Nyumbuzi ndiye mphaka wamkulu kwambiri komanso yekhayo wa amitundu omwe amakhala ku America. Kutalika kofota kumatha kufika masentimita 75. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 150-180 masentimita, ndipo kutalika kwa mchirawo ndi 70-90 cm. Izi ndi nyama zamphamvu, zokhala ndi nsagwada zazikulu ndi masaya akulu. Amakhala ndi thupi lopendekeka komanso miyendo. Matupi awo anapangidwira mphamvu, osati kuthamanga, ngakhale amatha kukhala othamanga komanso kuthana mwachangu ndi omwe akuwatsata. Mtundu wa malaya umachokera ku chikasu chofiirira, chofiirira, chokhala ndi mawanga akuda pakhosi, thupi ndi miyendo. Mimba yake ndi yoyera ndi imvi. Zipika zakuda kapena zokumira zakunyanja ndizofala kwambiri ndipo zimachitika chifukwa chokhala amodzi. Ziwonetserozi zimakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda lokhala ndi mawanga akuda, omwe nthawi zambiri sawoneka bwino pamtambo wakuda. Ziphuphu zimakonda kwambiri nkhalango.
Nyama zazikulu kwambiri zinajambulidwa ku Panatal Nature Reserve ku Brazil, komwe kulemera kambiri kwa amuna ndi 100 kg ndipo zazikazi ndi 76 kg. Nyama zing'onozing'ono kwambiri zimapezeka ku Honduras, pomwe amuna amalemera makilogalamu 57 ndipo zazikazi zimalemera 42 kg. Mwambiri, nkhandwe zomwe zimapezeka m'nkhalango zowirira zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimakhala m'malo otetezeka, mwina izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kopanda anthu osabisala. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakula 10 mpaka 20% kuposa akazi. Dongosolo la mano I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2, ndi M 1/1.
Habitat
Nyalangoyi imakonda nkhalango zowirira, zotentha, zomwe zimawapatsa malo okhala, ngakhale zimapezeka m'malo a nkhalango, mabedi a mabango, nkhalango za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zithaphwi ndi m'nkhalango. Nyani za mbewa zimatha kusambira bwino kwambiri ndipo zimakonda kukhala pafupi ndi madzi, monga mitsinje, zigwa, maiwe ndi dziwe. Sipezeka nthawi zambiri kumadera louma. Kukhala kwa nyamayi kudalembedwa pamtunda wa 3800 metres ku Costa Rica, koma iwo, monga lamulo, samapezeka m'mapiri a mapiri ndipo sakhala pamwamba pa 2700 metres ku Andes. Kumpoto kwa Mexico komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States, nkhandwe zimapezeka m'nkhalango za oak, m'nkhalango za mesquite, komanso m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Nyama za mbewa zimasaka nyama zawo padziko lapansi, zimakonda nkhokwe zobisika kuti zibise. Amatha kukwera mitengo kuti izitetezedwe kapena kusaka. Kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino, nyama zimafunikira: kupezeka kwamadzi, masamba obiriwira komanso kuchuluka kwa nyama.
Kusintha kwachilengedwe
Ajambulawa ali ndi gawo lalikulu, amakhala kum'mwera kwa Arizona ndi New Mexico, kumwera chakumwera kwa Argentina ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil. Komabe, chiwerengerochi chachepetsedwa kapena kuwonongedwa madera ena, kuphatikiza El Salvador, United States ndi madera akulu a Mexico.
Jaguars pakadali pano ali pafupifupi pafupifupi 8.75 miliyoni km2 kapena 46% ya malo awo okhala. Nyama zazikulu kwambiri ndizodziwika bwino m'chigwa cha Amazon, kuphatikizapo Serrado, Pantanal, Chaco. Malo osiyanasiyana amakhala mpaka kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa gombe la Caribbean la Venezuela ndi Guiana. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi kunachitika makamaka kumpoto kwa Mexico, United States, kumpoto kwa Brazil ndi kumwera kwa Argentina. Zambiri zidawonongedwa m'chipululu cha Monte ku Argentina ndi ku Pampa steppe kumwera chakum'mawa kwa South America. Nthawi zambiri anyaniwa sakhala kumapiri ngati Pune.
Nyumbuzi zimakhala ndi malo awo okhala, omwe amakhala 25 mpaka 382 km2 zazimayi ndipo pafupifupi kawiri kuposa amuna. Wamphongo wamkulu amatenga timitundu tambiri ta azimayi atatu. Amuna, monga lamulo, amapitilira kuposa zazikazi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, pafupifupi mayendedwe amtundu wamphongo amayenda pafupifupi 3,3 km, ndipo mwa akazi - 1.8 km. Amateteza malo awo kwa amuna akuluakulu ena.
Kubalana ndi Moyo Wazungulira
Nthawi zambiri, mbewa zimakonda kulumikizana. Akazi nthawi ya estrus m'mawa komanso mochedwa usiku amakonzekera kukonzekera. Amuna amatenga zovuta izi ndi mawu awo ndikupita kudera lazimayi kuti akwaniritse, zomwe zimabweretsa mpikisano pakati pa amuna okwatirana ndi mkazi winawake. Sizachilendo kuti mkazi azigonana ndi amuna angapo, ngakhale wamwamuna wamkulu amatha kuthamangitsa mdani wofooka. Zachikazi sizilekerera kukhalapo kwamuna mutakhwima, makamaka pambuyo pobadwa kwa ana.
Sewu la estrus limakonda kubwerezedwa pambuyo pa masiku 37, ndipo kutalika kwake kumachokera masiku 6 mpaka 17. Maphunzirowa amadziwika ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: Lordosis (kugwada mwamphamvu kwa msana), flemen (milomo), mawu, skating ndikuwonetsa zodzikongoletsera. Amuna akuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa androgen chaka chonse, koma kuchuluka kwa mahomoni amatsika m'madzi osefukira m'malo ena. Nyalugwe zimatha kubereka ana chaka chonse, koma monga lamulo, kukhwima kumakulirakulira kuyambira Disembala mpaka Marichi. Ana ambiri amabadwa nthawi yamvula pomwe nyama zambiri zimadya. Pafupifupi, wamkazi amabereka ana amuna awiri (chiwerengerocho chimasiyana kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 4). Mimba ndi masiku 91-111. Kuberekera mumkaka kumachitika miyezi 12-16, ndipo mwa amuna ali ndi miyezi 24-36.
Ng'ombe zimabadwa ndi maso otsekeka ndipo zimadalira kwathunthu amayi awo. Maso awo amatseguka kwa pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Amadyetsedwa mkaka wa m'mawere mpaka atakwanitsa miyezi 5-6. Kenako amayamba kusaka ndi amayi awo. Achichepere amadalira amayi awo kwa pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Amawateteza ku zilombo, amaphunzitsa kusaka komanso kuphunzitsa maluso onse ofunikira.
Nyalugwe zakutchire zimakhala zaka 11-12. Matenda, ngozi, kukumana ndi nyama zamtchire kapena ziphezi ndizo zimayambitsa kufa. Paukapolo, nkhandwe zitha kufika zaka 20.
Khalidwe
Nyani amagwira ntchito kwambiri madzulo ndi m'bandakucha, ngakhale amatha kukhala otakataka nthawi iliyonse masana. Monga lamulo, amapuma masana. Nyalangoyi ikapumula imagona mumthunzi wakuda, pansi pa masamba akuluakulu, m'mapanga kapena pansi pa miyala ikuluikulu. Amapumulanso pafupi ndi mitsinje, ndipo nthawi yamvula amakakamizidwa kukhazikika pamitengo. Nyani zodwala zimadalira kwambiri madzi, makamaka nthawi yamvula, ndikofunikira kuthawa madzi. Izi ndi nyama zayekha kupatula nthawi yakubzala.
Kuyankhulana ndi kuzindikira
Nyama za mbewa zimakonda kulumikizana ndi mawu. Imachulukanso kamvekedwe kapena mphamvu ndipo imasiyana, kutengera munthu yemwe amapanga mawu, kaya ndi wamwamuna, wamkazi kapena wamkazi nthawi ya estrus. Vocalizations ya amuna ndi yamphamvu kuposa zazikazi. Pa nthawi ya estrus, zazikazi zimalira usiku ndi m'bandakucha. Kuyankha kwamwamuna pa mayitanidwe achikazi kumakhala kwachisoni komanso kwachilendo. Osaka nthawi zina amafananitsa mawu achikazi kukopa chachimuna. Nyani za nkhwangwa zimayimira ufulu kumaderawa mothandizidwa ndi kutulutsa mawu, kuyika mitengo ndikudziyimira pazomera.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Nyama za mame ndi zolengedwa zachilengedwe zokhazokha. Ali ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi; mitundu yoposa 85 imanenedwa ngati zakudya zamtchire. Nyama zikuluzikulu, monga peccaria, tapter ndi agwape, zimawerengedwa kuti ndiwozi zomwe amakonda. Zimasakanso caimans, akambuku, njoka, zinsomba, capybaras, nsomba, mbalame ndi nyama zina. Nthawi zambiri mbawala zimawombera nyama pamalo obisika. Amaluma mwachindunji pakhosi, kenako ndikumenya kapena kumuwopseza pomubaya kumbuyo kwa chigaza. Nsagwada zawo zamphamvu ndi zopindika zimakupatsani mwayi kuti muphe repitili zamtundu wakuda ndikukuluma kudzera mu chipolopolo. Kenako, anyaniwa amakokera nyama yawo kumalo obisika ndikusangalala ndi chakudyacho.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Animal Jaguar
Zooneka za nkhandwe, zoona zake ndi zosatsutsika. Kutalika kwake, chisomo ndi chovala chake chokongola chimatha kusilira. Uwu ndiye mphaka yekhayo wa genus panther yemwe amakhala ku America, kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake ndizodabwitsa. Pakufota, mbawala imatha kutalika masentimita 80. Thupi lake lokhala ndi minyewa imatha kutalika kuchokera pa 120 mpaka 180 masentimita, osawerengera mchira, womwe nthawi zina umakhala ndi masentimita 90. Unyinji wa nyelezi zimasiyanasiyana kuyambira 68 mpaka 136 kg.
Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna. Nkhani yosangalatsa imadziwika kuti wolemetsa weniweni walembedwa mu ufumu wamphaka - mbawala zomwe zimalemera pafupifupi 158 kg! Amadziwika kuti nyama zodya nyama zokhala m'malo otchire zimakhala zazikulupo poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimakhala mdera lamatabwa. Mwinanso, izi zimakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya, chomwe chimakhala kwambiri m'malo otetezedwa, chifukwa magulu azinyama osakhulupirira amadya komweko.
Mutu wa mbawala ndi wamkulu komanso wamphamvu ndi mano amphamvu, osaya nsagwada. Thupi la anyaniwa ndiwosalala komanso konda. Makutu ndi ang'ono, ozungulira. Maso ndi okhazikika, ogwirana, maonekedwe ake ndi olimba mtima komanso odzikuza pang'ono. Miyendo ya chilombocho ndi yolimba komanso yolimba, minofu yawo imakhazikika bwino, kulimba kwake ndi mphamvu zake zimawonekera nthawi yomweyo. Othawa kuchokera ku anyaniwa nawonso amakhala abwino kwambiri, nyama zodyerazi zimatha kuthamanga mpaka 100 km pa ola limodzi, ndipo zimawombera mphezi kwambiri komanso mwachangu kuti wovutayo alibe nthawi yochira.
Khungu lokongola la mbewa zimakondweretsa, chifukwa cha kukongola kwake. Ubweya wa nyama yomwe amadana nayo ndi yaifupi, koma ndiyakuda kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa kukhudza.
Maso athunthu amthupi atha kukhala:
- beige
- chidule
- ofiira
- zofiirira.
Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi mawanga amdima, omwe anthu osiyanasiyana amatha kukhala ochepa komanso okulirapo, amakhala ndi mtundu wolimba kapena wa rosette. M'malingaliro ena, mawonekedwewa amawonetsedwa ngati mphete. Nkhope yonse ya anyaniwa ndiwotchingidwa ndi timadontho tating'ono tosiyanasiyana tomwe timawonekera bwino motsutsana ndi maziko opepuka. Makutu a nyama ndi akuda bii okhala ndi malo owala pakati. Pansi pa thupi la mbeweyi ndi imvi, yopepuka.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti anyaniwa nawonso ndi akuda, siosowa kwambiri, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa majini a panther. Nthawi zoterezi zimatchedwa melancet. Ali ndi mawanga pa chovala cha ubweya, koma sawoneka konse pamaziko amalau. Nthawi zambiri, ana otere amabadwa mwa anthu okhala m'nkhalangoyi. Ku malo osungirako zinyama a Odessa panali milandu yodabwitsa pamene banja la anyani am'madziwo anali ndi ana awiri amtundu wamba, ndipo awiriwo anali akuda kwathunthu. Awa ndi ma metamorphoses achilengedwe!
Zomwe zimadya
Chakudya chaaguagu
Nyama imakonda nyama zomwe zimadya pafupifupi mitundu 87 ya nyama. Pakati pa nyama zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi capybara ndi cayman. Nyalugwe zimasaka agwape, anteat, tapir, njoka (kuphatikizapo anacondas), mafoni am'madzi ndi nsomba. Nyama yake imatha kukhala nyani, nkhandwe, iguana, phenum, otter, makoswe, nosuha, akamba am'madzi oyera ndi armadillos. M'mphepete mwa nyanja, mbewa zimayang'ana mazira a akamba am'nyanja kapena zimagunda zazikazi zikagona. Nyalugwe zimathanso kusaka ziweto, mwachitsanzo, ng'ombe.
Komwe kumakhala
Kukhazikika kwa anyaniwa kumayambira ku Central America ndikupitilizabe ku Mexico ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Anthu akulu kwambiri adaonedwa ku Brazil. Koma kudera la El Salvador ndi Uruguay, olusa awa anathetsedweratu. Mwambiri, masiku amakono a nkhwangwa zakhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi gawo lachitatu.
Komwe nkhandwe zimakhala
Malo akuluakulu a moyo wawo ndi nkhalango zamvula ndi udzu, komanso nkhalango zamapiri, pamitunda mpaka 2000 m pamwamba pa nyanja, m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Mawonekedwe ndi malo ankhandwe
Jaguar - Chinyama chokongola komanso chisomo, choyimira banja la mphaka. Amadziwika kuti ndi woyamba kukhala nzika zaku America, wachitatu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kutalika kwa thupi lake nthawi zambiri amapitilira mita imodzi ndi theka. Ndipo makamaka amuna akulu amalemera mpaka 158 kg. Akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri, ndipo kulemera wamba kwaanthu kumayambira 70 mpaka 110 kg.
Nyama zanthunso zimakhala ndi mchira wautali: kuchokera hafu ya mita ndi zina zambiri. Kutalika kwa nyanjayo kufota kumafika masentimita 80. Nyamayo ndi ya genus panther. Monga zikuwonekera chithunzi cha nyama, mgulu imawoneka ngati nyalugwe, koma yokulirapo.
Mtunduwu ndi wofanana ndi wachibale wake, koma mawonekedwe akewo amafanana ndi kambuku. Imakhala ndi ubweya wonenepa komanso wamfupi komanso makutu ozungulira. Mtunduwu umakhala wosiyanasiyana: kuchokera kumaso ofiira owoneka bwino mpaka kumchenga, gawo lakumunsi ndi ma soles ndi oyera, ndipo malo amdima amwazika thupi lonse.
Imapezeka m'chilengedwe ndipo chakumwa chakuda – chinyama omwe samawerengedwa ngati woyimira mtundu wina, koma chotsatira cha mawonekedwe a melanism.
Jaguar ndi nthumwi yowoneka bwino yazinyama za Dziko Latsopano ndipo amakhala ku Central ndi South America. Chifukwa chakusaka koopsa, nyama zinali zitawonongedwa kwathunthu ku Uruguay ndi El Salvador.
Kummwera kwa United States, malo ake adatsika ndi gawo limodzi chifukwa chachitatu. Jaguar - wokhala m'nkhalango zotentha, amatha kukhala m'malo otentha komanso malo okhala ndi zitsamba za xerophytic.
Imapezeka mdera lamapiri lamapiri, koma pamalo osaposa ma kilomita awiri, komanso pagombe lamadzi. Asayansi ali ndi mitundu isanu ndi inayi mitundu ya jaguar. Chinyama imafunikira chitetezo ndipo ikukhulupirira kuti imodzi mwa njira zake zidachotsedweratu.
Zojambulidwa zakuda komanso zowoneka bwino
Wabwino
Nyama zotchedwa nkhama ndi nyama zolusa komanso mitundu yofunika kwambiri yazachilengedwe momwe zimakhalamo. Zikopa zawo ndi ubweya zimagulitsidwa kuti zizipeza phindu, ngakhale kuletsa kusaka komwe kumakhazikitsidwa m'maiko ambiri. Kutsatira malamulo oteteza nkhalangoyi kwakhala bwino m'zaka zaposachedwa. Nyama za nkhondoyi ndizothandiza kwambiri popanga zachilengedwe, pomwe pamakhala mwayi wowonera.
Zosasangalatsa
Nthawi zina anyaniwa amagwira ng'ombe ndi mitundu ina ya nyama za pafamu, zomwe zimatsogolera kufunafuna abusa. Maiko ena, monga Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico ndi Peru, sanaletse kusaka nyama “zovuta” zomwe zimapha ziweto kangapo. Bolivia imalola kusaka nyama zakale. Nyama sizimawombera anthu popanda mkwiyo.
Masanjidwe
Magawo atatu apamwamba a nkhwangwa ndi awa:
1. Panthera onca onca - Venezuela, ngakhale Amazon ndiyonso ikutembenukira.
2. Panthera onca hernandesii - (Mexico Jaguar): Northern Mesica. Jaguar ya ku Mexico ilinso ndi mitundu 4 mwa mabizinesi otsatirawa:
- Panthera onca centralis (Central American Jaguar): kuchokera ku El Salvador kupita ku Colombia.
- Panthera onca. arizonensis (Arizona Jaguar): Kucokera ku Southern Arizona kupita ku Sonora, Mexico.
- Panthera onca. veraecrucis: Kucoka ku Central Texas kupita Kumwera-Kumwera kwa Mexico.
- Panthera onca golide: kuchokera ku Yucatan kupita ku Belize ndi Guatemala.
3. Panthera onca palustris (subspecies zazikulu kwambiri, zimalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 135): Dera la Pantanal la Mato Grosso ndi Mutu Grosso do Sul, Brazil mumtsinje wa Paraguay ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Argentina.
Zojambula ndi malo okhala
Mutha kukumana ndi nthomba m'dera la North ndi South America. Zambiri mwa izo zimakonda malo otentha kwambiri, chifukwa chake nyama zimakonda nkhalango, marshlands ndi madera okhala ndi zitsamba za xerophytic. Komabe, zimapezekanso pagombe la nyanja, komanso m'mapiri, koma osakweza 2 km.
Jaguar amamwa madzi
Pakadali pano, ali pafupi madera pafupifupi 8.75 miliyoni km² kapena 46% ya malo awo okhala. Odziwika kwambiri mu beseni la Amazon, kuphatikiza Serrado, Pantanal, Chaco.
Zosiyana kuchokera ku Leopard
Chifukwa cha mtundu womwewo, mbewa zimasokonezedwa nthawi zambiri ndi kambuku. Koma ngati muwoneka mosamala, ali ofanana mtundu. Mutu wa nthenga ndi wamkulu komanso wotakataka, ndipo miyendo yake ndi yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa nyalugwe.
Jaguar Chikopa
Zina zakunja kwa nkhandwe
M'mawonekedwe ake, mtundu wa mbewa ndi mphaka. Chifukwa chake, ili ndi thupi komanso mchira wautali, aliyense wa oyimira banja la mphaka. Chifukwa cha kutalika kwa mchira (nthawi zambiri mwina masentimita 50), nyama zotsogola zimatha kukhala ndi mbiri yabwino kwambiri pakuthamangitsa.
Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 110-185. Akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna. Kutengera ndi malo omwe amakhala komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya, kulemera kwa nkhandwe yachikulire kumatha kukhala ma kilogalamu 36 mpaka 113, kulemera kwa nyama yomwe imadya ndi ma kilogalamu 70. Jaguar ili ndi ma fangile akuthwa kwambiri - monga lamulo, kutalika kwa malembawo mpaka masentimita 5. Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa zala za amphaka onse ndi 5 kutsogolo ndi zinayi kumbuyo.
Nyama yayikulu kwambiri yamtunduwu, yomwe kulemera kwake kumatsimikiziridwa mwalamulo, inali ndi kulemera kwa 153 kg.
Kutalika kwa mphalaphala pakufota nthawi zambiri kumakhala masentimita 63-76. Awa ndi oyimira gulu lalikulu la amphaka, omwe ali ndi khungu losalala kwambiri kwa asodzi. Chifukwa chake, utoto umatha kukhala wosiyana kwambiri: kuchokera ku ma toni ofiira owala mpaka mtundu wamchenga. Utoto umadalira malo omwe nyama imadyera. Poterepa, pali mawanga amdima khungu lonse. Mimba yotsika ndi mapazi a kumapazi a mbewa zoyera ndi zoyera.
Zizindikiro wamba za nthomba ndi:
- makutu ang'onoang'ono owongoka
- wafupikitsa mawondo
- thupi lalitali
- mchira wautali wolimba womwe umathandiza chilombo kusaka.
Khungu lofiira lowala ndi mawanga akuda - mtundu wamba wa nkhandwe
Kuthengo, mbawala zakuda zimapezekanso. Samasiyanitsidwa kukhala amtundu wina, chifukwa mtundu wakuda siikhalidwe yamtundu, koma zotsatira za melanism.
Chakuda sichimapezeka kawirikawiri m'mazira am'madzi, koma izi zimachitika chifukwa cha melanism, osati kusintha.
Momwe ungasinthire zilombo
Nthawi zambiri amawukira agwape awo kuchokera kunthambi za mitengo, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amakonda kusaka pansi. Phunziroli, adazindikira kuti amatha kutsanzira kulira kwa nyama zina. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani ya kusaka anyani. Akuyandikira gulu la anyani, amapanga mawu ofanana ndi kamwana. Chifukwa chake, nyama yodya nkhosayo inakola nyani ndi kudzipezera chakudya chamasana.
Mwa njira, nyama yolusa imeneyi imalawa mitundu 90 ya nyama, kuyambira nsomba mpaka capybara. Zakudya zotsalazo ndi chakudya chomwe amakonda. Anthu amenewo a anyaniwa omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, akamba am'madzi amakonda kwambiri.
Jaguar adagwira njoka
Mwachilengedwe, nsagwada zamphamvu kwambiri komanso mano owongoka, kotero amafunikira kumenyedwa kumodzi kokha ndi mano ake m'khosi kuti agwetse mdaniyo mpaka kufa. Nyamayi imagwira makamaka kuchokera kumbali kapena kumbuyo, kugwetsa wozunzidwayo. Ngati kupwetekedwa koteroko sikunaphe, ndiye mwachidziwikire kuyambitsa kuvulazidwa kambiri. Tangoganizirani, kuukira ng'ombe, ndikumangolumphira kamodzi, nyalugwe ikhoza kuthyola khosi la ng'ombe.
