Chimphona cha pansi pa madzi ndi chinsomba cha umuna!
Mlendo wathu lero akusaka mkati mwamadzi ndi nyanja imodzi. Kutalika kwa cholengedwa ichi sikotsika kutalika kwagalimoto yonse yapansi panthaka, ndipo kulemera kwake ndikofanana ndi kulemera kwa thankiyo. Kodi mukumvetsa kale zomwe tikukambirana? Musanayambe umuna whale!
Sperm whale amakhala munyanja zonse za padziko lapansi. Akazi ndi ana amphongo amakhalabe m'madzi otentha komanso otentha, ndipo amuna olimba mtima okhaokha, amuna akuluakulu amasambira m'madzi ozizira a Arctic ndi Antarctic.
Tsiku ndi tsiku, carnivore wamkulu uyu amatenga pafupifupi tani la chakudya, amadya nsomba, octopus, squid. Nyama iyi imakwera pamwamba kuti ipume kwambiri, kenako imatsika pafupifupi kilomita imodzi kufunafuna nyama.
Sperm whale imatha kumva kugwidwa nayo kudzera mu khunyu. Mbali yake yakutsogolo ya mutu imatulutsa zolimba mwamphamvu mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya akupanga. Monga chimfine, nangumi amapanga mawonekedwe ndi komwe akukhudzidwayo.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nangumi wofera nthawi zonse amakopa chidwi cha olemba komanso ojambula chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake achilendo ndi mawonekedwe ake ovuta.
Maonekedwe a chinsomba
Kutalika kwa amuna ndi mamitala 18-20, ndipo zimphona izi zimalemera 50 mpaka 70 matani.
Zachikazi ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa zazimuna, kulemera kwawo kwamthupi kumasiyana mkati mwa matani 30, ndipo m'litali amafika mpaka 135 metres.
Winsomba imakhala ndi mchira waukulu.
Ma sperm whales amakhala ndi mawonekedwe oyamba komanso osazolowereka. Chofunikira kwambiri ndi mutu wa kukula kwakukulu, womwe umapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi lonse. Mbiriyi ikuwonetsa momwe kutsogolo kuli kwakukulu. Ngati mukuyang'ana kutsogolo kwa ukala kutsogolo, ndiye kuti mutu wake umasunthira kuchokera kumbali ndi matepi mwachidziwikire kumayambira kwa chizolowe. Amuna, gawo lakutsogolo limakhala lalikulu kwambiri kuposa zazikazi ndi zazing'ono zazikazi.
Ndi kukula kwa mutu, umuna umakhala ndi ubongo waukulu, koma kwenikweni izi ndi zolakwika. Gawo lalikulu la mutu limadzazidwa ndi minofu ya siponji yodzaza ndi mafuta. Kuchokera pa nsalu iyi, mothandizidwa ndi chithandizo chapadera, anthu amapeza spermaceti - chinthu cha waxy.
Izi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali popanga makandulo, mafuta osiyanasiyana ndi mafuta. Koma izi kale m'mbuyomu, masiku ano ma mankhwala osiyanasiyana apangidwe omwe ndi njira ina ya spermaceti. Pankhaniyi, palibe chifukwa chowonongera ubwamuna, womwe unachepetsa kwambiri kusaka nyama zomwe zimayamwa.
Sperm whales ndi zolengedwa zakuya kwambiri.
Kodi nchifukwa ninji mauna a umuna amafunikira minofu yotereyi, komanso ngakhale pafupi ndi ubongo? Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha chinthuchi, mphamvu za kuyamwa kwa umuna zimayandama. Mafuta pa kutentha kochepa amadzuka, koma pamatenthedwe kwambiri, m'malo mwake, amakhala madzi.
Magazi ake amatentha kwambiri, kuchuluka kwake kumacheperako, chifukwa chomwe nyamayo imatuluka mwachangu. Ndipo mukasunthira, njira yosinthirayo imagwira - mafuta amachulukana, kupsinjika kwake kumakulirakulira, ndipo kulemera kumakoka umuna womwe umalimba.
Palinso lingaliro lina kuti minofu yolumikizira imeneyi imakhudzana ndi kachitidwe kanyenyezi. Mothandizidwa ndi chinthu ichi, ma radiation omwe akupanga amayang'anitsitsa zinthu zofunika. Ndiye kuti, chinthu ichi chimalola kuti umuna upite kukazungulira zopinga ndi kuzindikira chakudya. Pali malingaliro ena, koma mu lingaliro lomwelo, lomwe mauna a umuna amafunikira minofu yokhala ndi siponji m'mitu yawo, yokhala ndi mafuta ambiri, asayansi sagwirizana.
Nthawi zina chimphona cha pansi pamadzi ichi chimatuluka m'madzi.
Mtundu wa umuna umatha kukhala wa bulauni kapena wotuwa. Poterepa, thupi lakumtambo limakhala lakuda kuposa lotsika. Kuzungulira pakamwa, khungu limakhala ndi tint yoyera yoyera. Pansi pamchira pali mtundu womwewo.
