Zosenda zoveka
Gulu la asayansi

Zosenda zoveka (lat. Cervus nippon) - wachilengedwe kuchokera kwa banja la agwape (Cervidae).

Kutalika kwa thupi 160-180 cm, kutalika kufota 95-112 cm, kulemera kwa 75-130 kg. M'chilimwe, mtundu wake umakhala wofiira ndi mawanga oyera, nthawi yozizira imatha.

Zinkakhala zofala kwambiri kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, pachilumba cha Taiwan, ku North Vietnam, Korea, Japan. Sika deer amakhala kumwera kwa Primorye, komwe adabweretsa kumalire apakati pa Europe ndi Russia ndi Caucasus koyambirira kwa 30s. Chifukwa cha chizunzo chosalekeza, chidatsala pang'ono kufa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900.

Amadyanso herbaceous zomera, ma acorn atagwa, mtedza ndi zipatso, masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba, bowa ndi zipatso, komanso amadya makungwa ndi nthambi zazing'ono nthawi yozizira.

Kuthamanga kumachitika mu Okutobala. Akazi amabweretsa woyamba kubzala zaka 2-3. Nthawi zambiri kamwana kamodzi kamabadwa, nthawi zina awiri.

Ku Primorye, Altai, Caucasus, kumpoto kwa Nalchik ndi m'chigawo cha Kazbekovsky ku Dagestan, amamuberekera pamafamu chifukwa cha antlers. Nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwa nyanga sikupitirira 80 masentimita ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 1260 g. Nyama yam'madziyo imaponya nyanga zake mu Epulo, mu June nyanga zazing'onoting'ono zimakhala ndi njira ziwiri kapena zitatu, komabe, mwa akulu, mosaganizira zaka, kuchuluka kwa njirazi sikudutsa anayi. Otsutsa ndizofunika kwambiri mu June.

Chiwerengero cha abulu amtchire ndi nyama zosakwana 3,000.

Gallery

Sika deer akuyenda m'misewu ya Miyajima, Japan

Sika Deer ku Cougar Mountain Zoo, Washington, DC, USA

Sika mbawala

Sika dewala m'madambo apansi

Sika deer mu malo osungira a Prioksko-Terrasny

Ussuri wa agwape. Ndalama za Bank of Russia - Mndandanda: Buku Lofiyira, siliva, ma ruble 2, 2010

Zojambula za Sika Deer ndi Habitat

Khwangwala wofiira Nthawi zambiri zimadziwika kuti nyama za taiga, chifukwa zimakonda kubisala m'nkhalango zowirira za nkhalango zowoneka bwino. Komabe, mtundu uliwonse uli ndi zofunikira zake zokhala.

Maral, omwe amapezeka kumapiri a Sayan, amasankha kumtunda kwa nkhalango, zomwe zimadutsa bwino m'chigawo cha mapiri a kumapiri a Alpine. Mbawala za Manchurian zimakonda mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya oak, ndipo agalu a Bukhara - zikhalidwe zazikulu ndi zitsamba zonenepa zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje.

Nyama zamapiri m'chilimwe zimasankha malo otsetsereka, nthawi yozizira - ena akumwera. Ku Far East, agwape amapezeka pafupi ndi gombe la nyanja, kumene amadya ndi algae ndi mchere.

M'nyengo yotentha, nyama izi zimakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira wofiyira, koma pofika nthawi yachisanu chovalacho chimatha pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, ndikupeza mtundu wa imvi. Mphepo yayitali yakumaso ikuwoneka m'khosi mwawo, komanso malo oyera oyera oyera mchimzere, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azikhala limodzi m'nkhalango yowirira. Usiku, zomwe zimatanthauzana ndizoyang'ana maso, zomwe zimawala mumdima ndikuyatsa magetsi.

Masanjidwe a awa osabera amasiyana modabwitsa. Zovala zazikulu za wapiti ndi agwape zimatha kutalika ndi 2,5 metres ndipo zimalemera ma kilogalamu 300, ndipo bukhara yaying'ono kwambiri imakhala yolemera katatu komanso kutalika kokwanira thupi - kuyambira 75 mpaka 90 sentimita.

Maonekedwe a nyanga nazonso ndi osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, agulu aku Europe amakhala ndi njira zambiri, ndipo agwape amakhala ndi nyanga yayikulu yosakhala korona. Kukula kwa gawo lomwe agwiritse ntchito agwape amatengera kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Ndi chiwonjezeko cha chakudya, kuchuluka kwa malo okhala kumatsika.

Malire a ng'ombe zawo, omwe amafikira ma kilomita angapo, amakhala ndi otetezedwa ndi achikulire mosamala, kuthamangitsa alendo osawadziwa.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Mbawala zamtchire - chinsinsi, chamanyazi, chokhala chete komanso chochenjera kwambiri. Ndizosatheka kukumana naye m'nkhalango zamtchire, chifukwa amatha kununkhiza momwe munthu kapena nyama zolusa zimayendera patali kwambiri. Kumva bwino komanso kumva kununkhira kumamuthandiza pa izi.

Adani akuchulukira ali ambiri. Pafupi ndi bowo lomwe amathirira amathanso kuyendayenda ndikumazunguliridwa ndi mimbulu yolusa. Zimasakidwa ndi anyalugwe othamanga, agalu, ndipo nthawi zina zimbalangondo.

Ussuri chikasu (harza) ndi lynxes zimatsutsa nyama zazing'ono. Deer zimawavuta kwambiri nthawi yozizira, kukakhala chisanu chambiri komanso masika chifukwa chofowoka kwathupi.

Komabe, nyamazo sizitchedwa kuti nyama zosavuta. Amathamanga kwambiri panthawi yomwe akutsata ndipo amatha kulowa pansi ngakhale mseu wothawa ndi nthaka utatsekedwa ndi adani.

Zikatero kulumpha kwanyama m'madzi ndikuchotsedwa mwachangu pagombe. Ali ndi mphamvu yotalikira ma kilomita angapo. Pakati pa kuthamanga, kutumphuka kosasankha kumafikira mamita 2.5, ndipo kutalika kuli pafupifupi 8.

Sika deer amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale nthawi zina pazifukwa zotetezeka amatha kuphatikizidwa kukhala magulu akuluakulu. Zimadyera mumdima kwambiri kuti muchepetse ngozi za adani.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Zosenda zoveka - herbivore chinyama. Amadya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera, mtedza, nyemba, ma acorn, lichens, zipatso, mbewu, ma chestnuts. Zinyalala nthawi yozizira zimakhala zosasamala kwambiri zikafunika masamba, masamba, singano, makungwa a mitengo pansi pa chisanu.

Kuti adyetse thupi lawo ndi zinthu zofunikira, amadzanyambita mchere ndi kudziluma panthaka yokhala ndi mchere. M'nyengo yozizira, agwape amafunikira chakudya chochuluka, chifukwa asaka m'matchi nthawi zonse amawagawira chakudya.

Kuswana ndi kukhala ndi moyo wautali wa abambo

Khwangwala wobedwako amayamba kugwa. Kubangula kwamphamvu kwamphongo zazimuna zomwe zimasonkhanitsa pakati pa akazi awiri mpaka 20 kuzimveka kwa mwezi umodzi. Nthawi zina pakati pa omangirana pamakhala mikangano yolimbana ndi mpikisano. Kenako zimawomba ndi nyanga mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti mawuwo akumveka pang'onopang'ono mamita mazana angapo.

Wamkazi amapatsa mwana woyamba wazaka 2-3, kubereka ana kwa miyezi 7.5. Monga lamulo, ali ndi mwana m'modzi, yemwe pambuyo pobadwa masiku khumi atagona chete mu udzu.

