Maganizo ake amagawidwa kwanuko. Amapezeka ku Western Europe kumwera kwa 62_ kumpoto chakum'mwera, amakhala ku Europe ku Russia, ku Urals, Altai ndi ku Southern Siberia (mpaka Yakutia), ku Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Mongolia, Turkey, komanso kumapiri a Central Asia.

Apollo amakonda mapiri. Apa amakhala m'mapiri ochepa a paini, pafupi ndi mitsinje yamapiri ndi mitsinje, nthawi zina amakwera. Kuphatikiza apo, gulugufeyu amawonedwa pamtunda wapansi pamtunda wa mapiri a mapiri a mapiri a mtunda wa mapiri mpaka 2500 pamtunda wa nyanja (ku Asia - mpaka 3000 m). Pazigwa, imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango zowuma komanso zokhala ndi zotchingira.

Zikuwoneka bwanji

Apollo ndi amodzi mwa agulugufe aku Europe omwe amadziwika kwambiri, ndiwo akulu kwambiri amtundu uliwonse. Mapiko amafika masentimita 7-9,5 ndipo ndi achikaso pakati pa anthu omwe angotuluka kumene kuchokera pachimake. Ngakhale gulugufe ndi wa banja la maboti oyenda panyanja (njonda), lilibe michira yokhala ndi mapiko kumbuyo - ali ozungulira. Masharubu ndi mbewa yakuda. Maso ndi osalala, akuluakulu, okhala ndi ma tubercles ang'onoang'ono, komwe setae wamfupi amakula. Wamphongo ali ndi mapiko akutsogolo oyera, oyera m'mphepete ndipo ali ndi mawanga akuda, mapiko akumbuyowo ndi oyera ndi maso awiri ofiira, pakati ndi poyera. Zinthu zazitsanzo ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zazikazi.

Pachifuwa komanso pamimba yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda. Mkazi wa Apollo amawoneka wowoneka bwino komanso wowoneka bwino. Kupukutika pamapiko ake sikunatchulidwe pang'ono, m'mphepete lakunja ndikuwongoka. Mtundu wakumbuyo umakhala utoto. Mapiko akutsogolo adakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga asanu akuda, kumbuyo - awiri akulu owala ofiira. Mimba yakuda komanso yonyezimira imakhala yofanana ndi tsitsi.

Chingwe chaching'ono ndi chakuda chamtundu, chimakhala ndi malo oyera oyera kumbali, komanso zigamba za tsitsi lakuda. Popeza imakhwima, imafikira 5c kutalika, imakhala yakuda, ndipo mbali iliyonse kumbali kumawoneka kathonje amtundu wachitsulo ndi mawiri awiri ofiira-lalanje - akulu ndi ang'ono.

Moyo ndi Biology

Kukula kwa gulugufe kumachitika m'badwo umodzi. Kuuluka kwa akuluakulu kumayamba mu Juni ndikutha mu Ogasiti - Seputembala. Kusunthika pakuuluka ndikuyenda bwino. Tizilombo nthawi zambiri timakhala pamaluwa, mopanda mantha, mwachangu masana. Azimayi nthawi zambiri amakhala pampandapo, ndipo akakhala pangozi, amatha kulowa m'mwamba ndikuyenda mtunda wa mamita 100. Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mosiyanasiyana: mwa akazi - atangochoka pupa, mwa amuna - okha pa tsiku lachiwiri kapena lachitatu. Akakhwima, mwamphongo amapanga chipini cholimba (chithunzithunzi) pansi pamimba yaikazi, chomwe sichimaphatikizanso umuna wina wamwamuna. Nyama ya Apollo imayikira mazira 80 mpaka 125, kuyiyika iyo mosiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana a chomera kapena pafupi nayo. Mazira nawonso ndi oyera, iliyonse ili ndi bowo laling'ono mkati mwa chapamwamba. Mbozi zopangika zimakhala mu chipolopolo nthawi yonse yozizira ndi kuwaswa kokha mu Epulo - June. Mphalapala zimakonda nyengo yotentha, pomwe zambiri zimabisala mu udzu. Chomera chachikulu cha iye ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala (Sedum spp.), Koma amatha kudya masamba ndi zitsamba zina zamtundu wina, monga pakhosi (Sempervivum sp.). Pupa la gulugufe ndi lozungulira komanso lotalika, kutalika kwa 1.8-2.4 cm. Poyamba, limakhala labulawuni ndipo limakhala ndi mawonedwe opindika; malo angapo owoneka achikasu okhala ndi timizere tofiirira taoneka tambiri. Pakupita maola angapo, pupa limachita khungu ndipo limakutidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira wa buluu. Pa nthawi iyi ya chitukuko, Apollo amachokera sabata limodzi kapena atatu.

Gulugufe adapeza dzina lake lolemekeza mulungu wakale wachi Greek wokongola ndi kuwala - Apollo. Mitundu imadziwika ndi kusiyanasiyana kodabwitsa. Imalongosola mitundu yopitilira 600 ya intraspecific yomwe ilibe chidziwitso chowonekera, komanso mitundu yoposa 10 yomwe imasiyana pazinthu za mapikidwe.

