Nguluwe zamtchire ndizinyama zoyamwitsa zomwe zimachokera kumtundu wofanana ndi nkhumba. Iye ankaona kholo la nkhumba ano zoweta, amene, chifukwa cha kuthetsa, anakhala. Nguluwe zamtchire ndi nyama yapadera yomwe imakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.
Features ndi malongosoledwe a Boar kuthengo
Nguluwe zakuthengo ili ndi mizu, kutalika kwake kungafikire mita imodzi ndi theka. Thupi kutalika zambiri ukufika 1 mita. Unyinji wa nkhumba zokhwima zimatha 60 mpaka 300 kg.
Izo zimatengera ngati wamkazi kapena wamwamuna tikambirana nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Amuna ali ndi mutu wawukulu, womwe umakhala patsogolo. Makutu ndi akulu, onse m'lifupi ndi m'litali. Ikhale pamphuno umatha ndi chidendene, amene ali zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Thupi limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lolimba. M'nyengo yozizira, kufwanyulira zina amapezeka pa thupi la Boar zakutchire, zimene salola kuti amaundana. Kumbuyo kuli kachitsotso kena kamene kamaima pamapeto pake nyama ikakhala yosangalala. Maboti ang'onoang'ono amatha kujambulidwa ndi mikwingwirima. Boar A umagwiritsa zomera zambiri, zomwe zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu:
1. Zomera zam'mera ndi namsongole wa mbewu.
2. Zipatso za mitengo ya zipatso, komanso zipatso zosiyanasiyana kuti kukula mu nkhalango.
3. Zomera zokha, zomwe zimapezeka nkhumba zakuthengo.
4. Oimira ena padziko lapansi la nyama (mwachitsanzo, mphutsi kapena tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'nkhalango).
Dziwani kuti Boar zakutchire Wamaliza theka la chakudya chake kuchokera m'nthaka, monga lili okwanira kuchuluka kwa moyo wa chinyama. Pafupifupi, nguluwe yambiri imatha kudya pafupifupi 5 kg. kudya tsiku lina.
Nyama zotere ndi mafoni ndipo amayenda bwino. M'nyengo yotentha, amakonda kusambira, ndipo nthawi yozizira, amangoyenda m'nkhalango kukafunafuna chakudya. nguluwe kukhala moyo ng'ombe, koma pali kuchotserapo mu mawonekedwe a wamkulu nguluwe, amene amakhala payokha.
Nguluwe yokhala ndi ana aang'ono imakhalanso patokha. Kumvetsa mmene nkhumba yosiyana ku Boar, mukhoza kuona Chithunzinguluwe zakuthengo. Komanso pa intaneti mutha kupeza ambiri Kanema za nguluwe.
Malo okhala zimbudzi zamtchire
Ngakhale mfundo zonse basi, pali mfundo imodzi yokha - nguluwe zakuthengo, omwe nthawi zambiri amasintha malo okhala. Nguluwe angapezeke mu osiyanasiyana m'dzikoli.
Malo okhala nkhanu zakutchire atha kukhala malo otentha otentha kapena otentha kwambiri. Mu mapiri, Boar zakutchire angapezeke pa msinkhu uliwonse, komanso ena madambo ya m'mapiri.
Ku Europe, komwe amapezeka m'nkhalango za oak ndi beech, komanso m'malo otentha. Nguluwe zamtchire zimakhalanso m'mapiri a Caucasus, ndipo nthawi yophukira zimayendera nkhalango ndi mitengo yazipatso. Nthawi zina angapezeke mu njira zina mitsinje, yomwe amacheza ndi mtunda artisanal.
Kukhazikika kwazimbudzi kumadalira chakudya, komwe kumakhala kambiri nthawi zina. Nguluwe nyama wandiweyani, ndipo amadyedwa ndi chakudya chake chomwe chimakhala ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana.
Nguluwe zakutchire zimatha kusuntha ndikupita kumalo odyetsa, mwachitsanzo mpaka kumapiri. Iwo akhoza kukathira nkhondo akumidzi kuti ali pafupi nkhalango malo a nguluwe.
Nguluwe zakutchire zomwe zimakhala m'malo otentha sizimawombedwa. Koma amene amakhala m'mayiko oyandikana ndi nayonso ndi nyama zina zodziwikiratu ndithu. Amatha kukhala m'malo akuluakulu.
Mwachitsanzo, nguluwe imodzi ikuluzikulu imatha kukhala pamtunda wamakilomita 15, womwe ndi malo akulu kwambiri. Pafupi yozizira, nguluwe angachititse ku malo apamwamba pa phiri kumapazi.
Nthawi zina nkhumba zakutchire zimatha kuthana ndi njirayo, yomwe imaposa 100 km. ku malo a analamula mpaka kalekale. Maulendo oterewa amayamba chifukwa chamiyambo yambiri, monga moto kapena kusowa kwa chakudya.
Nguluwe zakutchire zimatha kukumana ndi zoopsa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ndi yazokonza pansi yoopsa yomwe imapezeka mu nkhalango akhoza kuvulaza miyendo yanu. Wina wokhala m'nkhalangozi, nkhandwe, ndizowopsa kwa iye. Ndi mavuto padziko lonse kusaka nyama zakale, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika mwangozi.
Nguluwe nyama ndi maphikidwe
Nyama ya nyama yam'madzi ndi imodzi mwazolinga zokuisaka. Kodi kuphika Boar kuthengo pafupifupi msaki aliyense amene nthawi imodzi amabweretsa nyama yomwe ili panyumba yake. Anthu ambiri amadziwa maphikidwe ochokera ku nkhumba zakutchire, koma kwenikweni nyamayo ndi yovuta.
Nguluwe mbale ndizovuta kwambiri malinga ndi kukonzekera kwake. Ndi bwino kutenga maphikidwe osavuta omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale novice a. Mwinanso mbale yosavuta kwambiri yomwe imatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku nyama ya nkhumba yophika ndi mphodza. Izi zimafunikira mafuta anyama ndi nyama.
Muyeneranso ntchito anyezi, ufa, mpiru ndi zokometsera kukoma. Nyama iyenera kunyowa mu njira ya mandimu. Uyamiko kwa Iye, nyama adzakhala wachifundo ndi kukonzekera zina processing.
Mwatsopano mukatha kutsanulira uyenera kuthiridwa ndi msuzi wowawasa. Zakudya zochokera ku nkhumba zakutchire, komanso zamtundu wina wa nyama, zimakonzekera kukonzekera. Mukhoza kuphika nguluwe nyama pamtengo, popanda Chalk wapadera. Sikuti ndikofunika kusaka kudya nyama yakuthengo. kugula Boar kuthengo kuchokera kwa mnzake wa mlenje.
Kufotokozera
Isanafike nthawi ya ayezi, panali mabanja angapo a artiodactyl okhala ndi mawonekedwe ena. Koma mmodzi yekha anapulumuka kwa nthawi yathu, chimene asayansi anamutchanso "nkhumba lenileni."
Tsopano banja ili lagawidwa m'mitundu isanu:
- Babirus amakhala Celebes Island
- warthogs ndiofala ku Africa,
- nkhumba yokhala ndi tsitsi lalitali yatengera nyengo yotentha,
- nguluwe amakhala ku Ulaya, Asia ndi Africa.
Mitundu yomaliza imakhala m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi ndipo imagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- wamba Boar, akupezeka m'mayiko ambiri,
- m'mapiri a Himalayan pali nkhumba yazing'ono,
- nkhumba yokhala ndi ndevu ndizofala pachilumba cha Celebes, Philippines, Java ndi Sumatra.
Ndi mitundu awa atatu kuti tsopano akuimira nguluwe Padziko Lapansi, ndipo iwonso anawagawa subspecies osiyana, malingana ndi malo okhala. Mawonekedwe awo akhoza kukhala osiyana, koma zizolowezi zawo ndi moyo wawo zimagwirizana m'njira zambiri.
Kodi Boar zakutchire owopsa kwa anthu?
