Kamba wamnyanja wachikopa (mtundu wambiri) ndi mtundu wokhawo wochokera ku banja la a Dermochelyidae omwe adalipobe mpaka pano. Amakhala woyamba pakati pa akamba onse ndipo amachedwa kusambira kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwambiri kwa ziwonetsero zochulukirapo 90%, nyamazo zinali zitatsala pang'ono kutha. Pakadali pano, amatetezedwa ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ndipo adalembedwa mu Red Book ngati osatetezeka.
Mawonekedwe
Chofunikira kwambiri pa kulanda ndi kukula kwake kosangalatsa. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumafikira mamita awiri, kulemera kwake kupitilira theka, ndipo kusesa kwamiyendo itatu kwamiyendo yakutsogolo kumapangitsa kuti kamba'yu asunthire kwambiri.
Zamoyo zazikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzikuluzizi, zomwe zili ndi chithunzi cha nyama zanyama zambiri zimatha kukhala ndi mtima ndipo zimasiyana ndi mafupa. Mbali yake ya kumtunda imakhala ndi mafupa olumikizidwa omwe amaphimbidwa ndi khungu lakuda ndikupanga zitunda zisanu ndi ziwiri kumbuyo kwake ndi zisanu zomwezo pamimba. Monga m'mphepete mwa zipsepazi, amapaka utoto wachikaso.
Amuna, gulu lanyambo limakhala laling'ono kumbuyo. Kuphatikiza apo, kugonana kwa nyama yothira m'madzi kumatha kutsimikiziridwa ndi mchira - mwa amuna ndi yayitali.
Khungu la kamba limakhala ndimtambo wakuda, waimvi kapena wamtambo wakuda wokhala ndi malo oyera oyera.
Mosiyana ndi achibale awo apamtima, zofunkha sizitha kukoka mutu wake pansi pa chigobacho. Chamoyo chimakhala ndi maso ang'ono poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa mutu. Nsagwada yapamwamba imakhala ndi mano akuluakulu awiri, ndipo m'mbali mwa mkondo (ramfoteca) umakhala ngati mano.
Pakamwa pa turbo pali malovu omwe akhazikika kukhosi ndikuphimba dera lonse la esophagus. Ntchito yawo ndikusunga nyama yogwidwa ndikulimbikitsa chakudya kulowa m'mimba.
Habitat
Akamba ambiri amachikopa amakhala m'madzi. Amadziwika ndi chidwi chosafuna kuyenda, chifukwa chake amapezeka paliponse - gombe la Australia, Japan, Chile, Argentina, Iceland, Norway ndi mayiko ena.
Mitundu itatu yayikulu ya zikamba zamachikopa imadziwika kuti ilipo:
- West Pacific.
- Pacific Pacific.
- Atlantic.
Mtundu waukulu umagwera madera otentha a nyanja zam'madzi za Indian, Atlantic ndi Pacific. Koma panali zochitika zokumana ndi zapamadzi izi m'madzi amtunda wotentha.
Nyama izi zimawonekanso m'madzi am'dziko la Russian Federation - ku Bering ndi Nyanja ya Japan, komanso pafupi ndi zilumba za Kuril.
Pakatha zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, zazikazi zimabwerera kumalo awo okonzera mazira kuti ndikayikire mazira. Munthawi yobereketsa kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembala, amatha kupezeka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caribbean, chilumba cha Ceylon ndi Mala Archipelago.
Zakudya
Chakudyacho ndi crustaceans, nsomba mwachangu, nsomba zam'madzi ndi mollusks. Koma mwa mitundu yonse yazakudya zam'madzi, zolanda zimakonda kudya nsombazi. Nthawi zambiri oimira "poizoni" a banjali amapeza "patebulo," chifukwa chake, mafuta ndi nyama ya akamba amatha kukhala owopsa kwa anthu.
