Moni. Njoka zambiri zimayesetsa kupewa kucheza ndi anthu, makamaka zapoizoni, koma pali anthu omwe amakhala ankhanza kwambiri komanso oyamba kuwukira. Lero tikuuzani za njoka yotere.
Mlendo wathu lero akupitirirabe asia chakum'mawa ndipo imadzetsa mantha kwa anthu akumaloko. Krayt ali ndi miyeso yosangalatsa, kutalika kwa njoka kumatha kufikira 2,5 mita koma makamaka akulu amapezeka mozungulira mamita awiri nthawi zambiri ngakhale mpaka mita awiri . Masana, njoka imayenda pang'ono komanso imakhala yoopsa pang'ono, motero, imakonda kukhala m'malo abwinoko nthawi yausiku. Koma usiku, tepi yowongoka imakhala yogwira zana limodzi, pamene imayamba kusaka.
Krayt amadyanso njoka zina, ngakhale zapoizoni koma m'zakudya amapeza achule, ndi mbalame, ndi dt. Chifukwa cha poizoni wapoizoni, kraut amapha mosavuta, kenako am'meza, kuyambira mwachilengedwe kuchokera kumutu. Mwa njira, kraut wa riboni amathanso kukhala chakudya champhongo zina, koma ngakhale izi, zimakhala ndi adani ochepa. Krayt amatanthauza njoka zapoizoni, zomwe zimatha kutenga moyo wa munthu wamkulu, komanso popanda mavuto.
Anthu amakonda kupangitsa njoka izi kuluma, anthu akumaloko saopa konse, masana, kuti atole njoka m'manja, monga momwe tidalembera kale pamwambapa, kuwunika kuli pang'onopang'ono masana. Koma ndi anthu omwe asocheretsedwa, njoka imatha kudziunjikira mphamvu ndikumailuma ngakhale masana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonetsera. Mwanjira yopusa yotereyi, anthu eniwo amadzilanga chifukwa cha ulesi wawo komanso chidwi chawo mosafunikira kwa aliyense, komanso chiwonetsero cha kulimba mtima.
Tra kraut sipewa kuyanjana ndi munthu, koma m'malo mwake, imalowa mosavuta m'malo okhala anthu ndipo imatha kukhazikika pamenepo, ikubisala pamalo abata komanso obisika (pakona, pansi pa bedi, patebulo la kama, ndi zina). Nthawi zambiri, krait amamuwona munthu ngati chiwopsezo chamoyo ndipo amayamba kumuwukira osazengereza kaye. Simungathe kumva konse kuluma kwa tepi, koma mabala ang'onoang'ono amakhalabe m'malo mwake, ngati singano kapena pini. Krayt amatha kuluma kangapo, potulutsa ma sumu ambiri m'malo omwewo. Kwenikweni, mbidzi zimakwawa mnyumba kuti zikapeze kakang'ono, kuti zitha kudya nyama.
Mukaluma krait, muyenera kupeza chithandizo chamankhwala nthawi yomweyo, koma katemera samapulumutsa anthu ku mankhwala ochepetsa nkhawa, makamaka ngati dzino ladzalo lili m'mitsempha kapena malo amutu. Kupanga kwa tepi kumakhala kowopsa kwa munthu poyambira chifukwa sikumayesera kubisala, koma munthu iyemwini, posasamala, amapatsa njoka kuluma.
Zizindikiro zakunja za pamy
Pama imafika kutalika 1.50 - 1.75 metres. Mtundu wa njokayo ndi wakuda kapena wakuda komanso wabuluu. Mutu ndi wakuda komanso wabuluu. Phokoso lake limakhala lofiirira.
Kumbuyo ndi pansi kuchokera kumbuyo kwa mutu, kumatsika mbali zonse ziwiri, ngati kolala, chingwe chachikaso. Ziwalo zotsala za thupi la njokayo zidakutidwa ndi mphete zachikasu ndi zakuda zamtambo zomwe zili pafupi mtunda wina ndi mnzake ndipo pafupifupi mulifupi, chiwerengero chawo chimachokera ku 25 mpaka 35.
Zovala za ventral zimakulitsidwa kwambiri, zingwe zomangira zimakonzedwa motsatana. Keel kumbuyo imanenedwa, mchira wake umakhala wopanda kanthu, motero mawonekedwe a njokayo amawoneka ngati atatu. Mano ndi ang'ono, kutalika kosaposa 2-3 mamilimita.
Matepi a Krat
Tape krait imatsogolera moyo wamadzulo. Masana, amakonda kubisala m'maenje owuma kapena pansi pa mitengo.
Tape krait (Bungarus fasciatus).
Mukamugwira, ndiye kuti sakuwonetsa kukana kulikonse, mutha kuponya, kugwedeza, kumugwira m'manja. Koma ndikayamba kwa usiku, zimayamba kusaka. Ma sensorceptors otetemera amasunga kutentha kwa wozunzidwayo pamtunda wa mamita 5-7, ndipo njoka sikikhala popanda nyama.
Kugawa pamas
Pama ndiofalikira m'nkhalango za Northeast India, kuzilumba za Sumatra ndi Java, Peninsula ya Indochina. Nthawi zambiri njoka zamtunduwu zimakhala ku Burma, South China, mayiko a Southeast Asia, zilumba za Sunda.
Pama - njoka yapoizoni yomwe ndiyowopsa kwa anthu.
Tape Krayt Habitats
Tape kraite amakhala m'malo opanda chinyezi komanso owuma. Komabe, chofunikira kuti amoyo azikhala njoka ndi kukhalapo kwa malo osiyanasiyana - m'mabowo, mulu wa mitengo, kuthengo komwe kraut imasaka. Krayta ikhoza kupezeka pamtunda waulimi, m'mabwalo ndi nyumba za anthu. M'malo okhala ndi anthu ochulukirapo, siwofala kwambiri, ngakhale amatha kuwonekera mnyumbayo. Masana, nthawi zambiri zimapewa dzuwa, kubisala m'malo awo okhala.
Tape Krait - njoka yapoizoni
Pama ndi imodzi mwa njoka zowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu. Amakonda kukwawa kulowa m'nyumba za anthu, kubisala komweko dzuwa. Mwa njira yolumikizira wovutikayo, maulalo amafanana ndi cobra waku Central Asia: sikuti amangokumbira mwamphamvu kwa wozunzidwayo, komanso amayesera kuwabayira ambiri momwe angathere. Ana achilengedwe owuma amamwalira patangopita mphindi zochepa. Nyama zikuluzikulu, monga amphaka, zimatha kukhala ndi moyo wopitilira mphindi 20. Imfa ya munthu imatha kuchitika m'maola otsatira a 10-15.
Pama ikuwunda ndi kuthamanga kwa mphezi, imaluma kuluma kangapo, kubayitsa mkango wa mkango mwa wozunzidwayo.
Nthawi zambiri, misonkhano yokhala ndi tepi yokhota imatha momvetsa chisoni. Kuchuluka kwa poizoni womwe umapezeka ndiwokulira thupi, ndipo munthu amafa mkati mwa maola 2-5 kuyambira pomwe atenga ma millilitere awiri a sumu. Pambuyo pakuluma, kugwedezeka pang'ono kumachitika, mutu umatuluka, mkhalidwe wakwaniritsidwa chifukwa chosowa mpweya, kukomoka, kusokonezedwa pantchito ya mtima. Kufunika koyamba kokhazikitsa ma seramu odana ndi njoka apo ayi munthuyo adzafa maola 10-15. Kubwezeretsa kumachitika masiku 5-7.
Zomwe zimachitika pa tepi crater
Masana masana, nthiti imakhazikika m'malo achitetezo. Kuwala kumapangitsa khungu kusokoneza njoka, kumachepetsa mkwiyo. Pankhaniyi, ngati krayt asokonezeka, nthawi zambiri amaweramira, kubisala mutu wake mkati. Mdima, zochita za njoka iyi ndizolimba komanso zamphamvu.
Ziwerengero zimatsimikizira kuti ngakhale seramu yomwe idayambitsidwa ndikuluma imangothandiza 50% yokha ya anthu oluma.
Munthu akafika, zimakonda kuuluka, koma ngati njokayo ikakwiyitsidwa, imathanso kuukira wolakwayo. Masana, kraight amawukira kawirikawiri kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi yotentha kwambiri njoka imakhala yoopsa. Pokhala atasokonezeka panthawiyi, nthawi zambiri samawukira, koma amakwawa kupita kumbali ndipo amapindika. Usiku, m'mphepete mwa tepi mumakhala owopsa kwambiri ndipo amawukira ngakhale osawopseza moyo.
Chifukwa chake, mukakumana ndi njokayo, ndibwino kudutsa. Kuluma kwa Pamasian ndi koopsa, koma chifukwa chakuti mano a ululu wanjoka ndifupikitsa, munthu wolumidwa amakhalabe ndi chiyembekezo chodzapulumuka, kusiyana ndi kuluma kowoneka bwino wa cobra. Komabe, ana aku Vietnamese amasewera ndi pamy, atapachika ndodo, amavala pakhosi, amakhala ndi njoka yaululu yopanda chinyengo. Chimbudzi cha nthiti sichidzaluma konse, chimachititsidwa khungu ndi kuwala kowala ndipo chimayesetsa kubisa mutu wake pansi pa thupi lake loyipa. Komabe, munthu ayenera kusamala ndi njoka iyi, ngakhale pang'ono pang'onong'ono ndi dzino loopsa kumayambitsa zizindikiro za poizoni.
Ma tape kraits amapezeka m'nkhalango zotentha ku India, kumwera kwa China ndi Burma.