Kumbuyo kuli dorsal fin, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kuli mitundu ingapo yofananira, koma yaying'ono kwambiri. Nsagwada yopyapyala komanso yayitali imakhala ndi mano. Mano a zibowo zam'muna ndi okulirapo, dzino lililonse limalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 1.5. Pa nsagwada yapamwamba pamakhala zotsekemera zomwe mano amalowamo. Nsagwada ya m'munsi imakhala yolozeka, chinsomba chake chimatha kutsegula pafupifupi madigiri 90. Chifukwa cha kamwa yotere, nyama yolusa imeneyi imatha kumeza nyama yayikulu kwambiri.
The sperm whale amapuma ndi mphuno yakumanzere yokha yomwe ili kutsogolo kwa mutu, pomwe mphuno yakumanja imatha kulowa mumlengalenga, koma siyimatulutsa, chifukwa ili ndi valavu yapadera. Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandiza kuti chinsomba chikhale ndi mpweya wabwino. Sperm whales amatha kuzama kwa ola limodzi. Mchira wa umuna umakhala wolimba, kumapeto kwake kuli kutalika kwa mita pafupifupi 5. Zipsepse zamtchire ndi zazifupi komanso zazifupi.
Poyerekeza ndi anthu, zinzake za umuna ndi zimphona zenizeni.
Sperm whale whale ndi zakudya
Sperm whales ndi adani oopsa. Maziko a chakudya cha zinsomba zokhala ndi ma octopus, squid ndi cuttlefish.
Gawo lofunika kwambiri pakudya kwa sperm whales ndilinso nsomba. Zinsomba zoterezi zimakonda kudya shaki zazing'ono, ma ray, ma bass a nyanja, nthumwi za ma cod, okhala pansi ndi ozimeza. Nthawi zambiri, umuna wa ubala umasaka mozama mpaka 400 mpaka 1200 metres. Popereka nsembe yosangalatsa, chinsomba chimatha kulowa mpaka 3,000 metres.
Nthawi zambiri, mauna owala amakula pamphindi 30 zilizonse. Nthawi zonse amadzuka ndikugwa. Poyandama pamwamba, sperm whales amatulutsa akasupe amadzi amphamvu, mpaka kutalika kwa mamita 3-4. Koma ndege ngati iyi imawerengedwa osati kumtunda, ngati ma boda onse, koma ngodya. Pazakuchitikazi, sperm whale imasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi mamembala ena am'banja.
Gulu la ubwamuna.
Mbuna zokhala ndi mano zimakhala nthawi zambiri, zazimuna zazikazi khumi ndi zisanu zimasonkhana pafupi ndimphongo wamwamuna wamkulu. Angapo otere amatha kuphatikizidwa kukhala gulu limodzi lalikulu. Mamembala a gulu lalikulu lotero amadyera limodzi ndikuyamba kusamuka. M'nyengo yotentha, anamgumi amapita kumadzi akumpoto, ndipo nthawi yozizira - malo ofunda.
Akazi savomereza achichepere achichepere, chifukwa chake amakakamizidwa kusonkhana m'magulu osiyana. Nthawi zambiri kumakhala mikangano pakati pa amuna amuna pa ufulu wokhala azimayi. Nkhondo zankhanzazi zitha kutha pa imfa ya m'modzi mwa anyamatawa.
Sperm whales samangoyenda osayenda bwino, komanso amalumpha bwino, amatha kudumphira m'madzi. Nthawi zina umuna umatuluka ndi kuimirira m'madzi. Koma ma whagi okhala ndi matayala osambira pang'onopang'ono, akamadyetsa amakonda kuyenda mofulumira kwambiri makilomita 10 pa ola limodzi, momwe angathere, koma amathamangira makilomita 35 pa ola limodzi.
Sperm whale si nyama yothamanga kwambiri.
Sperm whales imatulutsa mawu ngati ma Click, cod komanso kubangula. Amabangula kwambiri, mawu ake amafanana ndi injini yamagetsi yomwe ikugwira ntchito.
Sperm whale ndi chimphona chamadzi.
Cetaceans ndi nyama zam'madzi. Fotokozerani nyama zoyamwitsa. Ndiwo nyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amawoneka ngati nsomba, koma achibale ndi mvuu. Cetaceans alibe magayo; kupuma kwawo ndi m'mapapo. Amakhala ndi magazi ofunda, matenthedwe awo ndi 35-40 °, omwe amasungidwa ndi mafuta. Kulemera ndi kutalika kwake ndi kosiyana, kutengera mitundu.
Cetaceans agawidwa m'magawo awiri:
- Ndevu (toothless) ndi anamgumi.
- Chofikira: mauna owonda, ma dolphin, chinsomba cha wakupha, ochenjera, zopondera.
Mahava amagawidwa m'mitundu 10:
- Sail.
- Finwal.
- Bowhead whale.
- South whale.
- Minke whale.
- Grey whale.
