HALIAEETUS LEucORYPHUS (PALLAS, 1771)
Mkhalidwe:
Mndandanda wamitundu yosowa padziko lonse lapansi. Mu Buku Lofiyira la Russian Federation I gulu. Kuderali kuli mawonekedwe osowa owuluka.
Kufotokozera:
Chidwi chachikulu kwambiri. Mapiko a mapiko amapitilira 2 m. Wamphongo wamwamuna ndi wakuda wokhala ndi bulauni pamtunda komanso wonyezimira pansipa. Mutu wake ndi wowala, wopanda pake. Mchirawo ndi woyera kwambiri ndi chingwe chakuda chakuda. Yaikazi imakhala ya utoto mosiyana - matayilo akuda. Chiwombankhanga chaching'ono ndi chofiirira kuchokera kumwamba, chokhala ndi nthenga za mbali zake zonse. Pansi pali zofiirira. Ndege ndikuwongolera zakuda. Mphepo zamdima m'mbali za mutu. Chiwopsezo cha mchira wautali, monga chiwombankhanga chonse, chimakhala ndi utoto wochokera kumwamba (kwa chiwombankhanga chonse mpaka zala). Ntchentche zimawuluka mosavuta komanso mwachangu.
Imakhala m'malo ambiri, okhala ndi mitsinje yamadzi ndi nyanja. Amanga zisa pamitengo, makungwa a bango. Mu clutch nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira awiri oyera. Amamadya kwambiri nsomba. Imapezanso madzi okhala ndi miyala yaying'ono komanso makoswe. Mawu ndi mokweza "kwok-kwok."
Kugawa:
Central Asia - kuchokera ku India kupita ku China. Kumpoto - ku Central Asia, Kazakhstan, kumwera kwa Russia. Ku gawo la dera la Orenburg kudutsa malire akumpoto a mitundu "yamtundu wina" wa mitundu.
Zaka makumi zapitazi, kukhala kwa chiwombankhanga kuno kuli ndi mawonekedwe a ndege zosowa. Mu theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 19, mchira wothira unali wofala ku Orenburg Territory, koma "sapezeka kulikonse" (1).
Mu gawo lomaliza la zaka za zana la 19, sizinali kawirikawiri, koma zimakhazikika kumalire akumwera kwa chigawo - pa Nyanja Sulukol (2,3). Komabe, mawu awa samatsatiridwa ndi kufotokozera kwa zisa, ndudu, anapiye. Kuphatikiza apo, masoka amodzi, owoneka ngati mzere, awiriawiri, ndi masango ang'onoang'ono adawonedwa mobwerezabwereza m'ma 80s ndi koyambirira kwa 90s pafupi ndi Orenburg, Orsk, komanso pafupi ndi mudzi wa Ilek.
Chifukwa chake, kale chomaliza chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, mtundu wa tambala anali mbalame wamba yamtunduwu m'derali. Ntchito za theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 20 zilibe chidziwitso chokhudza mchira (4-6). Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero chake.
Pakadali pano, mtundu wautali wamtunduwu ndi mtundu wosouluka wamderali. Kwa zaka zopitilira theka ndi theka zowonera, adalemba kamodzi kokha: pa 08/20/80, mbalame yokhwima pakugonana pa nsanja yotumiza mphamvu m'chigwa cha Urtaburti River pafupi ndi mudzi wa Mezhdurechye m'boma la Belyaevsky (7). Ndege zowonjezereka zowonjezereka za zolengedwa, mpaka kusuntha kwapachaka, zitha kuganiziridwa kuti ndi nyanja zazikulu za dera la East Orenburg, komwe zidachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80 za XIX century (8).
Mphamvu ndi zina zochepetsera:
Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuuluka kuderali pachaka sichikudziwika, koma mosakayikira amawerengedwa m'magawo ochepa. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mitengo yayitali kufupi ndi malire akumpoto, kuphatikiza m'dera la Orenburg, ndikutukuka kwachuma kwamamadzi am'chipululu komanso madera ena kumapiri.
Udindo wofunikira kwambiri womwe udachitika chifukwa cha kuwongolera kwamasiku ano ku Middle East (9), komwe kudapangitsa kuti kuyimitsidwe ndi malo otseguka a mizere yamadzi ndi nkhokwe zamasamba am'madzi oyandikira - malo okhala mphungu.
Njira zachitetezo:
Yophatikizidwa mu CITES Annex II (10). Palibe njira zapadera zachitetezo zomwe zidatengedwa m'derali. Ndi malo ovuta kwambiri a mchira ku zigawo zakumpoto kwa masanjidwewo, kutetezedwa kwa anthu ochepa m'malo osowa ndege ndizofunikira kwambiri kuteteza chiwombankhanga kuti chisawonongedwe kwathunthu.