Kubwezeretsanso matepi kates
Pamas amabala kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni. Mu clutch kuchokera mazira 5 mpaka 14. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imakhala masiku 60 - 63 pa kutentha 29 madigiri C ndi chinyezi chambiri. Pamas achichepere amabadwa ndi masekeli 7008 pamwezi. Pa tsiku lakhumi, molt woyamba amapezeka. M'masiku ochepa, ana amadzakhala owopsa komanso oopsa kwa nyama zazing'ono ndi njoka zina. Zitatha izi, njoka zazing'ono zimakonda kudya zovunda ndikumakhala ndi njoka zazing'ono ndikukula msanga.
Zakudya za Pama
Pama imagwiritsa ntchito njoka zazing'ono, abuluzi, zolengedwa zazing'ono (shrews, mileme) ndi amphibians.
Matepi a matepi amagwira ntchito madzulo ndi usiku.
Mphepete mwa tepi imagunda modzidzimutsa komanso modzidzimutsa. Nthawi yomweyo, njokayo imakankhira mutu wake kumbuyo ndikukaponyera theka la thupi kutsogolo, kuyesera kuluma mano ake kuti igwire. Kenako tapa krait imakanikizira nsagwada kangapo kuti poiziyi ilowe chilonda.
Pamu ndizovuta kuyisunga ndikubereka mu ukapolo. Njirayi siili kokha muntundu wake wapadera wapoizoni, akaperekedwa kumalo osungidwa, njoka sizabwino kwambiri chifukwa chovuta kunyamula. Malinga ndi data ya 2007, tra kraut imangopezeka ku Zoo ya Moscow ndi malo osungira nyama ku Sri Lanka ndi Malaysia.
Kraut yamatayala imasungidwa m'malo opanga zinthu.
Kuti tisunge tepi, pamasankhidwa malo owonjezera a 60x50x80 cm.Munsi pansi imakutidwa ndi zopota zomwe zimafunikira kuti zizinyowa nthawi zonse. Kutentha kwa pamy ndi madigiri 26-28. Pakumangidwa, m'mphepete mwa tepi mumadyetsedwa njoka zazing'ono, mwachitsanzo, okopera, mbewa. Nthawi yayitali yokhala mu ukapolo ndi zaka 8-10.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Mndandanda wa njoka zaululu kwambiri padziko lapansi
- Poizoni woyipa kwambiri ali ndi inland Taipan. Pafupifupi anthu 80 pachaka amafa ndi kuluma kwake, komwe ngakhale seramu yapadera nthawi zambiri sipulumutsa. Chinyama ichi chimakhala ku Australia.
- Njoka yokhala ndi ma brown (amatanthauza ma aspid) ndi yachiwiri koopsa kwambiri pambuyo pa taipan. Harlequin aspid, yemwe amakhala ku United States, ndi woopsa makamaka. Pambuyo pakuwukiridwa ndikulumwa ndi njokayo, munthu amatha kufa mkati mwa maola 24 popanda thandizo la kuchipatala panthawi yake.
- Mamba yakuda, yodziwika bwino ku Africa, imatalika mpaka mamita atatu. Njoka yolusa imeneyi imangoyambitsa mwayi pang'ono ndikuluma nthawi yomweyo.
- Njoka yoyipa, yomwe imakhala ku Australia ndi Asia, ndi yankhanza komanso yowopsa pamoyo wamunthu. Zambiri mwatsatanetsatane wazomwe zimaperekedwa munkhaniyi.
- Makoswe, omwe amakhala ndi malo ambiri, amasiyana ndi abale ake pakupanga mchira ndi chigaza. Ngozi ikachitika, imayamba kupanga phokoso lanyimbo, ikugwedeza nthambizo kumapeto kwa mchira wake.
- Viper zofala ku Asia ndi Europe. Toxin, kutengera momwe thupi la munthu limachitikira, amachita mosiyanasiyana. Anthu akhoza kukhala osalumala pakuluma, koma pali imfa. Kutalika kwa nyanjayo ndi pafupifupi masentimita 50, ndipo mtundu wa masikelo ungakhale wosiyana, kutengera komwe munthu ali.
Nyalugwe wamchenga, njoka yam'madzi, njoka yam'madzi yam'madzi, ndi zina zonse njoka zowopsa zomwe zimatha kupha munthu.
Kufotokozera kwa njoka ya krat
Njoka zapoizoni kwambiri komanso zoopsa zimatha kuwoneka zopanda vuto lililonse, ndipo palinso ena okongola pakati pawo. Izi zikuphatikizapo ma kraits. Mitundu iyi ili ndi mitundu 12. Chakupha kwambiri pakati pawo ndi krait wamutu wachikaso. Ali ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, koma m'malo omwe anthu amavala zovala zopepuka, uwu ndi mwayi wabwinoko.
Njoka ili ndi mtundu wamizere: yopingasa komanso yopingasa mizere yoyera (kapena kuwala kulikonse) ndi mitundu yamdima (kapena yakuda). Nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwa njoka yaying'ono ndi 1.5-2 mamita. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri imakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 2.5 metres. Mutu wa njoka yapoizoni wakung'onoting'ono utazunguliridwa bwino, kukhazikika kwa khosi kumasonyezedwa. Thupi loonda limatha ndi mchira wamfupi wosazolowereka. Mulingo wambiri wa hexagonal umadutsa mbali ya njokayo, pomwe thupi la ma kraeli lomwe lili pamtanda limadziwika.
Gulu
Mitundu ya mtundu wamtundu wa Krayt:
- Andaman krait (Bungarus andamanensis),
- Kraant Cratt (Bungarus bungaroides),
- Malay krait (Bungarusrelius),
- Indian krait (Bungarus caeruleus),
- Ceylon krayt (Bungarus ceylonicus),
- kutsogolera kraft (Bungarus lividus),
- riboni zida (Bungarus fasciatus),
- krait-yellow krait (zipatso za Bungarus),
- krait wakuda (Bungarus niger),
- coarse kraot (Bungarus magnimaculatus),
- South China lochuluka krait (Bungarus multicinctus),
Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi iyi (tepi kraot), yomwe imakhala ku India, Burma ndi kumwera kwa China. Choopsa kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi krait wokhala ndi mutu wachikaso (wonenedwa pamwambapa), yemwe ali ndi mano ang'ono, koma ali ndi poyizoni wakupha kwambiri.
Zochita ndi chikhalidwe
Pali ma kraot kites (bungars) ku India, kuzilumba za Andaman, ku Sri Lanka, ku Pakistan. Amakhala ku Southeast Asia (kuphatikizanso zisumbu) komanso ku Australia. Amakonda malo owuma okhala ndi malo okhala, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala milandu yolowera m'nyumba za anthu.
Amakhala otakataka makamaka madzulo komanso usiku. Zakudya za njoka zimaphatikizapo nyama zazing'ono, abuluzi, amphibians ndi njoka. Pakupanga kamodzi poizoni, krait imatha kupha anthu pafupifupi 10. Mukamufunsa katswiri aliyense wazinyama kuti atchule njoka khumi zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi, azitcha kraut. Mitundu yonse yamtunduwu imayikira mazira. Akazi amateteza nkhosayo mpaka mbendera ikabereka.
About zida zapoizoni ndi poyizoni
Monga tanena kale, mano owopsa a njoka za krat ndi ofupikirapo. Pali mano ena atatu m'sagwera wapambuyo kumbuyo kwawo, koma alibe poizoni.
Ululu wa njoka zamtunduwu umakhala ndi mphamvu ya neurotoxic, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa poizoni (kapena α-bungarotoxins) ndi poizoni (kapena β-bungarotoxins) mkati mwake. Sakupezeka mu ululu wamtundu wa Bungarus fasciatus. Ma sumu a tape kraot ali ndi cardiotoxin, omwe samapezeka mumtundu wina.
Zikuoneka kuti poizoni wake ali ndi poizoni wapoizoni. Wotsirizirayi, akangolowa m'mitsempha kapena poyizoni wakupha kwambiri, amatha kupatsanso chotchinga muubongo wamagazi motero amakhala ndi poizoni m'maganizo. Pankhaniyi, imfa imachitika mwachangu popanda zofooka zilizonse. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka ya njoka ya kraot imakhala ndi phospholipase A2, dipeptidase ndi acetylcholinesterase (monga njoka zapamwamba).
Njoka ku Bali
Ku Indonesia, kuli njoka zambiri, zomwe pakati pawo pali poizoni. Bali ndi chimodzimodzi. Pachilumbachi pali mitundu ingapo ya njoka zapoizoni, kuphatikiza nyanja imodzi ndi dziko 5. Njoka krait ku Bali (mwachitsanzo, ku Canggu) zimapezekanso. Zina mwa izo ndi nyama zam'madzi ndi zapadziko lapansi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti m'malo okhala ndi masamba ambiri obiriwira pamakhala mwayi waukulu wokumana ndi nyama yowopsa iyi.
Ma kraits osiyanasiyana m'malo awa ali ndi mitundu yakuda ndi yamtambo ndi imvi. Kutalika kwake kumafikira mita imodzi. Njoka yowala kwambiri mu nyanja ndiyonso zochitika wamba. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pamaonekedwe owongoka. Mphepo zamadzi (Nyanja yolumikizana) ndi njoka zowopsa ku Bali.
Dziwani kuti kusathandiza kwa bungar nthawi yamasana ndikusokeretsa. Pambuyo powonera kangapo, katswiri wina wa zojambula zamanyama dzina lake Zdenek Vogel adawona momwe ana aku Vietnam adasekera njokayi masana (kuwamenya, kuwalipira) osawaluma. Koma pamene iye mwiniyo adakweza choyimiracho ndi mchira, kuti ayese kuyesa mtendere, idagwa nthawi yomweyo ndikuvulaza chala chake asanachichotsere. Wosamalira mawondo pambuyo pa izi adadwala pafupifupi masiku atatu.
