Kutalika kwa thupi la womata ndi singano itatu sikupita masentimita 10. Chikhalidwe cha banja ili ndi msempha wam'mimba, chifukwa chomwe dzina la nsomba limawonekera.
Zomata zokhala ndi timiyala itatu zili ndi ma spikes atatu kumisana zawo, koma kuchuluka kwa ma spikes kumatha kukhala 9 ndi 16, kutengera mitundu yamitundu iti.
Chifukwa cha izi, nsomba zimasanduka zodyera zovuta. Singano zili ndi njira zotchingira, zimayandikira mchira, chifukwa chake, kuti mudye nsomba, muyenera kuugwira.
M'malo mamba kumbuyo ndi mbali zina pali mafupa olimba osunthika, amapindika pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kumchira. Mbale izi zimathandizanso kuthana ndi adani.
Ndodo zokhala ndi masamba atatu (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
Makhalidwe akunja
Ndodo yake ndi ya banja la gulu lankhondo la ray mbola. Dzinalo lidagwirizanitsa genera 5 komanso mitundu 8 ya oimira awa.
Amasiyana: malo okhala mu dorsal fin. Nsomba zazing'onozi sizikhala ndi masikelo, ndipo si anthu onse omwe ali ndiimalidwe amimba. Nthawi zambiri mdera la fin mumakhala msana umodzi kapena ma ray awiri ofewa. Pakachitika zoopsa, munga umagwiritsa ntchito chida chake, kufalitsa mphezi yonse yakuthwa. Abaya thupi la adani.
Ndodo yake ndi ya banja la nthenga zowala
M'mphepete mwa thupi pali mafupa opitilira 30. Amakhala ngati chitetezo chowonjezera. Msodzi wam'madzi ndi amodzi mwa oimira ang'ono kwambiri matupi amadzi. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika mpaka masentimita a 5-6 mukamakula. Mtundu ungasiyane kutengera mitundu, yomwe:
- singano zinayi,
- singano zisanu ndi zinayi
- mtsinje
- nyanja
- kakang'ono kumwera
- singano zitatu.
Chodziwika kwambiri ndi chomaliza pamndandanda. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa bulauni kapena mtundu wobiriwira, ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi mbali zake ndi siliva.
Nthawi yakukhwima kwa ndodo ya masamba atatu
Khalidwe la wogwirira podikira mbewuyo nlabwino. Madzi akayamba kutenthetsa, amphongo am'madzi amapatukana ndi paketi ndikuyamba kumanga zisa.
Ku Kamchatka, ndodo imatchedwa hahalcha.
Spikes amakhala m'madzi osaya, komwe kuli zinthu zambiri zomanga. Amamanga zisa kuchokera kumitengo yakufa ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono. Pazida zomangira gluing, amuna amagwiritsa ntchito chinsinsi chomwe chimasungidwa kwa anus.
Pamene yamphongo imamanga chisa cha mkazi ndi ana amtsogolo, maonekedwe ake amasintha kwambiri.
Msana wobiriwira kapena bulauni umakhala wabuluu, nsagwada yakumbuyo ndi m'mimba zimasanduka zofiira, ndipo maso amatembenukira kukhala amtambo. Utoto uwu mwa amuna umakhalabe mpaka kumapeto kwa kutulutsa, mpaka caviar atawonekera mu chisa. Koma osati zazikazi zokha, komanso zilombo zomwe sizimasamala zazimuna zowala kwambiri, nthawi yamkhaka zimayamba kukhala mbalame mosavuta.
Ndodo zokhala ndi timiyala itatu timakhala munyanja komanso m'madzi oyera.
Maonekedwe a ndodo zachikazi akusinthanso. Mikwingwirima yakuda ikusintha thupi, ndipo pamimba imakhala chikaso.
Kuti akope mkazi pachisa, mwamunayo amuperekeza kwa iye, akuponda minga ndi zipsepse, ndikupanga zigzagi patsogolo pake. Mtsikanayo akachita chidwi ndikuyandikira chisa, mwamunayo amamutsunthira kotero kuti afulumira kugawana ndi caviar.
Pomwe pansi pa chisa pali mazira owoneka ngati lalanje angapo, awiriwo ndi mamilimita 1, mwamunayo amatumiza wamkazi kuti azipita. Kenako imasanjika kacafe ndipo imatulutsira mkaka. Pambuyo pake, amapita kukafunafuna mkazi watsopano.
Amphongo a ndodo yautali utatu amasamalira kuteteza mazira ndi maphunziro apamwamba a ana. Komanso, yamphongo imayenera kuteteza mazira, ngakhale kwa akazi, chifukwa bwenzi latsopanolo lingadye mazira a mkazi woyamba, choncho yamphongo imaperekanso akangobereka mazira.
Zachikazi zimadya caviar mlendo chifukwa ndizowonda kwambiri komanso pamene akuyesera kuwonjezera mwayi wopulumuka caviar wawo.
Ngati wamphongo ali wachangu komanso wokhwima, akazi a caviar ochokera ku 6-7 amatha kuoneka chisa chake. Pambuyo pakugona kulikonse, yamphongo imakulitsa chisa pang'ono kuti wosanjikiza wa caviar sunakhale wandiweyani ndipo amatha kupuma bwino. Wamphongo amayeneranso kusewera ngati zimakupiza, chifukwa pamenepa, ali pakhomo la chisa ndipo amanjoya mafinya ake, ndikuwatsogolera madzi kupita kwa mwana wa ng'ombe.
Mpaka mwachangu, abambo samasambira kuchoka pachisa. Koma pamene mwachangu atuluka mu caviar ndikusanyika pagulu lasiliva, ntchito zachimuna zimapitilizabe. Ayenera kuteteza mwachangu kwa amuna ena opanda ana omwe akufuna kudya nawo. Amuna achichepere othamangira mwachangu ali ogwirizana m'makola awo. Wamphongo wamkazi amayenera kuyang'anira ana ake nthawi zonse ndikubwerera pakamwa pa ana ake omwe asiya chisa.
Mtundu wa singano zopindika-zitatu zimatengera zaka, thupi, momwe nsomba kapena nyengo.
Tate wachikondi wa singano itatu wasiya kusamalira ana ake patatha masiku 45 atamasuka. Munthawi imeneyi, achichepere amakula ndikuyamba kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Wamphongo ndi ana ake aamuna amalowa sukulu ya nsomba ya akulu.
Komwe kumakhala
Makamaka ndodo zambiri zimapezeka mu Baltic ndi White Seas. Uko kuli m'mitsinje ya Western Siberia, kumapeto kwa Dnieper, kumpoto kwa Donets, m'madzi amtambo wa Black, Azov ndi Caspian Seas, ndi ma ilmen m'chigawo cha Astrakhan. Itha kupezeka mu Volga ndi mitsinje ya beseni la Volga.
Nsomba zansangala zimakonda malo abata ndi bata. Itha kukhala miyala yaying'ono, mitsinje, nyanja yokhala ndi mchenga kapena silty pansi ndi m'mphepete yokutidwa ndi udzu.
Ma sindano atatu ndi singano zisanu ndi zinayi amakhala ku ma Europe onse. Ku Russia, malo okhala ndodo ndi mitsinje yomwe imayenda ku Nyanja Zoyera ndi Baltic, mitsinje ya Far East, malo osungirako Leningrad Region, Lake Onega.
Ndodo yake imakhala m'mphepete mwa Europe, kuyambira ku Norway mpaka ku Bay of Biscay. Malo omwe amakhala ndi m'mphepete mwa miyala.
Wamng'ono wakummwera amapezeka m'magawo okhala ndi nyanja za Azov, Black ndi Caspian, komanso m'mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda mkatikati mwake. Amakhalanso m'malo akumunsi a Dnieper ndi North Donets.
Pang'ono pang'ono pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono
Thupi la ndodoyo, ngati seahorses, silimakutidwa ndi mamba, koma ndi mafupa, ndikupanga chipolopolo cholimba komanso cholimba mozungulira nsomba. Kupatula apo, mitundu yonseyi ndi ya Kolyushkoobraznye, koma m'mabanja osiyanasiyana. Ndodo iyi ndi yochokera ku banja lankhondo, momwe mitundu 12 imadziwika. Pafupi ndi mzinda wa St. Petersburg mumakhala kakhoma kokongola katatu, ndipo ndiamene adadzakhala "mngelo wopulumutsa" m'masiku ovuta.
Maonekedwe a ndodo-yabwinobwino patatu
Zomata zamiyala itatu zimapezeka m'madzi oyera komanso munyanja. Kutalika kwa mawonekedwe a madzi abwino ndi masentimita 4-6. Thupi limakhala lokwera, koma lokwera mokwanira, loponderezedwa pang'ono kuchokera kumbali. Tsinde lalifupi la caudal limadutsa mu caudal fin, losagawanika kukhala lobes. M'malo mamba, thupi limatetezedwa ndi mafupa, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti nsombazo zimamangidwa ndi chipolopolo. Pamutu owongoka pang'ono pali maso akulu owala.