Adalemba Buku Lofiyira

Mitunduyo ilibe masanjidwe apadera pakuyenda mtunda wautali, kotero kuwonongeka kwake mu gawo lirilonse la mtunduwu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosabwezeka. Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwambiri kwa ziwonetsero ndikuwonongeka kwachilengedwe (kuchulukidwa kwa malo opanda kanthu, kugwa kwa masika, kulima m'mphepete). Ku Europe, kutentha kwanyengo kumakhudzidwanso. Nthaka nthawi yachisanu imathandizira kudzutsidwa kwa mbozizo ndikuyamba kutsogolera kwawo kuchokera ku zipolopolo za mazira ngakhale chakudya chisanachitike komanso nyengo yofunda ikhazikitsidwa.

Gulu

Ufumu: nyama (Animalia).
Lembani: arthropods (Arthropoda).
Giredi: tizilombo (Insecta).
Gulu: Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera).
Banja: mabwato (Papilionidae).
Jenda: Parnassius
Onani: Apollo (Parnassius apollo).

Kumene adachokera

Chifukwa chiyani gulugufe wa Apollo adatchedwa mulungu wachi Greek wakuwala, mtsogoleri wa zojambulajambula ndi mtsogoleri wazoyenda zisanu ndi zinayi, tsopano palibe amene anganene motsimikiza. Titha kungolimbikitsa zomwe taganizira pachimenechi. Gulugufe ndi wokongola kwambiri. Chachikulu, chopepuka mumtundu, chimawoneka kutali. Amakonzanso mapiri. Mwina adatchedwa mmodzi wa milungu chifukwa cha kukongola kwake ndikuti amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi dzuwa.

Gulugufe wa Apollo: malongosoledwe ndi moyo

Pachilankhulo chowuma cha asayansi, Apollo ndi gulugufe wamasiku am'banja la zombo zapamadzi (Papilionidae). Dzina lathunthu - Apollo Sailboat (Parnassius apollo). Gulugufe wa Apollo ndiwokongola modabwitsa - ali ndi mapiko otuluka oyera kapena amtundu wa kirimu, wokongoletsedwa ndi malo akulu owongoka. Pa mapiko akutsogolo amakhala akuda. Omaliza ali ndi mawanga ofiira okhala ndi malire akuda. Ichi ndiye gulugufe wamkulu kwambiri ku Europe Russia. Mapiko ake amatha kufikira masentimita 9 mpaka 10.

Habitat - mapiri otseguka ndi otentha dzuwa, mapiri a mapiri a Europe, Ukraine, Urals, Siberia, Caucasus, Tien Shan, Kazakhstan ndi Mongolia. Nthawi yowonekera ndiyambira pa Julayi mpaka Seputembala. Gulugufe wa Apollo amakonda maluwa akuluakulu a oregano, a godson, amakonda mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya clover. Apollo amasala nthawi yomweyo atatuluka pachimbudzi. Yaikazi imayikira mazira pafupifupi 120, iliyonse payokha payokha pachomera yopanga chakudya. Zimbudzi za Adult Apollo ndizabwino kwambiri. Chakuda, ngati velvet, chokongoletsedwa ndi mizere iwiri ya mawanga ofiira ofiira, amawoneka ooneka bwino kwambiri. Mbozi imadya masamba okoma a stonecrop, kabichi cha kalulu.

Gawo la apollo la ana limatha milungu itatu. Kenako gulugufe watsopano amatuluka kuchokera pamenepo.

Apollo wosiyana chotere

Vutoli limachita chidwi kwambiri ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe chifukwa lili ndi mitundu yambiri ya zinthu. Masiku ano, mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya Apollo imadziwika.

A Parnasius mnemosyne adachita mitambo Apollo, kapena mnemosyne, ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yokongola kwambiri. Mapiko oyera oyera ngati chipale chofewa, owoneka bwino konse kumapeto, amakongoletsedwa kokha ndi mawanga akuda. Izi zimapangitsa gulugufe kukhala wokongola kwambiri. Dera lake lachiwiri ndi mnemosyne wakuda, popeza amapentedwa ndi mitundu iwiri yokha - yoyera ndi yakuda.

Gulugufe wa Arctic Apollo (Parnassius arcticus) ndi mtundu wina wokongola. Amakhala ku tundra kumapiri kudera la Yakutia ndi Khabarovsk Territory. Anapezekanso kudera la Magadan. Mapikowo ndi oyera ndi timayala tating'ono takuda. Chochititsa chidwi, chomera cha Gorodkova corydalis ndichakudya cha agulugufe ndi mbozi za Arctic Apollo. Zamoyo zamtunduwu sizinaphunzirepo chifukwa chakufalikira kwambiri.

Gulugufe wa Apollo: Zochititsa chidwi ndi zambiri

Kukongola kwa kachilombo kameneka kunakopeka ndi akatswiri ambiri odziwika komanso akatswiri a sayansi omwe amafotokoza motere. Wina anayerekezera kuthawa kwa Apollo ndi ndakatulo za mayendedwe, ena amamutcha wokongola wokhala m'mapiri a Alps.