Zambiri:
1. Eversmann, 1866, 2. Zarudny, 1888, 3. Zarudny, 1897, 4. Darkshevich, 1950, 5. Paradise, 1913, 6. Paradiso, 1951, 7. Davygor, 1989, 8. Nazarov, 1886, 9. Schnitnikov, 1976, 10. Kutetezedwa kwa nyama zamtchire, 1995.
Wolemba A.V. Davygor. Buku Lofiyira la Orenburg Region, 1998.
Pofuna kusiya ndemanga muyenera kulowa patsamba! Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito akaunti yanu ya VK kulowa!
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa Mphungu - Kutali
Chiwombankhanga - mchira wautali uli ndi kukula kwa masentimita 84. Mapiko omwe ali ndi mapiko 1.8 - 2.15 mita kutalika. Kulemera kwa amuna kumayambira ku 2.0 mpaka 3.3 makilogalamu, zazikazi zimalemera pang'ono: 2.1 - 3.7 kg.
Chiwombankhanga - Longtail (Haliaeetus leucoryphus)
Mzere wakuda, wokhotakhota umalumikiza mutu, mmero, ndi chifuwa ndi mchira. Izi ndizophatikiza zapadera kudziwa mitundu ya chiwombankhanga - mchira wautali. Poyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chokhala ndi mbewa yoyera, ilibe mchira, ndipo mapiko ake oderako ndi ochepa komanso owonda. Kumbuyo kuli kofiyira, kwamdima pansipa. Mchirawo ndi wakuda ndi chingwe choyera, chooneka bwino. Ma Lockers ali ndi mzere woyera.
Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono - michira yayitali imakhala yolingana kwamdima, ndi mchira wakuda, koma pakuuluka ndikuwonetsa mapiko owoneka mwamphamvu, wokhala ndi mzere woyera pa nthenga.
Mutuwu ndiwopepuka kuposa mbalame zazikulu, ndipo pamwambapo pali nthenga zokhala ndi mauniko. Mchira wopanda mikwingwirima. Kuwoneka pafupi kwambiri kwa chiwombankhanga chaching'ono - michira yayitali, ndi yodabwitsa, ndipo ngakhale ali ndi chaka chimodzi mankhwalawa ayamba kufanana ndi nthenga za mbalame zazikulu, zimatenga pafupifupi zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu kuti mtundu ukhale wamtunduwu.
Orlan - mchira wautali amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi matupi akulu amadzi
Kufotokozera
Mphungu yayitali yokhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira wowoneka bwino komanso nkhope yoyera, mapiko a bulauni akuda ndi msana wofiira. Mchirawo ndi wakuda wokhala ndi chingwe choyera pakati. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zakuda kwathunthu komanso popanda mikwingwirima pa mchira wawo. Mbalameyi imafika kutalika kwa 72-84 masentimita ndi mapiko a 180-205 cm. Kulemera kwa akazi ndi 2.1-3.7 kg, amuna - 2-3.3 kg.
Zolemba
- ↑Boehme R. L., Flint V.E. Mtanthauzira wamagulu awiri wa mayina a nyama. Mbalame. Latin, Russian, English, Germany, French. / kusinthidwa ndi Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M: Rus. lang., "RUSSO", 1994. - S. 43. - 2030 makopi. - ISBN 5-200-00643-0
- ↑ 12 del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., ed. (1994). Handbook of the birds of the World, vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona ISBN 84-87334-15-6.