Zithunzi zazikulu zitatu zakuthwa zomwe zili mkati mwa nsana zimawonekera bwino mu chithunzi cham'mbuyo. Mwa kuchuluka kwawo, nsombayi idatchedwa dzina - singano-patatu. Chomwe chimayambitsa ma spikes ndi ndalama yomaliza. Koma izi sizonse "zida" za nsomba yaying'onoyi. M'malo mwa zipsepse zamkati, iye amakhalanso ndi malovu. Ma spikes akwezedwa ndi chida choopsa komanso chachikulu.
Chida chowopsa - minga
Nsomba zikagonera zikapuma, zibowo zake zimagundana.
Pakachitika ngozi kapena chinyama chogwirira, milomo imamera ndikufalikira mbali zitatu - kuchokera kumbuyo ndi kumbali kuyambira pamimba. Mwanjira imeneyi, zimabowola pakamwa pa nyama yomwe imadya.
Polimbana pakati pa amuna musanatulutse, chida ichi chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito moyenera. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti wopambanayo amawombera mzake ndi ma spikes ake.
Colours ndi kusiyanasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi
Mtundu wa kapangidwe kake ndikosintha, ndipo pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa izi: zaka, zakuthupi, chilengedwe ndi nyengo:
- siliva wachichepere
- M'nyengo yozizira mtundu wake ndi wa siliva, ndipo nthawi yotentha umakhala utoto wonyezimira.
Nthawi zambiri, zazimuna ndi zazikazi sizimasiyana mitundu. Koma nthawi yakubereka, kumbuyo kwamphongo kumakhala kutuwa, gawo lakumutu kwa thupi ndi thupi limasanduka lofiira.
Akazi amasinthanso - mikwingwirima yakuda imawoneka m'mbali za thupi ndi kumbuyo, pamimba imakhala ndi utoto wotuwa. Pambuyo pofalikira, utoto umakhala wofanana.
Kuswana
Ndodo yokhala ndi masamba atatu ndi amodzi mwa nsomba zochepa zomwe zimawonetsa chitsanzo cha abambo achitsanzo chabwino. Ndi wamphongo amene akuchita ntchito yomanga chisa. Ndipo pambuyo pake, amasamalanso onse opanga caviar komanso oswidwa.
Chisa chimamangidwa pazosaya pakati pamadzi am'madzi, pokhapokha ngati pali njira yabwino. Bowo limadzazira pansi: yamphongo imatenga mchenga ndi kamwa ndikuyinyamula kupita nayo kumbali.
Zingwe ndi zotsalira za mbewu, zomwe zamphongo zimakhomera ndi ntchofu kuchokera mbali zakepi, zimagwira monga zomangira. Chisa chimakhazikika pamitengo ya zomera zamadzi pansi pamadzi ndikamizidwa mu silt, motero imperceptibly. Chithunzi cha chikwama chomata chikusonyeza njira yotola zinyalala zam'mera kuti zimangidwe chisa.
Chisa chikakonzeka, champhongo chimakankhira chachikazi mu chisa, chomwe chimakhala kwa masekondi angapo ndikutha kuyika gawo lake la mazira (pafupifupi mazira 100). Wamphongo nthawi yomweyo amuthamangitsa ndipo amafulumira kuthira mazira ake. Kenako amafufuza mkazi wina ndipo amamuchitira zomwezo. Amuna okalamba kwambiri amatha kutola mazira kuchokera ku akazi asanu ndi mmodzi mpaka asanu ndi awiri (mazira 150-180).
Kenako ikudza nthawi yamisala yamphongo:
- Poyang'anira chisa, amapatsira aliyense amene ali pafupi.
- Amakonza ndi kukonza chisa.
- Imakhala yopanga caviar ndi madzi oyera - kumawakupiza ndi zipsepse zamakutu.
Pakadutsa masiku 10 mpaka 14, pamene caviar akutukuka, champhongo sichichotsa chisa. Koma kenako amaonetsetsa kuti mwachangu samasambira patali, ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira abweretsere chisa pakamwa.
Zolemba patatu-patali sizikhala motalika - zaka 3-4. Imayamba kuchulukana kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo (m'madzi opanda madzi abwino). Ngakhale ali wocheperako, ali wolimba kwambiri - mtundu wazinyama zazing'ono. Chakudya chake: mwachangu ndi mazira a nsomba zina (kuphatikiza mitundu yake), nyongolotsi, crustaceans, mphutsi za tizilombo.
Momwe mungagwirire ndodo panthawi yotseka
Anthu okhala ku Krondstadt omwe azunguliridwa adagwiritsa ntchito zida zomata m'malo mwa maukonde pogwira zomata: malaya, matumba, mabasiketi, T-shirts, maukonde agulugufe kuti agwire agulugufe okhala ndi maselo ochepa kwambiri.
Ogwira ndodo adagona pamatanda pansi pa mlatho ndikuyika "mfuti" zawo m'madzi, ndikuziyika pakona patali ndi mphindi imodzi, kenako ndikuwatulutsa. Munthawi imeneyi, nsomba zinali mu nsomba imodzi ndi theka. Kuti agwire ma kilogalamu asanu a stickleback mwanjira iyi, zimatenga maola osachepera 5-6.
Makutu ndi ma mpira a nyama omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba zazing'ono zokhazokha zimakhala zokoma, ndipo koposa zonse - zopatsa thanzi. Nayi nsomba ngati iyi - blockade stickleback.
Nsomba zamkuwa pa mafunde achitsulo
Ma nsomba atatu amkuwa ndi mafunde achitsulo - ichi ndiye chipilala chopendekera chomwe chili pamwamba pa mtsinje wamadzi wa Obvodny Canal pafupi ndi Blue Bridge pa Kotlin Island ku Krondstadt.
Kuchokera ku "Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg" timaphunzira kuti malingaliro oti amange chipilala adawonekeranso mu 1957. Ndipo kumayambiriro kwa 2004 buku lokonzedwa lija lidaganiziridwa kumisonkhano yayikulu. Kenako idakonzedwanso ndipo idapangidwa komaliza ndi wolemba N.V. Chepurnov. Ndipo mu 2005, chipilalachi chidakhazikitsidwa ndikutsegulidwa - Meyi 8.
Mizere inayi yochokera ku ndakatulo ya a Mary Aminova, ndakatulo ya ku Kronstadt, yalembedwa papepala.
Mu 2012, chipilala chopanda chomaliza ku Krondstadt chidalembedwa m'buku la Memory of the Great War. Malingana ndi mwambo, chaka chilichonse pa Januware 27 (tsiku lokweza kuzingidwa kwa mzinda wa Leningrad) zidzukulu zazikulu ndi ana azingidwewo azinyamula maluwa kupita ku chipilala. Ndipo asodzi amateur ali ndi miyambo yawo - kukayendera "ndodo zamkuwa" asodzi. Ichi, monga chizindikiro, ndibwino nsomba.
Nkhani
Disembala. Amakumi anayi ndi chimodzi
Zaka khumi.
Kupumira paliponse
Mpweya wa blockade.
Mu shopu kukonzanso.
Ndimatengera phokoso kumaso.
Monga kuwala kwa kukonzanso
Kukangana pa zomata.
M'manja mwa nsomba zamunthu wina
Ndi machesi, paminga,
Nkhope zachimwemwe
Ndi maloto a ndodo.
Monga ndewu ya ma grenade
Monga mbalame
Amayamikiridwa blockade
Ndife nsomba.
Pafupi kwambiri ndi ine
Osati chilichonse mdziko la mfuti.
Ndikuwona chipilala
Blockade ndodo.
Panthawi yotseka, chakudya mu mzinda atazunguliridwa chikutha ndipo nsomba zonse zidagwidwa ndikudya ku Gulf of Finland ndi ngalande, mtundu umodzi wosavomerezeka womwe sunagulitsidwe malonda udapulumuka ndipo sunadyedwe munthawi yamtendere ndipo asodzi adaonedwa kuti ndi "otopetsa" - ndodo Kanthawi kakang'ono, nsomba yaying'ono yamphamvu yomwe ikudumphira m'maukondewo, yokhala ndi mafupa m'malo mwa sikelo ndi ma spikini kumapeto kwa dorsal ndi pamimba, okhala m'madzimo adagwidwa ndi maukonde, matumba, malaya, malaya. Chapakatikati, ophatikizana adapangidwa kuti amugwiritse. Malinga ndi nthcito zakumbuyo, "mu maola 3-4 - 30 ... adagwira thumba lamatumba la mpweya, lomwe ndi ma kilogalamu 4-6. Apa ndipamene madzi oundana anachepa. ”
Ku 2nd Leningrad Medical Institute, "mafuta okakamira" adapangidwa, omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala kuchiza zilonda zamoto ndi mabala.
Khutu linakonzedwa kuchokera ku stickleback ndi kuwonjezera kwa nsomba, cutlets. Tizilombo tosungunuka tomwe timayamwa timadzi tosungunuka, matumba a ndulu amachotsedwa mu nsomba, nyama yophika yomwe idadutsa mu chopukusira nyama idasungika mu mafuta owala a lalanje, omwe amapezekanso kuchokera ku ndodo. Ma blockers ambiri ali ndi moyo wam'mbuyo.
