Fenrir - mu nthano ya ku Germany-Scandinavia nkhandwe yayikulu, mwana wa Loki ndi Angrboda. Adayamba kuleredwa mumzinda wa Asgard.
Koyamba kumuwona ali akadali ang'ono, milunguyo idaganiza zoweta mwana wa nkhandwe. Mulungu wankhondo wankhondo Turo adadzipereka kuti amudyetse ndikumuphunzitsa. Chinyamacho chinakula ndi kudumpha ndi malire, ndipo tsopano chinakula kwambiri mpaka pakamwa pake potseguka kuchokera kumwamba kupita kumwamba, ndipo mafangasi ake anali ukulu wa thunthu lamphamvu la thundu komanso lakuthwa ngati mipeni.
Pamene chilombocho chinang'amba zidutswa za nyama yophika, kulira kwake kunali kowopsa kwambiri mpaka milungu yonse, kupatula Tiy, sanayerekeze kuyandikira kwa iye, akuopa kuti angadye amoyo.
Kaŵirikaŵiri milungu inayesa kuphatikiza nkhandwe ku miyala, koma Fenrir wamphamvuyo adasolola mauthengawo mosavuta. Kenako mfiti zazifupi zaku zwerg zidapanga chofewa, ngati ulusi wa silika, ndi chingwe cholimba cha Gleipnir cha zinthu zisanu ndi imodzi zosapezekapo: mizu ya phirilo, phokoso la masitepe amphaka, ndevu za mkazi, kupuma kwa nsomba, zimbalangondo ndi malovu a mbalame.
Pofuna kuyesa linga lake, milunguyo inakopa Fenrir kupita pachilumba cham'nyanja ndipo mwachinyengo adaika unyolo wamatsenga kwa iye.
Izi zisanachitike, kuti chilombocho sichinamve chinyengo, mulungu wankhondo Tiran adayika dzanja mkamwa mwake posonyeza kuti palibe zolinga zoyipa. Fenrir adamuyimitsa pomwe adazindikira kuti ali naye, koma kunali kutachedwa. Anayesetsa kuti amasuke, akugwedeza chilumba chonsecho, koma milungu yomwe inali yolumikizika inamponyera pansi kwambiri, komwe anapitilizabe kukula.
Zikhulupiriro zachikhalidwe zimati dziko lisanathe, Fenrir amachoka mu ukapolo ndipo adzachita nawo nkhondo yomaliza ya milungu ndi zimphona, zomwe zimadziwika kuti Ragnarok. Pankhondo yamagazi, mulungu wamkulu Odin adzafa ndi ma fang. Komabe, Vidar, mwana wa Odin, kubwezera bambo ake, adzaphwanya chilombocho.
Pachilankhulo chakale cha ku Norway, "Fenrir" amachokera ku mawu oti "fen-wokhala", omwe amamasulira kuti "wokhala m'madzala '. Fenrir adalandiranso ma epithets monga: Fenrisulfr (wochokera ku "Fenris wolf"), Hrodvitnir ("wolimba wodziwika"), Vanagandr ("wolowa wakale wa Nor River" ku Norwe).
Masiku ano, olemba mbiri yakale alibe chosankha koma kungoganiza kuti fano la Fenrir linawoneka ngati chithunzi cha mphamvu zachilengedwe zomwe zimadana ndi anthu. Ngakhale kuphatikiza pamenepa, pali lingaliro loti anthu oterewa adayambika machitidwe aanthu mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, nyama zoyambilira zomwe zidakhalako nthawi yayitali kuposa zomwe zimakhulupirira, mwachitsanzo, zimbalangondo zamphanga, amphaka am'maso.
Ndipo nkhandwe imayima yokha apa Canis dirusadatcha "Wolf Wolf".
Mwa mitundu ya zinthu zakale, ndizosangalatsa komanso zodabwitsa. Zotsalira zake zophunziridwa bwino ndizambiri pakati pa zomwe zinapangidwa Late Pleistocene za ayisikilimu, kuyambira nthawi yanthawi yozizira kwambiri, yomwe idatumikira zaka 25 mpaka 15,000 zapitazo.
Mimbulu ndi anthu amakhala mbali imodzi movutikira nyengo yachisanu yozizira, ndipo onse akusaka nyama m'magulu amodzi, kuphatikiza zikuluzikulu zazikulu, njati ndi anyani amphongo omwe amalimbana ndi ng'ombe. Kufanana kumeneku kwathandizira kukulitsa ubale wamtsogolo pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya zinyama.
Zotsala zazikulu kwambiri zosungidwa bwino zidapezeka m'matumba a asphalt achilengedwe ku Florida ndi California. Mwambiri, ichi ndi chigamba cha chimphona chachikulu cha imvi (Canis lupus), koma 1/5 motalika, ndi thambo lalikulu komanso mphumi kwambiri.
Mphumi za Canis dirus anali wotsika kwambiri m'diso kuposa imvi. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhandwe "yowopsa" inali ndi mano akulu kwambiri - awiri a dzino kumtunda akufika masentimita 3.5! Chilombo chodabwitsachi chimakhala kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Canada, ku Florida, komwe kunali kotentha kwambiri monga momwe ziliri masiku ano, mozizira bwino panthawiyo Mexico, Peru, komanso mwina Argentina.
Chifukwa cha mafupa amphamvu komanso amphaka, nyama yolusa sikunali yofulumira komanso yofulumira, ndiye kuti, inalibe machitidwe ofunikira kuti upulumuke komanso kubereka mimbulu ina ya nthawi imeneyo. Nkhandwe yoyipa idamwalira nyama yake itafa - zitsamba zazikulu. Nkhani ya nkhandweyi ikutikumbutsa mochititsa chidwi mbiri ya chimbalangondo cha m'miyala.