Nguluwe zakutchire sizimayimira ngozi kwa anthu. Ngati simukukwera mdera lake, ndiye kuti simuyenera kuchita mantha. Pali nthawi zina pamene Boar zakutchire iri yofulumira pa anthu, koma Zikatero n'zochepa. Ngati zitakhala kuti zalephera kukumana ndi zomwezi, ndiye bwino ndikukwera mtengo wapafupi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
A Boar zakutchire ndi zowoneka ofanana ndi nkhumba, koma chifukwa zinthu harsher moyo lili kusiyana khalidwe. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi thupi lalikulu lokutidwa ndi ubweya. Minofu yolimba komanso yolimba yomwe imatha kupirira katundu wambiri imabisika pansi pake.
thupi ndi kuzungulira mu mawonekedwe unachitika miyendo yake ndi yaifupi. Kumbuyo kuli mchira wawung'ono, wokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakelo. Chifukwa mafupa a chiuno ndi lopapatiza sternum lonse, ndi maonekedwe Boar ngati mbiya.
Mutu umalumikizidwa ndi thupi ndi khosi lalikulu. Tizilombo tosanjikizana tambiri, tili ndi maso ataliitali. Pamwamba mkamwa ndi mphuno mwa mawonekedwe a chigamba mdima. Pa gawo la pamphumi, pamphepete, makutu akumamatirira. Long mano kukula pa m'mbali mwa kamwa, ndiwo waukulu zimasiyanitsa mbali ya nguluwe ku nkhumba zina. Amathandizira kugwetsa nthaka ndi masamba achakudya, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza ndi kuwukira.
Tsitsi la nkhumba ndilovuta, losasangalatsa kukhudza. mtundu zimadalira malo okhala a munthu. Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku imvi mpaka bulauni. Anthu mitundu kuti moyo m'madera ozizira, ndi isanayambike yozizira, tenga thicker ubweya, amene amalola kuti adzapulumuke mu chisanu.
Kutalika, nyama imakula mpaka mita, m'litali - mpaka awiri. Chifukwa cha thupi lalikulu, nkhumba zakutchire zimakhala ndi unyinji, womwe mwa akulu umakhala ndi makilogalamu 150-200, koma makamaka okhwima amatha kulemera mpaka 300 kg. Amuna kukula yokulirapo kuposa akazi.
Ku Russia, nkhumba zakuthengo sizachilendo. Zisanu subspecies ndi mbali yapadera maonekedwe padziko m'dera la dziko;
- Maboti apakati ku Europe ndi ochepa kukula komanso khungu lakuda,
- Ussuriysk ali ndi miyeso yayikulu, koma zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono komanso choyera chokhala pansi pa mphuno, chokhala ngati masharubu.
- Caucasus ali malaya kuwala ndi kuipanikiza lalikulu,
- Transbaikal - nyama yaying'ono yokhala ndi bulauni,
- Chapakati ku Asia ali malaya kuwala pa thupi ndi mdima pa nthambi.
Ngakhale mawonekedwe amtunduwu, zimakhala zosavuta kuwona mwa iwo kuti ndi a banja la nkhumba zakutchire.
Kodi nkhumba zakuthengo zimakhala kuti?
nguluwe mwangwiro azolowere zinthu aliyense nyengo. Ma subspecies ena amakhala omasuka nyengo yotentha, pomwe ena amakonda nyengo yozizira. Ambiri nguluwe kusankha malo nkhalango, ndipo lingakhoze mwangwiro amakhala thundu, coniferous minda ina. Anthu ena amakhala kumapiri komanso pafupi ndi madambo.
Nguluwe zimapezeka ku North Africa, Asia, Eurasia. osiyanasiyana awo chochokera Ural Mountains ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Komanso, mitundu ina imakonda kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana.
M'mbuyomu, malo a nyama iyi inali nthawi zambiri zikuluzikulu. Koma kubwera kwa anthu pa dziko lapansi, kwatsika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku England, alenje akumaloko anaseseratu chilombocho, ndipo palibe munthu m'modzi yemwe amakhala kumeneko.
Mu aliyense madera, mosasamala kanthu za mikhalidwe yoyandikana ndi Boar zakutchire mwangwiro umapulumuka ndipo amamva kunyumba. Izi zikugogomezeranso kusinthasintha kwa chilombochi molingana ndi kuzisintha ndi kupulumuka.
Yaitali Kodi ndi Boar zakutchire moyo?
Nguluwe zakuthengo zimamera ndikukula pang'onopang'ono. Akuluakulu amayandikira chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Kuthengo, moyo wawo amayembekezeka kuzungulira zaka 10. Koma kunyumba, amatha kukhala ndi zaka 20. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chirombo sayenera kusakasaka, atengere mmene chilengedwe komanso zisathe thupi lake.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa nkhumba ndi nkhumba?
Ngakhale kuti nkhumba zakutchire ndi kholo la nkhumba, chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana, mitundu yonseyi yapeza zosiyana zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisiyanitsa.
Boar A ali miyendo yaitali kuposa nkhumba. Popeza omalizirawa amakhala m'malo otetezedwa ndi munthu, sayenera kuthamanga. Izi pang'onopang'ono zinachititsa kuti kufupikitsa miyendo ndi kuchepa sayenda awo. Nguluwe zakutchire, mmalo mwake, zimakakamizidwa kuyenda mosalekeza komanso kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna chakudya. Nthawi ndi nthawi, amayenera kuthawa kuti adziwane ndi adani. Chifukwa cha ichi, miyendo yake amakonzedwa kwambiri.
Nkhumbazi zimakhala ndi chopondera komanso chozungulira, komanso cham'maso, pomwe nguluwe imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lolimba komanso septum yayitali. Komanso, yotsirizira ali mano, limene kwathunthu kutali ndi kunyumba tione.
Kodi boar amadya chiyani?
Nguluwe zakuthengo zimakhala ndi chakudya chotalikirapo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake. Mu ndondomeko pogamula pa dziko, anaphunzira kudya zomera zambiri ndi zipatso.
Nkhumba zamtchire zimadyedwa makamaka pazakudya zam'mera, ndipo zomwe zimakonda zimasintha pamene nyengo zasintha. Mu chilimwe, anthu kudya makamaka zipatso ndi masamba. Ndi isanayambike kuzizira, amadutsa kumizu ndi zomera zambiri. Chifukwa cha ma fumbi awo ataliatali, amang'amba dothi, ndikubweretsa chakudya pansi pake. Komanso, nguluwe simusamala kudya mphutsi ndi nsikidzi. Masana, munthu wamkulu amadya mpaka makilogalamu 5 a chakudya.
Tsamba akhoza mwachangu kudya.
Madzi ndiofunika kwambiri kwa nkhumba zakutchire. Nthawi zambiri amabwera pamalo othirira kumitsinje ndi nyanja. Komanso, pamene akumwa, chirombo angathe kugwira nsomba ndi kusangalala pogulitsira zakudya ndi izo. Chithandizo chenicheni kwa iye ndi mtedza ndi ma acorn. mphamvu za nsagwada mosavuta osokoneza chipolopolo, kulola kukwaniritsa mwana wosabadwayo.
Nkhani zinajambulidwa pomwe nkhumba zakutchire zimakhazikika pafupi ndi minda ya famu ndikubwera kudzadya mbewu za tirigu. Komanso, pakasowa chakudya, akuluakulu amatha kugwira achule ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Mu anasiya chakudya, Boar amatha kusinthana kwa zovunda, koma amachita izi pokha pokha kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, nyamazo zimatha kudziwa bwino chilengedwe chilichonse. Mwina, kudzakhala kovuta kupeza Boar m'chipululu wosatha kupeza chakudya ndi madzi, koma motsimikiza adzatha kuti abwere ndi chinachake.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Nguluwe zamtchire zimayesetsa kukhazikika m'malo omwe kuli madambo komanso malo a madzi pafupi. Nyama siziona bwino, koma fungo lawo limakhala labwino. Iwo akhoza kumva fungo kwa theka kilometre. Izi zimawateteza ku ziwopsezo za anthu, ndipo chomaliza chiyenera kugwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zachinyengo m'njira zosakira nyama kuti zibwere kwa iye. Ngati Boar amaphunzira fungo n'ngwokayikitsa, izo mwamsanga kuthawira m'madera ena. Kumva kwa chilombo kumapangidwanso kwambiri.