Adawedza pansi pa mlatho woyamba wa Elagin. Tidatsika pansi pa mlatho ndipo, titagona pamatanda amatabwa, tidayamba kugwira ntchito ndi mabasiketi. …. Yemweyo, laling'ono, lonyansa, ndi kutalika-chala kutalika kwa nsomba yomwe imayendetsa zoweta pamadzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'malo ang'onoang'ono ... Ndi kangati zomwe ndinayesera kugwira ngakhale ndi dzanja limodzi ndi mnyamata - sindinapambane. Ndipo apa tidalowetsa mabasiketi athu m'madzi, kuyiyika pambali pakanthawi kena ndikukutulutsa kamphindi. Zomata 10-15 zinadumphira mudengu.
Mu maola awiri kapena atatu, zidebe zinali zodzaza.
Yophika ndodo, yokazinga, yopanga ma cutlets. Anadyetsa amayi ake kwa masiku angapo, kusinthana ndi fodya. Sindimaganiza kuti chidole, nsomba zapa chidole chinali chokoma kwambiri ...
Zovala zokhala ndi ndodo zinagulitsidwa mu mzindawu mpaka kumapeto kwa m'ma 1940.
Memory
"Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg" ikuwonetsa kuti lingaliro lopanga chipilala ku nsomba yaying'ono idayamba mu 1957, atolankhani mumzinda amatcha ndakatulo "Tsiku lina m'moyo wa Kronstadt blockade", yomwe tcheyamani wa Council of Veterans ya Kronstadt M adaganizira za 2004, lingaliro. V. Konovalov. Mu Januware 2004, chipilala chomwe chidakonzedwachi chidaperekedwa kuti anthu awone, ndipo adakonzanso. Chipilalachi, chomwe chidapangidwa ndi wosema N.V. Chepurny poyambitsa msonkhano wa Council of Veterans of Kronstadt and the International Foundation "Zaka 300 za Kronstadt - Kubwezeretsa kwa Shrines", aikidwa pakhoma lakumadzulo kwa Obvodny Canal, pafupi ndi Blue Bridge. Kutsegulaku kudachitika pa Meyi 8, 2005.
Sitimayi, yomwe ili ndi mpanda mkati mwa ngalande, imayimira nsomba zazing'ono zitatu zamkuwa pazitsulo. Pacholemba pali mizere kuchokera pa ndakatulo ya ndakatulo ya ku Kronstadt Maria Aminova "Blockade stickleback":
Mchengawo unangokhala chete ndi bomba,
Koma matamando amamvekabe -
Nsomba zazing'onoting'ono
Zomwe zidathandizira anthu kupulumuka ...
Chipilalachi chidalembedwa "Buku la Chikumbutso Cha Nkhondo Yaikulu", zikwangwani zokhala ndi chithunzi chake zimaperekedwa. Chikhalidwe chakumatauni chayamba kubweretsa maluwa ku chipilala pa Januware 27, tsiku lomwe Leningrad blockade idachotsedwa. Asodzi am'mizinda amakhala ndi chizindikiro: ngati mutayendera chipilala musanayambe nsomba, nsomba zidzakhala zolimba.
Ndi mtundu wanji wa nsomba yomata?
Dzinalo limagwirizanitsa banja lonse: Mulinso mitundu isanu ndi mitundu isanu ndi itatu. Oimira onse ali ndi ma spikes omwe ali kutsogolo kwa dorsal fin. Mamba za nsombazi kulibe. Sikuti aliyense ali ndi vuto lam'mimba ndipo amatha kuyimiridwa ndi msana umodzi ndi ma ray awiri ofewa. Pakakhala zoopsa kapena zikagwidwa ndi adani, ndodoyo imafalitsa mivi yake yonse ndipo imabayo.
Nsomba zimakonda malo okhala ndi bata, pansi pamatope ndipo m'mphepete mwa udzu. Kwenikweni, mitundu yonse imasungidwa m'mathumba akulu a m'manja. Izi nthawi zina zimapangitsa kuti usodzi ukhale wovuta, chifukwa ndimayendedwe ochepa msipu wonse umathamangira pachinthu chomwe chagwera m'madzi.
Habitat
Stickleback ndi nsomba yomwe imasinthidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala m'madzi, zopanda pake komanso madzi oyera. Chifukwa chake, ndodo imakhala m'malo opasuka a Azov, Caspian komanso malo otsika a Dnieper ndi mitsinje ina yomwe imalowa. Mitundu ya singano atatu ndi singano zisanu ndi zinayi imapezeka pafupifupi ku Europe. Ku Russia, imatha kuwoneka m'mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda Mzungu komanso m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Leningrad. Ndodo ya kunyanja - nsomba zam'mbali. Imapezeka ku Western Europe pamiyala yam'mbali mwa Bay of Biscay ndi Gulf of Finland, kumpoto kwa Norway komanso Nyanja ya Baltic.
Mtengo wachuma
M'mbuyomu, nsomba zazing'onozi zimasakidwa ku Nyanja za Baltic, White ndi Azov, komanso Kamchatka. Ufa wapamwamba wamtundu wapamwamba udapezekanso kuchokera kwa iwo. Kuphatikiza apo, stickleback idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha nyama, komanso ngati feteleza wa minda. Ku Leningrad yomwe yazingidwa, mafuta amafuta olemera a carotenoid anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zipatala kuchiritsa mabala ndikuwotcha.
Pakadali pano, stickleback ndi nsomba yomwe mtengo wake wachuma umakhala wopanda tanthauzo. Amadya chilichonse, motero amakhala ndi mavuto kwa ana amitundu yamtengo wapatali.
Kapangidwe kakang'ono kum'mwera
Mitundu yamchere kapena yamchere yamchere watsopano imafika pamtunda wa 6 cm. Nsomba zoterezi ndizofala ku Asia, Europe, kuli anthu ochepa ku Greece - beseni la mitsinje ya Aljakmon ndi Vardar. Chobwezeretsera chimasungidwa, monga lamulo, m'malo otsika kwambiri okhala ndi masamba. Thupi la nsomba ndiwokwera komanso lopanikizidwa kumbali. Mtundu wake ndi wobiriwira bulauni, ndipo m'mimba ndi siliva, nthawi zina wokhala ndi chikasu chachikasu. Mikwingwirima ndi mawanga zimamwazikana mthupi lonse, ndikupanga chithunzi cha miyala.
Zingwe zisanu ndi zinayi
Malingaliro si akulu kwambiri kuposa am'mbuyomu (kutalika - matupi 5-7 cm). Mosasamala kukula kwa nsomba yayikulu yakum'mawa, ilibe mtengo kapena malonda. Mtunduwu uli ndi mbali yosyasyalika ndi thupi lalitali, komanso maso akulu (mu chithunzi chachiwiri). Kumbuyo kumatha kukhala ndi mthunzi wa bulauni, m'mimba - siliva wopepuka. Mtundu umasintha mwaimuna nthawi yopanga utoto. Mimba ndi mbali zake zimakhala zakuda, ndipo minga zimayera. Izi ndi mtundu wosamukira womwe umapezeka ku Atlantic, Arctic ndi Pacific Oceans, mu Great Lakes bas.
Ngati tizingolankhula za zomwe nsomba za stickleback zimachita mantha, nkofunika kutchula madzi oyera (nsomba, pike, pike perch, catfish, burbot, chub) ndi marine (herring, herring, gobies, etc.). Zimathanso kudya njoka, akamba owoneka ngati chisoti, achule, mbalame zam'madzi ndi zolengedwa zina. Zonse zimatengera malo.
Stickleback
Dzina lachiwiri ndi khumi ndi asanu. Amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa spine yaying'ono 14 mpaka 16 kumbuyo. Thupi la nsombali limakhala locheperako, lopindika, komanso lopondera mchira wowonda. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira, ndipo mbali zake ndi zagolide. Chosangalatsa ndi mtundu wa amuna akamatulutsa - amasandulika buluu. Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika mpaka 20 cm. Khalidweli limakhala lotalikirana - samasonkhana zoweta, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina.
Brood ndodo
Kugawidwa m'mitsinje yaying'ono ndi nyanja kumpoto kwa United States. Ili ndi ma spine 4 mpaka 6 (pafupipafupi 5) kutsogolo kwa ma forsal. Amakula mpaka kutalika kwa 6 cm. Amuna nthawi yakukhwima amasintha mtundu wamba kuti ukhale wofiyira. Zizolowezi zina zonse ndi momwe amakhalira ndi ana ndi zofanana ndi za ndodo zitatu.
Chipilala chomata
Zomwe zimapangidwa mwaluso zili ku Kronstadt. Chipilalachi chidamangidwa mu 2005. Chipilala chaching'ono chimakhala ndi mafunde achitsulo ndi tinsomba ting'onoting'ono tomwe timaphatikizika. Pafupi ndi apo mutha kuwona mizere ya ndakatulo "Blockade Stickle" yolemba ndakatulo M. Aminova.
