Zodabwitsa za nyama sizitha. Malowo akakhala ocheperako, anthu okhala momwemo amakhala osowa kwambiri. Pamwambamwamba, ndipo pansi povonekera, ngati galasi, wopepuka wazaka zonse amakhala kumadera otentha a South America.
Chule chagalasi. Chithunzi chokongola
Pali chule padziko lonse lapansi. Chithunzi cha kukongola kowoneka bwino komanso kufotokoza kwa moyo wake wodabwitsika zili zonse m'nkhani yathu.
Achule agalasi - ayi, ayi, sanapangidwe ndigalasi! Awa ndi oimira kwambiri amoyo padziko lapansi. Awa ndi ma amphibians, omwe asayansi amati dongosolo la opanda chingwe. Banja lolumikiza zolengedwa izi limatchedwa - achule agalasi, mtundu umakhalanso ndi dzina lomweli.
Zodabwitsa zochuluka bwanji padziko lapansi! Mayi Wanyama amatha kuonedwa ngati mlengi wamkulu wa dziko lathuli. Sanasiye kudabwitsidwa ndi luso lake. Apa, zikuwoneka, achule wamba - chapadera ndichani kwa iwo? Koma ngakhale pakati pa zolengedwa izi pamakhala nthawi zina zomwe munthu sangathe kuzikana nazo.
Ngati mukuyang'ana chule wagalasi kuchokera pamwambapa - si wosiyana kwambiri ndi achule wamba.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, ofufuza adafotokoza nyama yowoneka bwinoyi mu 1872. Masiku ano padziko lapansi pano pali mitundu 60 ya zokongola izi.
Mawonekedwe achule ndi malo okhala
M'madambo osoweka akumwera kwa Mexico, kumpoto kwa Paraguay, Argentina, komwe anthu sangathe kufikira, osaya chule wagalasi (Centrolenidae) akumva bwino. Mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje yoyenda pakati pa nkhalango zachinyezi ndi malo omwe amakonda kwambiri malo ake. Cholengedwa chokha, monga ngati kuchokera pagalasi, kudutsa pakhungu ndikuwonekera mkati, mazira.
Ambiri mwa amphibi amakhala ndi "galasi" pamimba, koma amapezeka ndi khungu lowonekera kumbuyo kapena miyendo yowala. Nthawi zina miyendo imakongoletsedwa ndi fanizo. Ang'ono, osakula kuposa 3 cm, kutalika kubiriwira, kwamtambo ndi utoto wowoneka bwino, ndi maso achilendo, otero mafotokozedwe ndichithunzi cha chule chagalasi.
M'chithunzichi chule chagalasi
Mosiyana ndi amphibian wamatabwa, maso ake samayang'ana mbali, koma kutsogolo, kotero, kuyang'ana kwake kumayang'ana pa 45 °, komwe kumakupatsani mwayi wowerengetsa ziweto zazing'ono. Pali chidendene cha chidendene.
Maphunziro a Ecuadorian a amphibians (Centrolene) ali ndi magawo akuluakulu mpaka masentimita 7. Ali ndi mbale yoyera yam'mimba, mafupa obiriwira. Malo omwe ali ndi chizimba chomenyera. Cholinga chazomwe chimayesedwa ndi chida pofalikira pagawo kapena kwa anyamata.
Maonekedwe a chule chagalasi, ndizodabwitsa bwanji?
Kapangidwe kamene kali m'mimba mwa nyamayo ndi kotero kuti kudzera pakhungu mumatha kuwona zonse mkati mwake. Zikuwoneka kuti thupi lonse la chule limawoneka kuti limapangidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nyamayi inkatchedwa "galasi", chifukwa yonse imayang'anitsitsa!
Koma ndikofunikira kumuwona pamimba - ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimamveka bwino chifukwa chake nyamayi idatchedwa choncho!
Kukongola uku kumakula kutalika kuyambira 3 mpaka 7.5 sentimita - poyerekeza ndi achule ena ndi ochepa kwambiri. Ndipo fragility yoonekayo imachepetsa kukula kwawo. Matako a nyamayo imawoneka bwino kwambiri. M'mitundu ina, amakongoletsedwa ndi mphonje yosadziwika. Mitundu ya achule agalasi ndi yobiriwira. Koma nthawi zina pamakhala zitsanzo zopaka utoto wonyezimira wobiriwira. Maso a chule chagalasi amayang'ana kutsogolo, osati mmbali, mwachitsanzo, chule cha mtengo.