Nguluwe zamtchire zimakhalira limodzi, zimagwirizanitsa pakati pa anthu 50. Ena mwa iwo ndi amuna aang'ono ndi akazi angapo odziwa amene amatsogolera gulu. Maboti achimuna akuluakulu amakonda kutsogola njira yodziyambira, kubwera pokhapokha pa nthawi yolenga ana.
Zilombo amakonda moyo usiku. Masana, amakhala m'malo otakasuka ndi mabango, ndipo kunja kumdima amapita kukafunafuna chakudya ndi madzi.
Nyama zimakhala ndi khungu losamala, motero zimayesetsa kudzipaka fumbi momwe zingathere. Zimenezi zimateteza izo dzuwa ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono. Kuti mukhale ndi gwero lamadzi ndi dothi, nkhumba zakutchire zimakonda kukhazikika m'malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. Koma nyama zimenezi sindimakonda lotsatira moyo kwa munthu, chifukwa iwo kumuona vuto.
Pakamwa pa Boar
Nguluwe imakonda kusiya malo ake obisika okha kuti ikadye. Ngati iye ali zonse, iye mochitika sizimawasuntha, kupumula mu rookery pakati pa tchire. Koma ngakhale akukhala mokhazikika, nyama izi zimatha kuyenda mtunda wautali ngati kuli kofunikira ndikufika kuthamanga mpaka 45 km / h. The Boar zakutchire amasambira bwino ndipo akhoza kuwoloka mtsinje ku banki wina ndi mzake.
Nyama imasamala kwambiri ndipo imakonda kupewa mikangano. Ndiosavuta kwa iye kuthawa m'gawo lawo m'malo modutsa nawo nkhondo. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, Boar si wamantha. Ngati ndi kotheka, ayenera kumenya nkhondo mpaka chomaliza kuteteza mbewuyo komanso iyeyo.
Chitonthozo chachikulu munthuyo si pangozi, iye akhoza kukumba dzenje mano iye ndi kumupanga iye kunyumba kwake mpaka pa nthawi kusiya mayiko amenewa.
Gulu la anthu
Amuna achikulire amakhala palokha. Iliyonse ya iwo ali ndi gawo lake komwe amadyera ndi kukhala ndi moyo wopambana. Akazi amakonda kuti agwirizane m'magulu wopangidwa mwa anthu ambiri. Nthawi yakubadwa ikafika, amuna amalowa nawo limodzi. Pambuyo kuoneka ana, nkhumba yaing'ono kukhala ndi amai ao ndi kupanga gulu lalikulu.
Anthu amasamalirana ndipo amakhala okonzeka kudzitchinjiriza, akumenya nawo nkhondo aliyense wolakwira. Nthawi yomweyo, nguluwe zazing'ono zimaphunzira kupulumuka kuchokera kwa odziwa zambiri ndikuphunzira mwachangu.
Kuswana
Nthawi ya chilengedwe mbewu kumatenga miyezi iwiri, ndi mmalo osiyana a dziko umayambira pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana pa chaka. Poyamba, amphongo amayamba kufunafuna ng'ombe ndi zazikazi. Amagwiritsa ntchito kununkhiza ndi luso la chandamale chapatali kuti kumupeza. Ngati anthu angapo amadzinenera kuti ndi akazi amodzi nthawi imodzi, ndiye kuti kumayamba ndewu, pomwe wina aliyense amakhala ndi ufulu wokhala naye. Komanso, atawonetsa ukulu wake, nguluwe zakutchire zimatha kuyendera zazikazi zingapo mu drive imodzi.
Nthawi gestation kumatenga pafupifupi 125 masiku. Pakadali pano, yamphongo imapitanso kutsogola njira yamoyo, ndipo njirayi imafunafuna malo apadera komwe ikhoza kubereka. Ana kuonekera mu chisanadze okonzeka chisa, anasonkhana ku nthambi, masamba ofewa ndi zomera zina.
Nthawi imodzi, zazikazi zimaberekera nkhumba zazikazi 5 mpaka 15, chilichonse chimalemera kilogalamu. Amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, womwe umawabisala pansi ndikuwabisala pamaso pa adani.
M'masabata oyamba, mayi samasiya mwana wake ndikudyetsa mkaka. Iye ndi mwamakani ndipo salola aliyense Boar. Panthawi imeneyi, amakhala olimba ndipo amaphunzira kuyenda. Akaziwo akamakula, salinso kuwatchinjiriza, kuwazolowera kudziyimira pawokha. Pakatha miyezi itatu, amayamba kuyesa zakudya zokhazikika.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhumba
Mwatsoka, nguluwe zonse kukumana ndi adani ambiri mu malo awo achilengedwe. Zowopsa kwambiri ndi zimbalangondo, anyani ndi mimbulu, ndipo wolusa aliyense amasaka nyamayo mosiyana.
Mimbulu imangothamangira pabulu pagululo, chifukwa imodzi yokha satha kuthana nayo. Atamuyendetsa pakona, mmbulu wina amalumphira kumbuyo kwake ndikumugwetsa pansi, kenako enawo amachepetsa mtunda.
Lynx amasaka yekha, ndichifukwa chake sangathe kuthana ndi boar wamkulu. Choncho, nthumwi kuukira mphaka yekha anthu wamng'ono zomwe zikutsalirazi kumbuyo ng'ombe. Ndipo ngakhale nguluwe ikauma kwambiri, lynx imatha kubwerera.
Chimbalangondo ndi mdani wowopsa kwambiri. Atalowa m'ngalande ndi nguluwe, amagwira matako ndikufinya ndi mphamvu zake zonse. Ndizosavuta kulingalira kuti muzochitika zotere, artiodactyl imakhala ndi mwayi wochepa.
Kuwonjezera nyama ankhanza, nthambi ndi minga mavuto kwambiri. Mosazindikira, chimpulu chamtchire chimatha kulowa m'makutu mwawo ndikuwonongeka.
Kuyenda kwa boar
Ngati pakufunika, munthu wamkulu amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali munthawi yochepa. Miyendo yamphamvu komanso thupi lokhazikika limakupatsani mwayi wofulumira komanso wothamanga kwa nthawi yayitali, osafulumira.
Wapakati kuthamanga liwiro la nguluwe 35 Km / h
Nguluwe zakuthengo zimasambira bwino. Sikovuta kuti asunthire ngakhale mafunde, omwe amathandiza kwambiri pakukhazikika pazilumba zoyandikana.
Voterani
Kulira kwa boar sikumasiyana ndi kulira kwa nkhumba wamba. Pamalo abata, amalankhulana ndi kupumula ndi zizindikilo zina. Mu nkhani ya ngozi, chirombo mwina squeal kuti kuopseza akhadawisa tcheru anthu ng'ombe yapafupi, amene adzayesa kuwapulumutsa.
Zodziwika bwino
Nguluwe zamtchire ndi nyama yodabwitsa kwambiri yopanda mafuta kuchokera ku mtundu wa nkhumba zamtchire ( Sus ) Amasiyana ndi nkhumba yoweta, yomwe mosakayikira idatsika kuchokera ku nkhumba zakutchire (ndi mitundu ina yapafupi), yokhala ndi thupi lalifupi komanso lopindika, miyendo yayitali komanso yayitali, kuwonjezera apo, mutu wa nkhumba zakutchire ndi wautali komanso wowonda, makutu ake ndi aatali, akuthwa ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, owongoka, owonda. Ziwalo zomwe zimamera pafupipafupi komanso zotsika kuchokera mkamwa kupita m'mphongo zimapangidwa kwambiri kuposa zazikazi.