Madzulo, gulugufe amapita pansi ndikubisala mu udzu usiku. Pazowopsa, choyambirira chimayesa kuwuluka, koma imakhala yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa imawuluka bwino. Atazindikira kuti kuthawa sangathe kupulumutsidwa, amatambasula mapiko ake ndikuyamba kuwapukusa ndi mkono, ndikupanga mawu osokosera. Chifukwa chake amayesa kuopseza mdani wake. Ngakhale mbiri ya gulugufe, yomwe sikuuluka bwino kwambiri, kufunafuna chakudya tizilombo titha kuuluka makilomita 5 patsiku. Arctic Apollo amakhala m'malire a dera lomwe chipale chofewa chimasungunuka. Ndipo gulugufe wapamwamba kwambiri wa ku Parnassius hannyngtoni amakhala ku Himalayas, pamalo okwera mamita 6000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kuopseza kutha kwa gulugufe wokongola kwambiri ku Russia ndi Europe

Pofika pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, Apollo anasowa kwathunthu ku zigawo za Moscow, Smolensk, Tambov. Pafupifupi mayiko onse a malo omwe amakhala, gulugufe limalembedwa mu Red Book ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Pali zifukwa zambiri zakufalikira kwa Apollo. Choyamba, kuwonongedwa kwa magawo a chakudya ndi anthu. Chifukwa china ndikuchepa kwapadera kwa mbozi za gulugufe. Amatha kudya miyala ya miyala yokha. Kuphatikiza apo, zimakhala zodwala kwambiri komanso zimakonda dzuwa. Amadya pokhapokha ngati dzuwa likuwala. Akangodutsa pamtambo - chilichonse, mbozi zimakana ndikutsika pansi kuchokera pansi.

Gulugufe wamkulu kwambiri amawonekera kumapiri a phirili. Kuphatikiza apo, monga tanena kale, Apollo samawuluka bwino. Amachita izi monyinyirika, ngati kukukutira mapiko ake ndipo nthawi zambiri amawira kuti apumule. Chifukwa chake, ndiwosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito anthu.

Masitepe tsopano akutengedwa kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwa Apollo, koma pakadali pano sanabweretse zotsatira zabwino. Kuti gulugufeyu aleke kuzindikirika ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kufa, ndikofunikira kuti zizipezeka m'malo mwake.

Kufotokozera

Mtundu wa mapiko a gulugufe wachikulire umasiyana ndi yoyera mpaka zonona. Ndipo pambuyo pa kuchita kuchokera ku coco, mtundu wamapiko a Apollo ndi wachikasu. Pa mapiko apamwamba pali mawanga angapo akuda (akuda). Pa mapiko ocheperako pali malo angapo owoneka ofiira okhala ndi pepala lakuda, ndipo mapiko apansi ndi ozungulira. Thupi la gulugufe limakutidwa kwathunthu ndi tsitsi laling'ono. Miyendo ndi yochepa kwambiri, yokutidwa ndi tsitsi laling'ono komanso yokhala ndi zonona. Maso ndi okulirapo, akukhala pafupi ndi mutu. Tinyanga timene timayang'ana.

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Chingwe cha gulugufe wa Apollo ndichachikulu kwambiri. Imakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofiira owoneka ofiira thupi lonse. Komanso m'thupi lonse pali tsitsi lomwe limateteza kwa adani.

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Habitat

Mutha kukumana ndi gulugufe wokongola modabwitsa uyu kuyambira koyambirira kwa Juni mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Malo okhala Apollo ndi mapiri (nthawi zambiri pamiyala yamiyala) m'maiko angapo aku Europe (Scandinavia, Finland, Spain), Alpine meadows, pakati Russia, kumwera kwa Urals, Yakutia, komanso Mongolia.

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Zomwe zimadya

Apollo ndi gulugufe wamphepo, pachimake chachikulu cha ntchito ndi masana. Gulugufe wamkulu, moyenerera agulugufe, amadya timaluwa wamaluwa. Chakudya chachikulu chimakhala ndi timadzi takale ta maluwa amtundu wa Cirsium, clover, marjoram, godson wamba ndi chimanga. Pofunafuna chakudya, gulugufe amatha kuuluka makilomita asanu patsiku.

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Monga agulugufe ambiri, chakudya chimapezeka kudzera mwa spiral proboscis.

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Khungubwe la gulugufeyu limadya masamba ndipo ndimakoma kwambiri. Atangosamala, mboziyo imayamba kudyetsa. Tadya masamba onse pachomera, amasamukira kudera lina.

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Adani achilengedwe

Gulugufe wa Apollo ali ndi adani angapo kuthengo. Choopsa chachikulu chimachokera ku mbalame, mavu, zovala, achule ndi chinjoka. Komanso, akangaude, ndi abuluzi, ma hedgehogs, ndi makoswe zimawopseza gulugufe. Koma chiwerengero chachikulu chotere cha adani chimalipiriridwa ndi mtundu wowala, womwe umanenanso za kuwopsa kwa tizilombo. Apollo akangomva ngoziyi, amagwa pansi, ndikufalitsa mapiko ake ndikuwonetsa mtundu wake woteteza.

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Mdani wina wa agulugufe anali munthu. Kuwononga chilengedwe cha Apollo kumabweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu.

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Kulongosola kwa mitundu

Gulugufe wa Apollon (Parnassiusapollo) ndi wa mtundu wa Parnasius wa banja la Maililato. Dzinali linachokera ku dzina la Apollo, mulungu wokongola wa nthano zachi Greek, mwana wa Zeus komanso m'bale wake wa Artemis. Gulugufe wa masana wokhala ndi mapiko a 60-90 mm ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri wamtunduwo. Mtundu waukulu wamapikowo ndi zoyera; malo ochepa owonekera amapezeka m'mphepete lakunja.

Pa mapiko akutsogolo aimuna pali malo akuda asanu ozungulira, kumapiko akumbuyo kwawo kuli malo owoneka oyera ofiira okhala ndi malo oyera. Yaikazi imakhala yowala bwino. Achinyamata achikulire omwe asiya cocoipu amakhala ndi mapiko okhala ndi chikasu chachikasu. Thupi la agulugufe limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lokwera. Maso ndi akulu, opindika, ngati ma bulangesi. Chojambula chomwe chili pamapiko a gulugufe wam'madzi oyenda panyanja Apollon ali ndi zosankha pafupifupi 600. Ngakhale kudera limodzi, kufalikira kwa mawanga kumasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana.