Mukakumana ndi nyama yowopsa iyi, muyenera kuchoka. Masana, kraits ndi aulesi, motero sangayerekeze kuzunza munthu. Chinthu chachikulu ndikuwonetsetsa kusamala kwambiri - osayandikira zangongole zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri.
Podziwa kuti m'derali muli ma kra, muyenera kuyesa kuvala zovala zokulirapo. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, njoka izi zimakhala ndi mano ocheperako, choncho zovala zakuda komanso zowoneka bwino zimachenjeza motsutsana ndi kuluma kwa njoka (siyiluma).
Pali nyama zambiri zoopsa zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi - ng’ona za ku Africa, akangaude onunkhira, zilombo zikuluzikulu ngati mikango ndi shaki. Komabe, gulu limodzi limadziwika. Inde, izi ndi njoka zomwe - zowopsa ndi zakupha, nyama zazikulu ndi zokongola zomwe zili m'makona onse padziko lapansi, ndi msonkhano womwe ungathe kupha anthu.
Zobwezeretsazi zimakhala pamakontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica, komanso kuzilumba zazikuluzikulu komanso zazing'ono. Zomwe zikudziwika masiku ano ndi python ndi anaconda, chaching'ono kwambiri ndi Leptotyphlops carlae, chotalika masentimita 10. Njoka zodziwika bwino sizopanda poizoni, koma zomwe zimayamwa poizoni yawo zimathandizira kusowa kwa abale.
Pansi pa nkhaniyi - TOP-10: njoka zapoizoni kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Chain-Ta-Botrops za Schlegel
Kukongola uku kumawoneka koseketsa, koma poizoni wake ndi woopsa - amawononga mitsempha yamagazi ndi maselo ofiira amwazi. Ku Costa Rica, anthu pafupifupi 6 amafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa chakuluma kwa njoka yolira (dzina lina).
Botrops, limodzi ndi mitundu yomwe yatchulidwa pansipa, ndi njoka zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Chifukwa chiyani zili zowopsa?
Nyoka yotchedwa ciliated imapezeka ku Central ndi South America, ndipo imakula mpaka 50-60 cm. Siziwombera anthu mwachindunji, chakudya chake chachikulu ndi hummingbirds, makoswe ang'ono, achule, abuluzi.
Komabe, ngati wina salemekeza, amakhala ndi malingaliro osasangalatsa - kupweteka kwambiri, kutupikana m'malo, kutuluka kwamkati kumachitika. Njoka yachikulire ikuluma, thandizo la dokotala ndilofunikira, apo ayi imfa ndiyotheka.
Black Mamba
Black mamba amakhala m'maiko ambiri ku Africa - mndandanda wa "njoka zowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi",, mosafanana ndi ena, amayenera kukhala mzere woyamba. Kuponya kwake ndikolondola kwambiri, ndipo poizoniyu ndi woopsa. Amathamanga kwambiri - mamba wakuda amatha kuyenda mwachangu 20 km / h, ndiye kuti, amathamanga kuposa momwe ambiri amathamangira.
Kukongola kumeneku sikukonda misonkhano ndi anthu ndipo amayesetsa kuti apewe; chakudya chake chachikulu ndi makoswe. Komabe, ndiwokonda kwambiri ndipo, atapendekera, amathamangira pankhondoyo - ngakhale kuti mamba ikhoza kuluma mpaka 12 mzere, zochitika ngati izi zimapangitsa kukumana naye koopsa.
Ili, mopitirira kukokomeza, ndiye njoka yoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi - kuchuluka kwa ziphe kumapereka malo oyamba, chifukwa posowa chithandizo chamankhwala, ozunzidwa ndi mamba akuda amwalira mwa 100%. Pali mankhwala, ndipo nthawi zambiri munthu amatha kupulumutsidwa, komabe, chifukwa choti imfa imachitika mkati mwa mphindi 15 mpaka maola 3, nthawi ndiyifupi.
Whitetail keffiyeh
Njoka iyi imatha kupezeka ku India, China, Malaysia ndi zilumba zambiri zaku Indonesia. Miyoyo yambiri m'mitengo, siyatsika pansi. Amuna amtunduwu amakula mpaka 61 cm, zazikazi - mpaka masentimita 82. Chakudya chawo chachikulu ndichoperewera zazing'ono ndi zolengedwa, mbalame, nthawi zambiri - abuluzi.
Pobisalira, keffiyeh wokhala ndi milomo yoyera amakhala ndi zisa za mbalame zosiyidwa, mabowo, zolakwika, ndi kubisala pakati pa masamba. Malo ake m'chilengedwe ndi mitsinje ya mitsinje ndi mitsinje, nkhalango zowala ndi zitsamba, nkhalango zotentha, mapiri ndi malo opezeka pansi, nkhokwe za nsungwi, minda, nthawi zina amakhala pafupi ndi mizinda ndi matauni.
Kupweteka kwa yoyera yoyera ndikosavuta, imakhala ndi neuroparalytic komanso fibrionolytic. Kufa kulinso njoka zowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi: anthu ochepa amafa kuchokera kuluma kwawo, ena amawasunga m'malo owetera ngati ziweto. Komabe, msonkhano ndi iye kuthengo, komwe kumakhala kovuta kudziwa ndikuchoka pamsewu pa nthawi, zitha kutha zomvetsa chisoni.
Zoyipa
Njoka zowopsa padziko lapansi zimatha kuwoneka zopanda vuto kapena zokongola kwambiri. Ndipo kutsimikizika kowoneka bwino kwa izi - kraits. Njoka zapoizoni zamtunduwu zili ndi mitundu 12, yomwe krait wamutu wachikasu amawona kuti ndi woopsa kwambiri. Ali ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, koma iyi ndi mwayi wabodza m'malo omwe anthu amavala zovala zopepuka.
Njoka zamtunduwu zimakhala kuzilumba za pachilumba cha Mala, ku South Asia ndi Australia. Amakonda malo owuma okhala ndi malo okhala, ndipo nthawi zambiri amalowera m'nyumba za anthu, chifukwa chomwe misonkhano yawo yonse imachitika nthawi zambiri.
Kutalika krait pafupifupi 1.5-2 mita. Amagwira makamaka usiku komanso nthawi yamadzulo, amadyetsa zazing'ono zazing'ono, abuluzi, amphibians ndi njoka.
Krayt amatha kupha anthu 10 ndi mlingo umodzi wa poizoni wake. Mukafunsa katswiri wobwezeretsa nyama kuti atchule njoka khumi zapoizoni kwambiri padziko lapansi, adzakutchulani za kraut.
Mesh Brown Njoka
80% ya njoka ku Australia imagwera njoka yofiirira. Pafupipafupi, izi zokwawa zimatalika mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka, ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njoka zowopsa padziko lonse lapansi. Choyamba, chimasaka masana, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi nthawi ya zochita za anthu, ndipo chachiwiri, chimakhala ndi poizoni wovuta, yemwe ndi osakaniza a neurotoxins ndi anticoagulants (akukhudza thupi lonse ndi chiwindi ndi impso makamaka).
Njoka yofiirira yomwe ilibe kanthu imawachenjeza. Ndiwosaka wosaka komanso wosinthika kwambiri, woyenera kwathunthu kukhala mndandanda wa "njoka zowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi." Amatha kukhala m'matawuni ndi m'matawuni. Okhala ndi alendo aku Australia angathe kupeza thupi loonda mosasintha, khola, garaja, ngakhale chofunda chawo - pofunafuna makoswe, limafika kulikonse.
African boomslang
Njoka yamtengo yomwe imatha kukula mpaka 3 metres. Boomslang amakhala kumwera komanso kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa, ndipo poizoni wake ndi woopsa - akamalowa m'magazi, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kuwononga maselo.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, milandu 23 yokha yomwe njoka iyi idawombetsa anthu idalembedwa; pamsonkhano, imakonda kungowira m'malo momenya.
Zosamalidwa nthawi zambiri zimabisala m'tchire kapena udzu utali, imakwereranso mitengo bwino ndipo imatha kutsanzira nthambi zamtundu wake. Chakudya chake chachikulu ndi mbalame, boomslang sakana kudya mazira. Ndipo amachita kwambiri - amatha kugwira mbalame pouluka. Imfa ya katswiri woteteza zachilengedwe Karl Patterson Schmidt mu 1957 ndi yolumikizana ndi boomslang a ku Africa.
Cobra wakuda
Amadziwika kuti amatha kulavulira poyizoni. Cobra wakuda wakuda amapezeka m'misempha ya ku Africa, mtundu wake wa thupi umasiyana kuchokera kutuwa wakuda mpaka bulauni, makosi ndi khosi.
Cobra wakuda-wakuda amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chazachilendo: atakumana ndi china chake, choganiza, chowopsa, chimakwera pamwamba pa nthaka ndiku "kuphukira" ndi ndege ya poyizoni. Pakapita kamodzi, njokayo imatulutsa chakumwa cha 3.7 mg cha poizoni. Pokhala pakukwiya kwambiri, cobra wam'maso wakuda amatha kuwombera maulendo 28 motsatana, atamaliza kupha 135 mg wa poizoni - pafupifupi zonse zomwe zili ndi tiziwalo tambiri tapoizoni. Cholinga cha "kuwombera" nthawi zonse ndimaso - eni malo ndi alendo nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala ozunzidwa ndi misonkhanoyi.