Amayi amadyera pafupi, kusokoneza nyama zomwe zimadya zakutchire. M'mwezi woyamba wa moyo, akadali wofooka kwambiri ndipo amafunikira kudya pafupipafupi. Kenako imasinthira kubzala zakudya, ngakhale imapitilizabe kulandira mkaka wa m'mawere mpaka chaka chathunthu.

Pafupifupi miyezi 12 yamoyo, abambo amayamba kuwoneka pamphumi zazimuna, zomwe pamapeto pake zimasanduka nyanga zamphamvu. Sanatulutsidwebe abambo okongoletsa osowa mtengo wogulitsa, zomwe zapangitsa kuti nyama zambiri ziwonongedwe.

Mimbulu, michira, magazi, mitsempha, khungu ndi nyama ya anthu osakhulupilira imafunanso, motero kufunafuna kwamphamvu kunatsogolera kuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 nsapato zazing'ono idakhala rarity ndipo idatchulidwa mu Buku Lofiyira ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi.

Vutolo lidapulumutsidwa ndikutsegulidwa kwa mafamu olimanso okhathamira omwe amapanga zinthu zopangira mankhwala. Koma kuchuluka Ussuri wa agwape zalephera kuchira kwathunthu. Malo omwe amakhala ndi ochepa kwambiri mpaka lero.

Amuna amaponya nyanga pachaka pafupi ndi kasupe. Zoyambira zoyambilira ndizosawerengeka, koma nthawi yonse yotsatila, mpaka zaka 10-12, njira zochulukirapo zimawonekera.

Pofika mphamvu yayikulu, ngwazi zimayamba kuchepa. Nthawi yomweyo, nthambi ndi kukongola kwa nyanga zawo zotchuka zimatayika. Kuthengo, nyama izi zimatha kukhala zaka zambiri ndi theka, koma "zaka zana" zimapezekanso pamafamu ndi m'malo osungirako.

Kufotokozera

Sika deer ndi amtundu wa "Real deer", am'banja la agwape. Tsamba lamtunduwu limasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake okongola a thupi, kukongola kwake kumaululidwa pakufika zaka zitatu, pomwe amuna ndi akazi atafika msinkhu womaliza komanso kulemera kofanana.

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M'nyengo yachilimwe, mtundu wa amuna ndi akazi onse umagwirizana, ndi mtundu wofiyira wokhala ndi mawanga oyera mawonekedwe a mawanga. M'nyengo yachisanu, anyani amdima amakhala amphongo ndipo amakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, pomwe akazi amakhala imvi. Amuna akuluakulu amatha kutalika mamita 1.6-1 ndi 1,8 kutalika ndi 0.95-1.12 mita kutalika kufota. Kulemera kwa nswala wachikulire ndi ma kilogalamu 75-130. Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna.

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Kunyada kwakukulu ndi chuma chaimuna ndi nyanga zamiyendo inayi, kutalika kwake kumasiyanasiyana kuchokera masentimita 65-79, okhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni.

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Mtundu wa nthumwi iliyonse imakhala payekhapayekha ndipo imatha kukhala yopepuka kapena yamdima pamitundu ingapo. Pakhomo la mbawala, mtundu wake umakhala wakuda kwambiri, ndipo miyendo ndiyopepuka komanso yodumphirapo. Thupi la nyamayo limakhala ndi mawanga am'deralo, omwe amakhala akulu pamimba, ndipo kumbuyo kumakhala kocheperako. Nthawi zina mawanga oyera amapanga mikwingwirima, tsitsi limatha kutalika masentimita 7.

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Buku Lofiyira

Ussuri wa agwape ndi mitundu yosowa ya nyama ndipo amalembedwa mu Red Book. Kukhazikika kwa mitunduyi ndi gawo lakumwera kwa China, komanso ku Primorsky Territory ku Russia. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu sichikupitilira mitu 3,000.

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Buku Lofiyira ndi chikalata chovomerezeka, lili ndi mndandanda wa nyama ndi zomera zomwe zikuwopsezedwa kuti zidzatha kapena kutha. Nyama zotere zimafunikira chitetezo. Mndandanda wofiira ulipo kudziko lililonse, nthawi zina ku dera linalake kapena chigawo.

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M'zaka za zana la 20, wogwirizira waudindo adalembedwanso ku Red Book. Kusaka nyama zamtunduwu ndikuloletsedwa, zikafuna kupha nyama zodyera, izi zikuyenera kukhala zachiwopsezo komanso zovomerezeka mwalamulo.

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Ku Russia, wogulitsa Ussuri akubwezeretsanso manambala ake mu Lazovsky Reserve, komanso ku Vasilkovsky Reserve. M'zaka za XXI, kukhazikika komanso kuwonjezeka kwa mitundu yamtunduwu zidakwaniritsidwa.

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Moyo wapa Sika

Nyama zimakhala m'madera osiyanasiyana. Achinyamata amakonda kudya msipu wa 100-200 ha, yamphongo yokhala ndi munthu woluka imasowa 400 ha, ndipo gulu la mitu yopitilira 15 imasowa mahekitala 900. Nthawi yakubala ikatha, abambo akuluakulu amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Khosali limatha kukhala ndi anyamata osakwatirana, omwe sanafike zaka 3. Ziweto zimakula nthawi yozizira, makamaka ngati chaka chake chinali chabwino.

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M'masewera olimbitsa thupi, abambo omwe ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 3-4 amatenga nawo mbali; amatha kukhala ndi akazi okwanira anayi. M'masitolo, wamwamuna wamphamvu amatha kuphimba pakati pa akazi 10 mpaka 20. Kulimbana kwa amuna akuluakulu ndikosowa kwambiri. Yaikazi imagwira ana kwa miyezi 7.5, kubereka kumayamba kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June.

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M'nyengo yotentha, agwape amalidyetsa usana ndi usiku, ndipo amagwiranso ntchito masiku osangalatsa nthawi yozizira. Mwachitsanzo, nyengo yamvula ikasokonekera, mbalame zam'mapiri zimagona m'nkhalango zowirira.

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Pokhapokha kutakhala chipale chofewa, munthu wamkulu amatha kuyenda mwachangu, osagonjetsedwa ndi zopinga za 1.7 metres. Kuyenda kwa chipale chofewa kumachepetsa kuyenda kwa nyama, kumapangitsa kuti ziziyenda mozungulira komanso kuyambitsa mavuto pakupeza chakudya.

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Sika deer imatha kupanga kusamuka kwakanthawi. Kutalika kwa moyo wamsaka kuthengo sikupitirira zaka 15. Amafupikitsa miyoyo yawo: matenda, njala, zilombo, ozunza. M'malo osungira, malo osungira nyama, nyama zamtchire zimatha kukhala ndi zaka 21.

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Komwe kumakhala

M'zaka za m'ma 1800, aguluguwa amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, North Vietnam, Japan, komanso Korea. Masiku ano, mitunduyi idakhalabe ku East Asia, New Zealand ndi Russia.

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Mu 1940, agwape adapangidwanso m'malo osungirako:

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• Ilmensky,
• Khopersky,
• Mordovian
• Buzuluk,
• Oksky
• Tebedinsky.

Sika deer amakonda malo akummwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa magombe; pa iwo nyengo yachisanu chipale chofewa chimakhala kwakanthawi kochepa. Kukula kwachichepere ndi zazikazi zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi nyanja kapena kutsika pamalo otsetsereka.