Komabe, mwina sizinatheretu, kapena kuti “atatalikirana” ku Europe nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe akatswiri owonera zinyama omwe adapeza zotsalira za miyala ya Florida. Nthawi iyi inali yokwanira kwa iye kuti alowe mu miyambo ya anthu monga m'modzi mwa zikhalidwe zachikhalidwe zomwe tikudziwa. Uku ndiye kulingalira. Ndipo palibe amene angatsutse lero.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti chithunzi cha Fenrir chinali chosangalatsa kwa anthu opanga zinthu zakale: apa pali omwe amatchedwa "Mtanda wa Thornwald", wopezeka pachilumba cha Man. Ikuwonetsa munthu akupondera nkhandwe yayikulu ndikuwunikira mkondo.
Mbalame imawonetsedwa pamapewa a munthu, zomwe zidaloleza kuti adziwike kuti Odin. Amaganiziridwa kuti nkhondo yomaliza ya Odin ndi Fenrir ikuwonetsedwa pamtanda. "Mtanda wa Thornwald" amatanthauza "luso lazophatikizira" lomwe linaphatikizika posakanikirana pazikhulupiriro zachikunja ndi zachikhristu, kutanthauza zaka za zana la 11, kuphatikiza pa izi, "Mtanda wa Gosfort" ndi "Ledberg Stone" adapezeka.
Anapanganso zojambula zina kuchokera ku Ragnarok. Monga kuchokera ku chilengedwe. Ndiye mwina Fenrir adapulumuka mpaka ku Middle Ages?
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Horfible Wolf
Ngakhale pali kufanana kwina ndi nkhandwe yaimvi, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa "abale" awiriwa - omwe, mwanjira yake, omwe adathandizira kupulumuka mtundu umodzi ndipo adatsogolera ku kuphedwa kwa chirombo choopsa komanso choopsa. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa miyendo ya nkhandwe yoyipa kunali kocheperako, ngakhale panthawi imodzimodzi anali olimba kwambiri. Koma chigaza chake chinali chocheperako - kuyerekeza ndi nkhandwe yaimvi yofanana. Kutalika, nkhandwe yoyipitsitsa idapambana nkhandwe yaimvi, kufikira, pafupifupi, 1.5 m.
Kanema: Horolf Wolf
Kuchokera pa izi, titha kupanga lingaliro lomveka - mimbulu yoyipa inafikira kukula kwakukulu ndi yayikulu kwambiri (yofanana ndi mimbulu imvi yomwe timayidziwa), yolemedwa (kusinthidwa kwa umunthu wamtundu) pafupifupi 55-80 kg. Inde, morphologic (ndiye kuti, m'mapangidwe a thupi) mimbulu yoyipa inali yofanana kwambiri ndi mimbulu yamakono imvi, koma 2 mwa mitundu iyi, kwenikweni, siili yogwirizana kwambiri monga momwe poyamba imawonekera. Pokhapokha chifukwa anali ndi malo osiyana - kwawo kwa makolo awo omaliza anali aEurasia, ndipo mitundu yankhandwe yoopsa yopangidwa ku North America.
Kutengera izi, chitsimikizo chotsatirachi chikufotokoza kuti: Mtundu wakale, nkhandwe yoyipa ili pachibale idzakhala pafupi ndi coyote (nkhokwe yaku America) kuposa nkhandwe yaku Europe. Koma ndi zonsezi, wina sayenera kuyiwala kuti nyama zonsezi ndi za mtundu womwewo - Canis ndipo zimayandikana m'njira zingapo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Ndi nkhandwe yoyipa bwanji
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nkhandwe yoyipa ndi wachibale wake amakono ndi kuchuluka kwa morphometric - mdani wakale anali ndi mutu wokulirapo pang'ono pathupi. Komanso, ma molars ake anali akulu kwambiri - poyerekeza ndi mimbulu imvi ndi coyote aku North America. Ndiye kuti chigaza cha nkhandwe yoyipa imawoneka ngati chigaza chachikulu cha nkhandwe ya imvi, koma thupi (ngati litengedwa molingana) ndilocheperako.
Akatswiri ena a paleontologists amakhulupirira kuti mimbulu yoyipa imangodya zamoto, koma si asayansi onse omwe ali ndi lingaliro ili. Kumbali imodzi, inde, mano akulu kwambiri owonongera akuchitira umboni mokomera zotsutsa za mimbulu yoopsa (poyang'ana chigaza, muyenera kutchera khutu ndi ma molars omalizira komanso ovomerezeka). Umboni wina (ngakhale wosachita) umboni wa kuvomerezeka kwa nyama izi ukhoza kukhala umboni wa nthawi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nthawi ya kupanga nkhandwe zowopsa pamtunda waku North America, agalu ochokera ku mtundu wa Borophagus amawonongeka - olambira wamba anagwa.
Komabe, zingakhale zomveka kuganiza kuti mimbulu yoyipayo inali mbano. Mwina amayenera kudya mitembo ya nyama nthawi zambiri kuposa mimbulu imvi, koma nyamazo sizinali zofunikira (mwanjira ina, zapadera) scavenger (mwachitsanzo, ngati ma fisi kapena ankhandwe).