The bristles zotanuka, kuwonjezera pa mmunsi mwa khosi ndi msana wa pamimba, mawonekedwe pa chinachake ngati manyenje ndi chisa, amene chitukumula pamene nyama ndi wosangalala. M'nyengo yozizira, pansi pa mabedi, kumakhala kokhazikika komanso kofewa. Maluwa ndi achikuda chakuda komanso chamtundu wakuda, bulosha yamkati imakhala yotuwa, chifukwa chakuti utoto utoto ndi wakuda-wakuda, buluzi, mchira, miyendo yakumapeto ndi ziboda zakuda. Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yankhumba ndizosowa kwambiri ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi ana a nkhumba zoweta zapakhomo. Mtundu wa mabulosi amatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera zaka ndi malo: ngati nkhumba zakuda zoyera zimapezeka ku Belarus, ndiye kuti m'dera la Lake Balkhash ndiwopepuka kwambiri, pafupifupi.
Pa yaikulu, wakuda ndi lalifupi khosi pali lalikulu mphero-mphako mutu ndi makutu yaitali lonse, maso ang'onoang'ono ndi mphamvu m'tsogolo ikhale pamphuno ndi chigamba, chabwino kusinthidwa kwa kukumba. Nguluwe yachikulire imatha kukumba kudzera pautali wake ndi nthaka yozizira mpaka pakuya masentimita 15-17. Chingwe ndichowongoka, 20-25 masentimita, ndi burashi ya tsitsi kumapeto. Njira yogaya chakudya ndiyosavuta poyerekeza ndi artiodactyl ena. Zimapanga mawu amodzimodzi ngati nkhumba ya zoweta (zong'ung'udza ndi maula), zimatha kugawidwa, kukhudzidwa komanso kumenyana.
Kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 175 masentimita, kutalika kufota mpaka mita 1. Kulemera kwa boar wachikulire nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosaposa 100 kg, ngakhale kumatha kufika pa 150-200 kg. Nthawi zina, anthu masekeli mpaka makilogalamu 275 inadza ku Eastern Europe, ndi kwa tani theka Primorye ndi Manchuria. Kugonana kwa dimorphism kumawonetsedwa bwino - zazikazi ndizochepa: kutalika kufota mpaka 90 cm, kulemera mkati mwa 60-180 kg. Kutalika kwa nyama kumatha kufikira zaka 14 m'chilengedwe ndi zaka 20 m'ndende ndi malo otetezedwa. Nguluwe imatha kuthamanga mpaka 40 km / h. Nguluwe zam'madzi zimatha kusambira; mu 2013, nkhumba imodzi inkasambira kuchokera ku France kupita ku chilumba cha Alderney chakumpoto.
Mu karyotype ndi, 36-38 DNA. Kafukufuku wa DNA ya mitochondrial adawonetsa kuti nkhumba zakuthengo zidachokera kwinakwake kuzilumba za Southeast Asia, mwachitsanzo, m'dera lamakono la Indonesia kapena Philippines, kuchokera pomwe adafalikira kudera lonse la Asia ndi North Africa. Zinthu zakale kwambiri zakale za mtunduwu ndi za Pleistocene, ndipo pang'onopang'ono zimatulutsa mitundu yofanana Sus strozzi - chinyama chachikulu chizolowera kukhala mumdambo, nyama yomwe, mwachiwonekere, nkhumba ya Javanese. Wachibale wake wapafupi ndi nkhumba bearded anapezeka pa Chimaleya Peninsula ndi chiwerengero cha zilumba Indonesia.
Mitundu yama billholes
Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi mitundu yake ya nkhumba. Ku Spain, France, Italy, mtundu wa ku Europe kapena Maremian ndiofala. Ku Sardinia ndi Andalusia, nsomba zochokera ku Mediterranean. Komanso pali Indian, Oriental ndi ena ambiri.
Moyo
Nyama iyi ilibe maso okongola kwambiri, koma imakhala ndi fungo labwino. Amanunkhiza munthu, makamaka mphepo, pamtunda pafupifupi 400 km. Fungo lamanyazi limatha kuwopa nyama komanso kusokoneza kusaka.
Nguluwe yamtchire ndi nyama yomwe imakonda kukhala m'bulu. Kawirikawiri akazi azikhala ndi nkhumba chaka chatha. Nguluwe yachikulire imamsiya ndipo imangokhala yokha. Amabwereranso kubusa kwa nthawi yokhadzula, kutenga malo a mtsogoleri.
Boar imagwira usiku. Panthawi imeneyi, amapita kukadya ndi kukamwa madzi akumwa. Masana, iye linkakhala mu mabango kapena zithaphwi, kubisala shrubbery lapansi.
Zizolowezi
Zizolowezi za nkhumba zakutchire ndizosangalatsa.
Nyamazi zimakonda kwambiri kutentha kwambiri. Pofuna kuti lisawotchedwe ndi dzuwa ndikudziteteza ku kulumwa ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, timapaka matope mosamala.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakukhala ndi nyama izi ndi kupezeka kwa nkhokwe pafupi ndi poyambira.
Zizolowezi za nyama zakuthengo kupanga Boar mukhale kutali kwa anthu. Amabwera kawiri kawiri m'midzi, koma zimakonda kupita kuminda yomwe oats kapena chimanga chimalimidwa nthawi zambiri.
Nguluwe imakhala moyo wongokhala. M'miyezi yachilimwe amachoka kwawo kuti akangodya. Kenako abwerera kudzapumulanso.
M'nyengo yozizira, zizolowezi za munthu Boar zakutchire sizimasintha. M'nyengo yozizira, nguluwe zakutchire sizimayendanso kwambiri, chifukwa chisanu sichimalola kupita kutali. Nguluwe zakutchire, ngakhale zili zowuma, ndizosambira kwambiri.
Nthawi yothamanga ya boar imatha kuyambira Disembala mpaka Januwale. Wamphongo wamkulu amapeza gulu la akazi ndi fungo, phokoso komanso phazi. Pamene Boar iri yofulumira, iwo kubwerera ku ng'ombe. Pambuyo umuna, amusiyanso. Monga lamulo, nkhumba zimakhala ndi akazi angapo pampikisano.
Pakadali pano, machitidwe a abambo amakhala aukali. Wotsutsa akabwera m'gulu la nkhosalo, ndiye kuti nkhondo yopha anthu ndiyosapeweka. Iwo adammenya mzake ndi mano awo, kuchititsa lacerations zoopsa. Wotayika amasiya gulu la ng'ombe.
Mimba yaikazi imatenga masiku 120-130. Asanabadwe, amasiya khosalo ndikuyang'ana malo obisika. Kenako amadzipangira bedi, ngati "chisa" cha nthambi ndi udzu wouma.
A wamkazi Boar zakutchire chibala piglets 5 mpaka 15, masekeli 1 kg. Chovala chawo ndi chakuda kapena chofiirira ndi mikwaso yoyera yoyera. Mtunduwu umateteza ana kuti asadzaukire. Ndikwabwino osayandikira kukondera kwa nyamayi nthawi imeneyi, chifukwa amakhala wankhanza kwambiri.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Kodi nkhumba zakuthengo zimadya chiyani? Maonekedwe a nyama ndi yoopsa ndithu, ambiri chidwi ngati Boar ndi chilombo kapena ayi.
M'malo mwake, ali omnivorous, chifukwa amadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka:
- Nguluwe yamtchire imadyera m'nkhalangomo, ndipo imachotsa mizu yosiyanasiyana komanso tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri pansi panthaka. Muli zinthu zambiri zothandiza.
- M'nyengo yotentha ndi masika, nkhumba zakutchire zimadya masamba obiriwira komanso mphukira zachomera.
- zakudya zimapezekanso zipatso, zipatso, zipatso zokwana, mtedza, mbatata ndi zomera zina zaulimi.
- Amadyetsanso achule, nyongolotsi, tizilombo, mphutsi, komanso timiyendo tating'ono, ndipo nthawi yozizira samazengereza kunyamula zovunda.
- M'dzinja, nkhumba zakuthengo zimadyanso ma acorn, ma voles akumunda, oats, ndi tirigu.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe nyama zamkati zimadya.