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Zomwe zimadya

Khwangwala wamtunduwu amangodya zakudya zam'mera zokha, zomwe zimakhala pafupifupi mitundu 400. Ku Primorye ndi East Asia, 70% ya zakudya ndi mitengo ndi zitsamba. Wogulitsa ntchito:

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• mitengo ya thundu, monga ma acorn, masamba, masamba, mphukira,
• Mphesa za linden ndi Amur,
• phulusa, Manchurian walnut,
• mapulo, elm ndi sedge.

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Nyamayi yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito makungwa a mitengo pachakudya kuyambira pakati pa dzinja, pomwe malo akuluakulu adakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, ndipo nthambi za alder, msondodzi ndi mbalame zamchere sizisamalidwa. Osamwa kwambiri madzi am'nyanja.

Mawonekedwe

M'chilimwe, amuna ndi akazi amasiyana mitundu. Onse awiri ali penti wofiyira kamvekedwe kokhala ndi mawanga oyera, kupatula kuti akazi amawoneka opepuka pang'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, ndizosavuta kusiyanitsa: ubweya wa amuna umakhala wamdima, wodera la maolivi, ndipo akazi amakhala imvi. Chinyama chachikulu chimakula kutalika mpaka 1.6-1.8 m ndi kutalika kwa kufota kwa 0.95-1.12 m ndikulemera 75 mpaka 130 kg. Akazi nthawi zonse amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna. Khwangwala amakhala ndi khosi lalitali, loyang'ana nkondo, lalitali ndi mutu wokhazikika. Kukongoletsa kwakukulu kwamphongo ndi nyanga zofiirira za 4, zomwe kutalika kwake kumasiyana kuchokera ku 65-79 masentimita ndikulemera makilogalamu 0.8-11.3.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mbawala zamtchire zokhala ndi nyanga mpaka 0,9-0.93 masentimita zidawonedwa ndi akatswiri a zojambula zam'madzi.

Nyama iliyonse imawonetsa masanjidwe amtunduwo m'kati mwa chovalacho komanso malo / mtundu wa mawanga. Masamba ofiira nthawi zonse amakhala akuda pachikondwerero, koma opepuka m'mphepete (pansi) ndi m'mimba. Mtundu wofiira umatsikiranso ku miyendo, ndikupeza pallor wooneka pano.

Thupi limakhala ndi malo oyera oyera pamimba: pamimba ndi yokulirapo, kumbuyo - yaying'ono. Nthawi zina (nthawi zambiri m'mphepete) izi zimayandikana, zimasandulika kukhala mizere yoyera mpaka 10 cm. Zizindikiro zoyera sizimayang'ana konse, ndipo nthawi zina (chifukwa chovala ubweya) zimazimiririka ngakhale pakati pa omwe adawonekera m'dzinja. Kutalika kwa tsitsi lenileni pamthupi kuyambira 5 mpaka 7 cm.

Amadziwika kuti nsapato za m'misili (mu ukapolo ndi chilengedwe) sizimangokwatirana ndi agwape ofiira, komanso zimapereka ana abwino. Mtanda umadziwika ndi makulidwe apakati a makolo, koma kunja kuli ngati ngulu.

Sika Deer Moyo

Nyama zimatsatira madera amodzi. Ozizira amadya kumadera a 100-200 ha, wamphongo wokhala ndi gulu la akazi 4-5 (akamayendetsa) amakhala ndi ma 400 ha, ndipo gulu la 14-16 nyama limatenga malo pafupifupi 900 ha. Pomaliza nyengo ya kubereka, amuna akuluakulu amalowa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Mu gulu la akazi, nyama zazing'ono zokhala amuna okhaokha osapitirira zaka ziwiri zimakhala. Zoweta ng'ombe zimakula nthawi yozizira, makamaka zaka zokolola.

M'nyengo yotentha, agwape amayang'ana chakudya m'mawa ndi madzulo, m'masiku ozizira bwino, nawonso amakhala otakataka, koma samachoka m'malo awo chisanu ndi chipale chofewa, amabisala m'makona otchire. Amawonetsa kuthamanga kwakuthupi nthawi yotentha komanso nthawi yozizira posagwa chipale chofewa, kulumpha mosavuta pazovuta zazikulu (mpaka 1.7 m). Chophimba chapamwamba kwambiri chipale chofewa (kuyambira 0,6 m ndi pamwambapa) chimakhala tsoka lenileni kwa agwape. Nyamayi imagwa m'ng'aluwa wa chipale chofewa ndipo imatha kuyenda yokha ndikulumpha, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu yake mwachangu. Kuyendetsa chipale chofewa kumapangitsa kuti kusakhale kovuta kusuntha kokha, komanso kufunafuna chakudya.

Ndizosangalatsa! Deer ndimasambira abwino, ophimba 10-12 km. Madzi amakhala opulumutsidwa kuchokera ku ntchentche ndi nkhupakupa, kotero pa nthawi yobala majeremusi, nyama zimayambira kumtunda, kuyimirira m'madzi kapena m'malo omwe mphepo idawomba.

Sika deer, malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri owonera za nyama amawonetsa, amasunthika ndi kusamuka kwakanthawi.

Utali wamoyo

Kuthengo, mbawala sizimakhala zaka zopitilira 11 mpaka 14, zikufa ndi matenda, nkhwawa zazikuluzikulu, njala, ngozi ndi ozunza. M'mafamu a antler ndi malo osungira nyama, nthawi yayitali kwambiri ya abuluwa imafika zaka 18-18, ndipo zazikazi zakale (zitatha zaka 15) zimaberekanso mwana wa ng'ombe.

Habitat, malo okhala

Osati kale kwambiri, agulugufe ankakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, ku North Vietnam, Japan, Korea, ndi ku Taiwan. Ku China, kukongola uku kunali kotheka kuzikika, koma kumakhalabe ku East Asia (kuyambira Ussuri Territory mpaka North Vietnam ndi zilumba zingapo zoyandikana nayo). Sika deer imayambitsidwanso ku New Zealand.

Tili ndi ma artiodactyls omwe amapezeka kumwera kwa Far East: mtunduwu umafikira ku Russia kupita ku Peninsula ya Korea komanso kumadzulo mpaka ku Manchuria. Mu 40s ya zaka zapitazi, agwape adakhazikika ndikuwonjezeredwa m'malo ambiri achi Soviet:

• Ilmensky (pafupi ndi Chelyabinsk),
• Khopersky (pafupi ndi Borisoglebsk),
• Mordovian (pafupi ndi Arzamas),
• Buzuluk (pafupi ndi Buzuluk),
• Oksky (kum'mawa kwa Ryazan),
• Teberdinsky (North Caucasus).
• Kuibyshevsky (Lada).

Nyama sizinakhalepo malo okha osungirako, koma zinazolowera m'malo ena atsopano, kuphatikiza dera la Moscow Region, kunja kwa Vilnius, Armenia ndi Azerbaijan.

Zofunika! Ku Primorsky Territory, mbawala zimakonda nkhalango zazikulu zotambalala zomwe zimakhala ndi dothi lokwera, sizimakhala nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango za mitengo ya mkungudza.

Nyama za Sika zimakhala kum'mwera / kumwera chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a matalala omwe chipale chofewa chimakhala sichimakhalitsa sabata limodzi, chifukwa chimatsitsidwa ndi mvula. Malo omwe mumawakonda ali ndi malo olimbirana ndi mitsinje yambiri. Kuchuluka kwa nyama zazimuna ndi zazikazi, mosiyana ndi zazimuna zazikulire, zimakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nyanja komanso kutsika m'malire.