Chifukwa chake, funso loti kodi pali nsomba ngati imeneyi - ndodo, munthu aliyense wokhala ku St. Petersburg adzakuyankha mogwirizana. Itha kuperekanso njira yabwino pokonzekera. Nsomba yaying'ono mumalo owononga kwambiri yapulumutsa anthu opitilira chikwi.
Msodzi aliyense akafuna kugwira nsomba zazikulu. Komabe, oimira ena ang'onoang'ono amdziko lapansi wamadzi amakhalanso abwino ngati chikho. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba za stickleback ndizochepa, koma zimasiyana mu zachilendo komanso zamtopola. Ngakhale ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono, nkhalangoyi ndi yolimba kwambiri, ndipo ikakumana ndi ngozi imatha kudziteteza kwa anthu ena okhala m'madzi.
Nsomba zokumamatira zimakhala zochepa, koma zimasiyana mu zachilendo komanso zamtopola.
Habitat
Chomata chimagawika malinga ndi mtundu wamadzi. Oyimira madzi oyera osalowa konse mnyanja. Zimapezeka ndikupangika pokhapokha ngati madzi abwino. Nsomba zam'nyanja zimakhala m'madzi am'nyanja, koma nthawi yophuka amasambira m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Nsomba zambiri zomata zimakhala m'malo osungirako ku Europe komanso ku Western Siberia. Ochepa kwambiri ku Volga ndi madzi ake. Ziwerengero zazikulu kwambiri za oimira awa zimawonedwa m'mitsinje ya beseni:
- Baltic
- Choyera
- Chakuda
- Azovsky
- Nyanja ya Caspian.
Nsomba zokhala ndi Spiked ndizofala ku Dnieper ndi North Donets. Kuti mumugwire, muyenera kuyang'ana malo omwe ali modekha komanso osayenda pang'onopang'ono. Amakonda nyanja ndi mitsinje yaying'ono yopanda udzu, pansi pamatope. Imatha kumakhala mwamaboti. M'malo osungira okhala ndi nsomba zambiri zimasungira m'masukulu akulu. Amayamba kuukira chilichonse chomwe chagwera m'madzi.
Chifukwa cha mapanga ake owala komanso amphamvu, ambiri okhala m'madziwewa ndiolimba kwambiri chifukwa cha ma spikes. Mothandizidwa ndi ma spikes, amakonza masheti pakati pawo. Ma spines amadya caviar achilendo, ndipo ambiri. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa adani, nsomba zonona zimatha kubereka ana momasuka. Izi zikuwopseza kukhalanso kwa ena okhala mwamtendere m'malo otsalawo. Kutalika kwa moyo wa zomata ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo ndi zaka 3-4 zokha.
Thanzi Lathanzi
Kankhani kakang'ono kameneka kamakhala ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi chakudya. Amadya chakudya chilichonse, komabe, zomwe amadya ndi izi:
- nyongolotsi
- khalidal
- plankton,
- mphutsi zazomera
- Zamoyo zomwe zimakhala pansi pa dziwe.
Popeza amadyera, amadya nsomba zamtundu wina, mazira awo, komanso abale awo. Nthawi yakusaka ndi usiku. Amasankha kusuntha nsomba, kukhala achangu, kutsatira anthu ang'onoang'ono. Kusaka mkati mwa mwezi wathunthu ndikwabwino ngati pali zowonjezera.
Ikamaona nyama, nthawi yomweyo imathamangira kwa wogwirirayo, nikuigwira ndi nsagwada. Mano akuthwa sasiya wozunzidwayo mwayi wokhala nawo. Omwe ali m'gulu la gulu amathamangira kumalo a nkhondowo poganiza kuti angadye nyama yomwe yagwidwa.
Njira zophera nsomba
Kwa asodzi, nsomba zamtunduwu sizosangalatsa kwenikweni, chifukwa zilibe phindu muzakudya. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zazing'ono zimagwidwa ndi ana kuchokera pansi. Popeza ndiwowoneka bwino, ntchito ngati izi zimabweretsa nthawi zambiri zosangalatsa, chifukwa ndodo yake imakhalabe yolimba.
Amayenda bwino kuma mazira, mphutsi, mphutsi ngakhale kumeza mbedza yopanda kanthu. Pakusodza kwa nyengo yozizira, ma mormysks achikuda osiyanasiyana mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Amabzalidwe ndi nyongolotsi, mphutsi yamagazi kapena mphutsi kuti musankhe. Akagwira, iyenera kunyamulidwa bwino kuti isamabowoke.
Kwa asodzi ambiri, chimtengo chodumphacho ndi nsomba zofooka. Komabe, imagwira ntchito popanga chakudya chamtundu wapamwamba, mafuta a nsomba ndi feteleza m'minda. Anthu ena okonda nsomba za pamadzi amaziyendetsa m'nyumba zawo.
Kolyushkovye - yaying'ono, kuyambira 3.5 mpaka 20 cm, nsomba zam'madzi ndi nsomba zamadzi zatsopano za kumpoto kwa hemisphere. Thupi limakhala lochepera, lokwera, loponderezedwa pambuyo pake. Chedunal patudal imakhala yopyapyala, nthawi zambiri yokhala ndi pambuyo pake.
Ma spikes onse amakhala ndi zida zambiri kapena zolemerera zodziteteza komanso kuziteteza. Kumbuyo ndi pamimba pali zokumbira zokulungika, mulibe mamba, koma m'mitundu yambiri mbali za thupi zimakutidwa ndi zida kuchokera pamafupa akulu akulu. Pali zomata ndi kuchuluka kwa minga kapena singano kumisana yawo: atatu-point, stick -back-pointle, etc. Pali mitundu isanu ya 5, mitundu ya 7-8 mu banja la stickleback. Mitengo yokhala ndi timitengo itatu (Gastersteus) imakhala yofala ku Europe, North Africa (Algeria), North Asia ndi North America. Mkati mwa USSR, pali mtundu umodzi - timitengo tating'ono tamitengo itatu (Gastersteus aculeatus) .
Thupi la masingano atatu ofunikira limakhala lalitali kwambiri, pambuyo pake lokakamizidwa, ndi tsinde lalifupi la caudal. M'malo mamba, mbali zonse za thupi zimakutidwa ndi mafupa, ngati chipolopolo. Mutu watchulidwa. Pakamwa pamakhala pabwino. Gill nembanemba amatenga gawo lolowerera pakati pa gill, osapanga zigawo m'mphepete mwake. Pali zigawo zitatu zazikulu kutsogolo kwa dorsal fin. Zipsepse zamkati zimasandulika spikes. Zingwe zam'mimba ndi zam'mimba zakukwaniritsidwa zimatsekedwa ndi latch yapadera ndipo ndi chida chowopsa. Mitengo yamiyala itatu imakhala munyanja komanso m'madzi oyera, amakhala munyanja nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa madzi oyera, zida zamphamvu, ma carinae omwe ali pachipata cha patudal amapangidwa bwino, ma bulo am'mbali mwa mbali ya thupi amapanga mzere wathunthu, m'mitundu yamadzi abwino amapezeka kokha pafupi ndi mutu ndi tsinde la caudal. .
Kutalika kwa ndodo yokhala ndi masamba atatu mu Nyanja Yoyera kumafika mpaka 9 masentimita (nthawi zambiri kutalika kwa amuna ndi 6.5 masentimita, chachikazi ndi masentimita 7.5), ndipo ku Pacific Ocean pafupi ndi Kamchatka ndi mpaka 10-11 cm. M'madzi abwino komanso kum'mwera kwambiri, kutalika nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosaposa 4-6 cm.
Mtundu wake ndi wosinthika: Wofiirira wobiriwira m'madzi amtundu watsopano komanso kuchokera wobiriwira-wobiriwira mpaka wamtundu wakuda m'mitundu yam'madzi, mwa achichepere - siliva. Pakatikati, pakutuluka, chifuwa cham'muna ndi m'mimba zimakhala zofiira kwambiri, kumbuyo kumakhala kubiriwira, ndipo maso ndi amtambo. Zowoneka zakuda zimawoneka mbali zachikazi ndipo thupi loyera limakhala chikaso.
Mitengo yokhala ndi timiyala itatu imakhalanso bwino munyanja ndi madzi abwino. Kufalikira moyenera pagombe lakumpoto kwa Atlantic ndi Pacific Oceans. Imapezeka m'mphepete mwa Murman komanso ku White Sea, koma m'mphepete mwa Siberia konse. Ndizachilendo ku gombe la Europe kuchokera ku Nyanja Zamchere ndi Zamchere kupita ku Baltic, kuchokera ku Islandse Islands, Iceland, Greenland, kugombe la America kuchokera ku Hudson Bay kupita ku New Jersey. Ku Pacific Ocean kuchokera ku Bering Strait kumwera kupita ku Korea ndi California.