Zinthu Zosaka
Kusaka Boar zakutchire ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zambiri zoopsa. Mutha kusaka nokha kapena kutenga nawo cholembera. Tisaiwale za machitidwe a nyama zakuthengo komanso kuti ndizambiri. Kulemera kwake kumafikira 300 kg.
Kuyamba kwa nyengo yosaka kumatengera malo omwe amakhala. Kuchokera August kwa January ndi kusakasaka nyama ndi amuna. Akazi amawomberedwa mu Seputembala ndi Disembala. Mutha kusaka ma bogi m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kuchokera pa nsanja, corral, galu, kapena njira.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Nguluwe zamtchire ndi nyama yaikazi yomwe ili ndi mtundu wa artiodactyls, gawo lankhondo ngati nkhumba (zosapanga dzimbiri) ndi nkhumba zamtchire. Zoologies, kutengera zowonadi zopeza zotsalira za mafupa, taganizirani za nyama zakutchire zakale kwambiri zomwe zinachitika kuyambira nthawi ya preglacial. Kwa zaka zambiri linakhalapo, ndi Boar kakusintha masoka ambiri, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kutha kwa mitundu ina ya nyama ndi zomera, zaka aakulu ayezi, cataclysms zosiyanasiyana ndi kusinthika zikuchitika ndi lonse lathunthu. Ngakhale kuti mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zachilengedwe inazimiririka pamaso pa dziko lapansi nthawi yakutali komanso yankhanzayi, boar adatha kusintha ndikumakhalabe.
Kanema: Boar
Nyama zamtunduwu zinakhala zokhazikika, zopanda chidwi posankha chakudya, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuzizira kwambiri komanso mayeso ena achilengedwe. Mwa mabanja onse a chinsalu chokhala ndi ziboda, chomwe chinali chambiri panthawi ya preglacial, ndi m'modzi yekha amene anapulumuka mpaka pano, amatchedwa "nkhumba zenizeni".
Pamafunikanso genera zisanu:
- Babiruss (amakhala pachilumba cha Celebes),
- warthogs (Africa),
- nkhumba zazitali zazitali (malo otentha aku Africa komanso chilumba cha Madagascar),
- nkhumba zamtchire (kumpoto kwa Africa, Europe, Asia).
mitundu itatu ya nkhumba zakutchire akhoza zimachitika kwa mtundu wa nguluwe:
- boar wamba (kumpoto kwa Africa, Asia, Europe),
- nkhumba yokhala ndi ndevu (Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Malunsky ndi zilumba za Philippines),
- nkhumba yazing'ono (Himalayas).
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti, ngakhale panali zovuta, nthawi zina zopanda chiyembekezo, kukhalapo kwa masiku akale, nkhumba zamtchire sizinasinthe mawonekedwe ake omwe anapatsidwa mwachilengedwe m'masiku amenewo. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi zomwe anapeza mafupa a mafupa, chimene mungathe recreate maonekedwe a nyama. Anatha kuzolowera mawonekedwe a munthu komanso kusintha konse kwakunja komwe kumakhudzana ndi mwambowu, ngakhale nyama zambiri zazikulu sizinathe kupirira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Nyama ya Boar
M'dziko lathu, kuchuluka kwa nkhumba zakuthengo sikuli pachiwopsezo, ndipo kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zikwi ziwirizi chiwerengero chawo chakwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zovuta za zana la makumi awiri. Mu nthawi yakusaka pali kuchotsera kwalamulo kosaloledwa kwa zolumikizira ndalama. M'madera ena, pali ngakhale kuchulukana nyama m'madera ena, amene umawononga ku nkhalango komanso zaulimi.
Pakakhala nkhumba zambiri malo amodzi, sizokwanira. Pofufuza, amayamba kukumba pansi mobwerezabwereza m'malo omwewo, zomwe zimatha kuwononga mizu yamitengo, yomwe imabweretsa kufa. Ngati kuchuluka kwake kulipo, nkhumba zimawononga minda yonse ndi mbewu, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zokolola zina. Pamenepa, kuwombera kumaloledwa pamwambapa, ndipo osaka amatenga ntchito.
Kusaka ndi Boar zakutchire ndi yowopsa kwambiri ndi sizimadziwika ntchito, kotero aliyense mlenje angakhoze kuchita izo. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti nguluwe yovulala ndiyo nyama yowopsa kwambiri, yolusa, ikusesa chilichonse ndi aliyense panjira yake. Alenje amafunika kukhala osamala kwambiri komanso okhazikika.
M'mayiko ena ambiri, kuchuluka kwa nkhumba sikuli bwino ngati ku Russia. Nthawi zambiri, amangotsala mwankhanza (Egypt, Great Britain). Koma, koma, tiyenera kukumbukira kamodzinso mitundu ya nyama ndi omwazikana mu dziko lathuli ndi si ingathe kupululukiratu, chifukwa mwachangu komanso mosavuta zimayambira m'magawo atsopano.
Mwachidule, ndikufuna kudziwa kuti boar zakutchire zimabweretsa zabwino ku malo omwe zimakhalapo, pokhapokha, pokhapokha, chiwerengero chake chikuwonjezeka. Idya tizilombo tambiri tambiri tomwe timavulaza mbewu, zomwe zimawononga nkhalango. Liti nkhumba digs dziko lapansi ndi mano ake, ichinso kumakhudza opindulitsa pa nthaka, imbaenda kukula chochuluka mphukira ndi udzu. Ndi ma fang ake, ngati mlimi, amaimatula mochenjera, motero amakhala ngati nkhalango mwadongosolo.
Kufotokozera kwachilengedwe
Nguluwe zamtchire (boar) ndi za mndandanda wama artiodactyls, suborder of non-ruminant komanso banja la nkhumba. Nyama iyi ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi nkhumba wamba. Iwo ali m'malo lalifupi, koma thupi wandiweyani, miyendo ndi thicker kwambiri ndi apamwamba, amene amalola nyama maulendo ataliatali. Mutu ndi wamphamvu, ndikutulutsa kotalika, makutu ake ndi akuthwa komanso owongoka. Komabe, mwayi waukulu wa nkhumba zakutchire ndi ma fangali akuthwa, omwe amakula, omwe amatha kukhala zida zowopsa zolimbana ndi anthu ndi mimbulu.
Kugawa ndi Kusungitsa nyumba
Kalelo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhumba zamtchire inali yokulirapo. Lero, mu malo ambiri, nguluwe ndi kwathunthu mbisoweka. Ku Russia, nyamayi imapezeka kum'mwera kwa Siberia, Tien Shan, Transbaikalia ndi Caucasus. Nguluwe zakutchire nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'magulu anayi, zomwe zimadalira dera lomwe zolengedwa izi zimakhalamo:
Kodi nchifukwa ninji nyama izi zidakhala ziweto mwachangu chotere? Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi mwayi komanso azitha kugwira ntchito zatsopano. Komanso, Boar ndi nyama zimene Choncho iye, mu dongosolo la zinthu kusonkhanitsa m'chigulu.
Kuthengo, mpaka akazi atatu pa amuna onse. Akazi okhala ndi nkhumba, komanso ana ang'onoang'ono ambiri amasonkhana ng'ombe zambiri, koma okalamba amakonda kukhala pambali. Ana a mtundu wachinyamata komanso wathanzi wamkazi amakhala ndi nkhumba 6 mpaka 12. Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mtundu wamizere, zomwe zimawalola kubisala pakati pa nthambi ndi masamba.
Adani a Boar ndi
Nyama zambiri zamtchire zimakhala ndi adani awo achilengedwe. Mu nkhumba, zimbalangondo, mimbulu kapena lynxes amatenga gawo ili. Monga lamulo, mimbulu imamenya m'matumba a nkhumba imodzi. Choyamba, amalumphira pamwambapa ndi kugwetsa pansi, kenako onse pamodzi amapondererana.
Lynx amayesetsa kuti kuukira kumeneku wamkulu zakutchire ankaona kuti anthu aang'ono kuti nkhondo kuchokera ng'ombe. Nyamayo imagwirira nyama, ikavulaza mabala awo ndi ziphuphu ndi mano.