Kufanana kwa nkhandwe imvi ndi coyote kumaonekeranso mu mikhalidwe ya morphometric ya mutu. Koma mano a chilombo chakale anali akulu kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yoluma inali yapamwamba kuposa zonse zodziwika (kuchokera kwa omwe amafotokozedwa mimbulu). Mawonekedwe ake a mano adapatsa mimbulu yoyipa mwaluso kwambiri, ikhoza kuyambitsa zilonda zakugonjetsedwa koposa zilonda zamakono.
Kodi nkhandwe yoipa imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Hry Gray Wolf
Kukhazikika kwa mimbulu yoopsa inali Kumpoto ndi South America - nyama izi zinkakhala m'maiko awiri munthawi ya zaka zana 100,000 BC. Nthawi ya "heyday" yamtundu woyipa wa nkhandwe idachitika munthawi ya Pleistocene. Izi zitha kuchitika potsatira kusanthula kwa mimbulu yoyipa yomwe imapezeka pakafukuka zaka zingapo.
Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, zimbimbimbimbimbimbimbimbuna zakumbidwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa (dziko la Florida) komanso kumwera kwa North America (dera - ili ndi Chigwa cha Mexico City). "Bonasi" wachilendo wopezeka ku Rancho Labrea, zizindikiro za kukhalapo kwa nyamazi ku California zimapezeka m'malo osungidwa a Pleistocene omwe ali m'chigwa cha Liverpoolmore, komanso m'magawo azaka zofananira za San Pedro. Zofanizira zomwe zidapezeka ku California ndi Mexico City zinali zing'onozing'ono komanso zokhala ndi miyendo zazifupi kuposa zofanizira zomwe zotsalira zake zidafukulidwa m'chigawo chapakati ndi kum'mawa kwa United States.
Mitundu yoyipa ya nkhandwe pomalizira pake idafa limodzi ndi kutha kwa megafauna wazaka pafupifupi 10,000 BC. Cholinga cha kutha kwa nkhandwe zowopsa zili pakufa kwa mitundu yambiri ya nyama zazikulu panthawi yamapeto a nthawi ya Pleistocene, zomwe zitha kukwaniritsa chidwi cha zilombo zazikulu. Ndiye kuti, njala ya banal idatenga gawo lalikulu. Kuphatikiza pamenepa, mwachidziwikire, anthu omwe akutukuka a Homo sapiens komanso mimbulu wamba adathandizira kuti nkhandwe yowopsa ija ikhale ngati mtundu. Anali iwo (ndipo makamaka oyamba) omwe adayamba kuchita nawo mpikisano watsopano wa chakudya yemwe wadutsamo.
Ngakhale panali njira yabwino yosakira, mphamvu, mkwiyo, ndi kupirira, mimbulu yoyipa silingathe kutsutsa chilichonse kwa munthu wanzeru. Chifukwa chake, kusasilira kwawo kuti abwerere komanso kudzilimbitsa mtima zidaseka nthabwala mwankhanza - adani olusa omwe adadzisokoneza okha adakhala olanda. Tsopano zikopa zawo zimateteza anthu ku kuzizira, ndipo ma fangidwe awo adakhala chokongoletsera chachikazi. Akalulu amtundu wotchedwa grey anali ochenjera kwambiri - amapita kukathandizira anthu, amasintha kukhala agalu apakhomo.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhandwe yoipa inkakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe adadya.
Kodi nkhandwe yoyipa idadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mimbulu Yoopsa
"Chakudya chachikulu pamenyu" a nkhandwe zowopsa chinali njati zakale ndi ma artiodactyl aku America. Komanso nyamazo zimatha kudya nyama yamamadzi akuluakulu komanso ngamila za Kumadzulo. Nyama yayikuludi imatha kukaniza ngakhale gulu la mimbulu yoopsa, koma mwana wa ng'ombe, kapena chinyama chofooka, yolimbana ndi gulu, itha kukhala chakudya cham'mawa cha mimbulu yolusa.
Njira zosaka sizinasiyane kwambiri ndi zomwe mimbulu ya imvi imagwiritsa ntchito posaka chakudya. Poganizira kuti nyamayi sinanyansidwe ndi kugwa ndikudya, pali chifukwa chilichonse chokhulupirira kuti nkhandwe yoyipayo inali yofanana ndi nkhandwe m'malo moyerekeza ndi nkhandwe imodzimodzi m'moyo ndi zakudya zake.
Komabe, nkhandweyo yoopsayo inali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu mu njira yopezera chakudya kuchokera kwa olusa ena onse kuchokera kubanja lake. Poganizira za magawo omwe dera la North America, ndi maenje ake ambiri pang'onopang'ono, momwe nyama zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi zidagwera, njira imodzi yabwino kwambiri yopezera chakudya kwa mimbulu yoopsa (monga mbalame zambiri zowola) inali kudya nyama yomwe yatchera mumsampha.
Inde, herbivores zazikuluzikulu nthawi zambiri zimagwera mumsampha wachilengedwe, momwe olusa amadya nyama zakufa, koma nthawi yomweyo iwonso nthawi zambiri amafa, ndikukhazikika phula. Dzenje lirilonse kwa theka la zaka linaika pafupifupi olusa 10, omwe amasiyira anthu amasiku ano zida zabwino zophunzirira.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Zithunzi Zankhondo Zoopsa
D. guildayi, imodzi mwa nkhandwe zoyipa zomwe zinali kum'mwera kwa US ndi Mexico, nthawi zambiri kuchokera kuzolimbana zonse zomwe zimagwera zimagwera m'maenje apamwamba. Malinga ndi zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi akatswiri a paleontologists, zotsalira za mimbulu yoyipa zimapezeka nthawi zambiri kuposa zotsalira za mimbulu imvi - chiyerekezo cha 5 mpaka 1. Pozindikira kuti izi, lingaliro 2 limadzivomereza lokha.