Arizona Asp
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwanjoka zazing'ono kwambiri za banja lothothoka, kutalika kwake kumangofika masentimita 40. Mtundu wa thupi lake ndiwosaiwalika - kusintha mphete zakuda, zofiira ndi zoyera. Zolinga za Arizona sizingakhale njoka zowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi: kulowa pamavuto, sikokwanira kungokumana naye, muyenera kukhala wopusa kwambiri.
Njoka yowala iyi imakhala m'mapululu kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States ndi kumpoto kwa Mexico ndipo imadziwika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osadziwika - china chake chikawaopseza, chimabisala mobisalira, chimangotsala mchira wake, utawongoka, ndikuchita phokoso. Munthu yemwe wakumana naye amatha kungochokapo - komabe, poyesera kukoka thumbo kapena kugwira mchira, mavuto amatsimikizika.
Mano okula ndi kutalika kwa mamilimita 8 amaluma pafupifupi osapweteka. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zake sizimachitika nthawi yomweyo - Zizindikiro za poizoni zimawonekera patatha maola 8-24 kuluma.
Arizona Aspid, wachibale yekha wa cobra ku North America, amabaira poizoni pang'ono, koma wokwanira kupha. Popanda mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya matendawa, minyewa imayamba.
Taipan
Mitundu ya Taipan imaphatikizapo mitundu itatu ya njoka zapoizoni - taipan yomwe, njoka yankhanza ndi Oxyuranus temporalis, yomwe idapezeka posachedwapa, mu 2007.
Onsewa - njoka zikuluzikulu, zomwe zimaluma kuluma kwake ndizowopsa - asanaonekere mankhwala omwe adamwa poizoni wawo adamwalira mu 90% ya milandu.
Coastal Taipan - Njoka yayikulu kwambiri ku Australia, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, ili m'malo achitatu kapena chachinayi malinga ndi kawopsedwe. Chifukwa cha chilengedwe chake champhamvu, kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kukula kwake, ndikosayenera kukumana nawo - ku Queensland, komwe ma taipan amapezeka nthawi zambiri, munthu aliyense wachiwiri wolumidwa amwalira, ndipo kufa kumatha kuchitika maola 4-12.
Ndipo ngati wina afunsa waku Australia za njoka yoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndiye kuti akanatha kumva poyankha - taipan, ndipo wachibale wake wapafupi ndi njoka yankhanza. Ndipo ndizovuta kutsutsana nazo.
Nyamayi imakhala ku Central Australia, imakonda ming'alu ndi zolakwika m'madambo owuma ndi zipululu ndipo imadyetsa makamaka zazinyama zazing'ono. Njokayo imakula mpaka kutalika mita 1.9 ndipo ndi mtundu wokhawo wa ku Australia womwe umadziwika nthawi yomwe amasintha mtundu kutengera nthawi ya chaka.
Ululu wa njoka yoyaka ndi yokwanira kupha anthu 100 kapena mbewa 250,000 - uwu ndi woopsa kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse yamtunda. Mwamwayi, njoka iyi siyopanda nkhanza - zolembedwa zambiri zolumidwa zimayambitsidwa ndi anthu osasamala.
Mfumu Cobra
Kutalika kwakuthupi kwamtunduwu kukongola kwake ndi mita 3-4, yayikulu kuposa yonse yogwidwa imafika pa 5.71 m. King cobra amakhala zaka pafupifupi 30, nthawi yonseyi akupitilizabe kukula. Chifukwa cha chakudya cha njokayo, nyama zapamadzi zowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi ziyeneranso kuopa izi - chifukwa zimadya njoka zina, osati zonyansa ndi poizoni, zomwe adazitcha dzina la Ophiophagus hannah.
Pali zinthu zingapo zapadera mu nyama iyi:
- Imatha kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa poizoni pakuluma - nthawi zambiri, munthu amaluma popanda poizoni (monga asayansi ena amakhulupirira, samafuna kuwononga poyizoni wina wosafunikira).
- Njoka imatha kupanga phokoso ndi njira yake yopumira. Mwa zouluka zomwe zadziwika mpaka pano, ndi mfumu cobra yekha ndi njoka yamakoko ya India yomwe ingachite izi.
- Yaikazi imapanga chisa cha mazira, chomwe sichingasinthidwe ndi njoka zamtundu wina, ndikuchitchinjiriza nthawi yonse yomwe ikukonzekera - pafupifupi masiku 100. Panthawi imeneyi, nkhanu zam'mimba zimatha kupanga popanda chakudya.
- Poizoni wa hamadriad amatha kupha njovu italuma kapena ikaluma iyo pamtengo kapena zala (malo okhawo omwe ali ndi mano a njoka).
Okhala nawo pamutu
Inde, njoka zapoizoni kwambiri padziko lapansi, zigawo zapamwamba zomwe nthawi zonse zimapangidwa ndi akatswiri osiyanasiyana komanso otchuka, sizinaphatikizidwe pamndandandawu. M'malo mwake, pali owopsa ambiri. Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zatchulidwazi, kulumidwa ndi njoka, njoka yamchenga, njoka yam'mimba, njoka ya ku Philippines, njoka, njoka yakum'mawa ndi yoopsa.
Omwe amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi malo okhala ndipo amatha kukhala ankhanza kwambiri - nthawi zambiri kulumidwa komanso kuzunzidwa ndi nyama iyi.
Zankhondo
Mbidzi yodziwika bwino imatha kuluma chifukwa cha zovala ndi nsapato, ndipo ngakhale "mwachifundo" ikunena kuti ilipo ndi mchira, sikuti onse omwe akuvutika ndi omwe amatha kupulumuka. Oimira gulu lino sakhala njoka zowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi, komabe, msonkhano ndi iwo ukhoza kutha muimfa - ngakhale kuti katemera ulipo, anthu olumidwa amafa mu 4% ya milandu.
M'malo mwake, njoka zam'madzi za mitundu yonseyi ndi njoka zapoizoni zokha, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu 224. Makulidwe awo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri.
Khwangwala amakonda kupyola anthu, amawukira ngati ali pachiwopsezo kapena alibe kwina kothamangira. Imasaka usiku, ngakhale imatha kukwawa padzuwa. Kwa nthawi yozizira, njoka izi nthawi zambiri zimabwera limodzi, kumazitenthetsana ndi kuzisisita mu mpira wamaloto.
Mchenga efa
Iyi ndi njoka yaying'ono yotalika masentimita 75, ikukhala makamaka mu zipululu zadongo, mabwinja osiyidwa, tchire, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Amadyetsa makoswe tating'onoting'ono, mbalame, maula ndi achule, abuluzi, achinyamata amadya, kuphatikiza, zinkhanira, scolopendra, kafadala wakuda.
Zambiri zomwe zikunenedwa pokhudza ma sandy amchenga zomwe zayamba kukhala nthano. Malinga ndi mphekesera, kuluma kwa njoka iyi kupha gulu la asirikali, ndipo katemerayo, ngakhale kuti amapulumutsa kuimfa, samachiritsa kwathunthu zotsatira zakuluma (munthu akhoza kukhala wolumala). Ngati nzika ya ku Africa ikadafuna kuti itchule njoka zisanu ndi ziwiri zoopsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, efa ndiye kuti adzakhala pakati pawo.
Zowonadi, chaka chilichonse ku Africa, anthu ambiri amafa ndi poizoni wa mchenga. Imfa iyi siyabwino kwenikweni - poizoniyo amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa micrinogen m'magazi, kupangitsa kuti magazi atuluke - kuluma, kuchokera pakhungu la m'maso, mphuno ndi pakamwa.
Koma mwa iyo yokha, njoka imeneyi siyimenyera anthu - anthu ambiri amafa chifukwa cha kusasamala kwa anthu. Amakonda kulowa m'nyumba, ndikuchenjeza za kuwukira komwe kumachitika ndi mchira wake.
Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri akuwopa njoka, ndipo sizachilendo - mitundu yamtunduwu yamtunduwu imatha kuvulaza, komanso kupha. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi poizoni, yomwe imatha kuvulaza thupi. Zimatchulira zinthu za LD50 zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa sekondi iliyonse. Kodi njoka zowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi ndani? Kodi amakhala kuti? Amawoneka bwanji? Amadya chiyani?
Tikukulimbikitsani kuganizira zodzola nazo zoopsa kwambiri, zomwe zimaperekedwa muyezo wowopsa wa mankhwala oopsa (LD50).
Malo a 10 - Philippine Cobra
LD50 ya munthu uyu ndi 0,2 mg / kg. Chokwawa chimakhala ndi poizoni wakupha kwambiri m'mabanja onse a mamba. Ngakhale mawonekedwe okongola, opatsa chidwi, mawonekedwe okongola amkuwa amtundu wagolide, ndibwino kudutsa kaye osamuona. Woimira banja la Aspidov, kudziteteza, kubisa malovu owopsa ndikulavulira nawo, zomwe ndizowopsa kwa anthu, osanenanso kuluma kwa njoka. Amabowola poyizoni mtunda wa mita 3, amatha kulowa m'maso. Kamodzi m'thupi la munthu, zimayambitsa chizungulire komanso kupweteka mutu, kupweteka kwambiri m'mimba, kupweteka kwam'mimba, pambuyo pake zimatha kukhudza masoka amanjenje ndi mtima ngati thandizo la madokotala silifika nthawi.
Zamoyozo zimadyanso nyama zazing'ono, komanso abuluzi. Malo omwe amakhala ndi nkhalango, malo otsika, nkhalango zowirira, m'nkhalasa pafupi ndi mtsinje, mayenje ndi minda. Ambiri mwa banja lino amakhala m'malo otentha. The Philippine Cobra imatha kuwonekanso pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, malo olima.