Menya nkhondo ndi ng'ona
Ndizachilendo kuti mbalamezi sizimadya nyama mpaka kumapeto. Inde, amadya makoswe ang'onoang'ono nthawi yomweyo, koma palibe mitengo yayikulu. Masewera akadzaza, amasiya pafupifupi kotala la ola kuchokera ku chakudya ndikugona. M'mawa, kudzuka, mbawala zimadyanso nyama ndipo zasiya kale kudya.
Khalidwe la Predator
Nyama zanyamakazi zimangodya zokhazokha. Amakumana m'magulu okha nthawi yakukhwima. Nthawi yomweyo, zilombo zolusa sizimamenyera chidwi cha akazi, chifukwa mu nyama izi ndi zomwe zimasankha bwenzi.
Mwachilengedwe, anyaniwa ndi “nyumba zapakhomo,” kutanthauza kuti, samayendayenda m'malo osiyanasiyana kupita kwina kukafunafuna zabwino. Nthawi zambiri, nyama iliyonse yomwe ili ndi nkhonya ili ndi gawo lake lamoyo komanso kusaka - kwa akazi pafupifupi ma kilomita 25, kwa amuna mpaka 50. Mwapadera, ziwembuzo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osanja atatu. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kuti "mwini wake" athe kuyimitsa nthomba zina m'malo mwake osaka popanda mavuto, koma ndizotsutsana ndi ena oimira feline.
Pali umboni wapaukali wa nkhandwe: munthu amene wadyetsa kale amapha nyama zazikulu zomwe mwangozi zidalowa mdera lake - ma pumas ndi asayansi akuda amkuwa. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, anyakwawa adzaukira.
Milandu yozunza anthu imakhala yochepa. Cannibalism ndiosatsimikizika kwambiri pa nkhandwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizidziwika padera pamndandanda wa amphaka a cannibal (mwachitsanzo, ma panther amasangalala kusaka anthu).
Makungu akulu ndi zibwano zamphamvu ndi chida chowopsa cha mphaka.
Nyamayi imasaka madzulo kapena usiku. Masana, nyamayo imapumula pamthunzi wa mitengo kapena phanga.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti nkhandwe ndiwopusa komanso yoopsa, yomwe iyenera kupewa. Zidawonekeranso pomenyera anthu, koma osasewera ndi moto, ndizowopsa. Chidwi cha nthangala zimatha kumupangitsa kuti azingotsatira munthu kwakanthawi, koma ngati munthu sakusonyeza ukali, ndiye kuti nyamayo siziukira.
Mwachilengedwe, ndizovuta kwambiri kuwona mbuluzi, chifukwa zimayenda usiku. Ngakhale izi, mumatha kumva, chifukwa amalira ngati mkango, ndipo amatsuka ngati mphaka wamba. Imayamba kusaka usiku kapena m'mawa, koma nthawi zambiri usiku, chifukwa nyamayo imawona usiku bwino kwambiri kuposa masana. Jaguar samasaka masana.
Kugawa
Mtundu wa nyalugwe umayamba ndi nkhalango ku Central America ndikufikira kumadambo ndi matope a Mato Grosso ku Brazil, komanso kumpoto kwa Argentina. Nyama zazikulu kwambiri zimapezeka ku Mato Grosso ku Brazil. Nyama zidawonongedwa kwathunthu ku El Salvador ndi Uruguay.
Nyalangoyi imakhala m'malo a mvula nthawi zambiri, ndipo sipezeka kawirikawiri m'malo omwe amakhala ndi zitsamba za xerophytic. Nyambo zimapezeka m'nkhalango zamapiri pamtunda wa 2 km, ndipo m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pomwe mphaka wamkulu amapeza ndikukumba mazira a akamba.
M'mbuyomu, anyaniwa ankakhala kumwera kwa United States komweko. Tsopano malo okhalamo anyaniwa ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu apachiyambi.
Moyo
Nyalugwe limatha kukhala maso usana ndi usiku. Nthawi yogwira masana, nyama izi, monga lamulo, zimagwiritsa ntchito kusaka ndikuyenda mozungulira gawo lawo. Zinyama zimakhala ndi moyo wosochera, zimadutsa makilomita angapo patsiku. Kwa masiku angapo, chilombo chimasaka mbali imodzi ya dera, kenako ndikupita kwina. Kuphatikiza apo, sabata iliyonse amadutsa kwathunthu malire a tsamba lake.
Jaguar - zilombo, chifukwa chake amatha nthawi yayitali kusaka. Nyama iyi imakonda kusaka kuchokera kubisalira, chifukwa imawoneka yosaoneka mu udzu kapena tchire lalitali. Ubwino wake kwenikweni ndi kuthamanga, kotero kuti nyamayo siyandikira kwa wozunzayo, koma imayang'anitsitsa ili kutali, komwe ikhoza kukhala pamtengo.
Ngati nthangala ikaukira mnzake, ndiye kuti sangapulumutsidwe. Nyamayi imakhala yolimba kwambiri kuti kulumpha kamodzi sikungangogwetsa chirombo chachikulu, komanso kuthyolanso msana wake. Makungu a nthambzi ndi zakuthwa komanso zamphamvu, zitha kuluma ndi chigaza. Komabe, wozunzidwayo ali ndi mwayi wopulumuka ngati atazindikira kuti adani ake atha ndikuthawa. Ngakhale amathamanga kwambiri, anyaniwa samathamangitsa nyama yothawa, koma molimbika amalumphira dziwe ngati wothawa atha kuthawa posambira. Mbalamezi ndizosambira kwambiri, nthawi zina zimatha kugwira nsomba m'madziwe. Ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri amphaka zakutchire ndi capybaras ndi ena oimira artiodactyls.
Nyamayi siyinyansa komanso makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Chilombo chowala sichimavulaza anthu, koma chimakonda kuwononga ziweto
Amphaka amtchire amenewa ndi odekha, choncho samawukira nyama zomwe amadana nazo, pokhapokha atakwiya. Koma nyama yokwiya ikhoza kuthana ndi mdani wamkulu komanso wamphamvu. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nkhondo yolumikizana ndi nthomba ndipo imapambana. Potsata nyama iyi, palibe ofanana. Akapeza munthu, amatha kufikira kuthamanga mpaka 90 km / h.
Ngakhale amakhala ndi moyo pawekha, munthawi yakukhwima nyama zimasonkhana awiriawiri. Mosiyana ndi oimira nyama zanyama zambiri, abambo samakangana okha. Mkazi iyemwini amasankha mnzake, akusamukira kudera lake ndikukhalamo, nthawi yonseyi yakukhwima.
Kubalana ndi Moyo Wazungulira
Nthawi zambiri, mbewa zimakonda kulumikizana. Akazi nthawi ya estrus m'mawa komanso mochedwa usiku amakonzekera kukonzekera. Amuna amatenga zovuta izi ndi mawu awo ndikupita kudera lazimayi kuti akwaniritse, zomwe zimabweretsa mpikisano pakati pa amuna okwatirana ndi mkazi winawake. Sizachilendo kuti mkazi azigonana ndi amuna angapo, ngakhale wamwamuna wamkulu amatha kuthamangitsa mdani wofooka. Zachikazi sizilekerera kukhalapo kwamuna mutakhwima, makamaka pambuyo pobadwa kwa ana.
Sewu la estrus limakonda kubwerezedwa pambuyo pa masiku 37, ndipo kutalika kwake kumachokera masiku 6 mpaka 17. Maphunzirowa amadziwika ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: Lordosis (kugwada mwamphamvu kwa msana), flemen (milomo), mawu, skating ndikuwonetsa zodzikongoletsera. Amuna akuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa androgen chaka chonse, koma kuchuluka kwa mahomoni amatsika m'madzi osefukira m'malo ena. Nyalugwe zimatha kubereka ana chaka chonse, koma monga lamulo, kukhwima kumakulirakulira kuyambira Disembala mpaka Marichi. Ana ambiri amabadwa nthawi yamvula pomwe nyama zambiri zimadya. Pafupifupi, wamkazi amabereka ana amuna awiri (chiwerengerocho chimasiyana kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 4). Mimba ndi masiku 91-111. Kuberekera mumkaka kumachitika miyezi 12-16, ndipo mwa amuna ali ndi miyezi 24-36.
Ng'ombe zimabadwa ndi maso otsekeka ndipo zimadalira kwathunthu amayi awo. Maso awo amatseguka kwa pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Amadyetsedwa mkaka wa m'mawere mpaka atakwanitsa miyezi 5-6. Kenako amayamba kusaka ndi amayi awo. Achichepere amadalira amayi awo kwa pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Amawateteza ku zilombo, amaphunzitsa kusaka komanso kuphunzitsa maluso onse ofunikira.
Nyalugwe zakutchire zimakhala zaka 11-12. Matenda, ngozi, kukumana ndi nyama zamtchire kapena ziphezi ndizo zimayambitsa kufa. Paukapolo, nkhandwe zitha kufika zaka 20.
Adani achilengedwe
Mdani wofunika kwambiri komanso wowopsa kwa mbewa zam'madzi ndimunthu womusaka chifukwa cha ubweya wake wokongola. Mwachilengedwe, mfumu iyi ya nkhalango ilibe aliyense wopikisana naye komanso yowopseza: m'malo ake, ndiwopamwamba kwambiri pazoko.
Kwa gawo limatha kumenyana ndi ziphuphu zazikulu, nthawi zambiri zimawongolera, koma nthawi zina kuvulala kwambiri.
Pakusaka, anyaniwa nthawi zina amakumana ndi otsutsa oopsa komanso oopsa - caimans, ngakhale amatulutsa zimphona 2 kuchokera pachinthu chawo. Kusaka nyama zazikuluzikulu, nthawi zina zimatha kukhala zosautsa za anaconda kapena boa constitoror.
Zowopsa
Anthu ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha nkhandwe. Amakhala ozunzidwa chifukwa chakhungu, khungu ndi mano. Chifukwa chobisika, nkhandwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kupewa kuti anthu azitha kuzisaka komanso kuti azisaka bwino.
Nyani zimakonda kudya nyama ndipo zimakonda kucheza ndi nyama zamtundu wina. Zomera zamkati zimaphatikizapo trematode, tapeworms, helminths ndi chikwapu. Masamba ena akunja amaphatikizapo nkhupakupa ndi mphutsi za agulugufe.
Nyama zotchedwa nkhama ndi nyama zolusa komanso mitundu yofunika kwambiri yazachilengedwe momwe zimakhalamo. Zikopa zawo ndi ubweya zimagulitsidwa kuti zizipeza phindu, ngakhale kuletsa kusaka komwe kumakhazikitsidwa m'maiko ambiri. Kutsatira malamulo oteteza nkhalangoyi kwakhala bwino m'zaka zaposachedwa. Nyama za nkhondoyi ndizothandiza kwambiri popanga zachilengedwe, pomwe pamakhala mwayi wowonera.
Nthawi zina anyaniwa amagwira ng'ombe ndi mitundu ina ya nyama za pafamu, zomwe zimatsogolera kufunafuna abusa. Maiko ena, monga Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico ndi Peru, sanaletse kusaka nyama “zovuta” zomwe zimapha ziweto kangapo. Bolivia imalola kusaka nyama zakale. Nyama sizimawombera anthu popanda mkwiyo.
Jaguars, malinga ndi IUCN, ali pafupi ndi malo osatetezeka. Anthu ambiri amakhala osasunthika, koma kuchuluka kwawo kukuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chazisakasa komanso kuwononga malo. Nyama za mlengalenga zimayang'aniridwa makamaka m'malo osungirako ng'ombe, ngakhale kuti lamulo limateteza.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Jaguar ndi chilombo chomwe chimakhala chamtundu wina komanso gulu la amphaka akuluakulu. Ndiye yekha woimira mtundu wa panther yemwe adakhazikika, ku North ndi South America. Maonekedwe a jaguar ndi ofanana ndi nyalugwe, koma koyamba ndikokulirapo.