Khalidwe lagalasi wagalasi ndi moyo wawo
Zinali ku Ecuador kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 komwe zifanizo zoyambirira zidapezeka, ndipo mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 izi amphibians adagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri. Osankhidwa komaliza atatu mauna galasi achule (Hyalinobatrachium) amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa fupa loyera, kusapezeka kwa chida chopepuka, chomwe mwa "achibale" ena chimakwirira chidule cha mtima, matumbo, chiwindi.
Ziwalo zamkati izi zikuwonekera bwino. Gawo lalikulu la moyo wa achule onse limachitika pamtunda. Anthu ena amakonda kukhazikika m'mitengo, kusankha mapiri. Koma kubereka kumatheka kokha m'mphepete mwa mitsinje.
Kutsogolera moyo wamadzulo, masana amapuma pa zinyalala. Amphibians Hyalinobatrachium amakonda kusaka masana. Zochititsa Chidwi za Glass Frog ndi mawonekedwe amakhalidwe pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugawa maudindo pamene akuikira mazira.
Amuna amayang'anira maola awo ochepa amoyo, kenako amatha nthawi. "Abambo a Mesh" amateteza masoka kuti asachotse madzi kapena tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali (tsiku lonse). Pali chiphunzitso chakuti mtsogolomo amasamalira kukula kwaunyamata. Zachikazi zamtundu uliwonse zitangotayikira zimasowa kwina kosadziwika.
Kudya kwa Magalasi
Mwa mayina a amphibians opezeka Chule chagalasi ku Venezuela adampatsa iye pamtunda. Monga ma amphibians onse "owonekera", ndi osakhutira, amakonda kudya pang'onopang'ono pama arthropods, ntchentche, udzudzu.
Ataona amene angamuchitire chipongwe, akutsegula pakamwa pake, ndikumuwombera patali masentimita angapo. Nyengo yamkuntho imakupatsani mwayi wopeza chakudya osati madzulo, komanso masana. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, ntchentche za Drosophila ndizoyenera kudya.
Gulani chule chagalasi ndizovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kuli malo asayansi ophunzirira nyama zachilendo izi, pali okonda ochepa amphibian omwe ali nazo. Zofunikira pakubwezeretsedwa mu ukapolo ndizovuta, mudzafunika ma ma aquatorrariamu apadera okhala ndi chilengedwe.
Kubalanso komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali wa chule
Nthawi yobereka imachitika pokhapokha nthawi yamvula. Wamphongo, pochotsa oyimbawo ndi kuwopseza kapena kuwukira, amayamba chibwenzi cha mkazi. Chilichonse chomwe angakope, ndiye ndi likhweru, kenako mwachidule.
Pacithunzi-thunzi chilala chagalasi ndi caviar
Nthawi zina amapezeka chithunzi cha chule chagalasi, pomwe anthuwa amawoneka kuti akukhalirana. Kuguba koteroko kumatchedwa kuti kupepuka, pomwe mnzakeyo amagwira namkono ndi mawamba ake, samatulutsa kwa masekondi kapena maola.
Mazira amawaika mozama pa tsamba lamitengo ya tsamba lomwe limamera pamwamba pamadzi. Sizingatheke kuzindikiridwa ndi mbalame, okhala m'madzi sangathe kufikira. Pambuyo pakucha kwa caviar, tadpoles amawoneka, omwe nthawi yomweyo amagwera mumadziwo, pomwe akuwopsa.
Kutalika kwa moyo ndi kufa kwa amphibians sizimamveka bwino. Palibe njira yeniyeni yodziwira zaka za nyama zomwe zimakhala m'chilengedwe. Koma asayansi amati mu chilengedwe moyo wawo ndi wofupikitsa. Zambiri zokhala pazosungidwa zasungidwa:
- imvi chala - zaka 36,
- Chule wa zaka 22,
- Chule wa udzu - 18.
Sizokayikitsa kuti achule aliwonse a Centrolenidae adzakhala ndi nthawi yayitali. Kuphatikiza pa zovuta zachilengedwe, kuopsezedwa kwa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, pali mwayi wambiri wa mankhwala ophera tizirombo tomwe timakhala m'malo amadzi, momwe ma tadpoles amakhala. Ndi chakudya cha nsomba ndi nthumwi zina za zilombo, kotero "achiwonekere" amphibians amathanso kuzimiririka mdziko la nyama.
Ndikufuna kudziwa chilichonse
Panama sasiya kutidabwitsa ndi ziphuphu zake. Wina mwa okhalamo amatchedwa chozizwitsa chenicheni cha chilengedwe. Adzakhala chule chagalasi ("Centrolenidae" - dzina la asayansi).