Akuluakulu amafika 1 m, nthawi zambiri 1.5-2 m.
Malo a 9 - Harlequin coral asp
LD50 ya munthu uyu ndi 0,196 mg / kg. Anthu amakhala ku North ndi Central America. Amatha kuwoneka ku Mexico ndi ku US mayiko a Kentucky ndi Indiana. Zoyala zazakale zimafikira mita 1-1,5.
Mtundu wa nyama yamtunduwu sungasokonezeke ndi ena mwa njoka - khungu lawo limakutidwa ndi mphete zakuda, zofiira komanso zowala zachikasu.
Posaka, anthu amasaka usiku. Amagwira mbewa, abuluzi, mbalame zazing'ono.
Kuchokera ku Nyoka Yamchenga kuti mazana a anthu amafa chaka chilichonse. Mwambiri, amawopa anthu, koma ngati akuwopseza, amawukira nthawi yomweyo. 5 mg yokha ya poizoni - ndipo munthu ndiwosakhazikika. Mutha kumuthandiza nthawi zina. Chidacho chimalowa mkokomo mwachangu. Ndiye chifukwa chake m'maiko omwe njoka imakhala, idatchedwa "bala", "njoka yowira."
Malo a 5 - Njoka Yakuda Yanjoka
Poyerekeza ndi Tiger yapamwamba, njoka yamtunduwu imakhala ndi LD50 ya 0,131 mg / kg, yomwe imapangitsa kukhala yoopsa kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi omwe tayimira kale a banja lomweli.
Akuluakulu amafika mita imodzi m'litali.Mtundu wa khungu ndi woderapo, wachokoleti kapena wakuda wokhudzika ndi maolivi kapena bulauni. Aspids amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Australia, kuzilumba za Basov Strait ndi Tasmania. Kuti akhale ndi moyo komanso kuswana, amasankha malo a mchenga (mapiri ndi magombe), malo oyala popanda zomera. Amadyetsa achule, nyama zing'onozing'ono, nsomba komanso. Cannibalism imapezeka m'banjali.
Munthu ayenera kupewa kukumana ndi Njoka Yakudya Yakuda, popeza ndiyowopsa. Mphindikati, anagonjera mnzakeyo ndikumubaya ndi mafunde akuthwa. Pamalo olumayo, kupweteka kwambiri, kuwotcha kumawonekera, pambuyo pake poizoni umayamba kugunda thupi lonse, ndikupangitsa kupuwala kwamitsempha, ndikutsatira kumangidwa ndikupumira. Pali antiidote - imapangidwa chifukwa cha ululu wa njoka, koposa zonse, kuthandiza munthu mphindi zikubwera.
Malo a 4 - South China Multiband
LD50 ya nyama yolusa imeneyi ndi 0,108 mg / kg. Njoka iyi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilendo kwambiri komanso zakupha. Zimatengera mitundu yamtundu wa zokwawa. Banja la spid likhoza kupezeka m'maiko aku Asia: Taiwan, Laos, kumwera kwa China, Thailand, kumpoto kwa Vietnam, Myanmar. Pokhala amoyo, amasankha malo amiyala ndi mapiri, okwera mpaka 1,500 metres pamwamba pa nyanja.
Mtundu wa njokayo ndi wakuda ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka. Kutalika kwa anthu akuluakulu kumasiyana kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 1.5 mita, amuna amatha kufikira 1.8 mita.
Ziweto ndizowopsa, zaukali. Makamaka amasaka usiku. Mbawala zimadyera abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, mbewa ndi mbalame.
Mosiyana ndi njoka zina, siziopa anthu, chifukwa chake ndibwino osakumana nawo. Mtundu uwu wa katsabola amatha kuthamangitsa wokhala nawo kwa nthawi yayitali, pambuyo pake umalimbana nawo. Krayt ali ndi poizoni wamanjenje yemwe amatha kupha mu maola awiri okha.
Njoka Ya Nyanja Ya Belcher
Malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, Belcher ndi woopsa nthawi zana kuposa njoka ina iliyonse padziko lapansi. Kutipereke lingaliro lamankhwala kuti ndi oopsa bwanji, tiyeni tichitire chitsanzo: dontho limodzi la mfumu ya cobra lingaphe anthu opitilira 150, ndipo ma milligram angapo a sumu yakumwa njoka ya Belcher akhoza kupha anthu oposa chikwi. Izi zimawoneka kuti zamanyazi kwambiri ndipo zimafunikira zambiri kuti zimulange.
Kodi mumadziwa? Njoka zambiri za Belcher panyanja zilibe vuto lililonse chifukwa chokhala phee komanso kusowa poyizoni.
Zankhondo
Anthu ambiri akaganiza za njoka zapoizoni, makoswewa amakumbukira msanga. Kupezeka ku America konse, kuli mitundu khumi ndi itatu ya nkhono ku Arizona, kuposa mayiko ena onse. Iwo ndi mtundu wa mphiri. Dzinali limachokera ku zingwe, zomwe zimakhala kumapeto kwa mchira ndikupanga phokoso lapadera.
Chakummawa - chakupha kwambiri pamitundu yonse. Mwamwayi, pafupifupi 4% ya kuluma komwe kumabweretsa imfa chifukwa chamankhwala msanga. Aliyense wopanda iye. Poizoni amathanso kuwononga ziwalo komanso kupangitsa kuti miyendoyo ithe.
Mtundu wawukulu kwambiri wa rattlesnake ndi mtundu wa kummawa wotumphuka (Crotalus adamanteus), womwe umafikira mita 2.4, kutalika kwake, makilogalamu 1.8 mpaka 4.5 (mapaundi 4 mpaka 10).
7. Mamba wakuda waku Africa
Mamba wakuda, dzina lake "imfa yakuda" komanso "kubwezera kubwezera" ku Africa, ndi imodzi mwa njoka zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwake kumafikira mamita 4.5, ndipo kuchuluka kwa poizoni yemwe njoka imayiluma ndi kuluma ndi 400 mg, ndi mlingo woopsa wa anthu, 15 mg yokha.
Mamba ndiwankhanza kwambiri ndipo amatha kuthamangitsa nyama yawo, chifukwa imadziwikanso kuti ndiyo njoka yachangu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Imatha kufikira kuthamanga mpaka 20 km / h. Chizindikiro choyamba cha poyizoni ndi kupweteka kwapakhomo pakuluma, wolakwiridwayo akumva kuwawa mkamwa ndi miyendo, mawonekedwe a m'maso ndi maso awiri, chisokonezo chachikulu, malungo, kuchuluka kwa malovu (kuphatikiza ndi thovu kuchokera mkamwa ndi mphuno) komanso ataxia wamphamvu (kusowa kwa magazi) kuwongolera minofu).
Kuti tipeze wolumayo ku njoka yakuda yakumwa, ndikofunikira kuyambitsa matenda atangomenya nawo nkhondoyo, apo ayi zotulukapo zake sizabwino. Imfa chifukwa chakulumidwa ndi njoka yapoizoni imachitika patadutsa maola awiri ndi atatu.
8. Njoka yakum'mawa
Njoka yaku Eastern Brown ndi imodzi mwa njoka zolusa kwambiri ku Australia. Imafika kutalika kwa mamitala awiri ndipo imasaka mwayi masana. Zakudya zamtunduwu sizosiyana ndi zomwe amachita: akalulu, akwati, achule ndi mbalame.
Njoka zofiirira zambiri zimakhala m'chigawo cha Victoria, pomwe anthu ambiri omwe akulumidwa ndi kuluma kwawo amalemba. Njoka ya bulauni ndi njoka yoyipa kwambiri, yachangu komanso yamphamvu, kotero mukakumana nayo, ndibwino kuyesa kuzungulira mozungulira momwe mungathere.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku yemwe katswiri wapadziko lonse Steve Irwin, njoka iyi ndi yomwe imayambitsa kufa kwa anthu ambiri ku Australia, kuthengo. Njoka ya bulauni ili ndi poizoni wokwanira kupha anthu 200, ndipo poyizoni wa nyama iyi imadziwika kuti ndi yachiwiri padziko lapansi pankhani ya kawopsedwe.
10. Philippine cobra
Cobras palokha ndi zolengedwa zoyipa kwambiri, koma cobra wa ku Philippines ali ndi kusiyana kwapadera. Sikuti poizoni wake amadziwika kuti ndi umodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi, komanso njoka iyi imatha kuwombera poyizoniyo pamaso pa wolakwayo patali pafupifupi mamita atatu!
Vutoli limakhudza kupuma ndi ntchito za mtima wa wozunzidwayo ndipo pamapeto pake limamupangitsa kuti afe chifukwa chopuwala ziwalo. Cobra sikuvulazidwa ndi munthu ngati palibe choopseza moyo wake kapena chitetezo cha ana ake.
Philippines cobras samakonda kupitirira mita imodzi, zowerengeka zokhazokha zomwe zimafika kutalika kwa 1, 5 metres, zimakhala kwambiri kuzilumba za Philippines: Mindoro, Masbate ndi Luzon.
Mkati wamtundu wamtambo ndi njoka yoopsa kwambiri yochokera ku banja la gulu lodzilekanitsa kale, lochita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Mwa anthu amatchedwa ribra krait, krait chikasu, sanction and kokliya-krait.
9 Nyoka yam'madzi ya hook-nosed ya njoka yam'madzi
Imodzi mwa njoka zapoizoni kwambiri yomwe imakhala m'madzi, yotchedwa ampydrin, imatha kupezeka pafupi ndi Madagasco, Seychelles, komanso Nyanja ya Arabia, pagombe la India. Ndiwosambira kwambiri, amasunthira kwambiri, amawombera mozama, ndipo mwina sangathe kukhala maola asanu.