M'madera osiyanasiyana amkhalangoyi, nyama yamtunduwu imadziwikanso ndi mayina osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, a Hispanics amamutcha kuti nyalugwe, ngakhale ndi abale akutali kwambiri. Mawu akuti "jaguar" mchilankhulo cha anthu aku India achi Quechua amatanthauza "magazi." Ndizachilendo m'mazina osiyanasiyana komanso m'matchulidwe osiyanasiyana. Amaganizira kuti liwulo limaimira zilombo zenizeni. Amwenyewa anali anthu olimba mtima komanso olimba mtima poyerekeza ndi miyala yamiyendo ndi mbewa. Pali liwu lofanana mu liwu la Amwenye amtundu wa Guarani, limatanthauzira kuti "chirombo chomwe chimapha ndi kulumpha kamodzi."
Kanema: Jaguar
Ngati tizingolankhula za mtundu wa feline, kutanthauza zina mwa njira za paleontology, zikusonyeza kuti kholo lomaliza la banja ili, yemwenso ndi wachibale wa kambuku wosuta, amakhala zaka 6 miliyoni mpaka khumi zapitazo.
Ma Paleontologists amakhulupirira kuti mawonekedwe amtunduwu womwewo adakhalako zaka pafupifupi 3.8 miliyoni zapitazo.
Malingaliro pa nkhani ya abale apafupi kwambiri a nyamayi sagwirizana pakati pa asayansi osiyanasiyana; Komabe, zofunikira za morphological zimawonetsa kuti nyalugwe ndiye woyandikana kwambiri ndi nyalugwe muubwenzi wolumikizana. Zomwe zatsala ndi mkango wamtundu wa Barbary ndi nyama ya ku Europe, yomwe inali mbadwa zamtunduwu, zikusonyeza kuti nyamazo zinali ndi mkango komanso mbawala.
Kafukufuku wina wopangidwa ndi asayansi akuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe amakono a nthomba adawonekeranso patapita zaka zambiri kuchokera pa 510 mpaka 280,000 zapitazo. Pa chiyambi cha nkhono zamakono zomwe zikukhala m'masiku athu ano, pali zambiri zodabwitsa komanso zosamveka, kotero, kafukufuku wa asayansi sanathere lero.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Animal Jaguar
Mwachilengedwe, anyaniwa amakhala osungulumwa omwe amasamala madera awo mosasunthika. Malo okhala ndi adani ndi ochulukirapo, amatha kukhala malo a 25 mpaka 100 square metres. km Amuna, ndi wamkulu kwambiri ndipo amatha kudutsana ndi akazi angapo nthawi imodzi. Amadziwika kuti abambo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe azinthunso, ndipo nkhandwe zomwe zimakonda kusuntha kamodzi pakatha masiku awiri kapena atatu zimasinthasintha gawo la kusaka kwawo. Masiku 10 aliwonse, kwinakwake, wamwamuna amayendera malire a gawo lake, ndikupanga chotchinga kuti ena mwa amphaka ena (cougar, ocelot) asokoneze chuma chake.
Nyalugwe amaonetsa kukongola ndikuchita ntchito nthawi yamadzulo komanso m'mawa kwambiri, kutsogolera kusaka kosasunthika panthawiyi. Jaguar amasangalala kwambiri kumtunda komanso m'madzi. Ngati posaka kumtunda sakonda kugwira nyama yake yotayika, ndiye kuti m'madzi amakhala wokonzeka kuchita nayo chisangalalo, chifukwa amasambira bwino kwambiri. Chule ladzala ndiwokongola, ambulansi ake owopsa kwambiri amapezeka momwemo korona wamitengo.
Masana, nyama zodya nyama zimakonda kusangalala zitatha kusaka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amagona m'malo otetezedwa, pomwe kakhwala kamtundu wovuta kumatha kugona m'mapanga ndikukhala pansi pamiyala ikuluikulu. Nthawi zambiri, malo onse omwe amawakonda amakhala pafupi ndi madzi. Ndi nyengo yamvula ikayamba kugwa, anyaniwa amayenda pamwamba - pamtengo wa mitengo.
M'makina a jaguar pamakhala mitundu yambiri yamkokomo yomwe amalankhula ndi anthu amtundu wina. Nyama pomvekera zimasiyanitsa nthawi yomweyo yemwe amapanga (wamwamuna kapena wamkazi) ndi chifukwa chake. Mukasaka, kumveka mawu akung'ung'udza komanso larynx, nthawi yakukhwima, amuna amabangula ngati beluga. Akazi nawonso amalankhula mokweza nthawi ya estrus, nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwausiku kapena m'bandakucha.
Ngati tizingolankhula za kulumikizana kwa nthabwala ndi munthu, ndiye kuti oyambayo sangayambe kuukira anthu, pokhapokha munthu atapereka mpata wotere. Kugawika kumachitika nthawi zambiri mbirizi imadziteteza ikamenyera moyo wake. Nyama ya anthu siyikhala pazakudya za nyamayo, chifukwa nyanjayo imakonda kuti isasokonekera.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Jaguar Cub
Nthawi yakukonzekera nyengo ya nkhalangoyi siziwoneka. Pa nthawi ya estrus, mkazi amakupatsirani chidziwitso cha kukonzekera kugona mothandizidwa ndi mawu ndi maina ake. Amakhala okhwima pofika zaka zitatu. Amphaka amayankhanso kuyitanidwa kwa azimayiwo ndi mawu ake. Ndizosangalatsa kuti palibe kulimbana pakati pa amphaka kwa dona wamtima, chifukwa Kusankha kwathunthu. Nthawi yakukhwima, wamkazi amasamukira kumalo abwenzi ake, kenako nkulekana ndikupitiliza moyo wawo wangekha.
Kutalika kwa mimba ndi pafupifupi masiku zana. Nthawi yobereka ikadzayandikira, mayi woyembekezera amakhala kuti akukonzekera dzenje, lomwe limatha kukhala mumiyala yaying'ono, yobisalira lalikulu, m'phanga.Nthawi zambiri, mu zinyalala mumakhala ana awiri kapena anayi. Pulogalamu yokhala pamawunawo sichimatchulidwa ngati kwa akulu. Pa chovala cha ubweya wa makanda omwe amakhala ndi malo akuda otsogola. Pobadwa, ana agalu amakhala akhungu kwathunthu ndipo alibe chithandizo. Pangopita milungu iwiri yokha pomwe amatha kudziwa bwino.
Mayi wachikondi samalola kuti ana atuluke m'nyumba momwemo kwa mwezi umodzi ndi theka atabadwa. Amayi amawagwiritsa ntchito mkaka mpaka atakwanitsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kenako ndikuyamba kuwazolowera kusaka. Achichepere amakhala pamtunda wa amayi ake mpaka pafupi zaka ziwiri, kenako nkukhala wodziyimira yekha, ndikupanga gawo lake. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kudziwa kuti chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu, anyani ambiri achinyamata sakwanitsa zaka zakubadwa. Zinyama zakutchirezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zaka 10 - 12, ndipo zimatha kukhala mu ukapolo kwa kotala la zaka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Jaguar
Masiku ano, mutha kuwona ziwonetsero zachisoni, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa nkhwangwa zikucheperachepera. M'malo ambiri omwe ankakumana, omwe amadyera zidasowa. Palibe chodabwitsa kuti ngakhale mbuye wa nkhalango iyemwini sangathe kubwezeretsa mphamvu zowononga zomwe anthu ambiri amadwala nazo.
Kuteteza nkhonya
Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Jaguar
Kalelo mu 1973, asayansi adazindikira kuti nkhandwe zakuwopsezedwa kuti zitha, ndiye kuti mdaniyo adalowa mu International Red Book. Anthu adayamba kuchita zonama, chomwe Cholinga chake chinali kukana kwa anthu zovala za ubweya. Kenako kwakanthawi pang'ono kufunika kwa zikopa za miyendo kudagwa. Ngakhale kuti kusaka sikunakhale kotheka ngati kale, koma kumapitilizabe, ngakhalebe. M'mayiko monga Bolivia, Mexico, ndi Brazil, kusaka pang'ono ndizovomerezeka.
Kuphatikiza pa kuwombera kosaloledwa, nkhwangwa nazonso zili pachiwopsezo - kudula mitengo m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha, zomwe zimatsogolera kuphedwa kwa nyama zambiri pakudya kwa nyama yomwe imadya. Amayi mu akazi amabadwa ocheperako, chifukwa kudyetsa amayi awo chaka chilichonse kumakhala kovuta.
Kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, anthu adapanga mapaki akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi ku South America kuti ateteze nkhandwe. Msonkhano wapadziko lonse waletsa kugulitsidwa kwa nyamazi. Ngakhale izi zili choncho, kuchuluka kwa nkhalangoyi kukupitirirabe, zomwe ndizowopsa komanso zachisoni.
Anthu ambiri azikhalidwe zaku America amapanga matalala ndi kulimba mtima, kulimba mtima kwakukulu, mphamvu komanso ulemu. Ziboliboli zamiyala yamtundu wokongola uyu amakongoletsa maguwa awo. Atsogoleri achizungu ku America amavala khungu la jaguar ngati chizindikiro cha mphamvu. M'malo odabwitsawa, malingaliro awiri omwe amawoneka kuti ndi osagwirizana akuphatikizidwa, monga mphamvu yayikulu ndi kukongola kopanda malire. Mwina mgulu ndipo ilidi ndi mphatso yamatsenga, chifukwa kuyang'ana pa iyo, ndikosatheka kungochoka!
Kuthamanga kwa Jaguar uku akusaka
Ikathamanga, imatha kuthamanga kwambiri; mbawala zimathamangitsa nyama pamtunda komanso pamadzi. Ndikusintha kuti si amphaka onse omwe amawopa madzi. Nyalangozi zimasambira bwino kwambiri, ngati mungasankhe kuthawa m'madzi, ndiye kuti sizingakuthandizeni. Nthawi yomweyo amatha kuthamanga mpaka 90 km pa ola limodzi, komanso amatopa msanga.
Mukudumpha
Nyama za mlengalenga zimangokhala ngati malo achitetezo ngati nyama zonse zomwe zimadyera. Munthu m'modzi atha kukhala magawo 20 mpaka 100 km. Yaikaziyo imakhala ndi ana pafupifupi 30 km, ndipo yamphongo mpaka 100 km ya gawo. Kukula kwa malowa kumatengera malo ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zingapangidwe. Ngati mujambula malire amalo okhala, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi makona atatu. Imasaka mdera lake, masiku 4-5 aliwonse akusintha malo osaka.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndi pafupipafupi, masiku 5 kapena 15, kambuku amayenda mozungulira malire ake ndikuwasanthula. Kusintha kwadongosolo kotero kumapangitsa kuti nyamayo ikhale yoyenda nthawi zonse. Kulowera mdera la wolusa ndi winawake wochokera kubanja la amphaka kumadzetsa nkhandwe mwaukali. Ziphuphu zimayambitsa kusakonda kwamphaka izi. Koma, mosamvetseka, amalumikizana ndi abale ena pamtunda wawo mwamtendere.