Sika mbawala

Zosunga izi za artiodactyl zimaphatikizapo zomera zokha - mitundu pafupifupi 130 ku Far East ndi katatu katatu (390) kumwera kwa Russia, komanso ku gawo lake ku Europe. Ku Primorye ndi East Asia, pafupifupi 70% ya zakudya ndi mitengo / zitsamba. Apa mu udzu wamagulu agalu:

• thundu (ma acorn, masamba, masamba, mphukira ndi mphukira),
• linden ndi Manchu aralia,
• Mphesa za Amur ndi velvet wa Amur,
• acantopanax ndi lespedets,
• Phulusa ndi Manchurian walnut
• mapulo, elm, sedge ndi maambulera.

Nyama zimalira makungwa theka lachiwiri la dzinja, pomwe chipale chambiri chimagwa. Pakadali pano, nthambi za msondodzi, mbalame zamtchire, masamba osankhidwa ndi alder zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ndizosangalatsa! Masamba agwada amakhala ndi masamba ndi zipatso kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa (chokhala ndi chivundikiro chofika mpaka 30-50 cm). M'nyengo yozizira, zoster ndi kelp zimadyedwanso, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yotentha ngati chingamu. Deer nthawi zambiri amakana ziphuphu za nkhuni.

Sika deer amapita kumalo okumbira mchere ndi akasupe amadzi am'madzi (ofunda), nyemba za lick, phulusa, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi nkhaka zam'nyanja, ndipo nthawi zina amamwa madzi am'nyanja.

Kubala ndi kubereka

Ku Lazovsky Zapovednik (Primorye), ngwazi zimayenda mu Seputembara / Okutobala ndipo zimatha Novembara 5-8. M'chaka chakututa ma acorns, masewera a mating (omwe amuna omwe ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 3-4 aloledwa) amakhala otanganidwa nthawi zonse. Amuna achikulire amadzuka m'mawa ndi madzulo, amatenga ana ang'ono (3-4 akazi ") ndipo amachepetsa thupi, kutaya thupi mpaka theka. Kulimbana pakati pa akwati, mosiyana ndi nguluwe ya Manchurian, ndikosowa kwambiri.

Mimba imatenga miyezi 7.5, ndipo mpumulo ku zolemetsa umagwera, monga lamulo, pakati pa Meyi (ochepera kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena June). Mapasa abango a Sika ndi raramo: agulu amabala mwana wa ng'ombe imodzi.

Zofunika! M'mafamu antler, gon / calving amapezeka mochedwa kuposa progorye zakutchire. Muukapolo, wopanga wamphamvu amakwirira osachepera asanu, ndipo nthawi zambiri akazi 10-20.

Amuna obadwa chatsopano amalemera makilogalamu 4.7-7.3, akazi - kuchokera ku 4.2 mpaka 6.2 kg. M'masiku oyambilira, amakhala opanda mphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala amanama, pomwe amayi awo amadya pafupi. Ana amatha kudya okha pakatha masiku 10 mpaka 10, koma amayamwa mkaka wa amayi kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka miyezi 4-5. Samasiya amayi awo mpaka nyengo yotsatira, komanso nthawi yayitali. Ndi mtundu woyamba wa nyundo, agalu amataya zovala zawo zaunyamata.

Pofika mwezi wa 10, mapaipi ocheperako (masentimita 3.5) amapangidwa pamitu ya anyamata achichepere, ndipo m'mwezi wa Epulo nyanga zoyambirira, zisanakhalepo, zimawonekera. Amuna achichepere amawanyamula pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, akumagwera m'mwezi wa Meyi / June chaka chamawa kuti apange nyanga zabwino kwambiri (antlers).

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Kwa zaka zana zapitazo, nsomba zamtchire zamtchire zatsika kwambiri. Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kusaka ndewu, zomwe zimalengezedwa pamtunduwu chifukwa cha zikopa zokongola komanso zodyetsa. Zina zomwe zatchulidwa:

• Kukula ndi kudula mitengo mwachisango kwa nkhalango zowoneka bwino,
• ntchito yomanga nyumba zatsopano m'malo osakira,
• maonekedwe a mimbulu yambiri ndi agalu,
• matenda opatsirana ndi njala.

Kuchepa kwa ziweto kumagwirizananso ndi kutuluka kwa minda yama antler, omwe ogwira nawo ntchito sanadziwe momwe angagwirire nyama, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti agwada afe en masse. Masiku ano, kusaka nyama zamtchire nkoletsedwa kulikonse. Nyama (zomwe zili ndi chiopsezo cha zolengedwa) zidagwera pamasamba onse a Red Book of the Russian Federation komanso International Red Book.

Ku Russia, akuganiza zakamasula deer ku zilumba pafupi ndi Vladivostok. Uwu ndiye gawo loyamba pakukonzanso anthu osabereka m'madera a Primorye komwe adapezeka kale, koma kenako adasowa.

Maonekedwe a nswala

Sika deer ndi nyama yokongola komanso yokongola ya artiodactyl, yomwe imakhala yolimba komanso yochepa thupi. Kutalika kwa akazi kumafikira masentimita 174 ndi kutalika kufota kwa masentimita 98. Amuna achikulire ndi akulu kwambiri, kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi mpaka masentimita 180 ndi kutalika kwa kufota kwa masentimita 118. Kulemera kwa akazi ukufika 74-84 kg, amuna - 118-13132 kg.

Mutu yaying'ono, yokongola, yolingana pakhosi yokhazikika komanso yokongola, amuna okha omwe ali ndi korona wokongola, korona yemwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi atatu, anayi, asanu komanso osowa kwambiri - mwa njira zisanu ndi ziwiri, zomwe kukula kwake kumafikira masentimita 80. Kuchulukana kwa machitidwe, kukula kwa nyanga ndi kulemera kwawo zimatengera m'badwo wa nyama. Deer-devyavletka, monga lamulo, ili ndi nyanga zazikulu kwambiri komanso zolemetsa. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri yambiri, yomwe ilinso ndi chifuwa cha nyanga, Fa-Lu imasintha nyanga zake chaka chilichonse.

Maso akulu owonetsa, makulu, mafoni ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala akuchenjeza.

Mawonekedwe owonda, miyendo yolimba yolola gwape kuti ayende, kudumpha ndikusambira bwino kwambiri. Kudumpha kumatha kuthawa mu mzimu wathunthu wa artiodactyl kumatha kutalika kwa mamitala 10 ndi kutalika kwa 2.5 metres.

Mtundu wa chovala chankhanza cha Ussuriite wokongola, chilimwe, umakhala ndi utoto wofiira kwambiri wokhala ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono owala obalalika kumbuyo ndi mbali za chirombo. M'nyengo yozizira, mtundu wowala uwu umazirala pang'ono, kukhala mtundu wa bulauni. Amayamba kuzimiririka ndikuyamba kuonekera. Dera lam'mimba ndi pafupi ndi mchala wa mbawala nthawi zonse limakhala lowala, nthawi zina mpaka loyera. Kutalika konse kwa thupi, kuyambira kumbuyo kwa mutu mpaka kumunsi kwa mchira, pamadutsa kamtambo kamdima kapena kakang'ono, kotchedwa malire-hem.

Mchira wa chirombo wafupikitsa. "Mirror" (gawo loyera kuzungulira mchira), lozungulira m'mphepete mwa bulauni kapena lakuda.

Malo ogawa ndi malo ogona a Ussuri

Kukhazikika kwa malo okhala Ussuri kagulu ka abambo kumakhala gawo la Primorsky Territory of Russia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China komanso kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Korea. Chilombochi chimapezekanso ku North Vietnam, Japan ndi Taiwan. Zinaoneka pachilumba cha Peter the Great Bay kunyanja ya Japan komanso kuzilumba zakumwera kwa zilumba zachi Kuril (Kunashir, Iturup, Shikotan Islands). M'malo ochepa kwambiri adatumizidwa kumayiko akunja padziko lonse lapansi. Malo okhalamo achilengedwe ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana za mtundu wa Manchu, malo otsetsereka otsetsereka a Sikhote-Alin, nkhalango zam'madzi za Far East zomwe zikuyenda mu Nyanja ya Japan.