Onani zomwe "chiwombelero chachitali" chiri m'madikishonale ena:
Mphungu yayitali - Haliaeetus leucoryphus wonaninso 7.1.8. Mtundu wa Eagles Haliaeetus Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus Wofanana ndi chiwombankhanga choyera-chokhala, koma chocheperako, chopepuka, chamdima, chamutu ndi cham'maso, mchira wamtali, wozungulira, woyera ... ... Mbalame zaku Russia. Buku lothandizira
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Chiwombankhanga choyera - Haliaeetus albicilla onaninso 7.1.8. Genus Eagles Haliaeetus Orlan-wodziyera-Haliaeetus albicilla Brown wokhala ndi mbali yakutsogolo yam'mutu ndi mutu, mchira woyera ndi mlomo wachikasu. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zakuda, m'mimba yokhala ndi mawanga aatali, mchira ndi ... ... Mbalame zaku Russia. Buku lothandizira
Chiwombankhanga cha nyanja cha Steller - Haliaeetus pelagicus onaninso 7.1.8. Chiwombankhanga cha Gius Eagles Haliaeetus Steller Haliaeetus pelagicus Wofiirira wakuda, wodera kwambiri, wokhala ndi mlomo wamphamvu wachikasu. Mchira, mphumi, makulidwe amiyendo ndi mawanga m'mphepete mwa mapiko ndi zoyera. Mbalame zazing'ono zakuda popanda zoyera ... Mbalame za Russia. Buku lothandizira
Mphungu -Mawuwa ali ndi matanthauzidwe ena, onani Orlan. Chiwombankhanga cha Eagles Steller ... Wikipedia
Family Hawk (Accipitridae) - Banja la hawk limaphatikizapo mitundu 205 yomwe imagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula Antarctica ndi zilumba zina zam'nyanja. Makulidwewo ndi apakatikati komanso akulu kuchokera pa 28 mpaka 114 cm. Mapikowo ndiwotalikirapo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ozungulira, miyendo imakhala yolimba. Mlomo ndi wolimba, ... ... Biological Encyclopedia
chiwombankhanga - mtundu wamtundu wa mbalame zodyedwa za banja la koko. Kutalika kwa thupi 75 cm 100. Mitundu 7, yofalikira (kupatula South America). Chala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mitsinje yayikulu ndi nyanja. Amadyera makamaka nsomba. Chiwombankhanga cha panyanja cha Steller, chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mbewa ndi mphungu ... ... Dictionaryedic
Chiwombankhanga chagolide - Akula chrysaerus onaninso 7.1.2. Chiwombankhanga cha Chiwombankhanga chenicheni cha Akula a Chiwombankhanga cha Akula chrysaerus Chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri. Mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyanitsidwa ndi maziko owala amchira ndi malo owala bwino mkati mwa gawo lamapiko. Akuluakulu, pa ... ... mbalame zaku Russia. Buku lothandizira
Malo oyikidwa m'manda - Akula heliaca onaninso 7.1.2. Ziwombankhanga zenizeni za Akula zenizeni. Tizilombo tofiirira tating'ono tating'ono tokhala ndi mtsetse wamautali pansipa, mwa akulu pafupifupi nthawi zonse amayatsa golide wachikaso pamutu ndi ... ... Mbalame zaku Russia. Buku lothandizira
Steppe mphungu - Aquila nipalensis onaninso 7.1.2. Ziwombankhanga zenizeni Zomwe Zili ndi chiwombankhanga chotchedwa Aquila Steppe chiwombankhanga chachikulu cha Akula nipalensis. Nthawi zina pamakhala chimbudzi kumbuyo kwa mutu. Nthenga za nthenga m'munsimu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda kuposa ... ... mbalame za ku Russia. Buku lothandizira
Kufalitsa Mphungu - Mchira Wautali
Kugawa chiwombankhanga - mchira wautali kumachitika pamtunda waukulu. Masanjawo amayambira ku Kazakhstan, kudutsa kumwera kwa Russia, ndipo amalanda Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Kum'mawa, kudutsa Mongolia ndi China, kumwera - kumpoto kwa India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh ndi Myanmar. Ndi mbalame yosamukira komanso yozizira ku Nepal osati nestating ku Afghanistan. Ambiri mwa anthuwa amakhala ku China, Mongolia ndi India. Zomwe zimachitika pa chiwombankhanga - mchira wautali.
Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame zazitali zazitali zosendayenda.
Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame zazitali zazitali zosendayenda. Ku Burma, amakhala ndi moyo wakhazikika, ndipo ochokera kumadera akutali kwambiri amasamukira komanso nthawi yozizira ku India komanso kumwera kwa Himalayas, ku Iran ndi Iraq. Pa nthawi yakukhwima, ziwombankhanga - michira yayitali imalira kwambiri, koma nthawi yonseyo mphungu zimakhala chete. Kuuluka kwawo kumafanana ndi kuyenda kwa mlengalenga kwa chiwombankhanga choyera, koma chowala mokwanira ndi mapiko othamanga mwachangu.
Kubala Mphungu - Longtail
Chiwombankhanga - michira yayitali simagwiritsa ntchito mitengo nthawi yonse yopumula komanso kupeza nesting. Inde, kum'mwera kukagawidwa, amamanga chisa chawo pamtengo, koma kuwonjezera apo, chisa m'malo omwe kuli mabango omwe amafera mphepo. Chidacho ndi chachikulu, chomangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku nthambi ndipo chimatha kufika mainchesi awiri.
Mphungu - mchira wautali pachisa
M'mwezi wa Marichi-Epulo, wamkazi nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira awiri, osachepera anayi. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 40. Mbalame zazing'ono zimanyamuka pakatha miyezi iwiri, koma zimadalira makolo awo kwa miyezi ingapo.