Nyama zakuda
Pali mitundu ingapo ya adani. Chakuda ndi chimodzi mwazinyama zosangalatsa kwambiri pabanja; nthawi zambiri chimasokonezedwa ndi panther. Chidwi chakuda chimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, pomwe pamakhala malo owoneka pang'ono akuda - kumangowonetsera kwa melanism. Pankhani ya moyo ndi zizolowezi, sizosiyana ndi panthera onca.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
M'nyengo yakukonzekera yokha, anyaniwa amphwanya moyo wawo wosungulumwa komanso amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Yaikaziyo yakonzeka kukhwimira chaka chachitatu, ndipo chachimuna kwa zaka 4 za moyo wake. Palibe nyengo yokhazikika. Azimayi achikazi amabwerezedwa masiku onse 37, kotero kuti nkhandwe zimatha kubereka chaka chonse.
Zosangalatsa
- Nyalugwe zimatha kubindikirana ndi mikango, koma pamenepa ana amabadwa opanda chonde ndipo sangapitirize mtunduwo.
- palibe awiri omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe omwewo pakhungu. Munthu aliyense ali ndi zala zakumaso ndi mbewa zokhala ndi utoto - chilichonse ndi chapadera.
- Atasankha wamwamuna, wamkazi amatsatira mbali ndi apo kufikira atakhala ndi pakati. Akangochira, mkaziyo amasiya mwamunayo.
- Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, kulimbana pakati pa amuna kwa akazi ndikosowa kwambiri. Yaikaziyo imasankha yamphongo yabwino kwambiri ndipo imabwera pamalo ake.
Kusaka
Jaguar pa kusaka
Jaguar ndi nyama yolusa kwambiri. Amasaka mwachangu dzuwa litalowa komanso kutacha. Njira yayikulu yosakira ndikubisalira pamitengo kapena pakati pa udzu wamtali. Nthawi zambiri nyama imakonza izi m'mphepete mwa dziwe. Imagunda wolakwirayo, nyalugwe imalumphira kumbuyo kwake kapena kuchokera kumbali, ndikugwira khosi, kuyesera kugwetsa pansi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimamupangitsa kufa. Ngati wozunzidwayo wapeza nyama othamangitsana ndikuthawa, nthawi zambiri nkhwangwa sizimalondola. Nyama yayikulu imatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri, koma osapinduliranso;
Jaguar akusaka
Popita kusaka, anyaniwa amapanga mawu abwinoko, amtundu wautali, amabangula usiku ndi nthawi yakukula.
Moyo wamatsenga m'ndende
Ngwazi zimakonda ufulu komanso kudziyimira pawokha, motero nkovuta kuzolowera ukapolo. Nyama zotere sizimawoneka kawirikawiri ku malo osungirako zinyama kapena kusamalira kunyumba.
Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti nkhandwe ndi nyama yolusa mwachilengedwe. Ali mwana, mwana wa mphaka akhoza kusewera ndi mwini wake ndikusangalala naye, ngakhale atakhwima, amenyenso.
Nyama sizilekerera malire a ufulu wawo, motero ndizosowa kwambiri m'malo osungira nyama
Ali kundende, mbawala zimakhala zaka 25. Kuti nyama ikhale yabwino momwe angathere, ayenera kupangira zinthu zonse:
- malo obisika
- mitengo kapena matabwa okuwera ndi ma claw
- kukhalapo kwa zinthu zamasewera mu aviary,
- zakudya zoyenera (mpaka ma kilogalamu 3.5 a nyama yopanda tirigu ndi malita 0,5 a madzi patsiku),
- mulingo wa Vitamini (nyama zazing'ono zimapatsidwa mavitamini A ndi D3, amphaka achikulire amapatsidwa kukonzekera kovuta kwa vitamini, yisiti ndi chakudya chamfupa.
Dziwani kuti ukapolo nkhwangwa sizifunikira kusaka, choncho mphamvu zochulukirapo zidzafunika kuponyedwa kunja kudzera m'masewera. Moyo wokangalika wokha komanso kudya nyama yabwino zomwe zingakulitse moyo wa nyama zomwe zimadya komanso kupewa matenda osiyanasiyana.
Kodi ntharika ndi chiani?
Dzina lasayansi la nkhandwe ndi Panthera onca. Zowonadi, nyama yolusa yamtunduwu ndi ya m'modzi mwa oimira gulu la abambo. Ndikofunika kuti pakati pa amphaka akuluakulu, nyalugwe ndi lachitatu kukula.
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti makolo oyamba a anyaniwa anakhalako zaka 6-10 miliyoni zapitazo. Panthera onca palokha ali ndi mbiri ya zaka 3,8 miliyoni. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za olemba nkhwangwazi ndi za kumapeto kwa Pliocene (i., Pafupifupi 2 miliyoni zapitazo). Mbawala zimafanana ndi nyalugwe (ngakhale pali kholo limodzi lomodzi - kambuku wosuta). Komabe, awa ndi mitundu iwiri yosiyana.
Dziwani kuti nkhandwe ndizokulirapo kuposa akambuku, kuwonjezera apo, ali ndi malo osiyanasiyana.
Mtundu wokongola wa khungu unapangitsa njoka kukhala chandamale kwambiri kwa asaka. Chifukwa chake, pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa anthu kuli kochepa kwambiri: nyama zatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Argentina kokha, kuli anthu pafupifupi 200, ku Mexico - osaposa zana. Ndiye kuti, chiwerengero chonse cha nkhwangwa zakutchire masiku ano sizikupitilira amphaka chikwi.
Khungu lokongola lomwe amaonedwa kuti ndi lofunika, motero anthu a XX century anaika moyo wa anthu onse kukayikira
Jaguar amalembedwa mu Buku Lapadziko Lonse Lapansi, pafupifupi mayiko onse ndi mtundu wotetezedwa wa nyama zamtchire. Kuwombera kwa nthomba zazing'ono zochepa ndizovomerezeka ku Mexico, Bolivia ndi Brazil kokha.
Zosangalatsa pankhaniyi:
Zosangalatsa zokhudza mbewa
- Nthawi zambiri nkhwangwa zimawopseza anthu, ndipo sizidzatero pokhapokha zitaputa. Odyerawa si ankhanza, koma amakhala achidwi, nthawi zambiri amathamangitsa anthu kudutsa m'nkhalangomo, popanda zolinga zoyipa.
- A American aborigine a jaguar, monga amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, anali olemekezeka komanso kuyamikiridwa. Mwa a Olmec, olusa anali wamkulu wopembedza milungu yamakhalidwe ndipo amakhala pamalo apakati pa milungu. Amayawo ankapembedzanso nthomba, ndipo atsogoleriwa adavala zikopa zawo ndi zisoti zawo m'makhalidwe amitu yawo monga zisonyezo zaudindo wapamwamba.
- Malinga ndi nthano za ku Native American, anyaniwa amatha kutsatsa kulira kwa mbalame zilizonse ndi nyama kuti zizikopa. Asaka aku Brazil akuti nkhwangwa zimatha kuzindikira anthu omwe awagwera.
- Dzinalo "Jaguar" ndi kampani yamagalimoto, yomwe imadziwika kuti imapanga magalimoto amasewera apamwamba.
Jaguar anatomy
Nyalugwe zimakhala ndi minofu komanso mphamvu kwambiri. Amakhala ndi mutu waukulu, miyendo yayifupi, tsitsi lalifupi lakuthwa lokhala ndi mtundu winawake (kuchokera kufiira lowala kupita pamtunda wamchenga). Pakhungu la nyamayo pali mawanga akuda omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo m'mimba ndi mmero zimakhala zoyera. Nyalugwe ndi wofanana ndi kambuku, koma nkhalangoyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbewa kumakhala mpaka masentimita 185 (popanda mchira). Kutalika kwa mchira wa nkhalangoyi kumayambira 50 mpaka 75. Kulemera kwa yamphongo ndi pafupifupi 90-120 kg, ndipo zazikazi kuyambira 60 mpaka 80 kg. Nyama yayikulu kwambiri anagwidwa yolemera 158 kg.
Panther kapangidwe
Nyama iyi imakhala ndi torso yayitali kwambiri yokhala ndi dera lochepa. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 91 - 180 cm (yopanda mchira), mchira wake umakhala pafupifupi 75 - 110 cm kuyambira 30 mpaka 100 kg.
Mutu wa nyamayi umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa, mbali yake yakumaso ndi yayitali. Pamutu wa panther mutha kuwona makutu afupi ozungulira.
Mtundu wa nyama nthawi zambiri umawonetsedwa mu mtundu womwewo, koma nthawi zina pamakhala mikwingwirima kapena mawanga amtundu wakuda. Panther ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera a larynx - zida za hyoid, zomwe zimapatsa nyama mwayi wofuula kwambiri.
Panther
Ma Panthers, monga tafotokozera kale, amatchedwa mtundu wonse wa banja la amphaka akuluakulu. Osangokhala jaguars okha omwe ali oyenera kutanthauzira motere, komanso nyalugwe, mikango, ndi mikango. Komabe, njovu ndi kambuku zokha zomwe nthawi zambiri zimavutika ndi nyimbo.
Pali mtundu wina womwe mtundu wa ma panthers umachokera kwa oimira omwe sanatchulidwe a mtundu wa cougars, komabe, mikangano yoopsa ikadali kupitilirabe ponena za chiyambi chake m'gulu lasayansi yasayansi yanyama.
Thandizo! Mtundu womwe umachititsa kuti tsitsi lizimva khungu limatha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu awiri amitundu mitundu akawoloka, nthawi zambiri amapanikizika ndi mtundu wamphamvu. Komabe, pazaka zonsezi chisinthiko, zovala zakuda sizinazimirike kuzungulira dziko lapansi.
Phylogeny
Zambiri pazakulengedwa kwamtunduwu zidapezeka pofufuza zotsalira komanso kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi maselo a phylogenetics. Jaguar ndi yekhayo membala wamtunduwu Panthera
M'dziko Latsopano. Zambiri zam'mero-phylogenetic ndi paleontological zomwe zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zimatsimikizira mgwirizano wapabanja pakati pa agalu ndi oimira ena amtunduwu
Panthera
Ndipo akutsimikizira kuti iye, pamodzi ndi oimira ena amtundu komanso kambuku wofuka, anali ndi kholo limodzi lomwe limakhala padziko lapansi pakati pa 6 miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo. Zinthu zakale zimasonyeza kuti mtunduwo unayamba zaka pafupifupi 3.8 miliyoni zapitazo. Mbali zazikuluzikulu za morphological zikuwonetsa kuti nyalugwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kambuku. Komabe, kafukufuku wa DNA sanamalizidwe, ndipo malingaliro pa phylogeny ya jaguar wachibale ndi mitundu ina amasiyana pakati pa ofufuza osiyanasiyana. Mitundu yotsalira ya mitundu yomwe inatha ya mtunduwu, monga nyemba zaku Europe (
Panthera gombaszoegensis
) ndi mkango waku America (
Panthera leo atrox
,, phatikizani machitidwe a mkango ndi mbewa. Kusanthula ndi kufananiza kwa jaguar mitochondrial DNA kunawonetsa kuti zakalezo zamtunduwu zidalembedwa zaka 280,000 ndi 510,000 zapitazo, zomwe zimachedwa kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimatsalira zakale.
Zida zodziwikiratu zazikhalidwe, sayansi ndi luso
Palibe amphaka aliyense wakuthengo amene ali ndi kutalika kwambiri ngati kambuku. Wotsogola uyu "wakwanitsa" dera lalikulu, kuphatikiza Africa yonse (yopanda Sahara) ndi pafupifupi South Asia. Nthawi yomweyo, akumva bwino mu nkhalango ndi m'mapiri, amalolera kutentha ndi kuzizira chimodzimodzi. Kumpoto, kambuku adafika ku Transcaucasia ndi Primorye. Zowona, sizikupezekanso ku Caucasus, koma posachedwapa awona nyalugwe waku Far East. Julayi 24, 2019, chilombo chosowa kwambiri chidawoloka molimbika msewu waukulu ku Khasansky m'chigawo cha Primorye, ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono idagundidwa ndi galimoto.