Makoma alibe vuto, pewani kuwombana kowopsa. Amaperekedwa kwa asaka ndi mzere wamadzi womwe umaponyedwa kunja kukauluka kuti utulutsidwe mpweya, ndikumamasula mapapu ku mpweya womwe wawunjikana panthawi yotentha. Mitundu yonse imakhala ndi akasupe amtali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Kutalika kumafikira 15 m ndipo zimatengera kuya kwa kumizidwa. Mitundu yayikulu, chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa nthunzi, imatulutsa chitoliro, chomwe chimatha kumveka kwa makilomita angapo.
Thupi limawumbidwa ndi dontho, chifukwa cha madzi ochepa osalimba pamene akusambira. Zingwe zochokera 4-6 mpaka 33 m kulemera kuyambira 3 mpaka 190 matani . Mphuno zake zimakhala pafupi ndi chisoti chachifumu. Maso ndi ang'ono, mpaka 1 makilogalamu kulemera kwake, d = 10-17 cm.Mtundu zazing'ono - kukula kwa galu. Masomphenya ndi osauka, myopic. M'malo mwa mano, mitundu yonse ya mafupa amakhala ndi mafupa a chinsomba. Amasefa chakudya. Agulugufe a baleen samasaka chakudya, amawoneka kuti amadya, akusenda m'miyala ya crustaceans ang'ono ndi nsomba zazing'ono.
Colouring ndi monophonic, mthunzi, mawanga, khungu limakhala losalala. Palibe tanthauzo la kununkhiza, ma cook receptors amangomva kukoma kwamchere. Kumva - phokoso limasiyanitsidwa ndi 150 Hz mpaka ma frequency omwe akupanga. Khalani ndi malingaliro abwino okhudza. Mahava alibe zingwe za mawu, amamvetsana chifukwa cha zida zomwe amapangira sonar, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mafupa a chigaza ndi mafuta, omwe amawongolera chizindikiro cha ultrasound.
Mahava amayenda mothamanga 2540km / h . Amakhala zaka 30-50. Anthu okhala m'madzi am'nyanja yonse.
Ambiri aiwo ndi amwano, amabereka zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Amayamba kubereka kuyambira zaka 3-5, ndipo atakhwima pofika zaka 12. Amuna amatha kukwatirana chaka chonse. Mimba, miyezi 7-18. Mwana wamwamuna mmodzi amabadwa ndi mchira wake kutsogolo, wolemera matani 2-3, kutalika - 1⁄4 kapena 1⁄2 kutalika kwa mkazi. Amasambira pawokha, koma ali pafupi ndi amayi ake ndipo amadyetsa mkaka wa 54% wamafuta mpaka theka la chaka.
Ma buluu a buluu amatalika 33 m kutalika, kulemera pafupifupi matani 150-190. Amakonda madzi ozizira. Amakhala okhaokha. Kuzama kumizidwa ndi mpaka 500 m ndi zina, komwe kuli 50 min. Kuthamanga - 50k m / h, pakusamuka - 30 km / h.
Ma sperm whales ndiye wamkulu kwambiri pa chinsomba chotulutsa. Kutalika kwa amuna kumakhala mpaka 20 m, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi mpaka matani 50, kutalika kwa akazi kumakhala mpaka 15 m, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi matani 30.
Ziweto zankhosa zimasonkhana m'magulu a mazana angapo ndipo ngakhale masauzande. Kuyenda mwachangu mpaka 35 km / h kulowa pansi kwambiri mpaka 3.5 km . Iwo ndi thermophilic, samapezeka m'madzi ozizira. Amasungidwa kutali ndi gombe, komwe kuya sikuli kupitirira 200. Amasaka chakudya cha ng'ombe, pakuya kwa mita 1000 palibe opikisana nawo. Cephalopods, ngakhale zimphona zazikulu (mpaka 18 m), nsomba, shaki zimadyedwa. Idyani 1 toni yazakudya patsiku. Zinyalala zamtambo zomwe zagwera munyanja: mabotolo, waya, nsapato. Nthawi zambiri miyala imamezedwa kuchokera pansi kupera chakudya m'mimba.
Amasiyana ndi ma cetaceans onse omwe ali ndi mutu waukulu - 35% ya kutalika kwa thupi lonse. Mutu wopingasa umaloweka m'mbali. Pansi pamutu pali nsagwada yomwe imakhala ndi mano 20- 20 ofanana ndi mano. Kulemera kwa dzino limodzi - mpaka 1 makilogalamu. Nsagwada ya m'munsi imatsegula 90 °.
Diso d = 15 masentimita, mabowo a khutu omwe ali kumbuyo kwa maso. Ziwalo zamawonedwe ndi fungo sizikupangidwa. Kasupe amatuluka pamlingo wa 45 °. Kupumira kumachitika ndi mphuno lamanzere, mpweya wokhawo womwe umatha. Sperm whale inamira kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha valavu yotseka, yomwe imapereka mpweya wabwino.
Khungu limakulungika, imvi zakuda ndi utoto wabuluu, zofiirira zakuda ndi zakuda ndizotheka. Kapangidwe ka mafuta mpaka 50cm.