Kuchulukana kwa mitundu iyi ya artiodactyl komwe kumachulukitsidwa kumayiko ena kumakhazikika m'malo opanda mitengo ndi madambo ndi madambo, komanso kumapiri kwa mitsinje.

Makhalidwe a Sika Deer ndi Zachilengedwe

"Wokongoletsa maluwa" amatsogolera gulu lokhazikika. Pafupifupi, gulu la ng'ombe limachokera ku anthu 7 mpaka 10. Kwa nyengo yozizira, artiodactyls amapita ku ng'ombe zazikulu.

Ussurians owazika msipu, monga lamulo, ndi nthawi yamadzulo ndipo usiku, amakonda kupuma masana kwinakwake pakona kwatchire. Ndikotheka kukumana ndi anthu odyetsa masanawa pokhapokha nthawi yozizira pagombe kapena m'matrakiti momwe amabisala pamphepo yamphamvu.

Nyama zimayenda mozungulira gawo lawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo, zikupondaponda mayendedwe abwino. Deer amasambira bwino, zomwe zimawalola kusambira osati mitsinje yokha, koma ngakhale nyanja imasuntha mpaka 10 km. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amapezeka kuzilumba za Kuril zomwe zimachokera ku Nyanja ya Okhotsk, kutali kwambiri ndi kumtunda.

Mosiyana ndi nyama zina zakutchire, a Fa-Lu saopa kuyandikira nyumba za anthu, misewu ndi njanji pofuna kusaka chakudya, ngakhale ali ochenjera kwambiri. Nthawi ndi nthawi, makamaka nyengo yotentha, amayendera malo odyetsa anthu.

Kusala Ussuri Sika Deer

Kutha kwa mbulu wamphongo kumachitika mchaka chachitatu kapena chachinayi cha moyo, pomwe zazikazi zakonzeka kukhwima kale zaka ziwiri.

Gon (nyengo yakubereketsa) mu deer agulu limapezeka pakati pa mwezi - kuyambira kumapeto kwa Seputembala mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala. Pa ufulu wokhala ndi agalu pakati pa amuna akuluakulu, kumenyanirana koopsa kumachitika, nthawi zambiri kumatha kuvulala kwa omwe akukwirana nawo. Osati nyanga zokha, komanso ziboda ndi mano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Koma, monga akunena, wopambana - amapeza chilichonse.

Pambuyo pa nyengo yakukhwima, pamene maubwenzi onse atsimikiziridwa, abambo akuluakulu a Ussuri a agulu, atapanga okha "abambo" abambo, amachoka, kusiya akazi okhathamiritsa kuti adye okha.

Pakadutsa miyezi isanu ndi itatu, nthawi zambiri kuyambira Meyi mpaka June, ngulu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chogwirira chimodzi chokha. Kubadwa kwa ana amuna awiri ndikubwera. Kulemera kwa zatsopano kumachokera ku ma kilogalamu 4 mpaka 7.

Unamwino wa ana onyenga ana

Ngwazi yatsopano yatsopano ya Ussuri wa dew imayima pamapazi ake kale maola angapo atabadwa, koma panthawiyi imakhala yofooka kwambiri kutsatira amayi. Chifukwa chake, amakhala m'malo motalikirapo, kubisala mu udzu wautali kapena zitsamba. Amayi anyama amadya pafupi ndi mwana, kumudyetsa mkaka mpaka 10 pa tsiku.

Pambuyo pofika zaka ziwiri zokha, mbawala za ana, kuphatikiza mkaka, zimayamba kutsina udzu ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono a chitsamba pawokha. Pang'onopang'ono, amasinthana kwathunthu kubzala chakudya ndipo, pofika chaka chimodzi, amasiya chisamaliro cha amayi ake.

Adani achilengedwe a nyama

Kalulu wa Ussuri mwachilengedwe ali ndi adani ambiri - nkhandwe, kambuku la Ussuri, chimbalangondo chofiirira, lynx, komanso m'malo ena a Far East, nyalugwe.

Mdani wamkulu komanso woopsa kwambiri wamtunduwu ndi mimbulu. Munthawi yachisanu, pomwe agwape amavutika kupeza chakudya, komanso ovuta kwambiri kuthawa chisanu chozama kuchokera kumathamangitsidwe, anali mimbulu yomwe inaseseratu ndikufafaniza mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu mwa anthu okondwerera.

Mtundu uwu wa artiodactyl wavutika kwambiri ndi anthu. Ndipo zolakwa zonse - zazing'ono komanso zochepa zofewa, zophimbidwa ndi magazi a nyanga zamphongo - antlers amapanga mankhwala othandizira kwambiri - pantocrine. Zinali zowonongera zachilengedwe zomwe zimawonedwa ndi osaka nyama zomwe zinawononga kwambiri kuchuluka kwa cholengedwa chokongola ichi.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Chithunzi: Sika deer

Kwa mbawala yamaluwa (ya agwape) malo apadera amaperekedwa kwa banja la agwape. Izi ndichifukwa choti anali atatsala pang'ono kuchuluka pomwe adalembedwa mu Red Book. Zonse chifukwa choti anthu akumayiko akummawa, makamaka China ndi Tibet, adathokoza kuthekera kwazokonzekera, mwanjira yopanga yomwe inali nyanga zopanda mafuta. Pantocrine, yemwe anali ndi phindu pa ubongo wamkati, adachotsedwa kwa antler antlers of the deer.

Mtengo wa nyanga zake unali wokwera kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake kusaka kwa agwape kunawonjezeka, ndipo chiwerengero chawo chinali chikutsika mwachangu. Nthawi imeneyi, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ku USSR kunalibe mitu chikwi chimodzi cha agwape, ndipo m'malo ena a Asia izi zinasowa konse. Kutengera ndi kafukufuku, akatswiri a paleozoologists adazindikira kuti mzere wamakhalidwe amakono udapangidwa ku South Asia. Amakhulupirira kuti ngwazi yodziwika bwino kwambiri yakale, izi zimatsimikizira kupezeka kwa mawonekedwe osavuta a nyangayo ndi mawonekedwe a nyanga yabwino kwambiri.

Mavuto okhudzana ndi deyala

Ichi ndi nyama yamanyazi kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa. Ndipo ngakhale amatha kubweretsa munthu pafupi ndi iye kuposa m'bale wake wamtchire, mbawala ya Manchurian, komabe, amawopa mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake ndikuyesera kupewa kukumana ndi munthu, kukhala mu ukapolo, amatha kuthamangira mozungulira akuvulaza malo obisalapo.

Moyo wathunthu wa cholengedwa ichi umatheka kuthengo kokha. Ali mu ukapolo, sakhala wowuma, zomwe zimapatula nyumba yake yonse.

Zikuwoneka ngati agwape la Ussuri, onani vidiyo iyi:

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Sika deya ku Russia

Khwangwala wamisala ndi wamanyazi komanso wachinsinsi kwambiri. Msonkhano ndi chilombo chanzeru ichi pamalo otseguka, osawerengetsa nthenga zazikulu ndi zofanana. Amatha kumvetsera kwa alendo kapena nyama zomwe sizikukufuna pamtunda waukulu. Popeza ili ndi khutu lokhazikika komanso fungo lotukuka kwambiri. Kusintha kwa nyengo, mayendedwe a nyama amasintha.