Zambiri. Ngakhale kuti Apolo ndi a banja la bwato loyenda, alibe michira pamapiko akumbuyo.

Kuswana

Amuna a Apollo amayamba kufunafuna mnzawo patatha masiku atatu atangobwera kuchokera ku chimfine. Amawuluka pamtunda wotsika pamwamba pa malo otsetsereka, akuyang'ana zazikazi zatsopano. Pambuyo umuna, yaikazi imayika mazira amodzi nthawi imodzi, ndikuziyika mbali zosiyanasiyana za mbewu yodyetserayo kapena panthaka pafupi ndi chomera. Chonde ndi zidutswa 80-100. Mazira hibernate, momwe mkati mwake mwayamba mbozi.

Chochititsa chidwi. Pambuyo ukazi wa mkazi, sphragis imakhazikitsidwa pansi pamimba pake - mawonekedwe olimba a chitin. Ichi ndi "chisindikizo" chomwe chimalepheretsa ubwamuna wina wamwamuna.

Caterpillar

Mwezi wa Epulo-Meyi, mbozi zimawonekera. Pazaka zoyambirira, amakhala wakuda, ali ndi mawanga oyera pazigawo za thupi ndi zovala za tsitsi lakuda. Zimbulu zachikulire ndimtambo wakuda. Mikwingwirima yayitali yotalika mawanga ofiira owala amadutsa thupi. Pagawo lililonse, zingwe ziwiri zazingwe. Zimadyera nyengo yamvula, pamasiku amtambo imabisala mu udzu wouma. Zomera zodyetsa - mitundu yonse ya miyala yamiyala: yoyera, yofiirira, caustic, yolimba. Ku Alps amadya udzu wachichepere.

Zambiri. Zimbudzi za bwato lanyanja la Apollo zimakhala ndi chitsulo chamalalanje mu mawonekedwe a nyanga, zomwe zimakokedwa ndikuwopseza kumbuyo kwa mutu. Uku ndikunyoza, komwe kununkhira kosasangalatsa kumafalikira.

Mwana wa mbozi pansi, atagona mu coco. The pupa ndi wandiweyani, bulauni. Maola angapo pambuyo pake imakutidwa ndi ufa wothira mchere. Gawo la ana limatenga milungu iwiri.

Maonedwe okhudzana

Apollon Phoebus (Parnassiusphoebus) - gulugufe wochokera ku mtundu wa Parnasius. Mtundu, umafanana ndi Apollo wamba, koma mtundu waukulu wamapikowo siwoyera, koma zonona. Pamwamba pamapikowo pali mungu pang'ono. Mphepete yakunja yamapiko akutsogolo ikuwonekera. Pansi pa mapiko akumbuyo pali gulu lakuda. Amuna ali ndi mawanga awiri ofiira okhala ndi kuwonda wakuda kumapiko akumbuyo; zazikazi zimatha kukhala ndi mawanga ambiri.

Bwato la phoebe limadziwika ndi mapiko a 50-60 mm. Pazomwe zimakhala, nyamazo zimasankha mapiri, omwe amapezeka kumapiri a Alps, Urals, kumapiri a Kazakhstan, Siberia, Far East, North America. Gulugufe limamera mbadwo umodzi, kukhazikika kumapiri a satpine, mu tundra. Bwato loyenda limakwera kumapiri pamtunda wa 1800-2500 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Akazi amayikira mazira awo pansi kapena dothi pafupi ndi chomera chomwe chili ndi radiola yapinki. Mazira amakula isanayambe nyengo yozizira, koma ana sataya mazira awo mpaka masika. Zimbalangondo zimakula mpaka 48 mm, mtundu wakhungu, zakuda zachikaso m'mbali. Kukula kumatenga masiku 25-30. Ziphuphu mu coco woonda.Akuluakulu amawuluka kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti. Apollo Phoebe akuchepa pang'ono. Gulugufe adagwa mu Red Book of IUCN, Republic ya Komi.

Kuchepetsa zinthu

Agulugufe amakonda kwambiri malo okhala. Samayesa kupeza malo abwino okhala, amayenda mtunda wautali. Kukhala moyo wongokhala kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Kuwonongeka kwa biotopes mwachilengedwe kumatsogolera ku kufa kwa Apollo. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuvuta kwamikhalidwe:

• magombe a udzu ndi zitsamba,
• kupondaponda matalala ndi ng'ombe.
• kulima minda
• Kukula kwakumera mitengo ndi mitengo.

Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwambiri kwa tizilombo chinali kutentha kwadziko. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa nyengo yozizira kumatsogolera kutuluka kwanyengo kwa mayendedwe kuchokera mazira. Mphutsi zomwe zimawoneka zilibe chakudya, zimafa ndi njala komanso chisanu chotsatirachi.

Njira zachitetezo

Mitunduyi Parnassiusapollo imadziwika ndi International Union for Conservation of Natural, yomwe ikuwopsezedwa kuti idzatha ndikuyenda pansi komwe kumapitilira chiwerengero cha agulugufe. Ili m'ndandanda wa IUCN Red List. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha tizilombo kumaonekera m'maiko ambiri ku Europe. Sailboat Apollo anali mu Red Book of Ukraine, Belarus, Norway. Sweden, Germany. Ku Russia, gulugufe adalandiranso chitetezo pamalo aboma komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Kuti tisunge Apollo wamba, ndikofunikira kukulitsa ndi kusunga malo omwe agulugufe amakhala nthawi yayitali. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse nthaka, dzalani uchi wa chomera kwa akuluakulu ndi miyala yamiyala ya mbozi.