Kuswana
Pakakhala chisa, amasankha magombe amchenga omwe amakhala m'malo otentha. Njira yakuikira mazira ndi gulu lachilengedwe. Akazi masauzande angapo amasonkhana pamalo amodzi. Malo otchuka kwambiri osungira malo:
- Pacific gombe la Mexico - mpaka anthu 30,000 pachaka.
- Western Malaysia - mpaka masauzande 2,000 pachaka.
- French Guiana - oposa 6 miliyoni pachaka.
Magulu angapo achikazi amapezeka m'mphepete mwa Indonesia ndi Australia. Koma izi si nyanja zonse zomwe akamba achikopa akonda. Nthawi zambiri amapita m'modzimmodzi.
Mu nyengo imodzi, yaikazi imatha kukhala ndi zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi motsatizana kwa masiku 10. Ntchito yoika mazira imachitika dzuwa litalowa. Akazi amakwawa kumtunda pamwamba pa mzere ndipo amakumba kabowo mu mchenga, akuzama kupitirira mita imodzi. Mmenemo amaikira mazira achikopa 30 mpaka 130 (pafupifupi 80 zidutswa), omwe amafika mainchesi 6 ndi kufanana ndi mpira wa tennis. Akamaliza, kamba’yo amaphimba chisa, kusesa mosamala mchenga pamwamba pake, ndikuyandama munyanja.
Nthawi ina, wamkazi adzakhala wokonzeka kubereka wazaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.
Moyo ndi kulowa kwa chikamba cha chikopa
Miyezi iwiri pambuyo pake, akambuku ang'onoang'ono omwe ndi kukula kwa kanjedza ka munthu amawoneka kuchokera mazira. Maonekedwe, samasiyana ndi akuluakulu. Pambuyo pobadwa ana amasankhidwa kuchokera ku chisa kupita kumtunda ndikuthamangira kunyanja. Pakadali pano, ambiri aiwo amafa m'manja mwa adani. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, 40% yokha ya nthiwatiwa zonsezo ndizomwe zimangofika pamadzi.
Unyamata wa kamba wa zikopa zaubweya umadziwika ndi kukula kwapang'onopang'ono - zimawonjezera masentimita 20 pachaka. Mpaka ana atakula, amakhala pansi pa nyanja. Apa amakhala akuvutitsidwa ndi zilombo zam'madzi. Kenako amatha kulowa m'madzi akuya kupitirira 1.2 km, kupulumutsa moyo wawo.
Akamba achikopa amagwira ntchito nthawi yonseyi ndipo amayenda mtunda wautali kukafunafuna chakudya. Amathera moyo wawo wonse kuchita ntchito iyi, chifukwa amakhala ndi chidwi chambiri.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kodabwitsa, kulanda kulibe adani achilengedwe ochepa. Koma ngati wina angaganize kuti amuukira, akhoza kudzipeputsa mwachangu ndikuthamangira kuzama.
Akamba amakhala okonzekera kubereka pokhapokha atakwanitsa zaka makumi awiri. Popeza amakonda kukhala pawokha ndipo sakhala awiriawiri, ndizovuta kwambiri kukumana ndi munthu yemwe si amuna okhaokha munyanja zikuluzikulu zadziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake, atakhwima, wamkazi amasungabe umuna mkati mwake momwe ungakhalire. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi ana osatenga nawo mbali zaka zingapo.
Akamba achikopa amakhala nthawi yayitali. Nthawi yawo yokhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 50.
Mphamvu za anthu ndikusamalira
Zochita za anthu ndizogwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchepa kwa manambala a zikopa za chikopa. Ozunza amaononga nyama zachikulire kuti apeze nyama ndi mafuta, amatenga mazira oyenera kudya. Ochulukitsa ambiri amafa, omangidwa mu maukonde asodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, malo okhala zocheperako akucheperachepera chifukwa cha bizinesi yokopa alendo komanso kumanga madera achisangalalo.