Ukala wamagazi umafika 8 kg ndi mtima uli 1 m2 . Kupezeka kwa spermaceti sac (mafuta pad) - 10 t - kumathandizira kuti ma sperm whales agwere pansi mwakuya, ndikuwawiritsa, ndi kachipangizo kopangira mawu.
Akazi achikulire amasamukira popanda mtundu wake, amuna amapanga ng'ombe zawo, ndipo amuna achikulire amakhala okha.
Amatulutsa mawu amtundu wa cod, kudina, kuwomba. Zitha kutuluka ndikuyimirira mokhazikika mumtsinje, kumadumphira m'madzi kwathunthu. Amagona m'madzi, kugona tulo osasunthika - mphindi 10 - kuzizira kozungulira nthawi yomweyo.
Mwachangu kubereka mu April. Amuna pafupifupi onse amasonkhana mpaka azikazi 15. Amuna okhwima - azaka 22-26, akazi - 14-16 wazaka. Mimba imatenga miyezi 15-18, khanda limodzi limabadwa, lolemera pafupifupi tani, kutalika kwa 3-4 m. Amadyetsedwa mkaka kwa miyezi 13. Anawo ali ndi amayi awo azaka 5-7. Ma sperm whales amakhala mpaka theka la zaka.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Nthawi ya kutenga pakati pa mauna a sperm ndi zaka 1.5. Mwana wakhanda aliyense amabadwa nthawi zonse, pafupifupi 3 metres kukula kwake ndi 1 tani kulemera kwake. Amayi amadyetsa mwana mkaka kwa chaka chimodzi. Panthawi imeneyi, mwana amakula nthawi 2 kawiri, ndipo mano ake amawonekera.
Kutha msambo mwa akazi kumachitika zaka 7, ndipo mwa amuna - pa zaka 12 mpaka 12. Akazi amabweretsa nthawi yoyamba mu zaka zitatu. Kutha kubereka kumakhalabe nawo mpaka zaka 40 mpaka 40. Pafupifupi, zaka zambiri zomwe moyo wammuna umakhala ndi zaka 50-60. Koma m'malo abwino okhala, zimphona izi zimatha kudutsa zaka 70. Mwachiwonekere, nthawi yayitali kwambiri yokhala ndi moyo ndi zaka 80.
Kukumana ndi diver ndi chinsomba cha umuna.
Zachilendo pakati pa whale ndi sperm whale
- Dongosolo - nyama zapamadzi, mtundu - chordates, kalasi - zolengedwa.
- Warmblood, kupuma kwamapapo
- Sinthani mzere wamtambo mukakwera pamwamba
- Thupi logwedeza
- Zosowa za mawu
- Ali ndi chida chamalingaliro
- Bereka mwana 1
- Mwana amadyetsedwa mkaka
- Zosamveka
- Kukhalapo kwa tiziwalo ta mammary mu akazi, kusakhalapo kwa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa khungu
Adani a Sperm Whales
Anzanu am'madzi mu nyanja samakhala ndi adani achilengedwe ochulukirapo. Mdani wamkulu ndi anamgumi opha akuukira zazikazi ndi nyama zazing'ono. Nyama za wakupha siziwopa kusaka. Shaki zazikuluzinso sizikhala pangozi yayikulu kwa zibowo zam'muna.
Koma kuchokera kwa wamkulu kuwonongeka kwa anthu. Anthu akhala akusaka mauna owononga kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kuchokera kwa munthu m'modzi, mutha kupeza matani 6 a spermaceti ndi matani 10 amafuta. Amphaka oterewa amawononga ndalama zambiri.
Koma sperm whales amatha kudzisamalira okha, panali nthawi zambiri pamene zimphona izi zimatembenuza zombo zazing'ono. Sperm whale ikhoza kumezedwa ndi asodzi m'madzi. Ndipo ngati mumaganizira za mawonekedwe a maunyolo opangika, zimawonekeratu kuti munthu amalowa m'mimba ali wamoyo. Pamenepo, amafa msanga chifukwa cha kukomoka komanso kuwonongeka kwa madzi a m'mimba.