Kodi amakhala kuti?

Gulugufe wamtunduwu amakhala kokha kumpoto kwa Earth. Amakhala wamba mu gawo lalikulu la Eurasia - kuchokera ku Spain kupita ku Mongolia ndi kum'mwera kwa Siberia. Mutha kukumana nawo onse pamapiri otentha bwino, komanso kumapiri. Kupitilira kamodzi, gulugufe wa Apollon waonedwa m'mapiri a Tien Shan, Caucasus, Urals, mapiri akumwera kwa Scandinavia ndi Europe yonse.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sikukwera kwambiri ndipo timakhala pamalo okwera kwambiri okwanira 2000-3000 metres. Gulugufe amakonda mitundu yopanda udzu, zigwa zouma, malo otetezedwa komanso otambalala.

Masiku ano, mitunduyi ikuchepa kwambiri ndipo ndi ena mwa otetezeka. Mwambiri, gulugufe wa Apollo sanachotsedwepo pa Red Book kwa nthawi yayitali. Malo ake achilengedwe awonongedwa mopanda chisoni: madera oyambira ndi mapiri asandulika mabwinja, m'mbali mwake ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja amasanduka minda. Pofuna kuti nyama zisatheretu, muyenera kusiya kuwononga zachilengedwe, kuzibzala pamiyeso ya chikhalidwe chomwe chamoyocho chimadya.

Makhalidwe

Gulugufe wa Apollo amakonda nyengo youma komanso yowuma. Ntchito yake yayikulu imawonekera mu theka loyamba la tsiku mpaka masana; nthawi zina, imatha kubisala mu udzu utali. Amawuluka pang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pa duwa lina kupita ku lina. Imadyera timadzi tokoma ta clover, marjoram, gingerbread, clovesan Cartesian ndi mbewu zina.

Gulugufe wokhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe: mbalame, ma hedgehogs, makoswe, abuluzi, achule, zovala zofanizira, mavu, maula ndi njoka. Komabe, ambiri amadutsa Apollo chifukwa cha kawopsedwe. Ngati wina akufuna kuyandikira, mawanga ofiira owoneka bwino amuchenjeza za izi. Pamavuto, gulugufe nthawi yomweyo imagwera pansi ndikufalitsa mapiko ake, ndikuwonetsa mtundu wankhondo. Kuti muchite bwino, iye amaphwanya mapiko ake ndi miyendo yake, ndikukutulutsa zingwe zowopsa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti asayandikire.

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

Apollo moyenerera ndi wa ena mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za agulugufe ku Europe - oyimira owala kwambiri a banja la Sailing. Vutoli limachita chidwi kwambiri ndi akatswiri azachilengedwe chifukwa lili ndi mitundu yambiri ya zinthu.

Masiku ano, pali mitundu pafupifupi 600. Kufotokozera kwa Apollon Gulugufe: mapiko akutsogolo ndi oyera, nthawi zina zonona, owoneka bwino. Kutalika kwake kuli masentimita anayi.

Mapiko a kumbuyo kwake ali okongoletsedwa ndi mawanga ofiira owala ndi lalanje okhala ndi malo oyera, omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa chingwe chakuda, monga tikuwonera chithunzi. Gulugufe apollo Ili ndi mapiko otambalala kwa masentimita 6.5-9. Pali tinyanga tating'ono pamutu tili ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimathandizira kumva zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Maso ndi ovuta: yosalala, yayikulu, yokhala ndi ma tubercles ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi setae. Miyendo ndi yokhala ngati kirimu, wowonda komanso wamfupi, wokutidwa ndi villi yaying'ono. M'mimba ndi tsitsi. Kupitilira pa masiku onse, zilipo gulugufe wakuda gulugufe: sing'anga kukula kwake ndi mapiko ofika masentimita asanu ndi limodzi.

Mnemosyne ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yodabwitsa ndi mapiko oyera-oyera, owonekera bwino m'mbali, yokongoletsedwa ndi mawanga akuda. Kujambula koteroko kumapangitsa gulugufe kukhala wokongola kwambiri.

Oimira awa ndi a Lepidoptera. Podaliria ndi Machaon nawonso ndi abale awo kuchokera ku banja la Sailing.Pamapiko kumbuyo kwa mitunduyi pali njira zazitali (dovetail).

Pa chithunzichi, gulugufe Apollo Mnemosyne

Gulugufeyu amakhala m'mapiri pamiyala yamiyala, m'mipata yopanda ma kilomita oposa awiri kuchokera pagombe. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka ku Sicily, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Alps, Mongolia ndi Russia. Mitundu ina ya agulugufe a m'mapiri omwe amakhala ku Himalaya imakhala pamtunda wa 6000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Chosangalatsa komanso lingaliro lina labwino Arctic Apollo. Gulugufe imakhala ndi mapiko akutsogolo 16-16 mm. Amakhala kumapiri a tundra okhala ndi masamba osauka komanso ochepa, ku Khabarovsk Territory ndi Yakutia, m'dera loyandikira mphepete la mikondo yamuyaya.

Nthawi zina imasamukira kumadera omwe larch limakula. Monga tikuonera pachithunzichi, Arctic Apollo ali ndi mapiko oyera okhala ndi mawanga akuda. Popeza nyamayi ndi yosowa, sayansi yake sinaphunzirepo.