Kuphatikiza apo, anyaniwa, wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa nyalugwe, amakhala mbali ina ya dziko lapansi. Ndiwofanana kwambiri mwakuti wosazindikira sazindikira pomwepo kuti ndani yemwe amakhala mu Dziko Lakale kapena Watsopano? Komabe, ndizotheka kuwasiyanitsa. M'mawu osavuta, kambuku ndi wowoneka bwino komanso "wowonda" wokhala ndi zambiri komanso wokutidwa kwambiri wa "America."
Chikopa
Miyendo ya anyaniwa ndi yaifupi komanso yolimba kwambiri, matako ake ndiakulu komanso owoneka bwino, ndipo mutuwo ndi waukulu kwambiri (anthu aku Brazil amamucha "kanga" - ndiye kuti "mutu waukulu").
Jaguar
Khungu lokongola la nyama zodyerazi zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa akazi azikhalidwe kuyambira 1930 ndi 70s (Jacqueline Kennedy ndi Gene Lollobrigida adakonda kuyimba mu zovala za "nyalugwe"). Koma ngakhale popanda izi, anthu anali ndi zifukwa zokwanira kupha nyalugwe.
Zowopsa kuposa nthenga ndi mkango
Alenje osakomera anena kuti kambuku ndi wowopsa kuposa mkango kapena kambuku, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuzifufuza ndikuziwombera. Zowonadi zake ndi zakuti ndizocheperako komanso zopepuka kuposa "anzake" (kutalika kwa thupi la kambuyo ndi 91-180 m, ndipo kulemera kochokera pa 30 mpaka 90 kg). Chifukwa chake, ndichopanda pake komanso chosawoneka mu udzu, zitsamba kapena nthambi za mitengo (mawanga achikaso pazithunzi zoterezi ndizobisa zabwino).Amalemba kuti nyama yolusa imeneyi imatha kudumphira pamtunda wa 2m asanadziwe.
R. Kipling "Momwe Chikopa Chidakwanira Nacho": "- Panga malo ngati gira. - Chifukwa? "Ingoganizirani zopindulitsa bwanji." Kapena mumakonda mikwingwirima ngati mbidzi? Mbidzi ndi gira zimakondwera kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe awo atsopano. - Um! Anatero nyalugwe. Sindikufuna kukhala ngati mbidzi. ” “Mangiratu msanga,” anatero Mwaitiopiyayo. "Sindingafune kupita kokasaka popanda iwe, koma uyenera kutero ngati ukuoneka ngati mpendadzuwa ndi mpanda wakuda." "Chabwino, chifukwa chake ndimasankha mawanga," inatero kambuku. "Osangokukulitsa kwambiri." Sindikufuna kukhala ngati twiza. ”
A. Brem "Animal Animal": "Maonekedwe, nyalugwe ndiwosakayikitsa kuposa amphaka onse padziko lapansi. Mwa banja lonse latsopanolo, mkango, umatipangitsanso ulemu chifukwa cha ukulu wake, ndipo timazindikira mosavuta mfumu ya nyama momwemo, nyalugwe ndiye woimira wowopsa kwambiri pagulu lowopsa, ubweya wa ocelot uli, wowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso wokongola kuposa ubweya wa pepala lina, koma pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a kapangidwe ", Kukongola ndi ubweya, kuphatikiza chisomo ndi kukongola pakuyenda, amphaka, monga wina aliyense, ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa nyalugwe."
Khwangwala samangokhala osachita manyazi komanso ochenjera, komanso amakhala chete. Zachidziwikire, amatha kung'ung'udza komanso kubangula komanso kubangula (nthawi yakukhwima), koma osasaka. Amati kambukuyu amakhala chete, ngati wogawanika, ngakhale atakodwa kapena atavulala.Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kuchenjerera kwa kambuku komanso kukana kwake kuchita "nkhondo momasuka" adalola Aristotle kulembetsa mdulidwe uyu pamwamba pa nyama zamantha kwambiri - pamodzi ndi mbewa, kalulu, fisi ndi bulu.Komabe, nzika za ku Africa ndi Asia, zodziwika bwino ndi kambuku, sizinkagawana zomwe anzeru achi Greek amaganiza.Kwa iwo, nyalugwe ndi nyama yolemekezeka, chizindikiro cha luso lankhondo ndi mphamvu zachifumu (ku Dahomey, mafumu am'dzikolo adadzitcha "ana a nyalugwe").
A. Brem "Animal Animal": "Ndi ukali komanso kusokonekera kwa nyalugwe, zikuwonekeratu chifukwa chake wopambana kafra wa nyama yowopsa amagwiritsa ntchito ulemu wotere. Atavala “karros” wopangidwa ndi khungu la nyalugwe, ali ndi khosi lopangidwa kuchokera mano a nyama pakhosi ndi mchira wake lamba wake, munthu wolimba mtima amayang'ana pansi anzawo, omwe michira yake yodontha imatsika mokhumudwa. ”
Komabe, ku Europe, malingaliro a Aristotle sanazike mizu. Inde, nyalugwe ikhoza kukhala chizindikiro cha mkwiyo komanso kukwiya, koma ayi. Ndi nyalugwe (khungubwi) yomwe "Chamoyo choyipa chotuluka m'nyanja" chimayerekezedwa ndi "Apocalypse" (13: 1-2). Ndi nyalugwe, mmbulu ndi mkango womwe umatsata ngwazi ya Dante ya "Divine Comedy" pa njira yopita ku Gahena. Ndipo "leopard" yaku Germany simangotchedwa.
Monga ndidalemba kale, nyalugwe amatha kuzolowera malo osiyanasiyana, zomwe zidamuthandiza kuti asawonongedwe ndi mikango ndi akambuku. Komabe, chuma chomwe amakonda kwambiri nyama yolusa imeneyi, ndi nkhalangoyi.Nyalugwe imangokwera ndi kudumphira m'mitengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyani akhale ndi vuto lalikulu. Nthawi zambiri amabisalira zotsalira za chakudya chake pamitengo.
Zomwezi zimachitikanso chimodzimodzi. Mu chilankhulo cha amwenye a ku Guarani, dzina loti "yaguara" lili ndi tanthauzo labwino: "nyama yomwe imapha ndi kulumpha kamodzi." Mukudumpha, nyama yolusa imeneyi imathamanga kwenikweni, koma, monga amphaka ambiri pamtunda wautali, imatha msanga (kodi omwe amapanga galimoto ya masewera a Jaguar amadziwa izi?).
A. Milne "Winnie the Pooh ndi All-All": "- Ndipo a Jaguars amatani? - adafunsa Piglet, pansi akuyembekeza kuti tsopano sangachite izi. "Amabisala pamitengo yamitengo ndipo kuyambira pomwepo mumangoyimirira pansi pa mtengo," atero Pooh ... "Bola ife sitikupita pamtengo, Pooh, apo ayi angadziponye pansi kuti avulazidwe." "Sadzipweteka okha," atero Pooh, "akudziwa kuthamanga."
Mgodi Wopanda Mutu Wopanda Mutu: "Kudya mtengo kunalibe ntchito: nyalugwe imakwera mitengo ngati mphaka. Mustanger amadziwa izi. ... Mwangwiro, adathamangira mumtsinje ndikuyimilira pomwe madzi adampeza m'chiuno. Ngati a Maurice akanatha kuganiza, angamve kuti zilibe ntchito, chifukwa nyalugwe samangokwera mitengo ngati mphaka, komanso amayandama ngati nyere. Ndi woopsa m'madzi ngati pamtunda. ”
Inde, anyaniwa ndiwosambira kwambiri ndipo amatha kusaka bwino ngakhale nkhanu. Komabe, chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri chomwechi amadya ndi ophika nkhumba ku South America (kutsindikiza silira yachiwiri) ndi makoswe akuluakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - makungwa okhala ngati nkhumba yolowera mita imodzi ndi theka.Mu Dziko Latsopano, anyaniwa mosakayikira ali mdani wamkulu komanso wowopsa, yemwe mlendo waku Spain amatcha "El Tiger." Zachidziwikire, a Jaguar ndi amwenye adalemekeza. Pakati pa zikumbutso za chikhalidwe cha ku Peru cha Chavin, miyala ya milungu yopanga theka la anthu, theka-jaguars yasungidwa.
Kumanzere kuli chithunzi cha jaguar kuchokera ku Monte Alban (200 BC), kumanja kuli chithunzi cha wankhondo wa Aztec wakhungu lakhungu.
Zowona, mu nthano zaku South America, anyaniwa nthawi zambiri amasewera zofanana ndi nkhandwe mu nthano za ku Russia - zimawoneka ngati zofunikira kwambiri, koma zokhala ndi malingaliro osavuta, motsogozedwa ndi opossum kapena nyani. Mukukumbukiranso nthano ya Kipling "Kodi nkhondo zidayambira kuti", komwe nkhata ndi ufulu "zidawalitsa" nthambwe? Mwa njira, upangiri wa amayi ake-jaguar - kuti aswe kachilombo mu chipolopolo chake - sichosangalatsa - olusa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi m'moyo weniweni.
M'mbuyomu, malo okhalamo anyaniwa sanangokhala ku nkhalango yaku South America ndipo adafika ku Texas, Arizona, New Mexico ndi California (ku Texas, buku la mutu wopanda mutu likuchitika). Komabe, kuyambira 1940s, izi sizinawonekere ku United States, ngakhale zimapezeka ku Mexico m'malo ena.
Kodi panther imanunkhiza bwanji?
"Ndimakondanso panther wakuda, Momwe ukuyang'ana kutsogolo kwa malo ena omwe si amoyo, Monga sphinx yowopsa m'chipululu cha buluu." (F. Garcia Lorca)
Nditangoyamba kudziwa tanthauzo la dzina loti "nyalugwe", chipwirikiti chinayamba msanga m'mutu mwanga. Mwina akatswiri odziwa zambiri andikonza - pali malingaliro ambiri otsutsana omwe ndakumanapo ndikufufuza nkhaniyi.
Sikoyenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chakuzama cha chilankhulo kuti muwone mawu oti "leo" m'dzina la nyalugwe - ndiko kuti, Mkango. Koma kodi gawo lachiwiri latanthauziridwa bwanji - "kukhululuka" - ndendende, "kukhululuka"?Mu Wikipedia ya Chingelezi yachilankhulo kudalembedwa kuti mawu achi Greek awa amatanthauza kuti "amuna panther" ndipo amachokera kum'mawa - Indo-Iranian - zilankhulo. Ndiye ndani "panther" wotere?
Panther Bagheera ku Soviet Mf Mowgli.
Zikuwoneka ngati owerenga olankhula Chirasha kuti kuyankha funsoli ndikosavuta. Ambiri azikumbukira Bagheera yosaiwalika yochokera ku Mowgli ola lomwelo, ndipo owerengedwa bwino adzafotokoza kuti panther si mitundu yosiyana, koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyalugwe yakuda. Anthu akuda (omwe amatchedwa melanists mu science) amapezekanso mu nthomba, koma sanapezekebe mkango ndi akambuku.
Mwa njira, mu Kipling Bagheera choyambirira - uyu si wamkazi, koma wamwamuna. Disney mukusinthidwa kwa filimu ya "The Jungle Book" adaloleza ufulu wambiri, koma jenda yake yapamwamba ndi yolondola.
Utoto wopaka utoto wa mtundu wa melanin ndi womwe umapangitsa kuti tsitsi lathu likhale lowala kwambiri - lomwe limapangitsa kuti tsitsi lathu lipangidwe, mawonekedwe amtambo wa khungu, ndi zina. Ndiwopangidwe kake kolimbikitsidwa ndi misewu ya UV yomwe imawoneka pakhungu la munthu pakhungu ndi ma freckles.