Koma chimbalangondo chimatengedwa kuti ndi mdani woopsa kwambiri wa nkhumba zakutchire. Nyama yayikuluyi imatha kufinya bwino ndi miyendo yake yamphamvu, kuthyola mafupa onse. Nthawi zambiri, nyamayi imafa motere, chifukwa chimbalangondo sichimagwiritsa ntchito mano ake kapena zibwano kuyesa kulimbana ndi nyama yake.
Ndi kusiyana kwa Boar ndi Boar zakutchire chiyani?
Kodi pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nyama yankhokwe ndi nkhumba zazikazi? Poyamba, palibe, popeza mayina onsewa amalankhula za nyama yomweyo. Komabe, "cleaver", "hog" ndi "boar" ndi mayina apamwamba ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati wamba, ndipo "boar" ndi buku la buku. Alenje ambiri osaka mawu amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira, chifukwa zimamveka kwambiri. Angagwiritsidwenso amaganiza kuti okalamba amatchedwa nkhumba, ndi achinyamata nguluwe.
Funso'li limakhudzanso dzina la nkhumba zazikazi zakutchire. Ambiri sazindikira kuti mawu oti "nkhumba" amagwira ntchito kwa nyama zoweta komanso zakuthengo.
Akasaka ena amakonda kubera nkhumba kunyumba. Ichi ndi ntchito yosangalatsa komanso yopindulitsa, chifukwa nyama yankhumba yosiyanasiyana ndiyosiyana ndi nyama yankhumba.
Monga lamulo, nthawi yodyetsa imatenga zaka 5 mpaka 7. Kuti muziwasunga muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zolembera zofanana ndendende ndi nkhumba wamba. Nyama zapakhomo ndizosangalala kudya chilichonse chomwe wapatsidwa. Nthawi zambiri, alimi amawaphikira zakudya monga chimanga ndi mphodza, chifukwa uwu ndi chakudya chofunikira komanso chopatsa thanzi.
Ngakhale kuti makolo a nkhumba amawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zakutchire, azichitira zabwino mbuye wawo. Amalemekeza ndi kukonda anthu omwe amawaganizira, ndipo amatetezanso mbuye wawo pangozi, monga momwe angatetezere ana awo kuthengo.
Nyama y nyama yam'madzi yamtchire, yomwe imapezeka kunyumba, imakhala ndi kukoma kosazolowereka, m'malo mwa kukoma pang'ono. Ma gourmets ambiri adazikonda kale zaka zingapo zapitazo. Kodi mudawonapo momwe m'mbali mwa mphira wamafuta owotchera mu uvuni amaoneka? Chithunzi chomwe chili pamwambapa chimakudziwitsani zokoma izi. Onetsetsani kuti mwayesa mwanjira ina!
Dera
Pali nkhumba zambiri zamtchire ndizochulukitsa pakati pa banja lonse la nkhumba komanso imodzi mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri zapamtunda. Nguluwe zamtchire zimapezeka m'malo otakata (beech ndi thundu) komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana za Central Europe (kuyambira Atlantic mpaka ku Urals), ku Mediterranean, kuphatikizanso madera ena kumpoto kwa Africa, kuphatikizanso mapiri a Atlas ndi Cyrenaica (m'nthawi zakale, malo ake amafutira pafupi ndi chigwa cha Nile kupita Khartoum kumwera), kumadera opondera ku Eurasia, Central Asia, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Western Asia, kumpoto, mitundu yamatchire imafikira ku taiga ndi 50 ° C. w. (Zakale zidafikira Nyanja ya Ladoga pa 60 ° N, kenako kudutsa mzere wofanizira wa Novgorod ndi Moscow, kudutsa mapiri a Ural pa 52 ° N ndikuchoka ku West Siberian Plain pa 56 ° N, potembenukira kumwera ku Baraba Lowland), kum'mawa - kudzera Tarim Depression, mapiri a Tannu-Ola ndi Transbaikalia kupita ku Amur kumpoto ndi Himalayas kumwera, kuphatikiza madera a China, Korea, Japan ndi Great Sunda Islands ku Southeast Asia. Kuphatikiza pamtunda waukuluwo, panali anthu okhala pachilumba, kuphatikizapo zilumba za Britain, Corsica, Sardinia, zilumba zingapo ku zilumba za Aegean ndi Ionia, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java ndi zilumba zazing'ono za East Indies, Taiwan, Hainan, Ryukyu, Japan Islands ndi Sakhalin, komwe mabwinja osungirako nkhumba zasungidwa amasungidwira.
Kupitilira izi (m'madera ena a South Asia, South ndi Central Africa), m'malo mwake pali mitundu yofanana (nkhumba yayikulu ya nkhalango, African warthog, nkhumba ya ndevu, babirusa, nkhumba yazing'ono, nkhumba za Javanese, ndi zina).
Kusintha Kwakukulu
M'masiku akale, mitundu yambiri ya nkhumba zamtchire zinali zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zamakono. Ku Central Europe ndi Middle East, kale kunali pafupifupi kulikonse, tsopano m'malo ambiri lathetsedwa chifukwa cha kusaka kosalamulirika. Chifukwa chake, ku Libya, nkhumba zamtchire zidazimiririka pofika m'ma 1880s. Maboti omaliza ku Egypt, komwe anali ofala kwambiri munthawi ya Mafarao, adamwalira ku Giza Zoo mu Disembala 1912, pomwe anthu akuthengo adamwalira mu 1894-1902. Prince Camille el-Din Hussein adayesa kubwereza Wadi Natrun ndi nkhumba zakutchire zochokera ku Hungary, koma posakhalitsa adawonongedwa ndi ozembe. Zofanananso ndizomwe zidachitika ku Scandinavia (kunalibe nkhumba ku Denmark m'zaka za zana la 19), m'madera akuluakulu a USSR ndi kumpoto kwa Japan, komanso ku Great Britain, komwe adasowa mzaka za 13, ngakhale William Mgonje amasamalira chitetezo chawo, poganiza mu 1087 chaka kupha nyama kosaloledwa kwa nyama yosaka nyama kuti ichotse khungu mlenje, ndipo a Charles I m'zaka za zana la XVII anayesanso kupanga nkhumba zamtchire, zosasankhidwa ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni.
Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, kubwezeretsa pang'ono kwina kwa nyama zankhumba kunayamba, makamaka ku USSR - pofika 1960 iwo adapezeka ku Leningrad ndi Moscow, ndipo pofika 1975 adafika ku Astrakhan ngakhale ku Arkhangelsk. Mu 1970s, nkhumba zakutchire zidaberekanso ku Denmark ndi Sweden, ngakhale ku England mu 1990s, magulu a nkhumba zakutchire zochokera kumtunda, omwe adathawa m'mafamu apadera, adawonekera kuthengo. Kuchuluka kwa nkhumba zaku Britain kunafunsidwa kuti kuthetsedwe, mtolankhani komanso wachipembedzo George Monbio adatsutsa ndikupempha kuti awerenge bwino anthu. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa boar ndikukhazikika m'malo ambiri a Eurasia, komwe amasungidwa. M'madera ena a Mongolia, kuchuluka kwa anthu kunakhazikitsidwa pamlingo wa anthu 0.9 pa mahekita 1000 (mu 1982) ndipo ngakhale anthu 1-2 pa mahekita 1000 (mu 1989 kumapiri a Khangai).
Nthawi yomweyo, malowa adapitilira mothandizidwa ndi anthu kubisa chilengedwe kuyambira kumapiri kumapiri a nkhalango zamvula zam'malo otentha, kuphatikiza mabango a nkhalango, nkhalango za mitengo yaminga, ndi malo olimapo. Komabe, ma hybrids opangidwa ndi anthu a nkhumba zakutchire za ku Europe ndi nkhumba zoweta, kusowa pokhala m'malo okhala zatsopano zikuwopseza zachilengedwe ndikuvulaza malo olimapo (ali pakati pa nyama zana zowopsa). Izi ndizofunikira makamaka ku South America kuchokera ku Uruguay kupita kumayiko aku Brazil a Mato Grosso do Sul ndi São Paulo, komwe amatchedwa javaporcos .