Chithunzi chojambulidwa cha Arctic Apollo

Amphaka ndi pupae

Kutengera ndi nyengo mderali, mbozi za Apollo zimawonekera mu Epulo kapena Meyi. Achichepere amapaka utoto wakuda ndi mawanga oyera. Akakula, amataya khungu mpaka kasanu, ndikupeza mtundu wakuda wonyezimira wokhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri ya mawanga owala a lalanje. Thupi lonse la mbozi limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali lakuda, ndipo pagawo lirilonse pali mitundu iwiri yazithunzi zakuda.

Amadyera masamba a stonecrop okhathamira, amaudya kwambiri kuti apeze mphamvu. Monga chakudya, amakhalanso oyenera kukwera mapiri, kukula ku Altai, ndi ana. Khwangwala wachikulire akapeza mphamvu zokwanira, amayamba kusewera. Kusintha kumachitika padziko lapansi ndipo kumatenga maola angapo. Chipatso chofiiracho chimaphimbidwa ndi duwa loyera ndipo chimakhala chamtali kwa milungu iwiri mpaka munthu wokhwima kwathunthu atuluke.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Akatswiri a sayansi, apaulendo komanso ofufuza nthawi zonse amafotokoza kukongola kwa mitunduyi ya agulugufe m'njira zoyimba kwambiri komanso zowoneka bwino, amasirira kuthekera kwake kosuntha mapiko ake. Apollo Gulugufe kugwira ntchito masana, ndipo usiku kubisala mu udzu.

Pakadali pano akaona ngozi, amayesa kuuluka ndikubisala, koma kawirikawiri, popeza amawuluka moipa, amachita mosavutikira. Komabe, kutchuka kwa ntchentche yoyipa sikumamulepheretsa iye kupeza chakudya mpaka makilomita asanu patsiku.

Gulugufeyu amapezeka m'miyezi yotentha. Tizilomboti tili ndi chitetezo modabwitsa kwa adani ake. Mawonekedwe owala pamapiko ake amawopsa olusa omwe amatenga utoto ngati poizoni, mbalamezo sizidya agulugufe.

Kuwopseza adani ndi utoto wake, kuphatikiza apo, Apollo amapanga mawu osasangalatsa ndi mawondo awo, omwe amawonjezera zotsatira zake, ndikupangitsa mdani kusamala ndi tizilombo. Masiku ano, agulugufe ambiri okongola amayembekezereka.

Apollo nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo omwe amakhala, komabe, chifukwa chosaka iwo, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kumatsika mofulumira. Pofika pakati pa zaka zana zapitazi, gulugufeyu adatsala pang'ono kutheratu ku zigawo za Moscow, Tambov ndi Smolensk. Osaka chidwi amakopeka ndi mawonekedwe a agulugufe komanso kukongola kwake kwaubwino.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa agulugufe ali ovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala chakudya cha anthu. Vuto lina ndilo chidwi cha mbozi padzuwa ndi kusankha kwa zakudya.

Makamaka kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mitundu yamtunduwu ya tizilombo timatsitsidwa mu zigwa za Europe ndi Asia. Mu Buku lofiiragulugufe apollo imalowetsedwa m'maiko ambiri chifukwa ikufunikira chitetezo ndi chitetezo mwachangu.

Njira zomwe zikuchitidwa kuti zikonzenso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: malo okhalamo apadera komanso malo azakudya amapangidwa. Tsoka ilo, pakadali pano zochitika sizikhala ndi zotsatira zowoneka.

Mnemosyne

Mnemosyne, kapena apollo wakuda, nawonso ndi wa mtundu Parnasius. Amakhala ku Central Asia ndi Europe, kumakhala Iran, Turkey, ndi Afghanistan. Zimapezeka ku Europe ku Russia mpaka ku Urals.

Njira ya moyo, kukula ndi kapangidwe ka mnemosyne amafanana ndi Apollo wamba. Komabe, pali kusiyana. Gulugufe wakuda wa Apollo adayera yoyera, pomwe mitsempha yakuda imawoneka bwino. Malekezero a mapiko akutsogolo akuwonekera, ndipo m'mphepete mwake pali malo awiri akuda. Mbali yamkati yamapiko kumbuyo ndi yokutidwa ndi villi ndikujambulidwa imvi. Tizilombo ta Mnemosyne ndi zakuda ndi mizere iwiri ya mawanga achikaso kapena ofiira. Amamadyetsa okha dzenje lopendekera ndi loyaka.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mbozi za agulugufewa ndiosusuka kwambiri. Ndipo akangomaswa, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kudya kwambiri. Koma amatenga masamba mwachidwi, pafupifupi miyala yamiyala ndi opulumuka, akuchita izi ndi kususuka kowopsa. Ndipo kudya masamba onse pachomera, nthawi yomweyo amafalikira kwa enawo.

Pakamwa pa mbozi pali mtundu wokuta, ndipo nsagwada zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri. Kuthana ndi mayamwa mosavuta, akufunafuna zatsopano. Makungu a Arctic Apollo, omwe amabadwira m'madera omwe ali ndi mwayi wochepa wa chakudya, amagwiritsa ntchito chomera cha Gorodkova corydalis ngati chakudya.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadyetsa, monga agulugufe onse, pa timadzi tokoma tambiri ta maluwa. Mchitidwewu umachitika mothandizidwa ndi spiral proboscis, yomwe, pamene gulugufe amatenga timadzi tokongola ta maluwa, amatambasulidwa ndikufutukuka.