Choyamba: kuchuluka kwa mimbulu yoyipitsitsa panthawiyo kudachuluka kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina yonse yazinyama. Chachiwiri: poganizira kuti mimbulu yambiri idayamba kuzunzidwa ndi maenje a phula, titha kuganiza kuti inali yosaka komwe iwo anasonkhanitsa nkhosa ndipo amadya kwambiri osadya nyama, koma nyama zomwe zidagwera m'maenje aphula.
Akatswiri azomera akhazikitsa lamulo - nyama zonse zomwe zimadyera nyama za herbivores zomwe kulemera kwake sikumaposa kulemera kokwanira kwa onse oimira gulu lowukira. Kusinthidwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe zoopsya, akatswiri a paleontologists adazindikira kuti kupanga kwawo kolemera pafupifupi 300-600 kg.
Ndiye kuti njati inakhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri (m'gululi), komabe, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chakudya, mimbulu inakulitsa "menyu" wawo, kulipira nyama zazikulu kapena zazing'ono.
Pali umboni kuti mimbulu yoyipayo yomwe inkasonkhana mumalondayo inali kufunafuna anamgumi otayidwa kumtunda ndikuwadyera chakudya. Popeza gulu la mimbulu imvi limadya mosavuta zimpso zolemera 500 kg, ndiye kuti gulu la nyama izi sizingakhale zovuta kupha ngakhale athanzi, koma njati yosochera yochokera pagululo.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Zithunzi za The Wolf Wolf
Kafukufuku wa Paleontologists a kukula kwa matupi ndi zigaza za mimbulu yoyipa adazindikira kukhalapo kwa gawo la jenda. Mapeto ake akuwonetsa chenicheni cha moyo wa mimbulu m'magulu awiriawiri. Popita kusaka, nyama zodya nyama zinkagwiranso ntchito awiriawiri - ofanana ndi mimbulu imvi ndi agalu anyani. "Fupa la msana" la gulu loukirawo linali amuna ndi akazi, ndipo mimbulu yonse yochokera mgululi inali othandizira awo. Kukhalapo kwa nyama zingapo pa nthawi yosaka kunatsimikizira kutetezedwa kwa nyama yophedwayo kapena wogwidwayo atangotsala pang'ono kuponyedwa ndi adani ena.
Mwambiri, mimbulu yoyipitsitsa, yodziwika ndi mphamvu komanso zambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo yocheperako, idazunza ngakhale nyama zathanzi zomwe zinali zazikulu kuposa izo. Kupatula apo, mimbulu ya imvi imadyera nyama mwachangu m'matumba - bwanji nkhandwe zolimba komanso zowopsa kwambiri sizingathe kulimbana ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zazing'ono. Makamaka kusaka kunakhudzidwanso ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu - izi sizinawonetsedwe mimbulu yoyipa chimodzimodzi ndi imvi.
Mwachidziwikire, iwo, monga ma coyote aku North America, amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo sanayendetse magulu ochulukirapo, ngati mimbulu ya imvi. Ndipo kusaka kunapita m'magulu a anthu 4-5. Awiri banja limodzi ndi mimbulu ya achinyamata atatu ndi "othandizira". Izi zinali zomveka - zokwanira kutsimikizira zotsatirapo zabwino (ngakhale njati yodziwidwa yokha sikungaleke zolimbana ndi adani asanu nthawi imodzi), simudzayenera kugawa anthu ambiri.
Chochititsa chidwi: Mu 2009, wokondweretsa wosangalatsa adawonetsedwa pazowonera makanema apa kanema, yemwe mtsogoleri wawo wamkulu anali nkhandwe yoyipa. Komanso, filimuyi adatchulidwa kuti ndi mdani wa prehistoric - ndiyomveka. Chinsinsi cha chiwembuchi ndikuti asayansi aku America adatha kuphatikiza ma DNA aumunthu ndi DNA ya nkhandwe yoyipa yochokera ku mafupa am'madzi - nyama yamphongo yomwe idalamulira nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Zotsatira zoyesayesa zachilendo zoterezi zidapeza wosakanizidwa woyipa.Mwachibadwa, nyama yoteroyo idadana ndi khola yapa labotale, motero idapeza njira yopitira mfulu ndipo idayamba kufunafuna chakudya.
Adani achilengedwe a mimbulu yoopsa
Chithunzi: Ndi nkhandwe yoyipa bwanji
Omwe akupikisana nawo nyama yayikulu panthawi ya mimbulu yoyipa anali smilodon komanso mkango waku America. Zidazi zitatuzi adadzigawana okha gulu la njati, ngamila zamadzulo, Columbus mammoth ndi mamododons. Komanso, kusintha kwanyengo mwachangu kunayambitsa mpikisano waukulu pakati pa olusa.
Chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo komwe kunachitika, nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ngamila ndi ma bizinesi amachoka kuchokera kumabusa ndi malo otsetsereka makamaka kupita kutchire-steppe, kukadyera ma conifers. Popeza kuchuluka kwakukulu mu mене menyu 'wa nkhandwe yoopsya (komanso onse opikisana nawo) kunali kwamawangamawanga (mahatchi olusa), komanso malovu, njati, ma bedi ndi ngamila zodzetsa izi kwa "nkhomaliro" nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa adani . Zitsamba zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa zinali ndi chiwerengero chocheperako motero sakanatha "kudyetsa" aberekawo.