Woyamba wa wakale waku Europe yemwe adafotokoza leopu wakuda, kunena kwake, "mwachilengedwe", anali Marco Polo. Apaulendo wa m'zaka za XIII adakwanitsa kukafika ku China. Zowona, mu malongosoledwe ake, Polo amatcha "mkango".
“Pali nyama zambiri zosiyana, sizili ngati nyama zaku mayiko ena. Pali mikango yakuda pano yopanda chizindikiro. "
Komabe, onani zomwe Ovid analemba mu Metamorphoses:
... Mulungu (kutanthauza Bacchus - SK) pamenepo, atavala chisoti chachifumu ndi mipesa m'masango, Iye mwini agwedeza ndi mkondo, mphesa wokutidwa ndi masamba. Tiger - mozungulira umulungu: mizukwa ya lynxes imawoneka, Zinyama zakuthengo nthawi yomweyo zimagona ndi khungu loyang'ana ...
Mulungu wachiroma wa vinyo - Dionysus - atakwera nyalugwe.
Ndipo izi ndi zomwe Goethe Mephistopheles anena mu "Kukomoka", ponena za bulangeti loyenda:
“Moyo wanga! Ndi kuyera kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokhala mawanga, ngati phale, Mkazi akhoza kuwononga ntchito. ”
Zowonadi, ngakhale pa panther wakuda kwambiri, mawanga amawoneka nthawi zonse. E. G mu "Zinyama Zakutchire za India" adalemba kuti palinso "ma under-panther" omwe malo akuda amawonekera bwino motsutsana ndi poyambira chokoleti. Palibe chifukwa chachingerezi cholankhulira cha mwambi wathu "Woponyedwa manda okhawo adzakonza" zikumveka kuti "Kodi nyalugwe ingasinthe mawanga ake?" ("Kodi nyalugwe ingasinthe mawanga ake?").
“Buku la Mneneri Yeremiya” (13: 23): “Kodi munthu wa ku Itiyopiyo angasinthe khungu lake ndi nyalugwe? kodi ungachite chabwino mwa kuzolowera kuchita zoyipa? ”
Amayi ovala zovala zachikopa. Kumanzere kuli penti yojambulidwa ndi C.E. Perugini. Kumanja - Wosewera waku Italiya Marie-Angela Melato.
R. Kipling "Mowgli": "Mithunzi yakuda idagwa pakati pa bwalo. Anali Bagheera, pensulo wakuda, wakuda konse, ngati inki, koma wokhala ndi zilembo zomwe, ngati ma pantel onse, amawoneka m'kuwala, ngati katitidwe kakang'ono pamiyala. ”
Komabe, ngati munthu wina amawerenga bukuli mosamala, ndiye kuti mu filimu yopanga zithunzi ya Soviet "animated" a Mowgli "adawonetsa momveka bwino mitundu ya Bagira pomwe nyengo yakukhwima imamuwonetsa akuthamanga ndi nyalugwe wowoneka.Zitsamba za m'mabanja oterewa zimatha kukhala zosiyana kwambiri - zonse zamawangamawanga ndi zakuda. Koma izi sizachilendo, chifukwa mtundu wakuda umapumira ndipo nthawi zambiri umaponderezedwa ndi mtundu womwe umawona. Kuti mupeze ana wakuda zana limodzi, mumafunikira ma pant awiri akuda, koma "ma negro" amathanso kubadwa kwa makolo omwe amawona ngati akuda awonekera makolo awo. Kuphatikiza pa utoto, makungu owoneka ndi ma panther ndi osiyana.
Komabe, chithunzi chowoneka bwino (mphaka wakuda wokhala ndi maso oyaka) chinapangitsa kuti ma panther akhale chizindikiro chenicheni cha mkazi wochititsa mantha, wokongola, wogona, wonyenga (komanso wachinyengo) (nyimbo "Agatha Christie" ndi kanema wokhudza msungwana wotchedwa "Anthu" nthawi yomweyo amakumbukira amphaka "ndi Nastasya Kinski).
Nastasya Kinsky ndi wosintha mawonekedwe.
Zowona, a Nazi adatha kutcha dzinali ngati lalikulu (komabe lalikulu). Pazovala zankhondo yaku Africa ya Gabon, maulendo awiri atanyamula chishango ndikujambulitsa (zolemba) "kukhala maso ndi kulimba mtima kwa mtsogoleri wa dziko la Gabon."
Pazina la Black Panthers, gulu lokhala ndi tanthauzo la Nationalgro Negro limadziwika kwambiri.
Monga mukuwonera, Kumadzulo amathanso kutchula kambuku wamba kuti "panther", ndipo epithet "wakuda" - "wakuda panther" akuyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuzungulira.
Komabe, zonsezi sizikunena momveka bwino pamwambapa kuchokera ku Wikipedia kuti "kukhululuka" kutanthauza "kukwatirana kwamphongo". Pankhaniyi, imakhala yopanda tanthauzo - "nyalugwe" imasandulika kukhala chosakanizira cha "mkango" ndi "nyalugwe" womwewo!Komabe, pali matanthauzidwe enanso omveka. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro lakuti mawu oti "panther" ndi "pardus" adachokera ku Sanskrit "pundarikas" (nyalugwe), womwe, amachokera ku pandaarah - "chikasu chopepuka". Ndipo "m'nkhani" ya "tiger" yochokera ku dikishonale ya Dahl, titha kukumana ndi mawu akuti: "dzina lasayansi la chirombo Pardus".Ndiye kuti, "nyalugwe" m'masiku akale amadziwika ngati mtundu wa mtanda pakati pa mkango ndi kambuku ...
Ndi dzina lachitatu la nyalugwe - "nyalugwe" - zinthu sizosokoneza. Amakhulupirira kuti amachokera ku liwu loti "prassum" kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Hatti (yemwe kholo lawo limachokera ku zilankhulo za Abkhaz ndi Adyghe). M'dziko lathu, idayamba mizu m'zaka za zana la 16 ndipo zimatanthawuza, choyambirira, nyalugwe waku Caucasus. Ngakhale adazigwiritsa ntchito pokhudzana ndi zina zazikulu komanso zowala - monga nyalugwe kapena kambuku wa chipale chofewa (omaliza amatchedwa "nyalugwe wa matalala" pamapeto pake).
Koma kubwerera ku mawu oti "panther", omwe chiyambi chake chimaphatikizanso. M'masiku akale, lidatanthauziridwa mophweka, popanda kusinthira mu Sanskrit. Monga, "poto" mu Greek ndi "chilichonse ponseponse," ndipo "theros" ndi "chinyama." Ndiye kuti, "panther" ndi mtundu wa "nyama zonse" - nyama paminyama yonse.
Isidore wa Seville: "Munthu wofiirira amatchedwa dzina ili mwina chifukwa ndi mnzake wa nyama zonse kupatula chinjoka, kapena chifukwa amakonda mtundu wake, ndipo zomwe amalandira zimabwera zofanana."
Kutanthauzira kwachirendo kotere kumveka bwino tikakumbukira lingaliro lakale (komanso losamveka) lanyama iyi. Ngakhale mu zinthu zakale, zimakhulupirira kuti panther (yomwe amatchedwa "kukhululuka") imatha kupatsa fungo lonunkhira komanso lozunulira, lomwe palibe nyama iliyonse yomwe ingakane. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti Agiriki akale adatcha liwu loti "pardalis" osati chokocha, komanso olowa - "ansembe achikondi", akudzidzoza kwambiri ndi zofukiza.
"Mbiri Yanyama" ya Aristotle: "Amatinso kukhululuka, podziwa kuti fungo lake ndi losangalatsa kwa zilombo, kusaka, kubisala: abwera pafupi ndikugwira nkhata mwanjira iyi."
Ngati lingaliro lina labwino kwambiri lidakhalapo ndikufotokozera kumeneku, ndiye kuti lidasowanso mu nthawi yachikhristu. Mu ulaliki wa zaumulungu, nyama zomwe zimadya zilombozi zimangokhala ngati fungo lomweli, osapeza phindu lililonse.
"Dokotala wazamankhwala" (II-III c.): "M'maloto, amatulutsa kununkhira, ndipo nyama zina zonse zimasonkhana pomununkhira ndikusangalala ndi kununkhira, ndikusangalala, kufalikira ndi chisangalalo m'nthaka komanso m'minda."
Panther amakopa nyama zonse, koma akuwopa chinjoka, chomwe chikubisalira dzenje. Zojambula kuchokera ku "Bestiary" (XII century).
Poyamba, kununkhaku kunali kufananizidwa ndi Mawu a Khristu, kukopa miyoyo ya anthu chikhulupiriro. M'makhalidwe azakhothi, Mkazi Wabwino amawafanizira ndi munthu onunkhira bwino.
Bestiary of Love ku Rhymes, ndakatulo yosadziwika ya m'zaka za zana la 13: Ndim'tsata, pamene nyama zikuyenda, Ndikupita kwa iye. Ndidapita ndikayenda, ndimapita ndi mayiyo. Wokondedwa amakopa, beck, ndi mpweya wabwino Dope. Wopangidwa ndi zojambula zonse, Panther ndi wokongola kwambiri kuposa nyama zonse. Maonekedwe okongola. Atatha kulirira, ndi kufuula kwa mkokomo, Chilombo chimamveka m'makutu, Ndi mzimu wokoma kwambiri wa m'nkhalango umadzaza nthula, Ndipo kununkhira kununkhira konse. Chilombochi chimanunkhira bwino. Njoka yokha yomwe imamuwopa iye, Amapulumutsidwa, ngati kuti akuwathamangitsa, Kuchokera ku zofukizazi zakumwamba. Koma aliyense kupatula njokayo, ali wokondwa kuti Amveke fungo labwino, Chifukwa chake nyama zina zimakonda kuyenda ndi ...
J. Boschius, "Zokongoletsa zimapangidwa ndi mawanga." 1702 g
Koma m'nkhani yodabwitsayi ya Gustav Meyrink "Mngelo wa Wind Wind the Western", wachinyengo wokopeka amakhala atalumikizidwa kale ndi panther.
"Mwana wamkazi wamarisece yemwe anali wowoneka bwino kwambiri adachokera ku chipolopolo cha amayi ake a ngale. Thupi lake labwino kwambiri, laling'ono lamkuwa, losungika bwino, ngakhale pafupi ndi mwala Isais, limawoneka ngati waluso kwambiri. Mavalidwe omwe anaponyedwa pansi anali onunkhira ngati nyama, komabe ndinkaona kuti fungo lokhazikika, lomwe limanunkhiritsa misempha yanga, m'malo anga omwe anali atatchuka kale linali lonyentchera.
Ngati m'zaka zam'ma Europe malingaliro apakati pa nyalugwe anali osamveka bwino (pambuyo pake, sanapezeke pamenepo), ndiye, nthawi ya Meyrinka adadziwa kale momwe ngozi yodutsayi ilili.
Koma ndipereka cholemba chapadera ndi cannibals mu banja la mphaka.
Malo okhala
Nthawi zambiri, kukhala pawekha kumabweretsa chisangalalo. Black Panther amakonda kusaka dzuwa litalowa komanso kutacha.
Munthu m'modzi ali ndi malo 25 mita 100. km Komanso, dera lomwe ali mdera lawo, monga lamulo, likuyimira mawonekedwe a makona atatu, ndipo kukula kwake kumatengera malo, kuchuluka kwa masewera omwe amakhala kumeneko ndi kugonana kwa nyama yolusa (nthawi zambiri mwa akazi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri).
Pamalo ake m'dera limodzi, yamphongo nthawi zambiri imasaka pafupifupi masiku 3-4, kenako imafunafuna nyama ina kumalo ake. Nyalugwe silivomereza kukhalapo kwa nyama zina za mphaka panyumba, koma zimakhala mwamtendere pokhudzana ndi abale, chifukwa chake zigawo za nyamazi zimatha kudutsana.