Apollo Eversmann

Agulugufewa amapezeka ku Asia ndi Asia ku North America. Amakhala ku Far East kwa Russia, ku Siberia, Mongolia, Japan ndi Alaska. Mutha kuwaonanso kuzilumba za Shantar ku Nyanja ya Okhotsk.

Mibadwo ya Apollo Eversman yakhala ikukula kwa zaka ziwiri. Akuluakulu ali ndi mapiko otuluka, opakidwa chikasu. Mitsempha yawo ndi yakuda komanso yowoneka bwino motsutsana ndi maziko onse. Mapiko awiri apambali amakongoletsedwa ndi milozo ya imvi yopingasa. Pa mapiko akumbuyo pali malo awiri ofiira okhala ndi kulumala wakuda.

Apollo Nordmann

Gulugufe wa gulugufe Apollo dzina lake ndi wolemba nyama wa ku Russia a Nordmann Alexander Davidovich. Dera lake ndi laling'ono kwambiri ndipo limangokhala mbali za kumapiri a kumapiri a Caucasus, komanso malo a Turkey kumpoto chakum'mawa.

Agulugufe achikulire amapaka utoto wachikasu ndi mitsempha yakuda. Mbali zam'mwamba zamapiko akutsogolo ndizopepuka. M'mphepete mwake muli malo awiri akuda. Mapiko kumbuyo kwake adakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga awiri a njerwa ndi kuluka kwakuda. Mkati mwamkati muli mawonekedwe a imvi oonekera.

Mawonekedwe

Mapikowo ndi oyera, a beige kapena a kirimu, m'mphepete akuwonekera. Kutalika kwakutali kwamapiko akutsogolo ndi masentimita 4. Pa mapiko aliwonse a kumbuyo kumakhala malo ofiira kapena lalanje pabwalo lakuda lomwe lili ndi malo oyera. Amuna, mapatawo ndi ocheperako kuposa achikazi.

Mapikowo ndi ochokera masentimita 7 mpaka 9. Pamutu pali tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono tokhala ndi malembedwe akuda. Ndiwo chinthu chachikulu chogwira mtima ndikuthandizira gulugufe kuyenda.

Maso akulu akuda. Pamiyendo yopyapyala yotsika mtengo, yovuta kuoneka. Tsitsi lalifupi limakulanso pamimba.

Asanasinthe, mboziyo imakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wokhala ndi matamba oyera. Ponseponse pali thupi laling'ono la tsitsi. Ana agalu achikulire amafika masentimita 5 kutalika. Amakhala ndi zikuni za buluu zakuda kumbali iliyonse, imodzi nthawi, komanso mawanga ofiira, imodzi yokulirapo kuposa inayo.

Makhalidwe ndi moyo

Apollo amatha kupezeka m'chilimwe. Mtunduwu umakonda kutsogolera moyo wamasana, ndikugona usiku muudzu wamtali. Gulugufe akaona chiopsezo, nthawi yomweyo amawuluka. Komabe, imawuluka, modabwitsa, mofooka komanso mopepuka. Ngakhale, akamafunafuna chakudya, amatha kuthana ndi pafupifupi 5 km.

Mbalame sizimadyera gulugufe wa Apollo chifukwa chokongoletsa utoto. Malo ofiira akuwoneka kuti akuwonetsa kuti kachiromboka kali ndi poizoni (izi siziri choncho), ndipo zilombo zomwe zimadya zimapewa kuyanjana ndi gulugufe. Kuphatikiza apo, Apollo amapukusa miyendo yake moyang'anizana, ndikupanga phokoso lomwe limawopsa kwambiri mbalamezo.

Chiwerengero

Mitundu yambiri ya agulugufe, mwanjira ina kapena ina, ili m'gulu la mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Zomwezi zitha kunenedwa za Apollo. M'malo okhala, anthu ambiri amapezeka, koma amagwidwa ambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, mitunduyi imakumana ndi kutha kwathunthu. Osaka ndi osonkhanitsa amakopeka ndi kukongola kwa mapikowo. M'zaka zana zapitazi, gulugufe wa Apollo adatsala pang'ono kutheratu kumadera ambiri a Russia komwe amakhala. Ku Europe ndi Asia, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kukuchepetsedwa.

Kuphatikiza apo, chinthu cha anthropogenic chimakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu ku kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi. Anthu amawononga malo okhala, ndipo anthu alibe chakudya. Apollo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, komwe amabisalira udzu.

M'mayiko ambiri momwe gulugufe wa Apollo amakhala, mtunduwu umalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Pakadali pano, akatswiri azachilengedwe akuyesera momwe angathere kuti matendawa atheretu. Anamwino akupangidwa, kuchuluka kwa malo opondera kukuchulukirachulukira. Komabe, njira zonsezi pamwambazi sizinabweretse vuto lalikulu.

Pakadali pano, kumadera ena ku Russia, komwe anthu ambiri a Apollo amakhala, gulugufeyu samapezeka kwenikweni. Mdziko la zoology, nthawi ndi nthawi nkhani zimapezeka kuti kachilombo ka mtunduwu kadadziwika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi nthawi yomweyo imayang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi. Amaphunzira zamtunduwu, zimathandizira kuti aberekane komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Chakudya

Amphaka ndiosusuka kwambiri. Akangobadwa, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kudya. Nsagwada zamphamvu zikudulira masamba ambiri. Ngati mboziyo singapeze masamba, imatha kudya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi mphutsi zake.