Kuyambira mu 1985, kusaka mauna owononga aletsedwa, zomwe sizinakhudze makampani azachipatala ndi onunkhira. Masiku ano, mahava pafupifupi 500,000 amakhala m'madzi am'nyanja. Chiwerengero cha anthu chikukula pang'onopang'ono, koma uthenga wabwino ndiwakuti sukuchepa.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kusiyana pakati pa chinsomba ndi chinsomba
Anjazi | ||
Chigawo | Mustachioed (Toothless) | Zofikiridwa |
Kugonana kwamanyazi | Akazi ndi amuna ambiri | Amuna ndi akazi ambiri |
Moyo | Nthawi zambiri, payekha ng'ombe zazing'ono | Ziweto, ng'ombe za mazana ndi zikwizikwi za anthu |
Njira yopezera chakudya | Monga "msipu", kusefa chakudya kudzera pa bowa | Amasaka ng'ombe, kugwira ndi kumeza nyama |
Pezani chakudya | Kuzama kwa 100-200 m | Kuzama kwa 1000 m |
Idyani | Ma crustaceans aang'ono, nsomba zazing'ono | Cephalopods (kuphatikiza squid wamkulu), nsomba zazikulu, shaki zina |
Habitat | Nyanja zonse zimakonda madzi ozizira | Wokonda moto, simudzakumana ndi madzi ozizira |
Miyeso | Kutalika mpaka 33 m, kulemera mpaka 190 t | Kutalika mpaka 20 m, kulemera kwa 50 t |
Kuthamanga kofulumira | 20-50km / h | 10-35km / h |
Mutu | Zofanana thupi | Giant mutu - 35% ya thupi, amakona anayi |
Nsagwada | Nsagwada ya m'munsi ndi yayikulu kuposa kumtunda, m'malo mwa mano, mbale zamatenti | Nsagwada yapamwamba ndi yayikulu kuposa yapansi, nsagwada imakhala ndi mano awiri 20-26 |
Kumiza mwakuya | Mpaka 500 m | Mpaka 3.5 km |
Ali pansi pa madzi | 10-40 min | 1.5 h |
Kasupe | Flat mpaka 15m kutalika | Pa ngodya ya 45 ° |
Zikumveka | Kusungunuka | kutsekeka, kudula, kubuula |
Kusamukira | Chaka ndi chaka amasuntha nthawi yomweyo kudzera njira imodzi, kubwerera kumalo omwewo | Osatengera nyengo ya mayendedwe osunthira ena |
Kuthamanga Kwambiri | Kufikira 30 km / h | 10 km / h |
Colouring | Phiri, mthunzi, malo | Imvi yakuda yokhala ndimtambo wamtambo, utoto wakuda ndi mitundu yakuda ndiyotheka. |
Khungu | Yosalala | Makwinya |
Chipangizo cha Echolocation | Mafupa owerengeka a chigaza ndi gawo la mafuta amapanga mandala omveka ndi chowunikira | Chikwama cha Spermacet |
Pamwamba | Dzukani kuti mupume mpweya | Amatha kudumphira m'madzi, nthawi zina amatuluka ndikuyimirira motsimikiza |
Gona | Kugona mu gawo limodzi kuti musamire | Amagona tulo, tating'ono, tating'ono, tofa ngati tulo, tofa nato mpaka mphindi 12 |
Kuswana | Kuyambira wazaka 3-5, kutha msinkhu kuyambira wazaka 12 | Kutha msinkhu wamwamuna wazaka 23-25, zazikazi - wazaka 15-17 |
Mimba | Miyezi 7-18 | 16-16 miyezi |
Mkaka wadyetsedwa | Kufikira miyezi 4-7 | 1 chaka |
Woimira wamkulu wa subothy whale subline, ndiwofala, womwe umapezeka kufalikira kwa umuna wonse (Physeter macrocephalus).Ndizoyambira nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Indian ndi Pacific Oceans, kugawidwa pamadzi otentha onse, pomwe ku Northern ndi Southern Oceans sikunatero.
Sperm whale ndi wokhala kunyanja yosakhazikika, sikuti imangodalitsika kudutsa nyanja yakunyumba kwawo, koma nthawi zina imadutsa kuchokera kunyanja ina kupita ku ina, mwachitsanzo, nangumi ya umuna imaphedwa ku Atlantic Ocean, komwe thupi lake lidali ndi mikondo yomwe adamupeza ku Pacific Ocean.
Komabe, sperm whale, zikuwoneka kuti, nthawi zambiri imakhala m'malo ena ogawikirako, popeza ku Bay of Bengal ndi kuzungulira Ceylon, komwe kumapezeka kwambiri, pakadali chizunzo chazovuta, sizachilendo. Zofananazi zitha kunenedwa za South Pacific.
Chifukwa cha mafuta a chinsomba
Mwachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa mafuta a chinsomba mu umuna wamakono sikuti nthawi zonse kumakhala okulirapo ngati nyama zazikulu ngati kale. Chinsomba chimodzi chachikulu kwambiri chotchedwa sperm whale chomwe chinagwidwa ku zilumba za Galapagos mu 1857 chinapereka migolo 85 yamafuta, pomwe chinagwidwa m'dera lomwelo mu 1817 chinapereka migolo 100 ya mafuta.
Za umuna
Kuphatikiza pa mafuta a chinsomba, sperm whale imaperekanso zomwe zimadziwika kuti spermaceti, zomwe zimapezeka m'mutu wambiri. Kukula kwakukulu kwa mutu, mpaka pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa kutalika kwa thupi la nyama, motero, palimodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa mano, komwe 20-25 pa theka lililonse la nsagwada yam'munsi, chizindikiro chachikulu cha umuna. Pamutu pa sperm whale mumakhala chotseka chachikulu chomwe chimadzaza ndi spermaceti, pomwe pansi chimapangidwa ndi chivundikiro cha chigaza, ndikupanga khoma lalitali kumtunda kumbuyo kwake, lomwe limapangidwa kwambiri kutsogolo kwa chizungulire cha sperm whale ndikutali kwambiri komanso lonse ndipo mwakutero limatha kubowoleza spermatozet.