Komabe, kusaka kwa mapaketi komanso chikhalidwe cha mimbulu yoyipa idawalola kupikisana bwino ndi adani achilengedwe, omwe amawakweza kwambiri pazinthu zonse zakuthupi, koma amakonda "kugwira ntchito" okha. Kutsiliza - Ma smilodons ndi Mikango yaku America adasowa kale kwambiri kuposa mimbulu yoyipa. Koma pali chiyani - iwowo nthawi zambiri amakhala chiphaso cha nkhandwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Mimbulu Yoopsa
Kukhazikika kwa anthu kunali gawo la America pafupifupi 115,000-9,340 zapitazo, munthawi ya Late Pleistocene ndi Early Holocene. Mtunduwu unachokera kwa kholo lawo - Canis armbrusteri, yemwe adakhala komweko pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni - zaka 300,000 zapitazo. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya mimbulu yonse imafikira mpaka madigiri 42 kumpoto kwa mtunda (malire ake idakhala chotchinga mwachilengedwe monga mawonekedwe a chiphalaphala chachikulu). Kutalika kwakukulu komwe kumatsalira ndi nkhandwe yoyipa komwe kunapezeka ndi 2255 metres. Okhalamo ankakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana - pamalo otsetsereka ndi madera, m'mapiri okhala ndi mitengo komanso m'misewu ya South America.
Kutha kwa mitundu ya Canis dirus kunachitika munthawi ya ayezi. Zinthu zingapo zinapangitsa izi. Choyambirira, anthu anzeru am'tsogolo adawonekera m'dera lomwe amakhala ndi nkhandwe zoyipa, pomwe khungu la nkhandwe yophedwayo lidavala zovala zabwino. Kachiwiri, kusintha kwa nyengo kudasewera nthabwala zoyipa ndi mimbulu yoyipa (kwenikweni, monga nyama zonse za nthawi ya Pleistocene).
Mu zaka zomaliza za nthawi ya ayezi, kutentha kwanyengo kudayamba, kuchuluka kwa masamba azitsamba, omwe amapanga zakudya zazikulu za nkhandwe yoyipa, adasowa konse kapena kupita kumpoto. Pamodzi ndi chimbalangondo chaching'ono, chinyamachi sichidali chokwanira komanso chathamanga. Mafupa amphamvu ndi a squat, opatsa mpaka pano ulamuliro wa nyamazi, adakhala katundu omwe sanalolere kuti azolowere chilengedwe chatsopano. Ndipo nkhandwe yoyipayo idalephera kumanganso "zokonda zake".
Kutha kwa nkhandwe yoyipa kudachitika mu chimangidwe cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zinthu zomwe zidachitika ku Quaternary. Mitundu yambiri ya zinyama sinathe kuzolowera kusintha kwanyengo ndi chinthu cha anthropogenic chomwe chinalowa m'bwaloli. Chifukwa chake, kunena kuti anthu okhwima komanso oopsa samasinthika kuposa zonse - kupilira nthawi zambiri, kuthekera kudikirira, ndipo koposa zonse - kakhalidwe, kakhalidwe ndizofunika kwambiri.
Inde, anthu otsogola akalewo amafika kutalika kwa pafupifupi masentimita 97, kutalika kwa thupi lawo kunali masentimita 180. Kutalika kwa chigaza kunali 310 mm, komanso mafupa akulu ndi owonjezereka adapereka kugunda kwamphamvu kwa womenyedwayo. Koma miyendo yofupikayi sinalole kuti mimbulu yoyipa ikhale mwachangu ngati mimbulu kapena mimbulu imvi. Kutsiliza - malingaliro azaka chikwi adalowedwa m'malo ndi opikisana nawo omwe adatha kusintha momwe zinthu zasinthira mwachangu.
Mmbulu wolusa - chinyama chakale chodabwitsa. M'masiku amakono, magulu ankhandwe amtundu wamphongo ndi ma coyote akumva bwino, ndipo mutha kuwona mbuto za nkhandwe yoyipa yomwe akatswiri opanga ma paleontologists amawonetsa monga zofunikira ku Rancho Labreus Museum (yomwe ili ku Los Angeles, California).
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Ma tag
Canis dirus (Leidy) - nkhandwe yoyipa
Nyamayi inali yofala kwambiri kumpoto kwa North America nthawi ya Pleistocene. Izi zitha kuweruzidwa ndi zotsalira za mimbulu yoyipa yopezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mitunduyi idafotokozedwa koyambirira kwa zolengedwa za Pleistocene chigwa cha Mississippi.
Kuyambira pamenepo, zotsalira za mimbulu yoopsa zapezeka konse kumwera chakum'mawa (Florida) komanso kumwera (Valley of Mexico City). Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zidapezeka mu La Brea Ranch, kupezeka kwa California kudapezeka mu mzinda wa Pleistocene chigwa cha Liverpoolmore, m'magawo a zaka zofananira m'malire a San Joaquim ku Mckittrick ndi San Pedro. Zofanizira zochokera ku California ndi Mexico zinali zochepa, ndipo zinali ndi miyendo yofupikirapo kuposa zoyerekeza zomwe zimapezeka kumbali yakum'mawa kwa United States (zonena za B. Courten ndi Anderson).