Chule chagalasi si fano lagalasi, koma cholengedwa. Mukumuyang'ana kuchokera kumwamba, kumbali, kutsogolo - chule wamba, wosawoneka. Koma yang'anani pansi ndikudabwa. Khungu pamimba pake ndiwowoneka bwino kotero kuti mutha kuwona ziwalo zake zonse zamkati, kuphatikizapo mazira ang'ono. Ngakhale mitundu mitundu, mawonekedwe a khungu amawoneka mosiyana.
M'malo mwake, achule agalasi ndi banja lonse la amphibian.
Khungu pamimba ya chule lotere limafanana ndi galasi, chifukwa kudzera mu ilo munthu amatha kuwona bwino ziwalo zamkati - chiwindi, mtima, m'mimba, komanso nthawi zina ngakhale mazira achikazi. Pachifukwa ichi, chule amatchedwa galasi. Kupatula khungu lowonekera pamimba, chule choterocho ndi wamba.
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa chule chagalasi kunapezeka mu 1872, pomwe oyambilira adagwidwa ku Ecuador. Pambuyo pake, asayansi adapeza kuti malo okhala chule galasi sakhala ku Ecuador kokha, nyama yachilendoyi imatha kupezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America, ku Central America (kumpoto pakati pa North ndi South America, ku Mexico palokha) komanso m'malo ena angapo ku South America .
Mwathunthu, banja la achuleli lili ndi mitundu 12, kuphatikiza mitundu 60. Kufunika kopezeka kwa ma amphibianswa ndi kwa katswiri wodziwa zachilengedwe ku Spain a Marcos Jimenez de la Espada (1872, Latin America). Kupeza kumeneku kunakhala chiyambi cha zochuluka za mitundu yatsopano ya achule a m'banjali. Mu 50-70s m'zaka za zana la 20 lino, achule omwe amakhala ku Central America (Costa Rica ndi Panama) adafotokozedwa, patapita nthawi pang'ono - ku gawo la Andes, ku Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador ndi Peru. Mitundu ina imakhala m'malo a mitsinje ya Amazon ndi Orinoco.
Komabe, malinga ndi asayansi, achule agalasi poyambilira amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America, pambuyo pake adakulitsa malo awo okhala. Achule agalasi amakhazikika pamitengo yotentha ndi nkhalango zowuma. Pafupifupi ndi madzi, amasuntha kokha munthawi ya kuswana. Achule amayikira mazira pamasamba achitsamba ndi mitengo yomwe ili pamwamba pamitsinje ndi mitsinje. Mtundu wina umayika mazira pamiyala pafupi ndi mitsinje yamadzi. Pambuyo pakusintha ndi kubadwa, mafunde amayenera kulumphira m'madzi. Phata lamphamvu, m'manja mwa iwo pomwe amagwa, silikhala chopinga chachikulu. Chifukwa cha mchira wamphamvu ndi zipsepere zochepa, zimatha kupirira.
Kusankhidwa kwa malo achilendo oterewa kuti akaikire mazira kumabweretsa zabwino zake. Chule chagalasi motero chimachulukitsa mwayi wokhala ndi moyo, chifukwa nsomba zodya sizifika mazira ake. Ngakhale, ma tadpoles agwera m'madzi, amathanso kukhala osavuta nsomba.
Kukula kwake kocheperako, kuyambira masentimita atatu mpaka 7.5, kumapereka chithunzicho ndi chisangalalo china. Ziwalo za thupi, monga miyendo, zimakhala zowonekera kwathunthu. Kumbuyo ndi miyendo ndi utoto wobiriwira mosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi zingapo, banja lonse la achule agalasi limawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo la banja la achule. Koma sayansi siyimayima, ndipo asayansi akufufuza pafupipafupi ndikupanga chidziwitso chawo, komanso chidziwitso cha anthu onse. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti achule agalasi ndi achule a mitengo ndi mabanja osiyanasiyana. Ndipo mfundo yonseyo inali yoti kuoneka kwa chule chagalasi ndi chule cha mitengo, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi achule a mitengo, ndizofanana kwambiri. Koma ndi chule chagalasi, maso amayang'ana kutsogolo, koma ndi chule cha mitengo amawongoleredwa mbali zosiyanasiyana.
Izi tidaganizira chilengedwe. Koma likukhalira kuti pali ntchito ya manja a anthu. Asayansi aku Japan abweretsa mtundu watsopano - achule owonekera. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azitha kudziwa kukula kwa ziwalo zamkati, mitsempha yamagazi, mazira osakonzekera. Mutha kuwona pakhungu lomwe limakula, momwe khansa imakula ndikukula. Mukuwona m'moyo wonse wa chule yemweyo momwe zimakhudzira mafupa ake, chiwindi ndi ziwalo zina, "akutero wofufuza wotsogolera Masayuki Sumida, pulofesa ku Institute of Amphibian Biology ku University ya Hiroshima State.