Mu Nyanja Yoyera, ndodo yamitengo itatu yam'madzi ndi nsomba zenizeni za m'madzi. Ku Gulf of Kandalaksha patangopita nthawi pang'ono kuyenda panyanja, kumapeto kwa Meyi, ambiri amafika pagombe. M'malo ena, nthawi yayitali ikamakakamira, madziwo amadetsedwa ndi nsomba zomwe zimangogwa pagombe. Pakadali pano, mutha kugwira nsomba tonne mu theka la ora ndi msonkho waung'ono.
Mu mwezi wonse wa Juni, ndodo imadzaza gombe lonse ndikukhala ndi riboni yopapatiza pafupi ndi gombe. Poyamba, akazi okha ndiwo amayandikira m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pakati pa mwezi wa June, amuna amatuluka, ntchito yopanga zisa ndi kumatulutsa imayamba. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ndodo sikumayerekezeka poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina (kuyambira mazira 65 mpaka 550), koma chifukwa chosamalira ana mosamala, kuchuluka kwa kupulumuka mwachangu ndi kwakukulu kwambiri. Chakumapeto kwa Julayi mwachangu, mu Ogasiti amasunga nkhosalo mu udzu wanyanja, pagombe, ndipo amakula msanga. Mu Ogasiti, zomata zimanyamuka kupita kunyanja, ndipo akazi akamachoka, kenako amuna, ndipo koyambirira kwa Seputembala, achichepere nawonso amazimiririka. Mu Ogasiti, magulu ambiri am'matumba amapezeka mu Nyanja Yoyera, ngakhale m'malo akutali kwambiri ndi gombe. Amachita phokoso, mwina pakuya 15-30 m, pomwe magawo amadziwotcherera nthawi yachilimwe amakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kudutsa kwamphamvu kumachitika kumphepete mwa nyanja komanso malo amtsinje ndi mitsinje. Munthawi yakubereka, anyani amphongo amakhala olimbirana kwambiri ndipo mikangano pakati pawo nthawi zambiri imathafa: m'modzi mwa otsutsawo amatsegulidwa kwenikweni ndi ma spikes akuthwa.
Mu nthawi yamasika, yamphongo imamanga chisa pansi pamphepete, pakati pa zomera zam'madzi, momwe mumakhala madzi okhazikika, koma osakhala amphamvu kwambiri. Amatola zinyalala zamadzi ndi zinyalala zingapo zakumera kumeneko, ndikuzikulunga ndi zingwe zomata ndikuzigwirizanitsa ndi zomata za mbewu. Nthawi ndi nthawi, amayendera nyumbayo, ngati kuti ikuyesera mphamvu yake, ndikupukutira m'mbali mwake kukhoma, ndikukutira ntchofu, womwe umakhala "pulasitala" kumaliza malowo. Amabweletsanso miyala ing'ono kuti inyowe nyumbayo ndikuyikhazikitsa.
Nthawi zambiri zimangotenga maola awiri okha kumanga chisa, koma nthawi zambiri zimatenga sabata kapena kupitirira kuti zimange. Kukula kwa zisa ndi kosiyana: nthawi zina chisa ndi kukula kwa mtedza, koma amathanso kukhala kapu ya tiyi yaying'ono. Kenako yamphongo imalowetsa chachikazi mu chisa. M'masekondi ochepa atakhala pachisa, chachikazi chimayikira mazira 100. Akangolemba mazira, mwamunayo amutulutsira kunja, ndikuphatikiza mazira ndipo pakapita kanthawi pang'ono kupita kukafunafuna mkazi wina kuti awonjezere mazira ena mu chisacho. Njirayi imabwerezedwanso katatu mpaka mazira ambiri atengedwa, nthawi zambiri mazira 150-180. Pambuyo pake, yamphongo imateteza chisa chija mwamphamvu, ndipo imalanda aliyense amene adzafikeko, kuikonza, kuipukuta ndi kuyatsa kaphala kamoto, ndikupukuta ndi zipsepse zake, ndikupanga madzi abwino. Kukula kwa mazira kumatenga masiku 8 mpaka milungu iwiri, kutengera kutentha kwa madzi. Fryayi ikawoneka, yamphongo imadenga padenga la chisa, kusandutsako mtundu wamtundu. Nthawi zina amapitilizabe kusamalira khandalo kwa mwezi wina ataswedwa, kuwayang'anira ndikumawaletsa kuti asabalalikire kuchisa mpaka atakula. Koma pamapeto, amasiya kuwakondera ndipo amatha kudya ena mwa ana ake. Mpaka nthawi yophukira, mwachangu amasunga nkhosazo m'mbali mwa udzu wanyanja, kenako pitani kumalo okuya.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa chingwe chokhala ndi masamba atatu ndi zaka 3-4, chimafika chakumapeto kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo, ndipo ku Nyanja Yoyera nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zaka zitatu. Ndodoyo imatha kupanga kupera kapena kulira.
Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, mawonekedwe a ubiquitous ndi opusa komanso osusuka. Amadyanso cr craceans ang'onoang'ono, mphutsi, mphutsi, caviar ndi mwachangu nsomba zina. Mlandu udadziwika kuti mu maola 5 munthu m'modzi adadya zipatso za 74 za malingaliro, aliyense kutalika kwa 6 mm, ndipo atatha masiku awiri ameza 62. Amadyanso plankton, amapikisana nawo hering'i. Komabe, ndodoyo imakhala chakudya chamadzi am'madzi, nsomba zambiri ndi zisindikizo za ubweya. Mu Nyanja Yoyera, nthawi yamasamba, cod imadya. Belomorskaya cod panthawiyi ngakhale imayendetsa moyo wa pelagic, ikukwera kuti igwire chakudya chake pamadzi. Mimba za cod ndizodzaza ndi zomata. Pambuyo pake, tambala wambiri wam'mbuyo amayamba kulowa mwa iwo, ndipo ngakhale pambuyo pake, mu Julayi, mwachangu. Adani a mwachangu ndionso chachikulu jellyfish (Cyanea arctica), amapezekanso m'mimba za hering'i.
M'malo ambiri, minga imadwala ndi mphutsi. Ndiwophatikizira pakati pa ntchentche zam'mimba (Schistocephalus spp. Kuchokera ku Cestoda), zomwe, pamlingo wakukula, zimakula kukula kwambiri m'matumbo am'madzi ndikusintha kukhala akuluakulu m'matumbo a mbalame zomwe zimadya nsomba.
M'malo asodzi a nsomba, stickleback ndi "udzu" wamba.Mtengo wachuma ndi wocheperako, ngakhale mafuta ake amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, kuphika, komanso kupanga linoleum, ma varnish ena ndi zinthu zina. Ku England, Holland, Germany, East Germany, mayiko a Baltic, Sweden ndi Finland, ndodo zambiri zamitengo itatu zimagwidwa. Amakonza nsomba kuchokera pamenepo, kusungunula mafuta, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukonzekera, komanso amagwiritsa ntchito ndodo pamafuta onenepa m'madziwe, nkhuku, abakha, nkhumba ndi feteleza. Munthawi ya blockade, sopo, makeke a nsomba ndi mbale zina adakonzedwa kuchokera ku ndodo mumiyala yambiri ya Leningrad ndi Kronstadt. Mafuta a lalanje stickleback ali ndi pafupifupi 5 mg% carotenoids, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake pochiritsa mabala kunapereka zotsatira zabwino.
M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya America ya Atlantic Ocean, munyanja kuchokera ku Newfoundland mpaka Cape Cod, makamaka m'madzi opanda kanthu, kumachitika ndodo zokhala ndi masamba awiri (Gastersteus tirlandi), lomwe limafikira kutalika kwa 10cm.
Ndodo ina yamizere inayi (Apeltes quadracus) wamba panyanja kuchokera ku Nova Scotia kupita ku Virginia. Amalowa m'madzi osalala, nthawi zina amapezeka m'madzi oyera. Alibe mafupa m'mphepete mwa thupi, khungu limakhala lopanda kanthu. Amamadya makamaka ndi planktonic crustaceans. Imaswana nthawi zambiri m'madzi oyera, pafupi ndi New York kuyambira Meyi mpaka Julayi, komanso m'madzi ozizira a Isle of Man patapita nthawi pang'ono. Chidacho ndichakale kwambiri kuposa chodontha chamitundu itatu. Ndiosakwana 2,5 cm, mulitali komanso pamakhala pamwamba. Wamphongo amatenga mazira ndi kuwaika mu dzenje la chisa. Mazira ndi achikasu, ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 1,6 mm. Monga zomata zina, zimadziphatika palimodzi. Mu labotale kutentha kwa 21 ° C, nthawi ya mazira pafupifupi masiku 6. Mphutsi zomwe zangotulutsidwa kumene zimakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 4.5 mm, ndizofanana ndi mphutsi za ndodo-yamitengo itatu, koma yopakidwa utoto kwambiri.
Brood stickleback (Culaea inconstaiis) yogawidwa m'mitsinje yaying'ono ya Great Lakes bas ku USA. Ali ndi ma 4-6 (kawirikawiri 5) kutsogolo kwa ma forsal. Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 6cm. Mtunduwu ndiwothandiza komanso ambiri. Zitsamba zonse zam'madzi amphongo achimuna zimakhala ndi chovala chofiyira chofiyira, kumanga zisa ndikuziteteza ngati amuna ogwirira nthito.