Canis dirus, woonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 15, ndi nkhandwe yayikulu, koma ndi yaying'ono 8% kuposa nkhandwe yotchuka kwambiri yomwe ikukhala masiku ano kumpoto kwa Alberta (Canada). Komabe, Canis dirus anali wamkulu kuposa mimbulu yolusa, yomwe masiku ano ili kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa North America. Maonekedwe ndi zizolowezi za mimbulu yolusa ndi yamoyo, kwakukulu, zidasiyana. Canis dirus anali ndi mutu waukulu wolemera, ubongo yaying'ono, mano akulu, scapula yayikulu ndi pelvis. Mano ake ndi nsagwada zamphamvu zidasinthidwa kuti zigwetse nyama yayikulu ndikuphwanya mafupa akulu. Izi zikusonyeza kuti nkhandwe yoyipirayi sinanyoze mitembo. Kusiyana maonekedwe pakati pa nkhandwe yoyipa ndi yamakono (C. lupus) kudawonetsedwa mosiyanasiyana mtsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a miyendoyo. Canis dirus ali ndi zofupikitsa miyendo yakutsogolo kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo. Miyendo yakumbuyo (makamaka miyendo yakumbuyo) ya nkhandwe yoopsa ndiyifupi kwambiri kuposa yomwe imakonda nkhandwe yamakono (mwachitsanzo, femur ndi humerus ya nkhandwe yoopsa inali yotalikirapo, ndipo chaponderapo ndi tibia inali yochepa). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti nkhandwe yoopsayo sinali yofulumira monga nkhandwe yamakono yamnkhalango.
Pokhudzana ndi zizolowezi za zolengedwa izi, Merriam (1912) adawona kuti mutuwo umakhala wotsika (kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake zikuwonetsa izi) ndipo nyamayo nthawi zambiri amayigwiritsa ntchito kukoka nyama yakulemera. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha nkhandwe zoopsa zomwe zimapezeka ku La Brea zikusonyeza kuti mimbulu imasonkhana m'matumba kuti iphe anthu osakonda anzawo komanso opanda zovala. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa achichepere ndi ovulala, omwe amatha kuchotsedwa pagulu lawo kapena gulu lawo, ndikukhala ozunzidwa ndi mimbulu yoopsa. Komabe, achikulire, nyama zathanzi amathanso kukhala ozunzidwa ndi adani ena angapo amphamvu.
Monga momwe nthenga zam'mimba zimapangidwira, kuphatikiza mafupa a mimbulu yowopsa kumakhala ndi zitsanzo ndi zoperewera pakukula kwa mafupa. Kusiyidwa kudachitika chifukwa chovulala. Zilonda zina zomwe zimayesedwa mu mimbulu ya zokwiriridwa pansi zimapezeka chifukwa chakumenyedwa kumutu ndikuwombedwa ndi miyendo yakutsogolo ya osakhulupirira (mabala ofananawo adapezeka m'mimbulu yamoyo, ndipo adalandiridwa ndikusaka). Chochititsa chidwi, mabala omwe olandidwa ndi nkhandwe yoyipa aja adasiyana ndi mabala wamba a smilodon (izi zikusonyeza njira yosiyana yosakira). Mimbulu yoopsa mosakayikira inali yoyamba kudya zilumba za Los Angeles pa gawo lotsiriza la Pleistocene glaciation. - Onani Rancho La Brea. Mbiri ya moyo wamunthu wokhala ku California ndi Chester Stock No. 37. Sayansi yachilengedwe Natural Museum Museum ya Los Angeles County.
Ndemanga:
Mmbulu woopsa ndi nyama yosangalatsa kwambiri. Phylogeny yake samamveka bwino. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wawonetsa kuti kusiyana pakati pa C. dirus ndi C. lupus sikokulira kwakukulu. Mmbulu woopsa sanali kholo la nkhandwe yamakono. Kutha kwake kumalumikizidwa ndi kutha kwa megafauna. Chisamaliro chachikulu chimakopa chidwi chachikulu ndi mano ndi mano a wolusa. Chigoba cha nkhandwe yoopsa chinali pafupifupi 20% kutalika kuposa chigaza cha nkhandwe yamakono (62 toyesa). Ngakhale nkhandwe yoyipa yokha siyinali chimphona, ndipo kukula kwake ndiyofanana ndi subspecies yayikulu kwambiri ya C. lupus. Alroy adatsimikiza kulemera kwakukulu kwa nkhandwe yoyipa yama kilogalamu 63. Pansipa, poyerekeza, mwachidule momwe mimbulu imaperekedwera, ndikupereka lingaliro la kusiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe, kusinthasintha kwa kugonana, komanso kusinthika kwaumwini kwa C. lupus.
Geptner V.G., Sludsky A.A.
Zingwe za mimbulu: kwa dera la Saratov, nkhandwe yolemera 62.4 kg ikuwonetsedwa (yolumikizana ndi Ognev), yamphongo yolemera masekeli makumi asanu ndi amodzi (78) imadziwika m'madera a Moscow (iyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri pa nyama 250 zophedwa ndi nkhandwe yotchuka V.M. Hartuleri (onani Geptner ndi Morozova -Turova), kwa Altai - wamwamuna wolemera makilogalamu 92 (onani Afanasyev). Mu malo osungirako zachilengedwe ku Moscow State University pamakhala chowopsa cha nkhandwe yaku Russia, yolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 80. Mchigawo cha Vladimir, kuchokera mimbulu 641 yolandidwa mu 1951-1963, atatu okha adapitilira Makilogalamu 70 (70, 76.3, 79 makilogalamu) Amuna achichepere kwambiri anali kulemera makilogalamu 32 mpaka 36. Mu Oksky Reserve ndi madera apafupi Mwa nyama 500 zolemera ndendende, amuna atatu okha ndi olemera kuposa makilogalamu 50. Ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha, kutalika kwa thupi la abambo kunali masentimita 140. Kutalika kwa chigaza kutalika kwambiri kwa amuna kuchokera ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha kunali 275 mm (avareji - 256 mm), kutalika kwamafuta 253 ndi 237 Mulingo wa mimbulu yolusa (C. l. albus): kutalika kwambiri kwa chigaza amuna kumakhala 288.3 mm (pafupifupi - 267 mm), mwa akazi - 261 ndi 251 mm, motero. 7 mm (pafupifupi - 146.9 mm), mwa akazi - mpaka 142 (pafupifupi 137). Mwa mimbulu yolusa palibe zimphona zoposa 70 makilogalamu, koma nyama yoposa 50 kg siyachilendo. Kukula kwa mimbulu yolusa: kwa amuna amuna, kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 146, mchira ndi 48 cm (avareji masamu 127.7 ndi 44.4 cm), kwa akazi kutalika kwa thupi ndi 129 cm (average 121.3 cm).