Pamaso pa munthu, pomwerodydrin nthawi zambiri imathamangira m'madzi ndikuyamba kubisala. Ululu wake ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuwirikiza kanayi kuposa wa nkhanu, koma samayikidwa pamlingo waukulu, chifukwa cholengedwa sichimakhala chamtopola, m'malo mwake, njoka yokokedwa ndi inokha imavutika ndi ukali wa asodzi omwe amaphika nyama yakeyi kuchokera ku nyama ya njoka iyi.
Njoka khumi zapamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi
Njoka ya ku Belcher ndiyo njoka yoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Njokayo idatipatsa dzina kuthokoza wofufuza Edward Belcher, yemwe amatchedwanso njoka yamadzi. Njoka nthawi zambiri imagwira munthu, kuti ikulume, muyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri, chifukwa chake kuluma ndi njoka yam'madzi ya Belcher ndizosowa kwambiri. Mutha kukumana naye m'madzi aku Southeast Asia ndi North Australia.
Nthawi zambiri, amalinyero omwe amagwira njoka ndi maukonde limodzi ndi nsomba adayamba kulumwa. Komabe, ndikudziwika kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a amalume omwe amalumidwa adamwalira, popeza njokayo siivulaza poizoni wathunthu. Milogi imodzi ya njoka ya Belcher imatha kupha anthu 1,000 - iyi ndiye chiopsezo cha njoka zoyipitsitsa padziko lapansi.
Nyoka yolowera kumayiko ena kapena njoka yolusa tsopano ili m'gulu lachiwiri pa njoka zoyipitsitsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Taipan amakhala ku Australia ndipo amadziwika ndi kuthekera kwake pakusintha mtundu kutengera nthawi ya chaka. Zimakhala zovuta kupanga njoka, chifukwa zimakonda kusweka ndi ming'alu.
Taipan ndi njoka wakupha kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mtundu wambiri womwe umapezeka poizoni ndi ma milligram 110, omwe ndi okwanira kupha anthu 100, mwachitsanzo, mbewa 250,000. Njoka iyi ndi yakuwonjeza kakhumi kuposanso cobra. Mwamwayi, Taipan yomwe ili mkati siyabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kukhala yosowa kwambiri. Panalibe anthu olemba kufa kuchokera ku kuluma kwa Taipan, ngakhale amatha kupha munthu wamkulu pamphindi 45.
Pamalo achitatu ndi njoka yakum'mawa yomwe imakhala ku Australia, Indonesia ndi New Guinea. Ululu wa njoka imeneyi ungayambitse magazi, kupuwala minofu, kulephera kwa impso, kumangidwa kwamtima. Pali nthawi zina pamene munthu wamwalira nthawi yomweyo njoka ikaluma.
Tsoka ilo, njoka yakuda yakum'mawa imakonda kukhala pafupi ndi komwe amakhala, chifukwa chake kuluma ndizofala. Njoka imayenda mwachangu ndipo imatha kukhala yankhanza: kuthamangitsa nyama yake ndikuwukira mobwerezabwereza. Poizoniyu amakhala ndi mitsempha ya neurotoxins komanso magazi. Njoka yakuda yakum'mawa imakumana ndi mayendedwe, chifukwa chake, mukakumana ndi izi, muyenera kukhala chete ndi, ngati nkotheka, osasuntha.
Malaika a Blue Kraith ndi oyeneradi kuwerengera. Amakhala kudera la Southeast Asia ndi Indonesia. Mtundu wa njokayo umafanana ndi mbidzi kapena ndodo ya wapolisi wamagalimoto - maziko akuda okhala ndi mikwaso yoyera yoyera. Kupitilira theka la nkhanu za buluu zakupha zidaphetsa, ngakhale panali mankhwala. Krayt ndi gulu la nyama zomwe zimadyera masana, chifukwa chake zimagwira mwachangu usiku.
Ululu wa mtundu wamalaya wa krayt ndi neurotoxin, womwe umakhala wamphamvu kwambiri maulendo 16 kuposa mtundu wa cobra. Ngati ilowa mthupi la munthu, imayambitsa kupweteka komanso ziwalo, zomwe zimatsogolera kuimfa. Asanalandire kachilomboka, anthu omwe anamwalira anali 85%, komabe, mankhwalawo sikutsimikizira kuti adzapulumuka. Imfa imachitika patangotha maola 6 mpaka 12 kuchokera kuluma.
Mamba akuda oopsa kwambiri amakhala kumadera ambiri ku Africa. Monga mukudziwa, njokayo imakhala yolimba kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kuponya kwake nkolondola kwambiri. Mamba yakuda ndiyo njoka yamtunda yothamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi, imatha kuthamanga mpaka ma kilomita 20 pa ola limodzi. Njoka yoopsayi imatha kuluma 12 motsatana.
Venom ndi neurotoxin wothamanga. Pa jakisoni m'modzi, njokayo iponyera poizoni wa ma milligram 100-120 a poizoni. Ngati poizoni afika m'mitsempha, ndiye kuti mamililita 025 a poizoni pa kilogalamu imodzi ya thupi ndikokwanira kupha munthu. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za kuluma: kupweteka kuluma, kumva mkamwa ndi miyendo, kuwona kawiri, kusokonezeka kwambiri, kutentha thupi, kupumula kwamatumbo, ataxia (kusowa kwa minyewa). Ngati wozunzidwayo sanalandiridwe kuchipatala msanga, Zizindikiro zimapita kukapweteka kwambiri m'mimba, kunyansidwa komanso kusanza, komanso ziwalo. Mapeto ake, kumangidwa kwa kupuma, chikomokere, ndi kufa. Kutengera ndi mtundu wa kuluma, kufa kumachitika pakadutsa mphindi 15 mpaka maola atatu. Popanda mankhwala ochepetsa mavutowo, chiwerengero cha anthu omwalira ndi 100% - ndiye chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu omwalira chifukwa cha njoka zapoizoni.
Njoka yanjoka imakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia. Amamukonda mwamtendere mokwanira - njokayo imangogunda pokhapokha yasokonezeka, koma vuto likamenya limawombera molondola.
Ululu wanjoka ndi neurotoxin yamphamvu yomwe imayambitsa magazi mkati ndi kunja, kufinya kwamisempha. Nthawi zambiri, womwalirayo amamwalira ndendende chifukwa chotaya magazi kwambiri. Asanalengedwe ndi mankhwala, kufa kwa kulumidwa ndi njoka inali 60-70%. Imfa ikakuluma ikhoza kupitilira mphindi 30, koma imakonda kupezeka maola 6 mpaka 24.
Cobra wa ku Philippines, monga dzinali limatanthawuza, amakhala ku zilumba za Philippines, makamaka m'minda ndi nkhalango. Ili ndi njoka yaying'ono yakuda, kutalika kwake komwe imatha kufika mita imodzi.
Cobra wa ku Philippines ndi woopsa kwambiri pakati pa maseru. Zimasiyanasiyana chifukwa zimatha kuponya poyizoni mpaka mtunda wa mita 3. Poizoni - neurotoxin yomwe imatsogolera kuwonongeka kwa mtima ndi ntchito yopuma. Imfa ya munthu imatha kuchitika patatha mphindi 30 kuluma. Zizindikiro za poizoni ndikuphatikiza mutu, nseru, kusanza, kupweteka m'mimba, kutsegula m'mimba, chizungulire, komanso kupsinjidwa.
Owerenga athu ambiri mwina amvapo za njoka. Njoka imeneyi imapezeka kulikonse padziko lapansi. Imakonda malo achinyezi, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mapiri, m'madzi, mumatuluka mapiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo wosangalala usiku, nthawi zambiri mvula ikamagwa. Nyoka ndi njoka yothamanga kwambiri.
Zizindikiro zoyambirira za poyizoni wa njoka zam'mimba ndizopweteka pamalo akukuluma ndi kutupa kwa gawo lomwe lakhudzidwa. Zizindikiro monga kutuluka magazi (makamaka kuchokera mano), kutsika kwa magazi komanso kuchepa kwa mtima kumatha kuonekanso. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kukomoka kopweteka kwa dera lomwe lakhudzidwalo, mwa magawo atatu pamakhala kusanza ndi kutupa kwa nkhope. Pakakhala popanda mankhwala okhala pakati pa masiku 1 mpaka 14, imfa imachitika chifukwa cha kupha magazi, kupuma kapena kulephera kwa mtima.
Njoka yokhala ngati njoka imakhala makamaka ku New Guinea ndi Australia, zimakonda miyala ndi malo owuma. Njoka, pakawonekedwe komanso mikhalidwe, imafanana kwambiri ndi njoka, motero dzina lake. Njoka yakufa imatha kudikirira osayenda kwa masiku angapo, kudikirira nyama yake. Imadyera makoswe, mbalame zazing'ono, ndipo imatha kulimbana ndi njoka zina. Mutu wa njokayo umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ngati kotetemera wokhala ndi khosi lakuthwa, thupi lake limakhala lalifupi komanso lozama.
Nthawi imodzi, njoka yakufa yowonjezera, monga lamulo, imavulaza ma milligram 40-100 a poizoni wa neuroto. Kuluma komwe sikunachitike ndi ena mwa owopsa padziko lapansi. Ngozi yayikulu kwambiri pamoyo imachitika patatha maola 24-48 kuluma, chifukwa chake, chifukwa chakuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa zizindikiro, mankhwalawa ndi othandiza kwambiri.