Nguluwe zaku Europe zabweretsedwa ku North America ndi anthu ngati chinthu chosaka ndikufalitsa kuthengo limodzi ndi reyzerbek - nkhumba zoweta zapakhomo zomwe zakhala zikupezeka pano kuyambira chiyambi cha mayiko a ku Ulaya. Nguluwe 13 zoyambirira zomwe zidagulidwa ku United States zidagulidwa ndi a Austin Corbin kuchokera kwa amalonda aku Germany aku Karl Hagenbeck ndipo adamasulidwa ku Sullivan County mu 1890. Kubweretsa nguluwe kopambana kwambiri ku North America kudachitika ku North Carolina mu 1913. Ku Australia, nkhumba zovomerezeka ndizofanana ndi nkhumba zamtchire m'moyo wawo.
Ku Russia, nguluwe zamtchire zimapezeka m'malo akuluakulu ku Europe gawo la Russia (kupatula madera akumpoto chakum'mawa kwa tundra ndi taiga), ku Caucasus, ku Southern Siberia, ku Tien Shan, akukwera mpaka 3300 m (mwachitsanzo: ku Caucasus - mpaka 2600 m, ku Pyrenees - mpaka 2400 m, mu Carpathians - mpaka 1900 m).
Masanjidwe
Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa malo - kuchokera mdera lamapiri amdima mpaka kumapululu, komanso mapiri onse mpaka kumapiri - kutalika kwa nkhumba zakutchire ndi kwakukulu kwambiri. Gawani magulu ena 16 Sus scrofaomwe amayanjana m'magulu anayi a zigawo:
- Azungu
- S. scrofa scrofa, kapena Central European Boar (zofala ku Spain, Italy, France, Germany, Benelux, Denmark, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia ndi Albania)
- S. scrofa majori, kapena amayi abwinonso (zofala ku Maremma, Italy)
- S. scrofa meridionalis, kapena Nguluwe zaku Mediterranean (zofala ku Andalusia, Corsica ndi Sardinia)
- S. scrofa algira, kapena kumpoto kwa african boar (zofala ku Tunisia, Algeria ndi Morocco)
- S. scrofa attila, kapena Carpathian (Romanian, Caucasian) boar wakuthengo (chofala ku Carpathians, kuphatikiza Romania, Hungary ndi Ukraine, ku Balkan, Transcaucasia, Caucasus, Asia Minor Peninsula, gombe la Caspian Sea komanso kumpoto kwa Iran)
- S. scrofa lybicus, kapena Anatolian boar (zofala ku Transcaucasia, Turkey, Levant, Israel ndi gawo la Yugoslavia wakale)
- S. scrofa nigripes, kapena Boar waku Central Asia (zofala ku Central Asia, Kazakhstan, kum'mawa kwa Tien Shan, kumadzulo kwa Mongolia, Kashgar ndi Afghanistan, ndi kumwera kwa Iran)
- Mmwenye
- S. scrofa davidi, kapena Boar waku Central Asia (zofala ku Pakistan, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Iran)
- S. scrofa cristatus, kapena India boar (zofala ku India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, ndi kumadzulo kwa Sri Lanka)
- Kummawa
- S. scrofa sibiricus, kapena Transbaikal boar (kugawidwa pagombe la Nyanja ya Baikal, ku Transbaikalia, kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mongolia)
- S. scrofa ussuricus, kapena Ussuri boar (zofala kum'mawa kwa China, m'mphepete mwa Ussuri ndi Amur bays)
- S. scrofa leucomystax, kapena phokoso la ku Japan (zofala ku Japan (kupatula Hokkaido ndi Zilumba za Ryukyu)
- S. scrofa riukiuanus, kapena Ryukyu boar (zofala pa Zilumba za Ryukyu)
- S. scrofa taivanus, kapena taiwan boar (zofala ku Taiwan)
- S. scrofa moupinensis, kapena North china boar (yogawidwa pagombe la China, kumwera kupita ku Vietnam komanso kumadzulo kwa Sichuan)
- Chi Indonesia
- S. scrofa vittatus, kapena malayia boar (zofala ku peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia kuchokera ku Sumatra ndi Java kummawa mpaka Komodo)
Kulamula
Amakhulupirira kuti omwe adayambitsa nkhumba zamakono zoweta ndi nkhumba zakutchire za Mesopotamia, Asia Little, Europe ndi China, zomwe zimachokera kunyumba pa kukonzanso kwa Neolithic. Zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi zikuwonetsa kuti zaka 13,000-12,700 zapitazo, nkhumba zakuthengo zinayamba kukhala ku Middle East m'malo a Tigris Basin. Poyamba, zimasungidwa zakutchire zakuthengo, zofanana ndi momwe nkhumba zimasamalidwira tsopano ku New Guinea. Fossilia ya nkhumba zomwe zinachitika zaka 11,400 zapitazo zidapezeka ku Kupro. Nkhumba zimatha kufika pachilumbachi kuchokera kumtunda, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuyenda limodzi ndi anthu komanso kubisala. Kafukufuku wa DNA wochokera mano ndi mafupa a nkhumba omwe amapezeka m'midzi yaku Europe Neolithic akuwonetsa kuti nkhumba yoyamba zoweta zimabwera ku Europe kuchokera ku Middle East. Izi zidapangitsa kuti nkhumba zakuthengo zaku Europe zizilanda, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mitundu yaku Middle East ku Europe idulidwe. Mosasamala izi, kusungidwa kwa nkhumba kunachitika ku China, zomwe zinachitika zaka pafupifupi 8,000 zapitazo (malinga ndi zina, mu zaka chikwi zisanu ndi zitatu BC).
Kusinthika kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa nkhumba zakutchire kunathandiza kuti munthu woyamba kukhala ndi mphamvu zochulukana kwambiri. Nkhumba zimayikidwa makamaka kuti zikhale nyama yokoma, koma zikopa (zishango), mafupa (popanga zida ndi zida) ndi bristles (for brushes) also used. Ku India, China, ndi malo ena, nkhumba zakutchire zinkapangidwanso kuti zizidya zinyalala za anthu - otchedwa chimbudzi cha nkhumba.
Central Europe
Oimira mtunduwu amagawidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana ku Europe, komanso ku Europe ku Russia. Nguluwe zotere zimatha kuwoneka malo osungirako zinyama ndi malo osungira.
Mitundu ya ku Central Europe sikusiyanitsidwa ndi mavoliyumu akuluakulu. Nyama izi zimadziwika ndi kutalika pang'ono kwa thupi - pafupifupi 130-140 cm.Ukulu wawo umafika pamiyezo yapakati - pafupifupi 100 kg.
Izi nkhumba sizimawoneka ngati zowopsa kwa anthu. Pokhudzana ndi omwe amawasamalira, amachita modekha komanso mwaulemu, amasiyanitsidwa ndi machitidwe ogwirizana. Komabe, zolengedwa ngati izi ziyenera kudzipatula pagulu, chifukwa nkhanza zawo zitha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse.
Central Asia
Mitundu yambiri nkhumba zazikulu zakutchire ili ndi dzina lake ndendende chifukwa chamalo ogawa nyama. Chifukwa chake, oimira mabungwe a Central Asia amakhala ku Central Asia, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan ndi Mongolia.
Nyama za ku Central Asia ndizokulirapo kuposa Central Europe kukula kwake. Kutalika kwawo kwapakati ndi 150-160 masentimita, ndipo kulemera kwa thupi kumatha kufika 120-130 kg.
Ubweya wa nkhumba za ku Central Asia ukhoza kukhala ndi mitundu yopepuka komanso yamdima. Chofala kwambiri ndi tsitsi la imvi. Ubweya wa nyama zamtunduwu si wowala kwambiri, zomwe amafotokozedwa ndikukhala kwawo kwamuyaya m'magawo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha. Nyama zidatha kuzolowera malo okhala, ndipo zimamva bwino.