Suvorov A. Mimbulu ya Evenkia // Kusaka ndi Kusaka, 2003. Ayi. 8. Kutulutsa mimbulu ya m'nkhalango yolemera makilogalamu opitilira 60 siachilendo ku Evenkia. Mimbulu yomwe inali mu kilogalamu 75 inakumbidwa mdera lamtsinje. Anavara, mumtsinje wa Ilimpei, Uchiami, Kimchi. Mimbulu yolira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80: m'mphepete mwa mtsinje. Camo - 96 kg, m'dera la Ekonda - 97 kg. Mmbulu waukulu kwambiri udagwidwa mu 1999 mu beseni la mtsinje. Taimyr, kulemera kwake ndi -118 kg ((masekeli ndi masikono) kudachitika ndi mutu wa dipatimenti yosaka ya Evenki).
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Kufotokozera
Izi ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zamphamvu, zazikulu kwambiri kuposa mimbulu wamba. M'malo mwake, pamtunda wonsewo, milozo zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha zidawonekera: nkhandwe yamphongo yakaleyo, yopezeka itamwalira ndi nyanga yolimba m'khosi mwake, ndi ana agalu asanu ndi amodzi a zinyalala zake: Grey Wind, Lady, Nimeria, Chilimwe, Shaggy Galu ndi Ghost. Zovala zotumphukira izi, zomwe zimaleredwa m'nyumba za anthu pafupi ndi agalu, zinali ndi machitidwe okongola agalu, ngakhale a Nymeria ndi Leto pambuyo pake adalumikizana ndi matumba a mimbulu wamba popanda mavuto.
Nthawi yotsiriza kumwera kumadzulo kwa Khoma kumakumana zaka mazana awiri isanayambike nkhani yofalitsa mabuku. Mwinanso, kuchuluka kwa ma hardwolves kulibe kofunika ngakhale m'maiko a Zasteniya - mulimonsemo, Chilimwe kapena Ghost sichinapeze mtundu wawo kuseri kwa Khoma. Komabe, a Benen Stark adanenanso kuti nthawi zambiri amamva kubangula kwa mitengo yolimba yam'madzi nthawi yamatsenga. Jior Mormont adawonanso kuti pofika nyengo yozizira kutchire kutsidya kwa Khoma panali makina otetezera. Malinga ndi a Rousse Bolton, m'masiku akale, Northwolves Kumpoto adagonjetsedwa ndi magulu akulu, mpaka mazana a zolinga kapena kupitirira, ndipo samawopa anthu kapena mammon. Malinga ndi Old Nan, nyengo yotentha, mafunde amtundu wakhungu ndi njala.
Ngakhale mimbulu yomwe ikulira posachedwa imatenga mimbulu wamba ikamakula, ndipo mimbulu yolumikizana yayikulu ndi kukula kwa pony komanso kukula koposa kawiri konse ngakhale galu wamkulu kwambiri wosaka. Mbawala yamphongo yachikulire imagwira dzanja la munthu mosavuta, monga galu amatenga khonje. Mmbulu wovutitsa umayeserera kugwera mdani wake ndi chifuwa chake ndi kumugwetsa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala chinthu choyambirira, ngakhale otsutsana ndi miyendo iwiri kapena miyendo inayi, yesani kuvulaza miyendo ya mdani, kenako ndikuluma pammero kapena kumatula matumbo. Mphepo ya Grey, nkhandwe yoopsa ya Robb Stark, theka la adani oyenda pansi adadyapo pankhondo ku whispering nkhalango, ndipo mu Nkhondo Yankhondo adakweza akavalo khumi ndi awiri ndi asirikali anayi a Lannister. Izi ndi zolengedwa zolimba kwambiri: Malinga ndi a Merrett Frey, mmbulu, pomwe alonda a Frey adabwera kudzamupha, adapha mimbulu inayi ndikudula m'manja mwa mbuye wake, ngakhale kuti adamupyoza kale ndi mivi kuchokera paming'alu. A John Snow anaganiza za Phantom yomwe ikukwera, kuti ku nkhalango kumwera kwa Khomalo sipangakhale nyama yomwe ikhoza kukhala yoopsa kwa wolverine, pokhapokha ngati Phantom atasankha kuseka chimbalangondo. Chilimwe wazaka ziwiri, atakumana ndi mimbulu wamba, anali wokulirapo kuposa wawung'onoting'ono wa iwo ndipo nthawi imodzi ndi theka woposa mtsogoleriyo.