Chiwombankhanga - Mchira Wautali
Chiwombankhanga - michira yayitali imadalira nsomba, mbalame zamadzi, zilombo. Samasaka makoswe ngati mbewa, samadya nsomba zakufa. Yang'anani nyama yomwe ikuuluka kapena yobisalira, mutakhala pathanthwe kapena mtengo wamtali. Njira yakuwedza ndi yosavuta: chiwombankhanga - michira yayitali imadikirira nyama kuti ikagwire ndikuwombera kuti igwire nsomba zomwe zimasambira pafupi ndi madzi. Nthawi zina amatulutsa nsomba yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti sangathe kuikoka kumtunda kapena m'mphepete mwa madzi.
Yang'anani nyama yomwe ikuthawa kapena yobisalira
Zinyama zokhala ndi zibonga zambiri zimadyanso atsekwe akuluakulu. Amabera zisa za gull, terns ndi cormorants, ngakhale mbalame zina zodya nyama, zimadyanso anapiye. Kuukira achule, akamba ndi abuluzi.
Zomwe zimayambira kuchepa kwa chiwombankhanga - Longtail
Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yosowa konsekonse. M'malo ambiri okhala, chiwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga, chomwe chikuwoneka, chikugwa, ndipo malo okhala zisautso akuchepa. Zotsatira zoyipazi zimadza chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo okhala malo okhala mbalame pafupi ndi zinyalala, koma kutali ndi malo okhala. Kuipitsidwa kwamadzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso poizoni wa chakudya cha chiwombankhanga sikukhudza bwino kubereka. Mitengo yayitali, yowoneka yokhayokha yokhala ndi zisa zazitali zazitali zazitha kuwonongeka.
Kuphatikiza pakutsata mwachindunji, kuchepa kwa chiwombankhanga chosowa, mchira wautali, kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakhalidwe, kuipitsidwa, ngalande, kapena kuwonjezeka kwausodzi m'madzi.
Kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, maboma akukulirakulira a madambo akusokoneza. Kuchepetsa kwa chakudya, makamaka chifukwa chosaka ndi kusodza, zotsatira zina zowonjezereka za kukakamiza kwa anthropogenic kumabweretsa zotsatira zawo zoyipa.
Ku Myanmar ndi ku China, kukula kwa mafuta ndi mafuta m'magalimoto kumakhala kowopsa kwa mbalame zodya nyama. Ku Mongolia, pakufufuza kwachilimwe kwa 2009, zidadziwika kuti madamu awiri omwe adangopangidwapo hydroelectric amatsitsa kwambiri madzi, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa malo oyenera kubzala.
Mkhalidwe Wosamalira Chiwombankhanga - Mchira Wautali
Orlan - mchira wautali ukuphatikizidwa ndi Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN, wolembedwa mu CITES Appendix II. Wotetezedwa ndi Annex 2 wa Msonkhano wa Bonn. Ndikutetezedwa ndi mgwirizano wa ku Russia - India pankhani yoteteza mbalame zosamukira. Chiwombankhanga - malo otalikirapo ndi amtundu wosauka, omwe alipo 2500 mpaka 10000 anthu.
Chiwombankhanga chachitali chachitali chikuyang'ana nyama
Njira Zosungira
Pofuna kuteteza chiwombankhanga, mchira wautali, kafukufuku akuchitika pankhani yazachilengedwe ndi kuswana kwa mitunduyo, kutsatira kwa satellite kosunthira mbalame kumachitika.
Ntchito yomwe idachitika ku Central Asia ndi ku Myanmar idayambitsa kufalitsa ndikuwopseza kuti mbalame zodya nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, pofuna kuteteza mbalame zosowa, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale malo otetezedwa kwa anthu ofunikira. Zomwe zili monga zachilengedwe zikuphatikiza:
- Kuyang'anira madambo mosasunthika, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zotayira zanyumba zamafesi kuzungulira malo onyowa.
- Sungani mitengo yotsalira ndi zisa.
- Kugwira ntchito yodziwitsa anthu okhala m'deralo. Gawirani timabuku tosonyeza chiwombankhanga chosowa, izi zithandiza kupewa mbalame mwangozi.