Mosiyana ndi kumtunda kwa mutu, nsagwada yayitali yotsika, yomwe nthambi zonse ziwiri zimalumikizana pakati pamtunda wautali pafupifupi theka lathunthu, ndizopapatiza.
Nthambi za m'nsagwada yam'munsi imakhala ndi mano opindika kumapeto kwenikweni, lakuthwa mpaka kuthetsedwa, ndipo amapanga chinthu chofanana ndi njovu. Mano amaphimba pamalo akulu pansi pakamwa lalitali komanso lalikulu, natsegula pansipa, ndikubwerera kumapeto kwa chizungulire, ndikusandulika khosi lambiri. Pafupifupi pamwamba pakamwa pokha, chakumapeto kwenikweni kwa chakumapeto, osati pakati, ndipo kumanzere kwake, kuli chitseko cha S chofunda cha mphuno, diso limakhala pamwamba pakona pakamwa, ndipo patali patali ndi khomo la khutu, osapitirira 6.5 mm.
Pafupi ndi chomaliza, chomwe ndi, kumbuyo pang'ono komanso chotsika kuposa diso, ndalama yakumapeto imamangiririka. Chinsomba umuna ulibe ndalama. M'malo mwake, m'mphepete mwa mutu ndi torso, pamakhala kutalika kooneka bwino komwe kuli kumapeto kwa msana, ndipo pakati pakati pamtunda uwu ndi mchira pali malo okukulirapo a mawonekedwe a hump opangidwa ndi mndandanda wocheperako. Pamaso pansonga, chinsomba chimakhala cholocha chakuda kapena chakuda, mbali zake ndi m'mimba ndizopepuka, ndipo chifuwa chake chimakhala cha imvi.
Nthawi zina nthenga za umuna, zomwe amuna ake amakula nthawi zambiri kumaso ndipo mutu wake umasanduka imvi, umakumana ndi zojambula zopanda kanthu kapena zakuda. Winsomba imakhala yodziwika ndi utoto mkati mkamwa ndi lilime, imakhala yoyera. Chifukwa cha zochitika zoterezi, chinsomba chimalumikizira nyama yake, yomwe imakhala ndi cephalopods ndi nsomba, imapachikika nsagwada yake yapansi pafupifupi pansi, ndipo nyama zomwe zikutumikirazo zimakopeka ndi kukongola kowonekera pakamwa, ndikuzigwira, kuzitseka mwachangu.
Mpweya
Chinsomba chokhala pansi pamadzi chodyera chimasokonezedwa ndi kupumula kwa nyamayo, chifukwa izi, mwina, sizimapezeka mumtundu wina uliwonse wa cetaceans. Sperm whales osiyanasiyana kukula kwake, chifukwa chake ndi amuna ndi akazi osiyana zaka, amasiyanasiyana pamlingo wopumira komanso nthawi yayitali yokhala pansi pamadzi ndi pamtunda.
Amuna akuluakulu amatenga mphindi 10 mpaka 12 kuti atuluke komanso kutuluka, amakhala pamwamba pamadzi pafupifupi mphindi 12 ndipo nthawi imeneyi amaphulika mpweya wokwanira 60-75. Ukalawu umakwera pamwamba pamadzi kuti upume, kenako umayamba kuwoneka, kenako mutu wake umachoka pang'onopang'ono madziwo, omwe kwa masekondi atatu umasuntha mzere wampweya wamadzimadzi woyera, nthawi zina mzerewu umatha kuwoneka kuchokera pamwamba pa chimacho patali pafupifupi 10 km, koma siyinso ndi phokoso lililonse.
Pakupuma, pamene umuna umalowera mtsogolo, safunikira imodzi yokha. Ngakhale atakhala kanthawi pang'ono pamadzi, amatulutsa mizati ikuluikulu yamadzi, monga momwe zasonyezedwera.
Pang'onopang'ono, umuna umatha kuchoka pamwambapo, umayamba ndi kukweza mchira wake m'mwamba pafupifupi, m'madzi umalowa mozama kwambiri ndipo umakhalabe pakati pa mphindi 50-70. Nyama zowopsa zimasowa pamwamba pa madzi mwadzidzidzi, ngakhale zitagona pansi pamadzi. Ngati sakusokonezedwa, ndiye kuti pakupuma nthawi zambiri amagona pamadzi osayenda kutsogolo. Ndikusunthasuntha, amatha kusambira pafupifupi km km / h, ndipo kuthamanga kumeneku kumatha kuwonjezeka ngakhale sperm whale kuchokera kudera limodzi kuti akapeze chakudya chawo chimasunthira kwina. Ngati chinsomba chimayamba kuyandama, mwachizolowezi, pamalo pomwe pali madzi, kotero kuti mulu wake wokha utangotulutsidwa, imafika kuthamanga kwa 14 km / h; ngati, ikusambira, imasunthira ndikukhweza mutu wake pamwamba pamadzi, ndiye kuti nthawi zina imatha kusambira. -24 km / h
Sperm whale - nyama yazitsamba
Sperm whale nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'matanthwe, m'mbuyomu kuyambira pa 15 mpaka mazana angapo. Nthawi zambiri, amuna ndi akazi a mibadwo yonse amalowa m'malo otetezedwa ndi abambo awiri kapena atatu achikulire. Zachikazi zimasamalira chitetezo cha ng'ombe ndi ana, pomwe zazikazi zimanyoza za amzawo omwe aphedwa, chifukwa, pambuyo pakupha chinsomba cha umuna woyamba, mumatha kupha ena ochepa.