Mitundu ya singano isanu ndi inayi, kapena yaying'ono, (spunges) (Pungitius) imaphatikizapo mitundu inayi ndi mitundu yothandizira yomwe imadziwika ku Europe, Asia ndi North America.
Ndodo yamiyala isanu ndi inayi (R. pungitius) ali ndi thupi lamanja lamanja loyandikira komanso laling'ono lamtundu wautali; kokha pa patudal peduncle omwe pambuyo pake carinae adakutidwa ndi mbale zazing'ono zazing'ono. Zomwe zimapanga gill ndizolumikizana ndikupanga khola lalikulu momasuka pang'onopang'ono. Pamaso pa dorsal Sungunulani paphiri pamakhala timiyala tating'onoting'ono tambiri 7-12 tomwe timayendetsedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zipsepse zamkati zimasandulika spikes. Kutalika mpaka 9cm, nthawi zambiri 5-6cm. Mu nyengo yakukhwima, yamphongo imakhala yakuda kwathunthu.
Mtengo wam'mapapo asanu ndi anayi ndi mtundu wamadzi wakumpoto komanso wamadzi ambiri kuposa mitundu itatuyo. Kugawidwa mokwanira mu malo ozungulira nyanja ya Arctic, Nyanja ya Baltic ndi North, sikupita kumwera kupitirira Central Europe ndi dziko la New Jersey. Kugawidwa ku Pacific Ocean kufupi ndi gombe la Alaska kupita ku Chilumba cha Kodiak, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja za Bering ndi Okhotsk, malo okha aku China (P. pungitius sinensis) ndi Sakhalin subspecies (P. pungitius tymensis) amapezeka kumwera.
Amakhala makamaka m'madzi oyera, komanso amapezeka mumadzi othina am'madzi am'nyanja zamadzi ndi ma bays. M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya White mu June - Ogasiti. Monga zomata zina, zazikazi zingapo zimayikira mazira awo mu chisa chomwecho. Kutulutsa kwawo kumagawika; chonde ndi mazira 350-960. Wamphongo amamanga chisa ndipo amateteza caviar yomwe ikubwera.
Mosiyana ndi ndodo yokhala ndi masamba atatu, iye amakonza chisa pamitengo ya zomera zamadzi, koma osati pansi. Pa gombe la Atlantic ku North America, ndodo iyi imatchedwa singano khumi.
Dera lakum'mwera la Stleback (R. platygaster) limakhala m'malo opasuka a Black, Azov ndi Caspian nyanja komanso m'munsi mwa mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda m'nyanjazi. Amasiyana kwambiri, amapanga mitundu ingapo ya komweko. Kutalika kwake mwachizolowezi ndi 3.5-5,5 masentimita, nthawi zina mpaka 7 cm. Palibe keel pa tsinde la caudal. Malonda ake - Aral stickleback (P. platygaster aralensis) imapezeka mu Aral Sea, malo otsika a Syr Darya, Amu Darya ndi Chu.
Nyanja, kapena utali wautali, wopendekera kumbuyo (Spinachia spinachia) Ili ndi thupi loonda, lopindika komanso lolimba, lalitali, lalitali, lokhala ndi mbali zisanu mbali yolunjika kutsogolo, phesi la mchira ndi lalitali, loonda. Kumbuyo kuli mitsitsi yaying'ono ya 14-16. Dorsal and anal zipsepere, 5-8 ma ray. Kuchokera pamwamba pa gil kutsegukira mchira kumadutsa timiyendo tambiri ta nthiti. Mizere ya dorsal ya scum imayamba kumbuyo kwa mutu, mabatani nthawi yomweyo, imathamanga mbali zonse ziwiri m'mphepete mwa maziko a dorsal ndi fin, kenako ndikulowa mbali yakumtunda kwa patudal peduncle. Zopota zofananira zimapezeka pansi pa anal fin komanso pansi pa chipinda cha caudal. Tseri ndi tsinde tsinde lake ndi lamtundu wobiriwira, mbali zake ndi zagolide. Pa nthawi yakuswana, mitundu yaimuna imakhala yamtambo. Kutalika kuli mpaka 1720cm.
Ndizachilendo ku gombe la Western Europe kuchokera ku Bay of Biscay kupita ku Northern Norway, kunyanja ya Baltic mpaka Gulf of Finland. Ndodo iyi ndi nsomba zam'madzi. Miyoyo m'mphepete mwa miyala ndipo imangokhala yokhayokha kuposa minga ina, simasonkhana pagulu.
Wamphongo amamanga kuchokera ku nthambi yolumikizana yokhala ngati chibowo cha dzanja lamunthu, ndikutulutsa njira zomwe zimasungidwa ndi zingwe zoyera, ndikuyendetsa wamkazi pamenepo, yomwe imayikira mazira. Mazira achikuda a Amber okhala ndi awiri a 2mm. Nthawi yakukhazikitsidwa kwa mazira musanachoke mwachangu ndi masabata 3-4. Wamphongo amateteza chisa chake ndikusamalira mazira, ndikuwathamangitsa, ndikupanga madzi otuluka, ndi zina zambiri.
M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Great Britain, sitimayo imakhala ngati ikuyenda chaka chimodzi.
M'malo mochita kuluka, ndodo yaying'ono yokhala ndi malovi kumbuyo kwake imasokonezedwa ndi kusungunuka komwe kumakhala kumpoto kwa dziko. Mayina a nsomba amenewa ndiwopangika, koma makhalidwe awo ndi osiyana kwambiri.
Kufalikira kwamitundu itatu
Izi nsomba zimakhala m'madzi oyera ndi mchere wamadzi amchere omwe amapezeka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Spikes amakhala ku White Sea, pafupi ndi Novaya Zemlya ndi Peninsula ya Kola. Zomata zokhala ndi timitengo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi timiyala totsika mu Baltic, mpaka ku Nyanja Yakuda ndi Mediterranean. Mtunduwu umakhalanso ku America kuchokera ku New York kupita ku Greenland. Ku Far East, amagawidwa kuchokera ku Korea kupita ku Bering Strait. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba izi zimapezeka ku Japan ndi ku Kuril Islands.
Ubwino wazomata pazachilengedwe ndi anthu
Mitengo yamiyala itatu ndi nsomba zolimba kwambiri, samangodya mwachangu, komanso nsomba zamtundu wina, motero, m'malo osungirako komwe mumakhala timitengo, kuchuluka kwa anthu ena kumatsika kwambiri. Ndipo chifukwa choti izi ndi nsomba zopanda tanthauzo zomwe zimatha kukhala m'madzi oyera, amchere, mitsinje ndi zithaphwi, mutha kulingalira momwe zimachotsa nsomba zamtundu wina mwachangu. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikutulutsa, timatanda timene timafalikira m'madzi atsopano, momwe timakhazikika.
Ndodo yokhala ndi timiyala itatu imakhala ndi thupi lokwera, lokakamizika, yotsika kwambiri mpaka kumapeto. Zipsepse ndi zotupa
anasunthira kumbuyo kwa thupi ndipo amapezeka pansi pa wina ndi mnzake. Mitsempha yolimba ya 3-4 nthawi zambiri imayikidwa patsogolo pa dorsal fin, msana umodzi mu minyewa yamkati iliyonse. Amakhala ndi zida zapadera zotchingira, chifukwa zomwe zimakhazikika mowongoka ndipo sizimapindika ngakhale pakukakamiza kwambiri pakamwa pa adani. Chomata sichikhala ndi mamba, mmalo mwake, thupi la anthu ambiri limatetezedwa molimbika ndi ma mbale angapo amkati kapena zishango. Malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa miluyi pathupi, mitundu itatu yamatomatiki imasiyanitsidwa: mawonekedwe omwe mzere wamagulu ambiri amatulutsira makalata mthupi lonse, amatchedwa trachurus mawonekedwe okhala ndi mbale zazing'ono amatchedwa leiurus ndi pakati pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi ndi semiarmatus. Ma spikes ndi osowa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri alibe mbale pathupi. Kuphatikiza pa mbalezi, anthu ambiri amakhala ndi keel yaing'onoting'ono pamiyala ya caudal. Itha kuchitika mu mtundu uliwonse mwama fomu atatuwo, koma osapezeka mumiyala ingano yopanda ma cell atatu popanda thupi. Mitundu yonse ya zomata pakadali pano ndi nkhani ya maphunziro ambiri pa zovuta za cholowa cha kuchuluka kwa ma mbale, ubale wapakati pa chitukuko cha mbale ndi ma spine komanso kudalira kwa zidazi pamakina a zilonda zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi.