Mbale ya lyutovolka imakhala ndi mutu wozungulira komanso wocheperako, woteteza pakamwa kuposa nkhandwe wamba, miyendo yolemekeza thupi ndi yayitali. Utoto wamba wamtundu wa Hardwolf ndi imvi kapena yakuda, Mzimba udali albino yekha wolimba. Ma Fiercewolves ali ndi lirime loyipa lomwe limawoneka ngati grater yonyowa. Monga zilombo zina zambiri, zibaluni zili ndi maso owala mumdima. Mu nkhandwe yolusa kapena yamantha, ubweya womwe umakhala m'khosi mwake umatha. Kuwona, kumva, ndi kununkhira kuli bwino kwambiri mumtundu wolimba kuposa anthu. Lutovolki amakonda masewera amoyo, ngakhale amadya zovalazo.
Agalu ndi akavalo akuwopa ma hardwolves, akavalo osazolowera nyama kugwa ndikuyamba kuchita manyazi ndikuyamba. Nkhondo ya Oxcross idayamba pomwe Robb Stark adakhazikitsa Windy Wind mu corral ndi akavalo a Lannister, pambuyo pake mahatchi ovutikawo adathawira kumsasa, ndikupondereza iwo ogona mwachindunji m'mahema. Agalu amtchire, powona Phantom, nthawi iliyonse adakumana naye ndi khungubwe komanso khungwa, ndipo galu wamkulu kwambiri pamalo amodzi oimika magalimoto adayesera kuukira wolimbana naye wamkuluyo kuchokera kumbuyo, koma adaponyedwa kumbuyo ndi ntchafu yoluma. Mimbulu wamba yokhala ndi ma hardwol okhala ndi zizolowezi wamba, amamvetsetsana bwino - mwachitsanzo, Chilimwe chosachepera kawiri chinasemphana ndi mimbulu wamba, mwanzeru ndipo adavomera kudzipereka kwa mdani wogonjetsedwa. Kachiwiri, adakongoza mtsogoleri wogonjetsayo ngati chizindikiro choti apambana. Nimeria sanangokhala limodzi ndi mimbulu wamba kuchokera ku River Lands, koma adatsogolera gulu lalikulu - Dermot kuchokera ku Rainy Forest, yemwe anali kufunafuna Brinden Tully pagombe lakumpoto la Red Jag, adatsimikizira kuti panali mimbulu mazana ambiri, ndipo nkhandwe itanyamula katundu wamkulu. Chilimwe chidayambitsanso gulu laling'ono la afisi a ku Waramir.
Pa chovala mikono ya Stark pali imvi yotuwa imayenderera pamtunda woyera. M'malire a Winterfell, pafupi ndi ziboliboli za ambuye omwe anaikidwa m'manda, pali ziboliboli za mimbulu yamiyala yolusa. Mpando wachifumu wa Mafumu a Kumpoto m'nyumba yachifumu yayikulu ya Winterfell adakongoletsa ndi mitu yosema bwino pamipanda yolumikizira.
M'mabuku a enawo akuti amakwera pamavuto akufa, monga nyama zina zakufa. Mwana wa Forest Leaflet adati mayendedwe ake amapulumuka zolengedwa zina zonse zakale - Ana a the Forest okha, zimphona, mammons, mikango yamphanga ndi unicorns - koma nthawi yake idzafika, chifukwa alibe malo mdziko lapansi okhala ndi anthu.
Zoteteza
Dire Wolf (Latin Canis dirus, wolusa woopsa waku Russia) - mtundu womwe umakhaladi padziko lapansi lathu kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Pleistocene ku North America. Zikuwoneka kuti, ngati mimbulu yamakono, nyama izi zimasaka m'matumba a anthu pafupifupi 30. Amatha kusaka akavalo ndi njati, nthawi zina ngakhale ma mastodon ndi ma sloth akuluakulu. Kuperewera kwa chakudya komanso kulephera kupikisana ndi ankhalakale komanso ang'onoang'ono wamba omwe amatchedwa zifukwa zakutha. Ужасные волки имели чуть более короткие, но крепкие лапы в сравнении с туловищем, имели более выраженную челюсть и более длинные зубы, чем современные серые волки, мозг был несколько меньше. Туловище в среднем достигало длины в 150 см, вес — от 50 до 80 кг.Ndizachilendo kudziwa kuti mimbulu yowopsa ilibe gawo logonphism - zazikazi zinali zofanana ndi amuna, zinali ndi mafupa ndi mano.
Central Russian Forest Wolf, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa mimbulu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse la Europe, nthawi zambiri imalemera makilogalamu 40-45 ndipo imatalika mpaka mita, komabe, m'mbiri zakhala zikuchitika kuwombera mimbulu mpaka ma kilogalamu 80 wolemera mpaka 160 cm, womwe ungafanane ndi mimbulu yoopsa.
Malingaliro
Tsambali limagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili Gawo la Wikipedia mu Chirasha. Nkhani yoyambirira imapezeka ku: Woopsa Wolf. Mndandanda wa olemba oyambilira a nkhaniyi akhoza kupezeka kukonzanso mbiri. Nkhaniyi, monga nkhani yomwe idatumizidwa pa Wikipedia, imapezeka pansi pa malamulo a CC-BY-SA.
Mawu
Asanakwanitse theka, iwo (lyutovolki) anali atali kwambiri kuposa nkhandwe iliyonse, koma kusiyana sikunali kovuta kuzindikira. Mutu wa lyutovolka unali wozungulira, miyendo inali yotalikilapo, ndipo kupyapyala kotchukira kunatsogola. China chake champhamvu kwambiri komanso champhamvu kwambiri chimamvekedwa mu nyama, makamaka m'nkhalango yamadzulo. Masewera a Zida, nthambi V
Maso ofiira a chiwongoladzanja samawoneka amdima kwambiri kuposa ma grenade, adamva nzeru zakuya mwa munthu. Game of Thrones, John VIII