M'chilimwe - agwape amakhala osasunthika komanso akudya. M'nyengo yozizira, mphamvu zimachepa kwambiri, amakhala osagwira, nthawi zambiri amakhala pabenchi. Ndi mphepo yamphamvu yokha yomwe imayenda pothawira m'nkhalango yowirira. Sika deer ndizosewera komanso zolimba. Ndiwosambira kwambiri, amatha kuthana ndi mtunda wa nyanja mpaka 12 km.

Nyama imakonda kupatsirana matenda opatsirana, matenda amakalembedwe:

• matenda a chiwewe, necrobacteriosis, pasteurellosis, anthrax ndi chifuwa chachikulu,
• khwangwala, candidiasis,
• dicroisliosis, helminths (lathyathyathya, kuzungulira ndi riboni),
• nkhupakupa, ma midges, mahatchi, zikwapu ndi ena ochokera ku banja la ectoparasites.

Omaliza pazomwe zili pamwambapa, amachititsa kusasangalala komanso nkhawa.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Sika deer cub

Kutha msamba kumachitika pa chaka chimodzi ndi miyezi 6, koma nthawi zambiri akazi amasamalidwa azaka zitatu. Amuna ali okonzeka kuthira feteleza osachepera zaka zinayi. Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mu September ndipo imatha kumayambiriro kwa Novembala. Kutalika kwa masiku 30 mpaka 35. Munthawi imeneyi, kubangula kwamphongo kumamveka patali pafupifupi mamita angapo. Matenga amachitika masiku angapo, izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti mzimayi sangakhale umuna.Mchitidwewu umachitika kangapo ndi kanthawi kochepa, pa ziboda zogawanika zachimuna - mafunde.

Kutalika kwa pakati kumatha kukhala masiku 215 - 225 kapena (miyezi 7.5). Ng'ombe imodzi imabadwa nthawi zonse, ndipo nthawi zina amapasa amapasa. Ng'ombe zam'mimba zimachitika mu Meyi, osowa mu June. Khwangwala wongobadwa kumene amatha kulemera kuyambira 4.5 mpaka 7 kg. Chimbudzi cha mayiyo, mwana wakhanda wobadwa kumene, amayamba kuyamwa nthawi yomweyo atangoonekera, amatenga masitepe oyambira maola angapo. Ng'ombe zimayamba kudyetsa masiku 15 mpaka 20 pambuyo pobadwa, ndikuyamwa kuyamwa mpaka chitaberekanso, ngati sichitha kuchokera kwa mayi.

Ana ang'onoang'ono amakula kwambiri m'chilimwe, ndikayamba nyengo yachisanu, njirazi zimachepetsa pang'ono. Pambuyo pa chaka chachiwiri cha moyo ndikusiyana kwazinthu, zazikazi zimakhalabe zazing'ono, ndipo zamphongo zimapeza timachubu tating'onoting'ono pansi pa chigaza, chomwe pamapeto pake chimakula kukhala nyanga.

Adani achilengedwe a agwape

Chithunzi: Chuma cha kuthengo

Tsoka ilo, agwape amakhala ndi anthu ambiri opanda nzeru, omwe mwa iwo ndi:

• mimbulu (nthawi zina agalu a fodya),
• Akambuku, nyalugwe, kambuku wa chisanu,
• chimbalangondo chofiirira (chimakhala chovuta kawirikawiri)
• nkhandwe, martens, amphaka amtchire (kusankhira m'badwo wachichepere).

Poyerekeza ndi zolengedwa zina, nkhandwe imvi sizinawononge chilengedwe chilichonse. Mimbulu imasaka m'matumba, ikuyendetsa ndikuzungulira gulu laling'ono. Izi zimachitika makamaka nthawi yozizira komanso koyambirira kwamasika, pomwe kusenda kwa agwape kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Kufooka ndi kuperewera kwa chiweto, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya, zimakhudzanso. Nthawi zambiri anthu okonda kulanda anzawo amakhala agalu, amakhala atchuthi chapadera.

Mbawala ikakhala yosayang'anira ingabisalidwe. Popeza amphaka awa amatha kuyenda ngakhale pa chipale chofewa, nyama zomwe zadyedwa sizikhala ndi mwayi wothawa. M'nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira, nyamayi imatha kufa chifukwa chotopa, chifukwa singathe kupeza chakudya chake. Imakhala yofooka komanso yopweteka, yomwe imakopa owononga aang'ono ndi ang'onoang'ono. Njira yokhayo yodzitchinjiriza ndi kuthawa. Musaiwale kuti nyamazo zimavutika kwambiri chifukwa cha kulowererapo kwa anthu omwe amasaka ana anang ono kuti apange mankhwala.

Woyang'anira kulonda kwa Sika

Chithunzi: Sika deer

Sika deer adalembedwa pa Red orodha ya International Union for Conservation of Natural. Ntchito yayikulu ndikuteteza ndikusunga moyo wa mitundu yachilengedwe yomwe ili pafupi kutha. Mitundu yomwe imalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la maiko pambuyo pa Soviet imadzipeza zotetezeka pamalamulo. Popeza ndi chikalata chofunikira mwalamulo ndipo chili ndi malangizo othandiza kuteteza zachilengedwe.

Otsatirawa anali kusintha kosiyanasiyana ndikuyesayesa kusunga zolengedwa, izi zidatsogolera pakuphunzira zinthu:

• malo (kugawa malo),
• zochuluka ndi mawonekedwe mkati mwa magulu,
• zinthu zachilengedwe (nyengo yakubereka),
• machitidwe akusamukira kutengera nthawi ya chaka (koma nyama sizimachoka m'magawo awo, zomwe zimakulitsa mahekala mazana ambiri).

Pakadali pano, pali kuthekera kwakutha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kuthengo, ndipo chidwi chochulukidwa chimalipidwa kumalo osungira zachilengedwe pafupi nawo. Njira zingapo zidakhazikitsidwa zomwe zidalandira mphamvu pakubala pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa ngati pulogalamu yaboma.

Ntchito yofunika inali:

• kusamalira mitundu ya nguluwe (ngati zingatheke, pewani kusakaniza mitundu)
• kubwezeretsa ntchito m'malo omwe nyama zimakhalamo,
• kusintha ndi kupanga malo atsopano otetezedwa,
• kutetezedwa kwabwino kwa zilombo zolusa ndi zakuba (yoyamba imachitika ndi mimbulu yowombera).

Ngakhale oletsedwa kusaka, kuchuluka kwa nyama zakutchire sizisintha, ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi kumachepera. Izi ndichifukwa choti ozembetsa amapitiliza kuvulaza, kuthamangitsa nyamayo kuti ipeze chiphaso chamtundu wamtundu wapakhungu kapena ana ang'ono osakhala osatulutsa. Sizikudziwika ngati pali mwayi m'tsogolo wokulitsa malire a nazale, omwe ntchito yake yoyamba sidzangokhala kuchotsa zokha, komanso kubwezeretsanso dziwe lonse. Zosenda zoveka imafunikira chitetezo chamunthu, apo ayi titha kutaya nyama yokongola iyi.

Sika deer thupi kapangidwe

Khwangwala amakhala mulifupi. Kutalika kwa kufooka kwa amuna akuluakulu kumasiyana pakati pa 85 mpaka 118 cm, kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 90 mpaka 118. Kutalika kwa chigaza ndi 265- 335 mm, kulemera kwenikweni ndi 93 mpaka 148 kg. Akazi a Sika deer ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna (kulemera kwakanthawi kotsika pafupifupi 20%). Mutu yaying'ono yokhala ndi chopondera, khosi lalitali komanso miyendo yopyapyala imapatsa mawonekedwe agwape. Makutu ndi aatali, owongoka, atawerama kutsogolo, amafikira nsonga za preorbital fossa, kapenanso amapita patsogolo kuchokera kwachiwiri. Galasi lamkono ndilokulirapo, limakhazikika pakatikati pa milomo yapamwamba, malo onse pakati pamphuno ndi kufikira kumphepete lakunja kwa chomaliza. Tizilombo ta preorbital ndi chachikulu, zakuya. Khalidwe lonyansa lamtundu wa zofiirira limakhala lofiirira ndipo lili ndi wophunzira wakhanda.