Mtundu wa thupi kumapeto kwake umasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa dziwe ndi nyengo, ndipo amasintha ku nthawi yowonekera. M'nyengo yozizira, timitengo tokhala m'mimba ndi m'mimba zomwe zimakhala munyanja ndizoyera siliva, kumbuyo ndi kumtunda kumakhala kwamtambo, ndipo nthawi yotentha kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi kumtunda kwa thupi mpaka mzere wotsatira ndi wakuda. Minga yamadzi oyera kuchokera kumadziwe amdima kapena yokhala ndi masamba obiriwira imakhala ndi kuwala kwa m'mimba komanso kumbuyo (kofiirira kapena kobiriwira), malo amdima amwazikana. M'malo ena osungirako palinso nsomba zakuda kwathunthu. Podzafika pofalikira, amphaka am'mbuyo amakhala okongola kwambiri. Kumbuyo kumakhala kutuluka kowoneka bwino, thupi limaponya siliva, ndipo pamimba, milomo, masaya ndi m'munsi mwa zipsezo zimasanduka zofiirira ndipo pamapeto pake zimayamba kukhala utoto wofiirira wonyezimira. Maso amapakidwa utoto wa azure kapena wa lilac. M'madziwe ena, amuna ochita kupanga amakhala akuda bii. Mwa akazi, chovala chokomacho sichinatchulidwe kofowoka: mawonekedwe angapo akuda amisala amtundu wowoneka bwino amatha kuwonekera kumbuyo, ataponyedwa ndi chitsulo chachitsulo, mbali zake ndi zachikaso. Spikes imafika kukula kwa 11-12 cm, nthawi zambiri nsomba zimakhala zazitali ndi 4-6 cm.
Ndodo zokhala ndi mapiko atatu zili ponseponse m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamchere za Atlantic ndi Pacific. Ku Europe, imakhala kuchokera ku Novaya Zemlya, Nyanja Yoyera, Peninsula ya Kola ndi Iceland kupita ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Wakuda, ndipo ili ku Nyanja ya Baltic. Ku America, amakhala m'malo okhala kuchokera ku Greenland kupita ku New York. Imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific kuchokera ku Bering Strait kupita ku Korea, ili pachilumba cha Kuril ndi Japan, m'mphepete mwa gombe la America - kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku Southern California. M'madzi a Russia, ndizofala ku dera la ku Europe (kupatula nyanja ya Caspian) komanso m'madzi aku Pacific.
Munjira ya moyo, zam'madzi, madzi abwino komanso zomatira zosamukira zimasiyanitsidwa. Fomu ya m'madzi imakhala m'malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo imaswana m'madzi osaya ndi mchere mpaka 20-25 ppm. Fomuyi imadziwika kwa ife kuchokera ku Kandalaksha Bay ya White Sea. Spikes nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu kuposa madzi abwino komanso zida zankhondo, popeza makina osakira nyama amakhala olimba kwambiri m'madzi am'madzi. Komabe, lingaliro loti mitengo itatuyo yam'madziyo imatetezedwa modzitchinjiriza ndi adani ake ndi mbale zake ndizowonjezera. Ngati padziwe pali ena omwe sanavulazidwe padziwe, anthu omwe amadana nawo nthawi zambiri samapewa mikwingwirima, koma osati nthawi zonse. Pali nthawi zina pamene ma pikes adasankha kumakomera kudyera mu dziwe, ngakhale panali nsomba zowala kwambiri za carp pamenepo. Kwa mdani wamkulu wokhala ndi pakamwa lotseguka, mikono yokhala ndodo si vuto. Ndipo tizilombo tina tomwe timadya nsomba zazing'ono (kachilomboka, kachikumbu ka madzi), m'malo mwake timakonda timitengo tolimba, tosavuta kuyigwira ndikugwira ndi minga kusiyana ndi mwachangu ndi thupi losalala komanso loterera.
Kudutsa ndodo kumakhala munyanja, koma zimaswana nthawi yamalimwe-nthawi yachilimwe m'madzi atsopano - mitsinje, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Pambuyo pofalikira, akuluakulu amafa kapena amabwerera kunyanja ndi nthawi yozizira pafupi ndi gombe kapena kutali ndi iwo mwakuzama kwakukulu. Pakapita kanthawi, ana nawonso amalowera mnyanja. Zikuwonetsedwa kuti mitundu ya m'madzi ndikudutsa ikhoza kudutsana. Mwachiwonekere, zopendekera izi zomwe zinalibe malo okwanira malo owomberamo madzi obiriwira omwe amapezeka munyanja. Zomata zam'madzi oyera zimakhala ndi kubereka m'madzi abwino popanda kupita kunyanja, ngakhale madzi osungidwa sakhala paokha. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri timadya tinthu tating'ono: tinyama tating'onoting'ono tokhala m'matumbo am'madzi, ma diatoms, mphutsi, mphutsi, nsomba zam'madzi ndi ana aang'ono, anyani, tizilombo touluka. Kukula kwa zakudya mu dziwe lililonse kumatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya kwa nyengo zosiyanasiyana.
Madziwo amamera nthawi zambiri m'mwezi wa Epulo-Ogasiti, kutengera kutentha ndi kuwala kwa madzi osungirako. Ku South California, obereketsa omwe amapezeka chaka chonse. Masiku angapo asanatulutse, yamphongo imadzisankhira pansi ndi kukumba dzenje pamenepo. Kenako, atatenga udzu wocheperako wa udzu kapena chomera china mkamwa mwake, amawalowetsa pansi ndi dzenjelo, ndikusintha ndi kupukutira ndi buluzi wopangidwa ndi impso.
obisika. Kenako yamphongo imanga momwemakhoma am'mbali mwa chisa, kenako khoma. Pambuyo pake, amakonzekeretsa chisa, ndikuchiyambitsa chizolowereka, chokuzungulirani, kukulitsa cholowacho ndikutsuka m'mphepete. Nthawi yomweyo, yamphongo imayendetsa mosamala chitsa ndi tizilombo tonse ndi nsomba zina. Nthawi zambiri amamenya mlendoyo ndikumuponyera mwachangu, ndipo ngati sathawa, ndikumuluma, kapena kugwira mchira wake, ndi kumuchotsa m'gawo lotetezedwa. Panthawi yolimba ndi anthu amtundu wawo, ma spine nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pomanga zisa zam'madzi, malo osaya kwambiri am'madzi otenthetsedwa komanso madzi owonekera, kumasankhidwa kwa masamba akufa ndi dothi lofewa kumasankhidwa. Nthawi zambiri, zisa zimakhala pamtunda wa masentimita 20-50. Akazi satenga gawo lililonse pantchitoyo ndipo amayandikira chisa pokhapokha pomaliza pomanga. Pakadali pano, wamwamuna amasiya kuchitira nkhanza akazi, monga alendo akunja. Pakawoneka wamkazi, amkamtsatira, akumavina mwaulemu kuti: "amazimba": kumalumpha kuchokera kwa mkazi. Kudumpha kulikonse kuchokera kwa chachikazi kumayimira kuyitanidwa kwa iye ku chisa, ndipo kudumpha kwa mkazi ndi gawo limodzi la nkhanza yamphongo. Poterepa, kamwa yamphongo ndiyotseguka, ndipo minga idawongoka. Wamkazi wachikulire amatenga gawo lowonekera poyankha kuvina uku. Wamphongo akusambira kupita ku chisa, kukokera chachikazi naye, ndikumuwonetsa khomo lolowera m'chisa. “Akaswiri” achikazi akamalowa chisa, mwachangu amakankhira mbali yake. Akazi akameza mazira, amphongo amadzalowa mwachangu ndikuchotsa chachikazi kuchokera pamalo odyera. Kenako yamphongoyo imagwira ntchito yaubwino: imakankhira mazira okhathamira mkati mwa chisa, ndikuyiyika pansi, ndikuyang'anitsitsa, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosalala, kenako ndikutalikitsa chisa ndikutsitsa khomo kuti gawo lotsatira la mazira lisayike mwachindunji pa woyamba, koma likuyika ubale ndi woyamba. Nthawi yonseyi, yamphongo nthawi zambiri imalowetsa chisa ndikuyenda kwa zipsepse. Pakadali pano, amakhala wankhalwe kwambiri ndipo samvera chidwi ndi anyamata kapena atsikana. Koma, patatha pafupifupi ola limodzi, atamaliza ntchito yake, yamphongoyo imapitanso pachibwenzi ndipo pasanathe tsiku limodzi imatha kusonkhanitsa ndodo 6 mpaka 7 mu chisa.
Chisa chikadzaza kwathunthu, zazikazi zimaleka kukhala ndi chidwi ndi zamphongo, ndipo zimadzipereka kotheratu ku obadwayo. Imasunthira kutali ndi chisa chautali wokha ndipo imawateteza ku adani onse, nthawi zina imapuma, kutola ndi kudya mazira akufa. Alondawa amatenga masiku 10 mpaka 10, mpaka asodzi omaliza asiyidwa chisa. Pafupifupi sabata imodzi mwamunayo amasamalira ana aang'ono oyandama, kuyesera kuti azikhala limodzi pachisa.