International Center for the Study of Endangered Species ku USA yazindikira chomwe chimayambitsa imfa zambirimbiri. Zotsatira za kuyang'ana kwa nyama zakufa 15, 11 mwa izo zinali ndi matumbo odzaza ndi matumba apulasitiki. Zikuwoneka kuti, akamba amadzawaganizira kuti ndi jellyfish.
Kusunga mitundu ya IUCN, njira zapadera zapangidwa:
- Kuletsa kusaka ndi kutola mazira.
- Kuteteza malo okhala ndi malo okhala.
- Kusonkhanitsa mazira m'malo ogona, kutsatiridwa ndi kuyikidwa kwawo m'makulidwe mpaka ana atawonekera. Pambuyo pake, amamasulidwa munyanja.
Chifukwa cha njira zomwe zatengedwa, chiwerengero chakwera kwambiri, koma pakadali pano sizokwanira.
Zosangalatsa
Loot imasiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina. Ndipo chisinthiko ndi chomwe chikuyambitsa izi, kuwatsogolera iwo panjira zosiyanasiyana. Kupatula kwa kambuku wa chikopa ndikosangalatsa kwambiri pakati pa ofufuza, ndipo chidwi chake pankhaniyi ndiyabwino.
- Ndi akamba am'nyanja othamanga kwambiri, amatha kuthamanga mpaka 35 km pa ola limodzi, komanso wamkulu kwambiri pabanja lonse. Ku Wales, munthu wina anapeza kuti kutalika kwake kunali 2.91 m ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi 2.77 mamita.
- Kagayidwe ka nyama ndi kokwera katatu kuchulukirapo kuposa akambuku ena. Izi zikufotokozera kufunitsitsa kwake kofunafuna chakudya. Zakudya zatsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimadyedwa ndi 75% ya zolemera zam'mimba, ndipo zopatsa mphamvu zimaposa zomwe zimachitika katatu.
- Kutha kusunga kutentha kwa thupi kosalekeza kumalola nyamayo kukhalapo m'madzi ozizira ndi kutentha mpaka 12 ° C. Izi zimatheka chifukwa chofunitsitsa chakudya komanso mafuta ambiri.
- Zochita za Loot zimapitilira maola 24. Kugona kumatenga 1% yokha ya tsiku ndi tsiku.
- Pakakhala zoopsa, nyamayi imatha kulowa m'madzi akuya kwa 1,2 km ndikugwira mpweya kwa mphindi 70.
- Khalidwe la ana amtsogolo limatengera kutentha. Chifukwa chake, ndi kuchepa kwa cholembera cha kutentha, amuna ambiri amawaswa, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa akazi.
- Malinga ndi Science Center ku Massachusetts (USA), kamba wa zikopa ndiye amadziwika kuti ndiwo amasamukira kwambiri. Pofufuza zakudya ndi malo okhala, imagunda mtunda wautali makilomita masauzande.
Kamba wakhungu ndi cholengedwa chodabwitsa kwambiri chomwe chakhalapobe mpaka pano. Koma zochita za anthu zimabweretsa chiwopsezo kuchuluka kwa nyamazo, kuwatsogolera kuti awonongedwe kwathunthu. Chifukwa cha zoyenera kuchita panthawi yake kuti zitetezedwe, anthu amatha kudziwa moyo wake. Tikuyembekezeredwa kuti ntchito ya IUCN sikupita pachabe ndipo nthawi idzafika pamene kulanda kuchotsedwa mu Red Book.
Kamba wamnyanja wachikopa (mtundu wambiri) ndi mtundu wokhawo wochokera ku banja la a Dermochelyidae omwe adalipobe mpaka pano. Amakhala woyamba pakati pa akamba onse ndipo amachedwa kusambira kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwambiri kwa ziwonetsero zochulukirapo 90%, nyamazo zinali zitatsala pang'ono kutha. Pakadali pano, amatetezedwa ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ndipo adalembedwa mu Red Book ngati osatetezeka.