Tsitsi la nthawi yozizira limakhala ndi buluzi yopyapyala komanso msana wowuma. Kutalika kwa tsitsi kumbuyo nthawi imeneyi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 5-6. Kupukutira patsogolo pa maso ndi miyendo pansi pa malo ophatikizana ndi carpal ndi hock kumakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lolimba. Tsitsi lomwe limapezeka pakatikati pa metatarsal limakhala ngati pilo la zotanuka lomwe limatuluka pamwamba pa khungu wamba. Mchira wa deware umakutidwa ndi tsitsi, kutalika kofanana ndi thupi, komwe sikupezeka kumapeto kwa burashi. Mkati (mkati mwa) mkati mwa mchira wa tsitsi mulibe. Mwa amuna, tsitsi la pakhosi, makamaka lakumunsi, limakhala lokwera masentimita 9 mpaka 10 ndipo limakhala ngati mtundu wa mane.

Mbiri ndikugawa kwa deyala

Munthawi ya zinthu zakale zakale, agwape samadziwika, koma kuti mizu yake imatsogolera mtundu wa Pliocene C. magnus Zdansky waku China, womwe kale anali ndi njira zinayi paminyanga. Pakadali pano, magawidwe ogulitsa agawika kumadera akum'mawa a China, Korea, kum'mwera kwa Far East, komanso kuzilumba za Japan ndi Taiwan.

Ku Russia, agalu atchire amapezeka ku Primorsky Territory kumwera kwa 46. M'mbuyomu, idalanda dera lonse la kum'mwera kwa Sikhote-Alin m'malire awa. Tsopano amagawidwa mosiyanasiyana. Cholinga chake ndikuchepa kwa malo abwino m'malo ambiri kapena kufalikira ndi kuwonongedwa kwa munthu. Mkati mwa zaka zam'mbuyomu, agwape amapezeka m'chigwa cha mtsinje. Ussuri kuchokera kumtunda kukafika pakamwa pa Nora. Nthawi imeneyo, kumalire akum'mawa kwa chigwa cha Sikhote-Alin, malire akumpoto anali Chigwa cha Bikina. Pakadali pano, iye kulibe, kupatula nthawi zina komwe amamangidwapo.

Sika Deer Biology

Kugawidwa kwa mbawala zamtchire kumangokhala gawo la nkhalango zowuma ndi kusakanizika kwa Ussuri taiga wokhala ndi mitengo yambiri ya ku oak, mapulo, linden, phulusa, mtedza wa Manchurian, velvet ndi mbewu zina za zomera za ku Manchurian. Dera lokhalamo malowa ndi malo otsetsereka a m'mapiri okhala ndi miyala ndi malo oikapo miyala, zigwa zambiri (mapira), mitsinje ndi mitsinje. Zokonda zimaperekedwa m'malo omwe nkhalango zosalekeza zimaphatikizana ndi maudzu a udzu, malo okondedwa kwambiri achidwi chilimwe. Sika deer amakhala mofunitsitsa m'nkhalangozi m'nkhalango yachinyamata yomwe yamera pamalo omwe kale inali yoyaka.

Chomwe chimagwira gawo lofunika kwambiri ndikulepheretsa kagawidwe ka agwiritse ntchito ndikuzama kwa chipale chofewa. Samatha kupeza chakudya kuchokera ku chipale chofewa, ndipo kutalika kwa chipale chofewa cha 20-30 cm ndiye malire. Kutalika kwa nthawi yozizira kulinso kofunikira. M'malo otsetsereka a Sikhote-Alin, kuya kwa chipale chofewa kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa kum'mawa, koma popeza chimakhala pachikuto chokhazikika ndipo chimatenga nthawi yayitali, mbawala za ambiri aiwo zikuoneka kuti sizinapezeke konse (Abramov, 1939). Zochuluka za ziweto zake zimasungidwa pafupi ndi gombe la Nyanja ya Japan, pomwe nthawi yozizira simakhala chisanu ndipo chipale chofewa chimasungunuka mwachangu. Kutali kuchokera kunyanja, ngwazi zimayamba kuchepera.

Sika deer amakhala m'magulu a nyama 7-10, nthawi zina amasonkhana pamagulu angapo makumi, ndipo m'mapaki, ngakhale mazana angapo. Ziweto zimapangidwa ndi nyama za mibadwo yosiyanasiyana ndi akazi. Munthawi yakukula kwa nyanga (zolengedwa), abambo nthawi zambiri amakhala okha, zazikazi nthawi yakubala ndipo masabata oyamba achotsa mkaka nawonso amapuma pa gulu, kumene amalumikizana pokhapokha agulu atakhala olimba mokwanira. Kumutu kwa khosalo kuli, malinga ndi a Mirolyubov (1936), wamkazi. Pakakhala ngozi, omaliza amapanga likhwangwala lakuthwa ndikuphatikiza kwa mawu ochepa. Mbawala zazingwe zimathamanga kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, tsitsi loyera m'malo ozungulira mchira, mwachiwonekere, limatulukira modabwitsa ndipo galasi loyandikira-mchira limakulira kwambiri kukula, ndikuthandizira kuthamanga nyama kuti zisamaonane.

Khola la Sika ndi nyama zamtendere mwachilengedwe. Kulimbana pakati pawo (kupatula amuna akamakula) sikosowa. Monga zida zodzitetezera ndi kuukira, anyani amphongo ndi nyanga. Panthawi yakumapeto kwa izi, abambo, monga akazi, amalimbana ndi mano kapena miyendo yakutsogolo, akumaponyera mikwingwirima yakuthwa ndi lakuthwa kutsogolo ndi malekezero akuthwa a ziboda zawo. Sika deer ndiwosambira modabwitsa. Milandu yambiri yodutsa pamtunda wopitilira makilomita 10 kutalikirana kuchokera kumtunda kupita kuzilumba kapena mosinthika imadziwika, komanso nthawi yomweyo osati nthawi yotentha, komanso nthawi yozizira.

Tikamayenda m'malo omwe anthu amakhala, agwape amakhala m'malo omwe anthu amapondamo. Chizolowezi ichi chidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbuyomu ndi akatswiri azachuma popanga ma hedge okhala ndi maenje osaka (Ludev), misampha ndi misampha ina.

Sika deer amakhala maola angapo masana m'nkhalango mothandizidwa ndi zitsamba ndi mitengo. Malo otsegulira msipu amatsegulidwa madzulo, m'mawa kapena usiku.

Sika agulu odya. Mwachilengedwe, mbawala zokhala ndi mawanga zimadyetsedwa ndi zomera, kuyambira kumizere mpaka kumapeto kwa masamba, mphukira, makungwa, ngakhale nthambi zazitali (mpaka 1.5 cm) zamitengo ingapo. Komanso, kapangidwe ka zakudya zamasamba zimasiyanasiyana nyengo. Chapakatikati, chakudya chachikulu ndimatumba achichepere, ndimitundu yambiri monga chimanga, maambulera, Asteraceae, ndi mbewu zina zamera. M'chilimwe, chakudya chomwe amakonda komanso chachikulu ndi masamba ndi mphukira za mphesa. Oak amapatsa tawaleta lawona ndi chakudya osati monga masamba ndi mphukira, komanso acorns, omwe pazaka zokolola zambiri amakhala pafupifupi chakudya cham'nyengo yachisanu. Zina mwazomera zoyera za mbewa T.I Ryabova (1935) amatcha mtundu umodzi wamipesa yaminga. M'nyengo yozizira, maziko a zakudya ndi chakudya chamatabwa, kuphatikiza apo pali mbewu zina zobiriwira nthawi yozizira. Mwa mitundu yamitengo, nthambi za velvet, Manchurian walnut ndi Aralia omwe amadya kwambiri panthawiyi, osati mphukira zokha, komanso makungwa amadyedwa kumapeto, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kufa kwa mitengo.