Akazi amayikira mazira m'magulu azimuna zosiyanasiyana. Imodzi yotengera, kutengera ndi kukula kwa chachikazi, imatha kukhala ndi mazira 20 mpaka 400, ndipo chonde chonse chanyengo - mpaka mazira 1400. Nyengo, amuna ndi akazi amatha kutenga nawo gawo mpaka kubereka. M'madera ena, kutulutsa koyamba, anthu ambiri amafa. Mwambiri, zomata zimakhala zaka 1-5, koma nthawi zambiri zaka 2-3. Ambiri a iwo, kuphatikiza ana, amakhala ovutitsidwa ndi nsomba zosiyanasiyana zodyedwa ndi nyama zina, kuphatikizapo tizilombo ndi mbalame.
Mtengo wa usodzi wam'madzi atatu ali ochepa ndizochepa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ufa wamafuta ndi mafuta, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala pochiritsa mabala komanso kuwotcha.
Palinso timitengo tosanjikiza naini m'madzi athu, pomwe kutsogolo kwa ma dorsal fin nthawi zambiri pamakhala mitsempha ya 7-12 (kawirikawiri 6 kapena 13) yolozera mbali zosiyanasiyana. Mwa mitundu iyi, yomwe ili ponseponse singano zisanu ndi zinayi kapena yaying'ono, yomata(Pungitius pungitius), okhala pachilumbachi komanso matupi amoyeni wamadzi abwino komanso madzi am'madzi am'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Arctic ndi zigawo zakumpoto kwa Atlantic ndi Pacific Oceans. M'dziko lathu, mtunduwu sapezeka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian; m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific, ndodo yokhala ndi mapiri asanu ndi anayi imafika pakamwa pa Amur River ndipo imapezeka ku Sakhalin, pa zilumba za Shantar ndi Kuril. Mawonekedwe ake theka amakhala mu gombe la nyanja, ndipo amafalikira m'malo opezeka miyala ndi mitsuko, kapena amatuluka m'madzi oyera. Amuna amamanganso chisa kuchokera kuzomera, koma osati pansi pa chosungira, koma pamwamba pa nthaka pakati pazomera. Kuphatikiza pa chisa cha caviar, champhongo chimapanganso chisa chachiwiri chomwe chili pamwamba pa woyamba - "chinayambira" cha mphutsi. Mtundu wapafupi wamadzi abwino umakhala ku Sakhalin - mtundu wa Sakhalin (P. tymensis). Amakonda malo osungira kapena mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi ofooka, okhala ndi masamba ambiri, komwe amakhala ndi moyo wobisalira. Wachichaina, kapena Amur, womata wamiyala isanu ndi inayi (P. sinensis) amapezeka pagombe la Pacific ku Asia kuchokera kumadzulo kwa Kamchatka kupita ku Korea ndi Bohai Bay ku China, kuzilumba za Shantar, Kuril ndi Japan komanso ku Sakhalin. Uwu ndi mtundu wamadzi amchere womwe umakonda matupi amadzi ndi madzi ofooka. Amuna onse amphongo asanu ndi anayi omata, pofika nthawi yoti amawaza, abambo amakhala akuda amisala yoyera pamimba, ndipo kum'mwera kakang'ono kokha zomata(P. platygaster), zofala m'misamba ya Wakuda, Caspian ndi Aral
nyanja, kutuluka kwake kumangowalitsa kumbuyo kwam'mimba, moyang'anizana ndi wamkazi, pamene wamphongo umamutsogolera kuchisa. Madzi am'madzi am'madzi amakhala kumidzi yakunyanja ndi nyanja zamchere, nyanja zatsopano, mitsinje ndi mitsinje ndipo amakhala moyo wobisika m'malo otetemera, pomwe amuna amamanga zisa zawo.
Ku Nyanja ya Baltic, mulinso ndodo ya kunyanja, kapena kufinya kwakatali, kofala kumadzulo kwa Atlantic (kuchokera ku Norway kupita ku Bay of Biscay). (Spinachia spinachia). Zofanizira zamtunduwu zimapezeka ku Luga Bay. Nsomba iyi, yomwe imafikira 15 cm masentimita, imakhala ndi thupi lalitali kwambiri lokhala ndi magulu ambiri (40-42) a mbale zam'tsogolo. Kuphatikiza pa mzere wotsatira, pali miyendo ingapo yam'mphepete kumbuyo ndi mbali yakumunsi ya gawo lanyama lamkati, lomwe limapangira fupa lolimba la mchira. Dorsal spines nthawi zambiri 15, amawongoleredwa mbali zosiyanasiyana. Madzi amtunduwu amakhala m'madzi amchere pamchere wamchere kuyambira 5 mpaka 35 ppm, ndipo umawonongeka m'madzi atsopano. Wamphongo amamanga chisa pakati pa algae m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Mumakhala madzi aku Russia ndikuyimira wina wa banja la Pimperous - gerbils wokhala ndi tsitsi lalifupi (Hypoptychidae). Yokhala ndi kachilombo kakang'ono (Hypoptychus dybowskii) Kufalikira kwa Nyanja ya Japan, kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk, kuchilumba cha Shikotan komanso kumpoto kwa Japan ku Pacific Ocean. Ichi ndi chaching'ono (mpaka 9,5 cm) nyanja zam'madzi zokhala ndi thupi lopanda matope komanso loyera. Alibe zipsepse zamkati, koma zamkati ndi ma anal zimasanjidwa kumchira wa thupi ndipo zimakhala pansi pa wina ndi mnzake. Mphepo yamtambo imapangidwa, maso ndi akulu, pakamwa paliponsepena nsagwada. Pakati pamimba, kuyambira zipsepse za patisiti mpaka kumayamwa, pali khungu lowoneka bwino, loyandikira. Mtunduwu umakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi pansi, pamalo osaya, pomwe umasungidwa pamagulu ochepa.
Nsomba. - M: Astrel. E.D. Vasilieva. 1999.
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus ndi I.A. Moyo wa Nyama ya Efrona
KULAMBIRA KWA ZINYAMA - Nyama zonse zimayenera kupeza chakudya, kudziteteza, kusamalira malire am'deralo, kufunafuna anthu omwe akukwatirana nawo, kusamalira ana. Zonsezi sizingatheke ngati pakadapanda njira ndi njira yolankhulirana, kapena yolumikizirana, nyama ... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
Moyo
Wotsogola sangatchedwa wankhanza. Amachita zinthu mwankhanza. Kuti nsomba za hedgehog zisadye ena okhala m'madzimo, muyenera kuyiyika ndi abale.
Pufferfish amakonda kubisala pamthunzi. Amagwira usiku ndi usiku. Hedgehog nthawi zambiri imabisalira mwala. Ngati m'mapanga muli m'madzimo, mumasambira momwemo.
Tetradon amakhala wokonzeka kubereka atatembenuka 1 chaka chimodzi. Ndikwabwino kuti tisayike amuna awiri mumphanda limodzi, popeza kumenyera gawo kuyayamba. Kuti ziberekane bwino, zibzalani algae, Hornwort kapena cryptocoryne. Kuti achepetse kutulutsa, Pufferfish imadyetsedwa ndi nkhono ndi nyama. Zomwe zimasamalidwa zimabadwa pa kutentha kwa madigiri 28.
Nsomba za Hedgehog ziyenera kuyikidwa mu aquarium ndi abale, chifukwa zimatha kudya nsomba zina
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kusiyanitsa tetradon wamkazi ndi wamwamuna. Yaikazi ndi yayikulu, yatulutsa mawanga pathupi. Kumayambiriro kwa kutulutsa, wamwamuna amathamangitsa wamkazi. Ngati sachita zinthu mwankhanza, banja limasambira pansi ndikubisalira kumbuyo kwa tchire lalitali.
Makhalidwe
Zomata zomwe zimakhala m'madzi akulu (nyanja) zimakonda kukhala ndi moyo pawekha, pafupifupi osakumana ndi abale awo.
Popeza ndi zilombo zowononga nyama, amakonda kubisala kuposa kusaka poyera, akuyembekeza kuti awagwire pafupi.
M'malo amphepete mwa nyanja, nsomba zimasonkhana m'masukulu nthawi yakukhwima, ndipo miyezi 910 yotsala - ufulu wonse woyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi.
Ma spikes amadzi oyera amakhala ndi mtundu wosiyana - amaphunzitsa nsomba ndipo samapita patali ndi mitundu yawo. Amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi gombe, komwe kuli chakudya chochuluka.
Momwe angagwirire?
Nsombazi ndizofala kwambiri m'malo ambiri osungira ndipo sizikhala ndi ntchito zapadera za mafakitale.
Kwa asodzi-asodzi, sasintha kukhala cholinga chapadera, koma kwa iwo omwe amakonda kukhala m'mphepete mwa gombe - kugwidwa bwino, chifukwa ndodo imakhala chilombo ndipo imatha kugwira.
Chobwezeretsa chimagwira pamageti onse odyetserako giya ndi magetsi oyandama. Chachikulu ndichakuti pali nyambo - nyongolotsi kapena mphutsi. M'nyengo yozizira, mwachangu amapita kumapeto kwa marmushe tumple ndi ma famu amwazi.
Nthawi zina, amasankha nyama "zopepuka" kapena "nyambo yaying'ono".