Mmwenye
Oimira amtunduwu amaphatikizidwa pagulu lalikulu kwambiri la amwenye. Nyama ndizofala ku India, Nepal, Sri Lanka ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo.
Chodabwitsa cha nkhumba zachi India ndikuti siziopa anthu. Amakhala modekha, mopanda mantha, amapita ku zigawo za steppe ndi kutolera zomwe amakonda. Anthu akumaloko nawonso samawopa nyama izi ndipo samachita nkhanza.
Chovala cha oimira amtundu wa India ali ndi mtundu wowala. Izi ndichifukwa cha nyengo yotentha komanso mawonekedwe achilengedwe a m'derali.
Ngakhale kudandaula kwa nkhumba izi, osawopseza kapena ana awo. Nyama izi, posamalira ana awo, nthawi zonse zimasunga chibadwa ndipo zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri munthu wolakwayo.
Ussuri
Mitundu yamtunduwu ndi dera lalikulu. Maboti a Ussuri amakhala kudera la China, komanso kumadera a Far East Russia, pafupi ndi mitsinje ya Amur ndi Ussuri. Nthawi zina mtunduwu umatchedwanso Far East.
Zoyimira zamtunduwu ndizazikulu kwambiri pazomwe zilipo. Ndi kukula kwabwinobwino kwa masentimita 170-18, kulemera kwawo kwamthupi kumakhala kofunika 250 kg50 kg. Mavidiyo osangalatsa ngati amenewa amapangitsa kuti nkhumba izi zizikhala zoopsa kwa aliyense amene akumana nazo.
Tsambalo lili ndi mtundu wakuda, kuyambira mtundu wa imvi mpaka wakuda. Chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, nyamazo zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zolimba. Amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali ndikuthamangitsa yemwe angawopseze gulu lawo kapena banja lawo.
Nyama y nyama yam'madzi yam'madzi Mtunduwu umayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi anthu akumaloko, chifukwa chake, pafupifupi kotala lathunthu la oimira amalipitsidwa chaka ndi chaka osaka ndi osaka.
Oimira wamkulu kwambiri amtunduwu amapezeka ndendende kudera la Russia, ku Primorsky Territory.
Chijapani
Boar aku Japan amakhala ku Japan, kupatula zilumba zina. Oyimira mitunduyi ali ndi zazikulu zazikulu zamthupi ndi chida chakuda.
Kuchokera kumbali, nyama izi zikuwoneka zazikulu kwambiri, komanso zazikulu. Lingaliro ili ndi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamafuta omwe "amadya" pacholinga. Awo akuthyoka, koma nthawi yomweyo, akakhala ndi kakhalidwe kakang'ono, amawalola kupeza chakudya chonse chofunikira.
Nyama zoyamwitsa ndi zodekha komanso zamtendere, nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa m'malo osungira nyama kosiyanasiyana.
Utali wamoyo
Pafupifupi, nkhumba zakuthengo zimakhala kuthengo zaka 10 mpaka 15. Popeza kuti ali ndi zaka chimodzi ndi theka zokha, ana a nkhumba amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha, chiyembekezo chamoyo choterocho chikuchitika.
Moyo wa oyimira pawokha amatha kutha ngakhale zaka 10 zisanachitike. M'malo awo achilengedwe, nyama zimawopsezedwa ndi zilombo zosiyanasiyana, komanso anthu omwe amakonda kusaka.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, nyama pafupifupi 40,000 zimaphedwa pa nyama 400,000, kuphedwa ndi osaka ndi osaka. Kusaka nyama izi ndikofunikira kuyankhula padera.
Kusaka nyama zakale
Kusaka nyama zakale Imawerengedwa kuti ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa. Anthu ambiri amapha nyama chifukwa cha nyama yawo yamtengo wapatali komanso yopatsa thanzi, chovala chambiri komanso chokongola, kapena popanda chifukwa, kuti apeze mwayi wosaka nyama. Komabe, posaka nyama zoterezi, munthu ayenera kulabadira zambiri. Kodi zosangalatsa zamtunduwu ndi ziti?
Choyamba, ndikofunikira kunena kuti kusaka nyama zazikulu ngati izi ndi bizinesi yowopsa. Zimakhala ndi chiwopsezo osati nyama zokha, komanso kwa osakira okha. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nkhumba ndizovuta kwambiri kuvulaza kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mumalowa m'mafuta am'mimba, mutha kuyambitsa zowonongeka zazing'ono kwa nyamayo. Komabe, ngakhale zowonongeka zoterezi zimakwiyitsa kwambiri nguluwe, ndipo azitha kuyambitsa mavuto kwa omwe akuwatsutsawo.
Ngakhale zilowe mbali zina za thupi, simungathe kugwira ziwalo zofunika ndikungotulutsa chilombocho zokha. Chifukwa chake, osaka osadziwa sakulimbikitsidwa kuti azisankha nkhumba zankhondo kuti zizigwirira ntchito.
Komanso nyamazi zimathanso kusaka osaka m'modzi.Anthu a abusa awo nthawi zambiri amabwera kudzathandiza anzawo, ngakhale kudzipereka okha.
Nthawi zambiri anthu amasaka ndi agalu awo. Komabe, mwanjira imeneyi amangoika pangozi othandizira awo. Agalu omwe amakhala otsika poyerekeza ndi nkhumba zakutchire kukula kwake komanso kulemera kwake nthawi zina amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuposa anthu omwe.
Anthu ambiri omwe amakhala osokoneza bongo kuswana kwa boar. Ndizosatheka kusunga nyama zotere mu nyumba, komabe, iwo omwe akukhala m'nyumba zamtundu akhoza kulinganizidwa nawo malo apadera, ngati ziphuphu.
Malo amenewa ayenera kudzazidwa ndi udzu wouma kuti uzikhala ndi nyama nthawi yayitali, komanso kuwonjezera chakudya chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi kwa nkhumba zakutchire.
Cholembera chizitsekedwa, chifukwa nkhumba sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zikhudze nyengo. M'malo awo okhala zachilengedwe, amatetezedwa ndi dzuwa, mvula ndi matalala mu udzu kapena pansi pa korona zamitengo.
Mukamasunga Nguluwe kunyumba Ndikofunika kuti muchepetse ngozi iliyonse kwa nyamayo ndikuwapatsa moyo wabwino.
Monga lamulo, anthu omwe amakhala ndi nkhumba zakutchire amawapatsa chakudya cha makilogalamu 5 mpaka 7 tsiku lililonse. Nyama zapakhomo zimadya chimanga, masamba. Nthawi zina eni ake amakonzera phala ndi chimanga chambiri cha nyama.
Kwa nyama zoterezi, sichingakhale chopanda pake kuwonjezera zakudya kapena nyama yophika, komanso kirimu wowawasa wam'mudzi ndi tchizi chanyumba.
Makolo akale a nkhumba, ngakhale amatengedwa ngati nyama zakutchire, ndiabwino kwambiri ndi eni ake. Amakonda ndi kulemekeza anthu omwe amawaganizira, ndipo amatha kuwateteza pakagwa vuto, monga kuthengo amatha kuteteza banja lawo ndi ana awo.
Chifukwa chake, munkhaniyi tapenda mtundu wachilendo komanso wosangalatsa kwambiri wa zolengedwa - nkhumba zamtchire. Munthu aliyense amawona nyama zotetezedwa kumalo osungirako nyama, ndipo ali ndi lingaliro la moyo wa mbadwa zawo - nkhumba zoweta.
Nthawi zina sitiganiza ngakhale kuti ndi nyama zingati zomwe zimafa chaka chilichonse, osati kungokhutiritsa zofunikira zaumunthu, komanso m'manja mwa osaka ankhanza ndi osaka. M'malo mwake, ziwerengero zopha anthu ambiri zakhumudwitsa. Chifukwa chake, kutetezedwa kwa nyama zamtchire ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za aliyense wa ife.