Tsopano izi ndizofunikira chifukwa chakuti ambiri padziko lapansi amawunikira kukonzekera, omenyera ufulu wa nyama ali ndi malingaliro olakwika. Pamsonkhanowu, Masayuki Sumida adati gulu lake lidapanga cholengedwa choyambirira cha miyendo inayi padziko lonse lapansi, osaganizira nsomba zina zomwe zimachita kuonekeratu. Asayansi apanga mtundu watsopano malinga ndi mtundu wachilendo wa chule wa brown waku Japan, Rena japonica, yemwe nsana wake nthawi zambiri umakhala wa bulauni kapena wowoneka bwino. Zakhala zowonekera pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya recessive. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopanga maumboni, gulu la Sumida linadutsa achule awiri omwe ali ndi majini omwe amapezekanso. Ana awo amawoneka wamba, mwamphamvu kwambiri amapambana. Koma kuwoloka mopitilira kunapangitsa ma tadpoles owoneka bwino.
Ndipo tsopano, tadpole ikasandukira chule, mukuwona zosintha zamkati zapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwachidziwitso, achule oterewa amatha kukhalako mwachilengedwe, koma sikungatheke kulandira majini angapo otere. Achule owonekera amatha kuwonekeranso, kuti akhale olowa pakati pa makolo awo. Koma mbewu yotsatira imafa, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mitundu iwiri ya majini omwe amakumbukiranso. Malinga ndi asayansi, chifukwa cha kunyengerera, azitha kutulutsanso achule mwa kulowetsanso mapuloteni ena apadera. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzimodziyi kwa anyama, monga mbewa, sikungapereke zotsatira "zowonekera," chifukwa khungu lawo ndi losiyana kotheratu.
Sindinalembepo za achule, koma zinalemba Giant slug
Kodi achule agalasi amakhala bwanji ndikuchita zinthu zachilengedwe?
Ntchito yayikulu ya amphibians amayenda pamitengo. Amakhazikika munkhalango zamapiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtunda. Kufunika koyandikira kwamadzi kumachitika pokhapokha pakubzala. China mwa machitidwe a nyama izi ndi mgwirizano wa amuna ndi akazi ndi udindo wawo pamaphunziro a ana. Mwina achule awa ndiosiyana kwambiri ndi nyama zonse, chifukwa achule ang'onoang'ono, kuyambira zaka mazira, amasamalidwa ... ndi amuna! Ndipo zazikazi zazikazi zagalasi zimawoneka kuti zimayamba kutulutsa madzi zitangopangika dzira. Ndi lingaliro bwanji! Kusamalira "abambo" kumateteza mazira, kenako kukula kwa ana, kuchokera kwa olusa komanso zoopsa zina.
Chisinthiko ndichinthu chomwe chikuwoneka kuti ndi chanzeru komanso chomveka. Chifukwa chiyani chida chokhala ngati chida chokhala ngati khungu lowonekera - titha kungolingalira.
Poteteza mbadwa zake, chule chagalasi wamwamuna amatha kukhala wankhalwe kwambiri, mpaka kuyamba kumenya nawo nkhondo. Adzamenya nkhondo mpaka chomaliza! Awa ndi bambo wopanda chidwi chotere.
Kubala achule owonekera
Monga tanena kale, mkazi amatenga gawo laling'ono kwambiri pakuswana. Atayikira mazira, amasiya ana ake amtsogolo, amawasiya m'manja mwa amphongo. Zomangamanga zimakhala pamasamba a mitengo kapena zitsamba. Nthenga zomwe zimabadwa zimakhala ndi zipsepse zochepa komanso mchira waukulu. Mbali iyi ya kapangidwe ka thupi imawathandiza kukana kuyenda ndikuyenda mwachangu m'madzi.
Chimodzimodzinso nkhani ya kulera ana: bwanji akazi akamatha kusesa mazira?
Adani okhala m'malo
Chifukwa chakuti chule chagalasi amaikira mazira ake m'malo obisika, osaka ena a cafear sangawapeze. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ziweto zazing'ono zizisungidwa. Koma nthawi zina ma tadpoles achidwi komanso osazolowera amatha kukhala nsomba zodyera. Zomwe, zikutanthauza kuti zoperekedwa mwachilengedwe!