Amuna achichepere, omwe amapanga ng'ombe zapadera nthawi inayake pachaka, m'malo mwake, amasiya abwenzi awo ovulala mpaka kufa kwawo, ndipo amuna achikulire omwe ena, akulu kwambiri ndi okalamba, amakhala ndi chizolowezi chokhala kwakanthawi, mwachidziwikire, amangodzisamalira.
Sperm whale kuswana
Zina zazikazi za umuna, zomwe zimakwatirana nthawi iliyonse pachaka, nthawi zina zimataya banja, nthawi zambiri zimakhala bulu limodzi lokha, pomwe kubadwa kumakhala kutalika kwa 3.3-4.3 m.
Ma sperm whales anali atangotsala pang'ono kumaliza m'zaka za zana la 19, pomwe umuna wa sperm whale umalipira bwino kwambiri, chifukwa sperm whale ndi imodzi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri pakati pa cetaceans ndipo mafuta ake a whale (blubber) anali ofunika kwambiri kuposa ma ballet ahale ena. Spermaceti, yomwe imatha kudalidwa ndi zidebe kuchokera kumutu waminyama, koma yomwe idawuma, idagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamalonda, kuphatikiza pa kung'amba ndi spermaceti, wotchedwa ambergris, chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale mankhwala, ndipo tsopano mu zonunkhira zokha, nthawi zonse mumakhala zotsalira za cephalopods, chifukwa chake zimapangidwa m'matumbo, misa yake yayikulu idapangidwa, komabe, nthawi zambiri simachokera ku sperm whale, koma idapezeka ikuyandama pamwamba pa nyanja.
Mu 1980, kuletsa kupha ma sperm whales kudayambika ndipo chiwerengero chawo chikuchira pang'onopang'ono.
Menyani nkhondo
Pakumenyedwa kwa chombo chowotcha pa chinzonono cha ubwamuna, chomalizacho chinali chokwiya kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe umuna umaloweka nthawi zambiri. Pali umboni wa m'madzi zombo zopendekedwa ndi sperm whale. Mu 1851, chinsomba chowononga, ndikumathamangira kuchikepe chimodzi, ndikuchigunda kwa smithereens, adathamangira kwina, koma chidwi chake chidasinthidwa kupita chachitatu.
Wotsirizayo adatha kuthawa kwa iye movutikira, kenako adathamangira kuchombo chachikulu, ndikumufikira. Chombocho, komabe, chimatha kunyamuka mothandizidwa ndi kutembenuka mwachangu kuchinyama, chomwe pambuyo pake chinagwa ndi ululu wammbuyo ndipo sichinathe kubwereza chochitikacho. Choyipa chachikulu chinali ndi sitima ina.
Mu 1820, kumwera kwa Pacific Ocean, sitimayi imodzi idagundidwa ndi chinsomba chomwe chinakwiya, chomwe chinali chomaliza kuwombera bwino ziwiri kuti ziwonongeke kwambiri chombocho, ndipo chachiwiri kuthyola uta, pambuyo pake chombocho chidamira. Momwemonso, sitima idasowa mu 1851 kugombe la Peru. Pali lingaliro kuti zombo zambiri zomwe zidasowa zidabadwa chifukwa cha umuna.
Sperm whale amayenda
Pambuyo pake, amayenda mtunda wa pansi pamadzi, kuti mothandizidwa ndi amphamvu, nthawi zambiri azitsatira pambuyo pomenyedwa kwakumapeto kwa mtengo woponderezedwa, amapeza liwiro loterolo lomwe lingamupangitse kuti atumphukire pamwamba pa madzi.
Kuphatikiza apo, thupi lake litangosiya madzi amapanga pafupifupi theka la ngodya yoyenera ndi madzi pamalopo, ndipo ndalama za caudal zimakhalabe m'malo otsetsereka. Ikamagwa, thupi limatembenuka pang'ono kuti nyama nthawi zonse igwere mbali yake.
Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi
Maziko (80%) a sperm whale chakudya ndi cephalopods: squid, kuphatikiza zimphona zazitali kuposa 10 m, ndi octopus. Imalimbana ndi mbewa zazikuru za squid, mwina mwina chifukwa cha zipsera ndi zipsera zochokera kumakapu oyamwa kumaso ndi matupi awo. Komanso, molingana ndi imodzi mwa malingaliro a "mulomo" wa squid omwe amadya, akukhumudwitsa matumbo a sperm whale, kumapangitsa mawonekedwe a ambergris, chinthu onunkhira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonunkhira. Kuphatikiza pa cephalopods, ma sperm whales amadya, ngakhale samakonda, nsomba (stingrays, shaki zazing'ono, pollock, cod, saury, sea bass, etc., komanso mitundu yakuzama yamadzi - macroruses and anglers). Agulugufe akuluakulu amatenga chakudya chambiri mpaka patsiku, chomwe ndi 3% yakulemera kwawo.
Ma sperm whales amapangitsa kulowa pansi kwambiri pakati pa zolengedwa. Pothamangitsa nyama, amatsamira mpaka pansi pa 1.2 km. Nthawi zina amatenga pansi pa nkhanu, nsomba zazinkhanira, masiponji, ngakhale miyala. Popeza miyala siinawonongeke ndi madzi am'mimba, mauna a umuna umawafunikira kuti azikwirira chakudya m'mimba. The sperm whale whale amatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa maola 1.5, omwe amathandizidwa ndi mapangidwe apamwamba a myoglobin m'misempha yake ndi chidwi chocheperako cha malo opumira pakuphatikizira kwa kaboni dayokisi m'magazi.
Chidutswa cha khungu la sperm whale lomwe limakutidwa ndi zipsera kuchokera kwa squid woyamwa
Kuthamanga kwa namswe wa msipu ndi 5-6, kusambira - 9-13, kuthamangitsidwa kapena kuvulazidwa - 16-30 km / h. Chitsime cha chinsomba chimakhala chotalika, chakumanzere, mpaka kumanzere, mpaka kumtunda kwa 2-3. Nyangayi ikakonzekera kulowa pansi, imakweza mchira wake m'mwamba ndikuyenda m'madzi pafupifupi. Ngati ubwamuna umakwawa, kusambira, sikuwonetsa mchira, ndiye kuti ukumira osaya. Umuna wosangalatsa ukadumphira m'madzi, ndikugwera ndi khutu losamva, ndikuwomba mchira wawo pamadzi. Pansi pamadzi, amayenda pamakutu ndikumamveka mawu, ndikupanga mitundu itatu ya phokoso: kuwonekera kwakanthawi komanso pafupipafupi, kubuula kwamtundu wina ndi kuwonongeka kawirikawiri.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Sperm whale polygamen: nyamayi yokhala ndi akazi osachepera 10-15 imatsata yaimuna limodzi ndi oyamwa. Ngati nkhosazo zimaphatikizidwa kukhala gulu limodzi, ndiye kuti amuna achikulire angapo zimasungidwa nawo. Nthawi ina wamwamuna wazaka 4 mpaka 4 zamphongo zazimayi amasiya ng'ombe ndikuyanjana m'magulu ochepera. Ndi zaka, maguluwa amamasuka; Amuna okhwima nthawi zambiri amasungitsa wina kunja kwa nthawi yakubereketsa.
Kubalanso mumuna mauna kumakulitsidwa ndipo kumachitika chaka chonse. Kukwirira kwambiri kumawonedwa mchaka. Mpikisano wachimuna ndi wankhanza ndipo umayenda limodzi ndi ndewu. Magulu a akatswiri a achinyamata sagwirira nawo ntchito yobereka. Amuna okhwima mwauzimu amalimbana okhaokha m'malo mwa mutu wa abusa, ndipo nthawi zina amavulaza wina ndi mzake. Mwambiri, ndi 10-25% yokha mwa amuna achikulire omwe amachita nawo kuswana.
Ng'ombe (3.5-5 m kutalika ndi 1 t kulemera kwake) zimabadwa miyezi 14-16 pambuyo pathupi. Wamkazi amadyetsa ana mpaka zaka ziwiri. Ukala umakhala wokhazikika mu zaka 8-10 (zazikazi). Amuna ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 10, ngakhale nthawi zambiri satenga nawo gawo mpaka kubereka zaka 25-27. The umuna whale moyo, zikuwoneka, zaka 45-50.
Mkhalidwe Wopezekera ndi Chitetezo
Zambiri zolondola sizikupezeka. Kutengera kufalikira kwa zotsatira zakuwonera, akuti pakufalikira - kuyambira 200,000 mpaka 2000,000 anthu. Ngakhale kuti zidagwirapo kale, kuchuluka kwa mauna kumakhala chokhazikika kuposa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zina, mwina chifukwa choti umuna umadya nyama zoyambira panyanja, zomwe zimasakidwa mosamalitsa.
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Zowopsa kwa anthu
Kupatula kuti sperm whale imatha kusefukira chombo chachikulu mokwanira, nangumi wina ndiamodzi mwa nyama zonse zomwe zimatha kumeza munthu wathunthu. Ndipo izi zinkakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito munthano zosiyanasiyana.
Mwambiri, umuna wa nyama umakhala wamtendere kwambiri ngati simuyesetsa kumuvulaza kapena ana ake.