Nyalugwe yakuda nthawi zambiri imakhala m'malo obisalamo (muudzu utali, pamtengo), kudikirira kuti igwire. Atamuwona, amamuukira kumbuyo kapena kumbali, akumugwira pakhosi. Mosiyana ndi amphaka ena amtchire, nthawi zina amaluma pogwiritsa ntchito chigaza cha nyama. Zomwe zimagwira kwambiri ndi ma tapirs, capybaras, ophika, mbalame, njoka, nyani, makoswe, etc.
Jaguar (Panthera onca)
M'malo otentha a Central ndi South America, pali malo abwino owoneka bwino mgulu. Ubweya wa nyama ndi wandiweyani, utoto umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku chikaso chowoneka mpaka chofiira chamoto. Thupi limakutidwa ndi mawanga akuda mawonekedwe a mphete, pakati pomwe pali kadontho - komanso lakuda. Pachifuwa ndi m'mimba timatha. Matata amtundu wamphamvu, akulu, mumtundu wakuda.
Nyama yomwe ili ndi mphuno imakhala ndi mphuno yotakata, makutu ake ndi yaying'ono, yotchulidwa kumapeto. Maso a chilombocho ndi mawonekedwe agolide, mawonekedwe ake ndi achidwi komanso atcheru. Mano ake ndi amphamvu kwambiri moti nyalugwe amasweka mosavuta nyama, ikaluma ngakhale chigamba. Mafangayi aatali amawonekera, amapindika pang'ono kumapeto. Amavala zopindika, akumalasa mabala akupha kwa mdani. Chiwalo chachikulu chogwira mtima ndi masharubu. Chirengedwe chinapatsa nyamayo khutu labwino kwambiri, ndipo masomphenya usiku ndi olimba kuposa nthawi yamasana, motero imayenda molimba mtima kudzera m'nkhalango yamadzulo.
Thupi la mbewa zimatalika masentimita 120 mpaka 185 - popanda mchira. Mchira umatha kufika masentimita 75. Nyamayo ndi yayikulu, kulemera kwake nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku 60 mpaka 80 kg, koma nthawi zina zimachitika 120.
Nyama yotchedwa jaguar m'moyo wawo siyosiyana ndi abale ake amtundu wa mphaka - kusaka kwayekha kudera lina. Dera ili la akazi limakhala lalikulu ma kilomita 25, ndipo kwa chachimuna limatha kufikira lalikulu lalikulu. km
Nyalugwe imayamba kusaka dzuwa litalowa kapena lisanatuluke. Nthawi zambiri nyama yamphongo imasankha. Poyembekezera, amakhala m'malo obisalapo kwa nthawi yayitali, kubisala bwino mu udzu kapena zitsamba. Kenako kulumpha lakuthwa - kumakhala kutalika kwa mita 6, ndikugwirira zigawo zake. Nthawi zambiri imagwira kuchokera kumbuyo kapena kuchokera kumbali kukagwira pakhosi. Ngati cholinga chake sichikwaniritsidwa ndipo wolakwiridwayo achoka, samangotsatira - amangokhalira kudikirira wina kapena kupita kukapeza kanyama kakang'ono, nsomba.
Aliyense akhoza kukhala wogwidwa ndi adani, kuyambira nyani mpaka njoka ndi makoswe, kuphatikizaponso tapir, ophika mkate, capybaras, ngakhale ngakhale akamba. Kupatula apo, nyamayo imakwera mitengo bwino, ikhoza kukwera pathanthwe, ndikuyandama bwino.
Nyama za mbewa sizimakhala ndi nthawi yodziwika yobala. Kusankhidwa kwa mnzake kumatengera kwathunthu kwa mkazi, kubereka kumachitika masiku 100 atatenga pathupi. Amasankha chovala mu zitsamba, pakati pa miyala kapena dzenje. Ana awiri kapena anayi amabadwa kwa mbawala zazikazi. Masabata asanu ndi limodzi ana aang'onowo amakhala ndi amayi awo mu khola, kenako ikakwana nthawi yosaka koyamba. Amasaka limodzi ndi kholo lawo mpaka atadzisankhira gawo loyenerera ndikumayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Chaka chilichonse kuchuluka kwa nkhwangwala kumachepera. Pakuchotsa ubweya wamtengo wapatali, ozembetsa amawombera, kutulutsa mitengo sikuthandizanso pakubereka. Kuteteza nyamayo kuti isawonongedwe kwathunthu, zidasankhidwa kuti ziike Buku Lofiira la Jaguars.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Nyama za mbewa sizimakhala ndi nyengo yodziwika yokwanira. Wamkazi wokonzekera kukhwima (kuyambira wazaka 3 zakubadwa) "amauza" amunawo, akusesa mitengo ndi mkodzo, komanso amatulutsa mawu 'omveka' omwe amphongo amalankhula mokweza, mokuwa.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Ena osaka anyaniwo anawakopa, kutengera mayendedwe achemwaliwo. Nyama za nkhanza, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakwatiwa, pamenepa ndi pomwe zimatha kuphatikizidwa m'magulu.
Koma amuna samalimbana pakati pawo, chisankhocho chimapangidwa ndi mkwatibwi basi ndikusunthira kwakanthawi kumalo osankhidwa ake.
Pambuyo pa kukhwima, amasiyana. Yaikazi imadzipangira khola pakati m'nkhalangozi, mu dzenje lobisika kapena kuphanga, pomwe masiku 100 atabereka, imabereka ana apakati a 2-4. Nyalugwe zazing'ono sizowoneka ngati makolo awo; Amayi samawatulutsa mu dzenje m'miyezi 1.5 yoyamba ya moyo wawo.
Komabe, amayamwa mkaka wa amayi pafupifupi miyezi 5-6. Amayi amayamba kupita nawo kokasaka mpaka atakula ndipo atha kukhala pawokha, nthawi pafupifupi pafupifupi ziwiri. Pafupifupi theka lokha mwa ana obadwa kumene amakhala ndi moyo atakula. Jaguar amatha kubereka ana mwa kuphatikiza ndi ngale kapena nyalugwe.
Bweretsani ku zomwe zalembedwa
Zolemba
- Sokolov V.E.
Mtanthauzira wamagulu awiri wa mayina a nyama. Amayi Latin, Russian, English, Germany, French. / kusinthidwa ndi Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M: Russia. lang., 1984. - S. 108. - 10,000 makopi. - Stephen Wroe, Colin McHenry, ndi Jeffrey Thomason (2006). "Bite kilabu: Kuluma kofananira ndi nyama zazikulu zomwe zikuluma komanso kulosera zamkati mwa zinthu zakale za taxa" (PDF). Zotsatira za Royal Society B
(Royal Society)
272
(1563): 619-625. DOI: 10.1098 / rspb.2004.2986. Zabwezedwanso June 7, 2006. - Ounce 2, Mtanthauzira Wachingelezi wa Oxford
, Kope lachiwiri - Fernando de Montesinos.
Mbiri yakale komanso yandale zokhudzana ndi Piru. Buku lachiwiri. www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky) (Julayi 24, 2008). - Kutanthauziridwa ndi V. Talah, Kiev, 2006. Zoyambira kuyambira pa Ogasiti 21, 2011. Zabwezedwa October 8, 2009. - Pedro Cieza de Leon.
Mbiri ya ku Peru. Gawo Loyamba .. www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky) (Epulo 28, 2009). Zolembedwa kuchokera koyambirira pa August 21, 2011. Zabwezedwa October 8, 2009. - Diego Gonzalez Holguin.
Quechua Language Dictionary (1608) .. www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky). Zolembedwa kuchokera koyambirira pa August 21, 2011. Zabwezedwa October 8, 2009. - ↑ 123
Johnson, W.E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W.J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S.J. (2006). "Ma radiation a Late Miocene amakono a Felidae amakono: Kuwunika kwa majini."
Sayansi311
(5757): 73-77. DOI: 10.1126 / science.1122277. PMID 16400146. - Turner, A. (1987). "Cossivore watsopano wa nyama zakale zotsalira kuchokera ku Sterkfontein hominid site (Mammalia: Carnivora)." Zotsatira za malo osungiramo zinthu zakale34
: 319-347. ISSN 0041-1752. - ↑ 123
Dianne N. Janczewski, William S. Modi, J. Claiborne Stephens, ndi a Stephen J. O'Brien (1 Julayi 1996). "Molech Evolution of Mitochondrial 12S RNA ndi cytochrome b Sequences mu Pantherine Lineage of Felidae."
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(4). PMID 7544865. Zabwezedwa June 7, 2006. - Yu L & Zhang YP (2005). "Kafukufuku wa Phylogenetic wamphaka wa pantherine (Felidae) wotengera mitundu ingapo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono za nyukiliya beta-fibrinogen intron 7 kwa carnivores." Phylogenetics ndi Evolution35
(2): 483-495. DOI: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2005.01.01.01. PMID 15804417. - Johnson WE & Obrien SJ (1997). "Kukonzanso kwa Phylogenetic kwa Felidae pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya 16S rRNA ndi NADH-5 mitochondrial." Zolemba za Molekyulu44
. DOI: 10.1007 / PL00000060. - Eizirik E, Kim JH, Menotti-Raymond M, Crawshaw PG Jr, O'Brien SJ, Johnson WE. (2001). "Phylogeography, mbiri ya anthu ndikusamalira chibadwa cha nkhandwe (Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae)." Zochitika zachilengedwe10
(1). DOI: 10.1046 / j.1365-294X.2001.01144.x. PMID 11251788. Zabwezedwa June 7, 2006.
Habitat, malo okhala
Dera lakumpoto la malo okhala anyaniwa lili m'mphepete mwa Mexico ndi mayiko akumwera chakumadzulo kwa USA. Nyama zimakhazikika kumalire a kumpoto kwa Argentina ndi Paraguay, komanso gombe la Venezuela. Mitundu ikuluikulu kwambiri ya anyaniwa amakhala ku Brazil, Mato Grosso. Ziwawa zazikulu kwambiri ndizokhazikika m'chigwa cha Amazon.
Pa moyo, jaguar amafunikira magawo angapo:
- gwero lamadzi pafupi,
- mafuta amisili obisika pomwe akusaka,
- kupanga kuthekera kokwanira kokwanira.
Zachilengedwe zidawathandiza kupeza zinthu ngati izi m'mvula yamalo otentha, mabango a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, zigwa za mitsinje, komanso m'madambo oyandikira. M'malo ouma, nkhandwe sizipezeka konse. Koma amatha kukwera mapiri, komabe, osapitirira 2700 m (okhala ku Andes). Nyengo zina zinkakumana kamodzi ku Costa Rica pamalo okwera 3800 m, koma izi sizinali zokhazokha, nthawi zambiri nkhalango zamapiri sizimawakopa.
Bweretsani ku zomwe zalembedwa
Zambiri ndi kusiyanasiyana pakati pa nkhandwe ndi panther
- Onse ma panther ndi jaguars ndi a banja limodzi - feline.
- Oimira onsewa ndi adani.
- Mawu oti "panther" ndiwofalikira kuposa "jaguar", izi ndichifukwa choti nkhandwe ndi mtundu wa panther (mtundu wonse wodziimira pawokha).
- Mphezi imatha kusiyanasiyana ndi mbewa pakhungu lake: Pakhungu lake ndi lakuda.
- Nyama yotchedwa jaguar ndi nyama yothamanga, imatha kuthamanga mpaka 90 km pa ola limodzi, kuthamanga kwa panther - 60 km pa ola limodzi.
- Nthawi zambiri anyaniwa amakhala kumayiko aku America, ma panther amakhala kumayiko otentha.