Pamalo omaliza a malingaliro athu njoka zaululu kwambiri padziko lapansi makoswe, omwe ndi osavuta kuzindikira chifukwa cha nkhokwe zapadera kapena zingwe pam mchira wake. Chingwe chotchedwa rattlesnake ndi chakupha kwambiri ndipo zovala kapena nsapato sizimapulumuka. Njokayo imakhala makamaka ku North America, imakonda malo owuma ndi miyala, otchinga makoswe ndi mbalame. Mwachilengedwe, njoka ndi yaulesi, ngakhale imatha kukwawa msanga. Amatinso za iye ndi mawonekedwe azisudzo opangidwa ndi zingwe.
Ma ratunesnakes achichepere amakhala oopsa kwambiri chifukwa cholephera kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa poizoni. Vuto la Rattlesnake limagwira kwambiri ndipo limapangitsa kupuma movutikira, kupuwala, kutulutsa magazi kwambiri. Kulumwa ndi njoka nthawi zonse kumakhala koopsa ndipo kumafuna chisamaliro chamankhwala. Komabe, mankhwalawa nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito kwambiri ndipo amachepetsa kufa ndi 4%.
Pali nyama zambiri zoopsa zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi - ng’ona za ku Africa, akangaude onunkhira, zilombo zikuluzikulu ngati mikango ndi shaki. Komabe, gulu limodzi limadziwika. Inde, izi ndi njoka zomwe - zowopsa ndi zakupha, nyama zazikulu ndi zokongola zomwe zili m'makona onse padziko lapansi, ndi msonkhano womwe ungathe kupha anthu.
Zobwezeretsazi zimakhala pamakontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica, komanso kuzilumba zazikuluzikulu komanso zazing'ono. Zomwe zikudziwika masiku ano ndi python ndi anaconda, chaching'ono kwambiri ndi Leptotyphlops carlae, chotalika masentimita 10. Njoka zodziwika bwino sizopanda poizoni, koma zomwe zimayamwa poizoni yawo zimathandizira kusowa kwa abale.
Pansi pa nkhaniyi - TOP-10: njoka zapoizoni kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Tiger chimu. Python molurus
Njoka yayikulu, koma yopanda poizoni imadziwika kwambiri pakati pa ogwidwa ukapolo. Malo ambiri osungira nyama padziko lapansi amatha kudzitamandira kuti ziphona zamtchire izi zimasungidwa m'malo awo.
Pithon ndizovuta kuzolowera chakudya chatsopano, koma kubereka bwino ndikupulumuka mu ukapolo kufikira atakwanitsa zaka 25.
Koma kuthengo, njoka yakudayo imatha kugunda munthu. Kambuku wamtunduwu amapha nyama yake mwa kukakamira ndi thupi lake lalikulu.
Mulga. Pseudechis australis
Kuphatikiza ndi 150 mg ya poizoni pakuluma, mulga imabweretsa chiwopsezo ku thanzi la munthu ndi moyo.
Mfumu yofiirira, monga yomwe imatchulidwanso, imakhala m'malo onse achilengedwe ku Australia. Malo okha omwe simungakumane ndi njoka ndi nkhala yamvula.
Ndi zizolowezi zake, mulga amafanana ndi cobra, kukulitsa minofu ya khosi ikadzakondwa. Koma mosiyana ndi cobra, chodabwiza chake chodabwitsa sichitseguka.
Ngati mukufuna kuyang'ana mndandanda wazonse, thebiggest ili ndi nkhani yotere!
Krayt. Bungarussocius
Mwa njoka zapoizoni kwambiri, timasiyanitsa kraut. Ululu wanjoka nthawi yomweyo umakhudza ubongo wa wolakwiridwayo, womwe umayambitsa kufa nthawi yomweyo.
Poizoniyo mumakhala zinthu zina zomwe zimadutsa chotchinga pakati pa ziwalo zamagazi ndi ubongo, motero imfa imachitika popanda zodwala.
Mtundu wofala kwambiri ndi pamas kapena krait ya krait, yomwe kuluma kwake kumakhala poizoni kwambiri kotero kuti nkhungu imafa.
Indian cobra. Naja naja
Pakuluma cobra, ndikutulutsa poizoni m'thupi, m'mphindi zochepa kupunduka kwathunthu kumachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kupuma kukhala kovuta.
Amasiyanitsidwa ndi zizolowezi zokonda mtendere, ndipo sizimamuvutitsa kuti azikonda kutentha thupi lake padzuwa. Anthu akaonekera, amakonda kubwerera mwachangu. Pakadali pano, ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti anthu masauzande amamwalira chaka chilichonse chifukwa chakumwa ndi cobra ku India.
Koma munthu ayenera kukumbukira kuti imodzi mwa njoka zowopsa kwambiri siziwopseza nthawi yoyamba, ndikuluma nthawi yodziwitsa kuopsa kwake kuti adziteteze.
Aspid. Micrurus
Aspid amakhala ndimkhalidwe wankhanza komanso wopanda chikondi, ndipo kuluma munthu akafa pambuyo pa mphindi 7.
Njokayo imagwera aliyense amene akumana nayo m'njira yake. Asayansi adayamba kale kupanga mankhwala opha mankhwala, koma, monga tidanenera, iyenera kuperekedwa pakatha mphindi 7 kuluma kwa nyama yozizira yozizira.
Mukakumana ndi asp, yeserani kuti musayende mwadzidzidzi, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka mubwererenso.
Green mamba. Dendroaspis angusticeps
Wokakhala ku South Africa ali ndi poizoni wamphamvu, ndipo atatha kudya, amayamba kugwira ntchito nthawi yomweyo.
Ponena za mamba, ziyenera kudziwika kuti njokayo, ngakhale ili ndi zoopsa, ndi yokongola kwambiri. Thupi loyera limawoneka bwino padzuwa ndi mtundu wamtchire wobiriwira wamtambo wonyezimira komanso wonyezimira.
Nthawi zambiri zanyama zobisikazo zimabisala munthambi, pomwe zimavuta kuzindikira chifukwa cha mtundu wake, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo zimatsutsana ndi womenyayo. Ngati nkotheka kulingalira chinyama chowopsa pamtambo wobiriwira, ndibwino kudutsa.
Black Mamba. Dendroaspis polylepis
Kukongola kobiriwirako kumakhalanso ndi poizoni wakupha, wotchedwa chifukwa cha mtundu wakuda wa mamba.
Woyipa wokhala m'nkhalango zowala komanso zokhala ku Africa, amaluma munthu pangozi yokha panthawi yodzitchinjiriza. Chifukwa chake, mutangodutsa osakhudza chiweto, mutha kupewa zinthu zosasangalatsa.
Poizoni amagwira minofu, amachititsa kuti munthu apumidwe ndipo munthuyo amwalire.
Nyoka yotulutsa phokoso. Bitis arietans
Njoka yaphokoso imafanana ndi kutalika kwake ndi thupi lalikulu. Pakadali pangozi, iye amatupa ndikufuula mokweza mawu.
Njoka pang'onopang'ono m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku imadziwika chifukwa chakuwombera kwake mwachangu, ndipo mphamvu yowombayo imatha kupha popanda kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni. Poizoni weniweniyo amatsogolera ku minofu necrosis komanso kutulutsa kwamkati.
Popanda chithandizo chamankhwala chothandiza, munthu amafa. Koma kukhazikitsidwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo sikutsimikizira kuchira kwathunthu. Pakuluma, kumayamba kubala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti manja aziduladula.
Matuzidwe oyeserera. Malaopython reticulatus
Wobwera kumene wopanda poizoni wa malo otseguka a ku Asia adatchulidwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ovuta a thupi lake lalikulu.
Adasankha nkhalango zam'malo otentha, nkhalango komanso mapiri ngati malo ake.
Phenicon yodziwika bwino imadziwika ndi zankhanza ndipo imabweretsa ngozi kwa anthu. Nthawi zambiri pamachitika msonkhano ndi njoka ukadapha.
Gyurza. Vipera lebetina
Mtundu wa njoka yodziwika bwino komanso yoyipa. Pambuyo kuluma ndi gyurza, magazi amayamba kuvulala nthawi yomweyo. Zikakhala choncho, munthu amafa chifukwa chotaya magazi ambiri.
Gyurza ndi nyama yomwe imachedwa kwambiri, amakonda kukhala nthawi yayitali pamoyo wake. Popanda kuwononga mphamvu ndi chizunzo, njokayo imadikirira kwa nthawi yayitali kugwidwa, ikukhala ngati yabisalira.
Pakulimbana, menyani mwamphamvu ndikuyandikira kwa womenyedwayo.
Anaconda. Eunectes murinus
Palibe njoka imodzi padziko lapansi yomwe imakhala ndi nthano zambiri ngati anaconda yokhudza anthu okhala m'mitsinje ndi malo obisika a chigwa cha Amazon.
M'mphepete mwa nyanja, anacondas amadikirira nyama, pali zambiri zokhudzana ndi kudya kwawo.
Mbiri yawonetsa zochitika zambiri zavuto la njoka kwa anthu. Kusaka ziweto pafupi ndi midziyo, nthawi zambiri anthu omwe amayenda okha amakhala akuvutika ndi anacondas.
Kukula kopatsa chidwi kwa anaconda komanso nthano zowopsa za kuukira kwa munthu ndi pomwepo ndimwambo wojambulira mafilimu ambiri pomwe njoka yakupha imakhala munthu wodziwika.
Russell Viper. Daboia russelii
Kutengera ndi ziwerengero zakufa, njoka ya Russell ndiyo njoka yoopsa kwambiri. Ku India kokha, mpaka anthu 25,000 amafa chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku poizoni.