Atasandulika kukhala gulugufe, Apollo, monga tizilombo tonse touluka, amadya timadzi tokongola. Kuti muchite izi, ali ndi spiral proboscis, yomwe pakudya imakhala yopanda chidwi ndipo imayendetsedwa mwachindunji.

Njira zofalitsira

Gulugufe Apollo amaswana mchilimwe. Akazi amayikira mazira ang'onoang'ono pamasamba. Onsewa ndi ozungulira mawonekedwe ndi awiri a 2 mm. Kubwatcha kumachitika mu Epulo - Juni. Mtundu wa mphutsi ndi wakuda wokhala ndi madontho a lalanje thupi lonse.

Pambuyo kuwaswa, njira yogwira ntchito yazakudya nthawi yomweyo imayamba. Izi ndichifukwa chosintha mtsogolomo, kukhazikitsa kwake kudzafunika mphamvu zambiri. Akamadya pafupipafupi, amalimbitsa thupi, pomwe chipolopolo chimayamba kuonda.

Pambuyo pake, gulugufe wa Apollo amayamba kusungunuka, wobwerezabwereza kasanu. Kenako, mboziyo ikakula mokwanira, imagwera pansi ndikukhala chrysalis. Izi zimatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Chimbudzi chomwe chili mu coco sichimayenda ndipo sichimawonetsa zizindikiro za moyo. Pambuyo pake, amasintha kukhala gulugufe wokongola. Mapikowo atangowuma, tizilombo timayamba kufunafuna chakudya.

Apollo amakhala nyengo ziwiri za chilimwe.Nyengo yachisanu isanachitike, wamkazi amaikira mazira, pomwe mphutsi zimaswa. Pambuyo pakusintha kwakukulu, gulugufe wokongola amawoneka, yemwe amasangalatsa diso ndikakumana nawo.

Subspecies ndi mawonekedwe awo olekanitsa

Gulugufe wa Apollo ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi 600. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chili ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Akatswiri azachilengedwe adawululira njira inayake: kutengera nyengo ya nyengo, mtundu wa Apollo ukusintha. Kudera lililonse, gulugufe amakhala ndi utoto, malo omwe mawanga, etc. Akatswiri opanga tizilombo (asayansi omwe amafufuza tizilombo) amayambitsa mikangano yambiri chifukwa cha izi. Zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:

1. Amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chazosiyana ndi maonekedwe a anthu ambiri, ndizotheka kusiyanitsa ma subspecies.
2. Kanani ma subspecies aliwonse, ngakhale pali kusiyana.

Gulugufe Apollo samveka bwino. Mwinanso mndandanda wamabizinesi adzabwezedwenso.

Black Apollo (Mnemosyne)
Mapiko ali ndi masentimita 5-6. Mosiyana ndi Apollo wosavuta, Mnemosyne alibe malo ofiira, ndipo m'mbali mwa mapiko ake amawonekera kwambiri. Ziphuphu pamapiko zimatchulidwa. Pali mawanga awiri akuda pamapiko aliwonse apamwamba. Thupi ndi lakuda.

Arctic Apollo (Apollo Ammosova)
Mapiko ndi ochepa kwambiri - osapitirira 4 cm. Amuna ali ndi mapiko oyera, zazikazi zimakhala ndi imvi chifukwa cha chivundikiro chochuluka. Pali malo atatu ang'onoang'ono pamapiko apamwamba. Pali anthu omwe ali ndi malo ofiira kumapiko apansi ndipo popanda iwo. Arctic Apollo nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumadera akumpoto kwa Russia. Imatha kulekerera kutentha pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mphamvu za mitundu ina ya Apollo. Zimamuvuta kupeza chakudya, popeza kulibe gawo lambiri lazomera m'dera lomwe amakhala. Nthawi zina imasunthira ku ma larch amana kuti ikakhwime. Palibe chilichonse chachilengedwe cha Apollon Ammosov.

Apollo Nordmann
Ma subspecies awa amapezeka kokha mu lamba wamapiri a Greater ndi Ocheperako Caucasus. Gulugufe adadziwika ndi dzina loti amalemekeza katswiri wazowona za nyama ku Russia, yemwe adathandizira pophunzira za anthu a Caucasus. Amasiyanitsa Apollo Nordmann kuchokera kumagulu ena a kukula kokulirapo.

Zosangalatsa

1. Gulugufe adadzipatsa dzina kulemekeza mulungu wachi Greek wa dzuwa, Apollo. Kukongola kwa mapikowo kunalimbikitsa kwambiri akatswiri a sayansiyi kotero kuti anasinthanitsa kachilombo ndi dzina lokongola kwambiri.
2. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, mtunduwu ulibe mphamvu yakuuluka bwino. Ngozi ikafika, amayesa kuwuluka mofulumira. Komabe, izi sizotheka nthawi zonse kuchita. Poterepa, Apollo amatambasula mapiko ake ndikuyamba kupukusa mawaya ake. Kumveketsa phokoso lomwe limawopseza omwe amadana nawo.
3. Gulugufe wa Apollo amakonda malo am'mapiri, omwe siofala ndi tizilombo. Mtunduwu umasinthidwa bwino kukhala kutentha pang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kupezeka pamalo okwera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya mapiri imakhala ku Himalayas ndipo imamva bwino kwambiri pamalo okwera 6 km kuchokera kunyanja.
4. Arctic Apollo amakhala pafupi ndi malo omwe chipale chofewa chimasungunuka. Kwa tizilombo tosakhazikika, ichi ndi chozizwitsa chenicheni.