwa, sangalalani ndi zipatso, mtedza ndi zipatso. Gwira nsomba ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Nthawi zina hedgehogs amaukira. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso koyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira, imapezera chakudya nyengo yachisanu.

Chosunthika, monga Kidas yake yosakanizidwa, imasunganso nkhalangoyi. Koma, mosiyana ndi pine marten, imayang'ana kwambiri kusaka pansi, ndichifukwa chake ma chipmunks ndi timadontho tambiri timadyera. Amuna akuluakulu amatha kupha hare. Mwa mbalame, kusaka kumapezeka pa mpheta, magawo ndi magombe - mwayi wopulumuka akakumana ndi zero.

Kusaka kwa agologolo kumasintha kukhala kukondweretsa kwenikweniko - nkhokwe imathamangitsidwa ndi wogwidwa mumitengo, nthawi zina kudumpha kuchokera mita 7 kutalika.

Miyala yamiyala imakhalanso osaka obadwa, okhala ndi maso abwino kwambiri, akumva ndi kununkhira. Chifukwa cha zomwe amatha kutsatira chilombo chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka kuti ndi chabwino. Amasiyana ndi oyimira m'mbuyomu a banja la a Kunih molimba mtima komanso mwankhanza: amalowa nkhunda ndi nkhuku, komwe amawononga nyama zonse.

Harza ndiye mlenje wamphamvu kwambiri wabanja. Amathamanga kwambiri ndikudumphira pamtunda wa 4 mita. Imasilira makoswe, mbalame ndipo sichimanyoza ngakhale ziwala. Nthawi zambiri motsatira. Mtedza ndi zipatso zimadyedwa pang'ono kuti mukhale ndi mavitamini okwanira m'thupi. Ndimakonda kudya phwando pa musk deer.

Adani achilengedwe a ofera

Chithunzi: Marten kudumpha

Zilibe kanthu kuti marten amasinthasinthika motani, kuthengo mdani aliyense amakhala ndi mdani wake. Adani owopsa ndi chiwombankhanga ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide - sangathe kupulumutsidwa motsutsana ndi chilengedwe, kutanthauza, pamitengo. Usiku, pakasaka, pamakhala chiwopsezo chachikulu chogwidwa ndi kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga. Ndipo pansi, nkhandwe, mimbulu ndi anyani zikudikirira. Nthawi zambiri amaukira martens osati chifukwa cha chakudya, koma pochotsa wopikisana nawo.

Wosuntha amatha kugwira chimbalangondo, nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe. Koma zimachita bwino kwambiri. Ngozi yeniyeni imachokera kwa woimira ofera - harza. Komanso, ngati zingatheke, imatha kulimbana ndi chiwombankhanga kapena chiwombankhanga choyera. Omwe akupikisana nawo ndi ma ermines, capercaillie, hazel grouse, grouse wakuda, partridge ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimadya zipatso zomwe zimadya pa sable.

Miyala yamiyala sikhala ndi adani oopsa. Nthawi zina mimbulu, nkhandwe, nyalugwe kapena mimbulu imawadyera, koma kuthamangitsa nyama yokhala ndi liwiro kwambiri kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Mavuto ambiri amatha kubwera ndi mbalame: chiwombankhanga chagolide, chiwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga ndi kadzidzi nthawi zambiri.

Kharza ndi makina eni-eni opha anthu omwe angalimbane ndi zilombo, pomwe oimira ena apakati amathawa kuthawa. Ndipo omwe amatha kuugwira samachita izi chifukwa cha fungo la nyama, lomwe ndi loipa kwambiri. Koma zimbalangondo zoyera ndi akambuku nthawi zina zimapha nyama izi.