- Kuphunzira zomwe zili zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mitundu yazakudya kuti mudziwe momwe zimathandizira pakubala kwa chiwombankhanga - michira yayitali.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kite wakuda
68. Kite wakuda - Milvus akusamukira.
Kukula kwa bakha. Mbali ya dorsal ndi yofiirira, mbali yamkati imakhala yotuwa. Pamwamba pamutu pali kuwala. Boti pa mchira ndilochepa. Mbalame yosamukasamuka. Imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana kuchokera kumalire akumadzulo a USSR kupita ku chigwa cha Yana. Zomera pafupi ndi nyanja, mitsinje ndi madzi ena ambiri. Nest imamanga pamtengo. Mu clutch pali mazira a bulauni 2-3. Imayang'ana nyama kuchokera kumwamba, nthawi zambiri ikuwuluka kwa nthawi yayitali. Mawuwo ndi mtunda wautali wanjenjemera wofanana ndi kugwedeza kwa mbawala. Pakudziwa ndikofunikira kulabadira za mchira, womwe ndi wocheperako poyerekeza ndi kite yofiyira.
Chiwombankhanga choyera
!70. Chiwombankhanga choyera - Haliaeetus albicilla.
Kukula kwakukulu. Zowonjezerazo ndi zofiirira, mutu ndi mbali yam'mimba yathu ndiyopepuka. Mchirawo ndiwoyera, wopindika. Achichepere ndi a bulauni akuda, pamimba yokhala ndi mawanga aatali, mchira umada. Mbalame yakukhazikika kapena yoyendayenda kumpoto. Imakhala m'mphepete mwa malo okhala, okhala ndi nsomba zambiri m'malo ambiri, kuyambira tundra kumpoto mpaka kumpoto kwa Central Asia kumwera. Zomera pamitengo, nthawi zambiri pamiyala. Gwiritsani ntchito zigawo kwa zaka zambiri mzere. Mu clutch 2, nthawi zina mazira atatu oyera. Mbalame yosamala kwambiri. Siwuluka m'mwamba kwambiri, nthawi zambiri mumagwira nyama kuchokera kumtunda yaying'ono. Kuuluka ndikulemera. Mawu akumveka. Chizindikiro chofunikira cha tanthauzo lake ndi mchira wofupika wopindika.
Chiwombankhanga cha nyanja cha Steller
!71. Mphungu yam'nyanja ya Steller - Haliaeetus pelagicus.
Chopambana kwambiri kuposa tsekwe. Mfundu ndi yakuda bii, kumapiko pali malo oyera akulu, mchira ndi mphumi zake ndi zoyera. Mlomo wake ndi waukulu, wachikaso chowala. Achinyamata ndi a bulauni. Mbalame yokhala pansi, yosayenda pang'ono. Imakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi gombe la Kamchatka ku Bering Nyanja, malo otsika a Amur, ndi gombe la Sakhalin. Chisa chachikulu kwambiri chomangidwa pamitengo, nthawi zambiri pamiyala. Mu clutch 2 mazira oyera. Liwu likungokhalira phokoso.
Chiwombankhanga cha Nyanja ya Steller chimadziwika mosavuta ndi mlomo wake wachikasu owala ndi mawanga akulu oyera pamapewa ake.
Goshawk
72. Goshawk - Wofikira pantchito.
Chopambana kwambiri kuposa akhwangwala. Mbali ya dorsal imakhala yotuwa kapena ya bulauni, mutu umakhala wakuda kuposa kumbuyo, wokhala ndi nsidze yoyera. Mbali yam'mbali ndi yopepuka komanso yopyapyala imvi yopyapyala.
Mbalame yokhazikika komanso yoyendayenda. Pamakhala nkhalango ya USSR kumpoto kupita ku nkhalango-tundra, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Europe ku USSR kumwera kwa Ukraine, ku Siberia kumalire akumwera kwa dzikolo. Chisa chimamangidwa pamitengo, nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito zisa za mbalame zina. Mu clutch 3-4 3 mazira oyera. Mawu akumveka, akukuwa. Mwachilengedwe, kukula kwa mbalameyo, kumatula kamtambo pachifuwa komanso mchira wamizeremizere wooneka bwino.
Quail
73. Sparrowhawk - Accipiter nisus.
Chachikulu kuposa njiwa. Kumbuyo kwake ndi imvi, pali mawanga oyera pakhosi. Mbali yamkati ndi yamtundu wakuda kapena wamtambo wofiirira. Zachikazi ndizokulirapo, zofiirira kuchokera kumbuyo, zokhala ndi mikwingwirima lakuthwa mbali ya mbali. Mbalame yakukhazikika yoyendayenda kumpoto.Imakhala m'malo ambiri a USSR, kupatula zipululu zopanda pake, maponda ndi tundra. Nest imamanga pamtengo. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira oyera a 3-6 okhala ndi mawanga owoneka ofiira. Liwu likufuula mokweza "kick-kick-kick".