Sika deer kuswana

Nyengo yakugonana (gon) mu gwape imayamba kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Novembala kuphatikizika. Kutalika kwa rutaku kumachitika mu Okutobala. Pakadali pano, abambo amatenga akazi aakazi ozungulira. Amakhulupirira kuti wamwamuna m'modzi nthawi yogonana amatha kuphatikiza 5-7, nthawi zina DO '10 komanso akazi ambiri. Deer amasungidwa pakadali pano m'magulu a zolinga 10-30 (kuphatikizapo nyama zazing'ono). Zachikazi sizimawonetsa zizindikiro zakukwatiwa. Amuna, nthawi wamba, amakhala mwamtendere kwambiri, panthawi yakubadwa amasangalala kwambiri, kubangula, kukumba mabowo pansi ndikukutira mumatope. Pakati pawo, ngati agwape ena, ndewu zamasewera zimachitika, ndipo nyama zimatha kupweteketsa zilonda zazikulu wina ndi mnzake. Pali milandu yodziwika yomwe omenyera nawo nkhondo akamamenyanirana ndi nyanga ndikufa. Wamphongo wogonjetsedwa amasiya gulu lonse kukafunafuna mkazi wina watsopano kapena kuti asayandikire mtunda wopambana ndi ulemu. Pakutha kwa malembawa, amphongo amakhala ochepa thupi. Yaikazi imaphimbidwa ndi yamphongo nthawi zingapo. Kutalika ndi kutalika kwa estrus sikudziwika kwenikweni, koma pankhani ya kusabereka umuna mu estrus woyamba, kumachitika mobwerezabwereza. Kutalika kwa nthawi ya pakati kumakhazikitsidwa ndikuwona koyenera ndipo kumakhala kochepera 7% ya miyezi. Kubala ng'ombe kumayamba bwino kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi ndipo kumatha mpaka theka la Julayi. Koma m'malo okonza paki yolima popanda malo, ngati zinthu zasungidwa zaphwanyidwa, nyama zina zimatha kusaka mochedwa, motero, mochedwa. Zikatero, ana nthawi zambiri amakhala osathandiza.

Miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo, amakula msanga ndipo amafikira kulemera kwa 25-25 kg pakatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Choyambirira choyambirira chimachitika nthawi yomweyo ngati zazikazi zazikulu. M'nyengo yozizira, kukula kumacheperachepera, koma agwape amakula kwambiri mpaka atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri, mpaka 80% ya kulemera kwa akulu pofika nthawi imeneyi. Kulemera kwakukulu, malinga ndi I. Mirolyubov, mwa amuna amawonedwa wazaka za 7-10, mwa akazi pazaka zapakati pa 4-6. Kuwonongeka kwa chamoyo, kuweruza ndi kukula kwa nyanga, kumayamba ali ndi zaka 12. Nthawi yokhala ndi zaka zambiri yomwe agwape amatha kukhala zaka 20-25 osungirako malo osungirako nyama popanda zaka 20-25. Pali zochitika zina pomwe zazikazi mu nazale zinabereka zaka 18-18.

Antler reindeer kuthengo

Mtengo wokwera kwa anoko ndi kuchepa msanga kwa ziwombankhondo zamtchire zinadzetsa moyo nthambi yatsopano yoweta nyama - nyama yodyetsa nyama.

Khola lanyumba limakhala lokhazikika pokhapokha ngati limatengedwa kuchokera kwa amayi ake m'masiku oyambira amoyo ndikukulitsidwa ndi kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi munthu. Koma ngakhale atakhala kuti, wogulitsa nthawi zambiri samamulola kuchita zingapo, monga zootechnical kapena zolemba zanyama, komanso amuna, ngakhale otupa komanso okonda kwambiri nthawi zina, nthawi yogonana imakhala yankhanza komanso yowopsa kwa ogwira nawo ntchito. Pansi pa zomwe amakhala mwachizolowezi opanda mavidiyo, zotsatira zakunyumba mu mawonekedwe a agwape zimawoneka pokhapokha kuti nthawi yachisanu ikamadyetsa, agulu amasiya kuthamanga, amabwera kudyetsa pamaso pake, ndipo nyama zina zimatenga chakudya kuchokera m'manja mwa anthu omwe akuwasamalira.

Maulimi a Antler reindeer ku Primorye adadzuka kumapeto kwa zaka 60s zam'mbuyomu chifukwa chogwirira ntchito nyama zamtchire mothandizidwa ndi amphaka amtchire komanso kutuluka kwawo m'makoma mpaka olimba atakula, ndikutsatira kuphedwa. Apainiyawa otengera kumeneku anali amuna ochokera ku Russia omwe adasamukira ku Russia, omwe limodzi ndi amuna, adayamba kukhala ndi agalu achikazi, ndi cholinga chofuna kubereka komanso kubereka. Nthawi yomweyo, mwayi unatsegulidwa, m'malo ndikupha amuna, kuti akhazikitse (kudula) anangula ochokera kwa amoyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zopanga pachaka zizipanga nyama zomwezomwezo ndikukulitsa kwambiri phindu loti zikhale zoweta. S sentimita 1.5-2 kukwera kuposa korona wamtchire chaka chotsatira, ndipo nthawi zina chaka chomwecho, amakula. Tsopano zakhazikitsidwa kuti kudula kwa nyama kwa pachaka sikungakhudze mwina nyama kapena kukula ndi mtundu wa anytlers omwe amakula m'zaka zotsatira.

Kuphatikiza pa kuweta abusa a ziweto, zomwe nyamazo zimadyetsedwa mothandizidwa chaka chonse ndipo zimangokhala ndi ntchito yofunikira, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazo omanga nyumba zazikuluzikulu za park park zinayamba kukhazikitsidwa.M'mafamu awa, agwape amasungidwa m'malo akuluakulu okhala ndi mipanda - m'mapaki, momwe adagwiritsa ntchito msipu kwa chaka chonse. M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri kapena yochepa malo komanso kusowa chakudya kwachilengedwe ndi pomwe nyama inkadyetsedwa ndi udzu. Deer adangokhala wamtchire ngati ali kunja, ndipo chuma chidadalira kuwombera kwa amuna kuti apeze ozindikira. Zachikazi zimasungidwa limodzi ndi amuna m'mapaki ndi amuna osamalira nyama zapakhomo, kuwerengetsa zojambulazo sikunachitike ayi, m'malo mwake, kuwombera amuna abwino kwambiri nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa anthu opeza. Zotsatira zake, panali kusinthika kwa agwiritse ntchito, akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa miyezo yamoyo, kuwonongeka mu mtundu komanso kukula kwa antlers.

Ulimi wa antler reindeer udakula bwino kwambiri ndikuwongoleredwa mosiyanasiyana m'nthawi ya Soviet. Dziko lathu ndi lokhalo mdziko lonse lapansi komwe makampani opanga ziweto awa adapanga bwino. Katundu wopulumuka wa nyama zamtchire amatetezedwa. Kusaka izi ndizoletsedwa pachaka chonse.