Poizoni wamtunduwu ndi hemotoxic ndipo amawononga minofu yathupi, ndikupangitsa imfa yayitali komanso yopweteka.
Koma chowopsa kwa anthu ndichizolowezi, chikhalidwe ndi zizolowezi za njoka. Kusaka timakina tating'onoting'ono, kumalowa mkati mwa anthu ndipo siliopa kukhalapo kwa munthu.
Ikawukira, imapinda kuti ikhale ngati mpira ndipo imapanga mpheni. Mphamvu ya minofu ndikwanira kuti ichoke padziko lapansi ndikuluma m'malo osatetezeka. Thebiggest akulangizani kuti musamale m'malo omwe nyanjayi ili.
Pomaliza
Monga mukuwonera, osati njoka zapoizoni zokha zomwe zimakhala ndi ngozi yakufa kwa anthu, komanso nthumwi za banja la pseudopod, ma pythons ndi boas. Mwa oopsa kwambiri - timasankha Anaconda, pakati paizoni - njoka ya Russell.
Pithoni ndi boas, okhala ndi minofu yamphamvu ndi njoka zamphamvu kwambiri. Koma ambiri a banja la boas amatha kusokoneza munthu, koma akulephera kumeza, kotero kusaka munthu kutaya tanthauzo la njoka zamtunduwu.
Pomaliza, taona kuti njoka zapoizoni kwambiri ndi gulu lowopsa kwambiri la anyani amoyo padziko lathuli .. Zikomo kwambiri chifukwa chakumvera kwanu.
Mtundu wa buluu wa buluu (Bungarus halaus) kapena wa ku Krait ndi wa banja laphokoso, lotsogola.
Kufalikira kwa zowala za buluu.
Blue Kraite imafalikira kumwera kwakumwera kwa Asia, imapezeka kumwera kwa Indochina, imafalikira ku Thailand, Java, Sumatra ndi kumwera kwa Bali. Mtunduwu umapezeka m'chigawo chapakati cha Vietnam, amakhala ku Indonesia. Kugawidwa ku Myanmar ndi Singapore sikumatsimikiziridwa, koma nthawi zambiri mtundu wa buluu wamtambo umapezekanso pamenepo. Mtunduwu udapezeka paphewa pachilumba cha Pulau Langkawi, ku Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia.
Zizindikiro zakunja za buluu wamtambo.
Krayt ya buluu si njoka yayikulu kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi zikwangwani zachikasu ndi zakuda. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita oposa 108; munthu aliyense payekhapayekha amatalika masentimita 160. Mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa buluu wamtambo ndi wakuda, wakuda kapena wamtambo. Mphete za 27-34 zimadutsa thupi ndi mchira, womwe umachepera komanso kuzungulira mbali. Mphete zoyambirira za utoto pafupifupi zimaphatikizika ndi mtundu wakuda wa mutu. Mikwingwirima yakuda imalekanitsidwa ndi mitundu yayitali, yoyera pakatikati yomwe imakhazikika mphete zakuda. Mimba yakeyera. Mbira ya buluu imatchedwanso njoka yakuda ndi yoyera. Thupi la Kraut lilibe msana waukulu
Masikelo osalala a dorsal ali m'mizere 15 motsatira msana, chiwerengero cha zotchingira ndi 195-237, mbale yolowera ili yonse komanso yosagawikana, subcaudals 37-56. Zithunzi zazikulu za buluu wamkulu zimasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi njoka zina zakuda ndi zoyera, ndipo makanda amtundu wina ndizovuta kudziwa.
Habitat wa buluu wa kraite.
Blue Kraite imakhala makamaka munkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zamapiri, anthu ena amapezeka m'malo otsetsereka kuyambira 250 mpaka 300 metres. Zochepa ndizomwe zimakwera pamtunda wa 1200 metres. Blue Kraite imakonda kukhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, imapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, ndipo imapezeka kawirikawiri paminda ya mpunga, minda, komanso madamu omwe amatseka mitsinje yomwe ilipo. Khola la buluu limagwira dzenje ndikukhazikitsa malo ogumukiramo, kukakamiza makoswewo kusiya chisa chawo.
Zojambula za krait wamtambo.
Zithunzi za buluu zimagwira ntchito kwambiri usiku, sizimakonda malo owunikira ndipo, zimakokedwa ndikuwala, kuphimba mitu yawo ndi mchira wawo. Nthawi zambiri, amawonedwa pakati pa 9 ndi 11 pm ndipo nthawi zambiri samakhala wankhanza kwambiri.
Samayambitsa koyamba ndipo saluma pokhapokha atayambitsa ziwengo. Pakayesera kugwira, ma kraite abuluu amayesa kuluma, koma samachita nthawi zambiri.
Usiku, njoka izi zimaluma mosavuta, monga zikuwonetsedwera ndi kulumidwa kambiri komwe anthu omwe amagona usiku pansi adalandira. Kupeza ma krajita a buluu kuti musangalale ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, koma akatswiri ogwiritsa ntchito njoka padziko lonse lapansi amachita izi pafupipafupi. Poizoni wa Porat ndi woopsa kwambiri kotero kuti musayike pachiwopsezo kuti muwoneke ngati akusaka njoka yakunja.
Blue Kraight ndi njoka yapoizoni.
Mitengo ya buluu imatulutsa poizoni wambiri kwambiri wokhala ndi mfundo 50 kuposa poizoni wa mamba. Kwenikweni, kulumidwa ndi njoka kumayikidwa usiku, munthu akaponda njoka mosazindikira, kapena anthu akayamba kuwukira. Mphepo yokwanira pakumenyetseka kwa 0,5 mg pa kilogalamu yoyamba kumwalira mu mbewa, monga kafukufuku wa labotale wasonyeza.
Poizoni wa kuwala kwa buluu ndiwowononga minyewa ndipo amachepetsa dongosolo lamanjenje laumunthu. Zotsatira zakupha zimachitika mu 50% ya omwe akumamwa, nthawi zambiri mawola 12-24 sumu italowa m'magazi.
Pakupita mphindi 30 kuchokera kuluma, kupweteka pang'ono kumamveka ndipo kutupa kumachitika pamalo a zotupa, nseru, kusanza, kufooka kumayamba, myalgia amakula. Kulephera kuwongolera kumachitika, kumafuna kuti pakhale mpweya wabwino, maola 8 mutatha kuluma. Zizindikiro zake zimakulirakulira ndipo zimatha pafupifupi maola 96. Zotsatira zoyipitsitsa za kubweretsa poizoni m'thupi ndi kusokonekera chifukwa cha kufooka kwa minofu ndi minyewa, komwe kumachepetsa kupindika kapena minyewa yamtima. Kenako pamabwera kukomoka komanso kufa kwa maselo a muubongo. Mu 50% ya milandu, ululu wa krait wamtambo umapangitsa kufa ngakhale atagwiritsidwa ntchito antitoxin. Palibe njira yeniyeni yothetsera vutoli ya krax ya buluu yapangidwa. Chithandizo chimakhala chothandizira kupuma komanso kupewa kukula kwa chibayo. Pazinthu zadzidzidzi, madokotala amapatsira antitoxin kwa munthu amene wakhudzidwa ndi poizoni, yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuluma njoka. Komanso, nthawi zambiri, kuchira kwathunthu kumachitika.
Maonekedwe a batala la buluu.
Blue Kraight imawerengedwa monga mtundu "wosadetsa nkhawa" chifukwa chakugawa kwambiri. Njoka yamtunduwu ndi chinthu chochita malonda, njoka zimagulitsidwa chakudya, ndipo mankhwala amapangidwa kuchokera ku ziwalo zawo kwa mankhwala achikhalidwe. M'magawo osiyanasiyana ogawidwa, kuwononga ma kraits abuluku kumakhudza anthu ambiri. Pali boma lotsogolera malonda ku mtundu uwu wa njoka ku Vietnam. Kugwiridwanso kwina kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri pamitunduyi, popeza palibe chidziwitso chogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mtundu wobisalako komanso wobisikawu suwapezeka kawirikawiri, ndipo ngakhale njoka nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa m'malo ena ake, makamaka ku Vietnam, palibe chilichonse chokhudza momwe njirayi imakhudzira anthu. Chifukwa chosawoneka zachilengedwe, kraite ya buluu imawonetsedwa mu Red Book of Vietnam. Njoka yamtunduwu imagulitsidwa kuti ipeze "vinyo wa njoka" yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala.
Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe ku Indochina.
Ku Vietnam, krayt ya buluu imatetezedwa ndi lamulo kuti muchepetse kufalikira kwa njoka zakuthengo. Anthu akuluakulu amagwidwa chifukwa cha khungu la njoka ndikupanga zikumbutso, monga zimakhalira ndi mitundu ina ya makola. Kukula kwa kubedwa kwa mitengo ya buluu kumaiko ena kumafunikanso kuphunzira. Mtunduwu watetezedwa ndi lamulo ku Vietnam kuyambira 2006, koma malamulo amangoletsa, koma sikuletsa, malonda ogulitsa njoka yamtunduwu. Maphunziro owonjezerawa amafunikira kuti azindikire kukula kwa zomwe zikuwopseza anthu obwera kuteteza khungu la bluu. Mwinanso sachitapo kanthu pogawana mitundu yonseyi, koma amangodziwonetsa pamalopo, mwachitsanzo, ku Vietnam. Koma ngati kupangika kumachitika paliponse, ndiye kuti mtundu wamtundawu sungakhale wokhazikika.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani .
Mkati wamtundu wamtambo ndi njoka yoopsa kwambiri yochokera ku banja la gulu lodzilekanitsa kale, lochita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Mwa anthu amatchedwa ribra krait, krait chikasu, sanction and kokliya-krait.