Humpback Whale ndi woimira banja la Minke Whale. Nyama iyi imakhala m'madzi am'madzi aku South Hemisphere. Adatenga dzina lake chifukwa cha kusambira - pamene humpback ikusambira, imagwada kumbuyo kwake kwambiri. Nyama imeneyi imakhala pachilimwe m'madzi a ku Nyanja Yakumwera, ndipo nthawi yozizira imasambira kumpoto ndipo imakhala m'madzi otentha komanso otentha.
Kufotokozera
Anangumi a humpback amasiyana ndi maula ena owongoka omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a thupi, mawonekedwe a dorsal fin, kukula kwa zipsepsere, "zikuluzikulu" pazowoneka ndi kumapeto kwa zipsepse za pectoral, ndi m'mphepete mwa mapiri apamwamba. Thupi la chinsomba cha humpback limafupikitsidwa ndikuwunda, mbali yakumbuyo imakulitsidwa, kumbuyo kwake imakonzedwa ndikumapanikizika kuchokera kumbali. Mutu umakutidwa, ndipo kumapeto kwake kumakhala kokhazikika kumapeto, mwa akulu kumakhala kofupika nthawi 3,3,5,5 kuposa thupi. Nsagwada zazikulu zimatsika patsogolo ndi 10-30 cm. Zomera zazitali za pakhosi ndi pamimba ndizazikulu, koma osati zochulukirapo. Monga lamulo, pali mizere 14 mpaka 22. Kasupe wa humpback amakhala wamtchire, nthawi zina mawonekedwe a zilembo V, mpaka 3 m kutalika.
Zomwe zili pa kukula kwakukulu kwa ma humpbacks ndizotsutsana kwambiri. Zikuwoneka kuti zazikazi zazikulu kwambiri (ngati zimayesedwa molondola) sizidutsa mamilimita 17.4, ndipo amuna - 16 m, koma pakadali pano ndizosowa kwambiri ngakhale kutalika kwa 15-15,5. Nyama za kum'mwera kwa humpback nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zakumpoto. Komabe, izi zimangogwira ntchito ku gawo la Atlantic-Africa la Antarctic, pomwe akazi amakhala okhwima pakatikati pa 12.4-12,5 m, koma osati gawo la Australia-Pacific, komwe kutha msambo kumachitika pa 11.6-12.2 mamita kutalika kwa makanda ndi 4-5 m.
Nthawi zambiri zazikazi zokhwima zogonana zimakhala zazitali masentimita 40-70, pomwe zazikazi zokhwima kutalika zimakhala zazitali 1-1.5 kuposa amuna, nkhope zawo zam'mutu zimadalirana. Thupi limakhala lakuda, lomwe limakhazikika kumbuyo, ndi chibwano cholimba ndi m'mimba. Tsinde la caudal lomwe limayang'ana kumapeto kwenikweni kwake limachepera. Ndi zaka, mutu ukuwonjezeka, ndipo gawo la mchira limachepa.
M zipsepse zamtchire ndi zazikulu kwambiri (1/3 -1/4 ya kutalika kwa thupi), ndi malire osagwirizana. Mikwingwirima pamimba ndi yayikulu, katatu nthawi zambiri komanso yakuya kuposa ya finwale, ochepa (kuyambira 17 mpaka 36, ndipo nthawi zambiri mikwingwirima 25-30). Maluso a dorsal ali ngati mawonekedwe amtambo, onenepa, otsika kwambiri, m'mphepete mwake lam'mbuyo ndi otsetsereka, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi notch, kutsogolo kumakwera ndikukwera pamwamba, ndikusokonezeka pang'ono. Pamutu pali mizere 3-5 ya ma warts akuluakulu - ma cones okhala ndi tsitsi limodzi pamutu uliwonse. Pakati pa mizere yakumanja ndi kumanzere kwa ndevu pali thambo loyera kapena loyera la pinki lokhala ndi timiyala tating'ono tating'ono. Mutu wa achikulire nthawi zambiri umakhala wofupika nthawi 3,3,5,5 kuposa kutalika kwa thupi. Ma dorsal fin ndi mbali zake ndi zakuda, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi tint yofiirira. M ziphuphu zam'mimba ndi mapaini pamwamba zimakhala zakuda, zamtoto kapena (kawirikawiri) zoyera. Mchira umalowetsa zakuda pamtunda, kuwala pansipa, kwamtunda kapena kwamdima. Chigoba chimakhala chachikulu.
Anangumi a humpback ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa anamgumi akuluakulu; amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha zinthu zozizwitsa zomwe zimadumphira m'madzi, mchira wake ndikuwulutsa zipsepse zake. Alinso m'gulu la zinsomba zomwe zimadziwika mosavuta.
Mutu umakhala wopanda pake, wokulirapo, wokhala ndi 28.2-30.9% ya kutalika konse kwa thupi. Nthawi zina, imapindika kwambiri mu ndege ya sagittal. Zida zazikuluzikulu (theka la lalanje) zam'mphepete mwa mutu zimapangidwa m'mizere itatu kapena isanu: pakati (ma cones a 5-8) ndi mzere umodzi mbali ziwiri (5-15 cones kumanja ndi kumanzere kuchokera mzere wapakati). Pa aliyense wotsikira nsagwada 10-15 cones. Pa cones nthawi zambiri amakulitsa tsitsi limodzi. Nsagwada yam'munsi imapitilira 1.0-1.9% ya kutalika kwachilengedwe kutsogolo kupitirira malekezero a kumtunda. Pa symphysis ya mandibular, kukula kwakukulu (mpaka 30 cm) sikungapangidwe bwino. Pakhomo pokhazikitsidwa pakati pa mizere yazovala ndizazikulu komanso zotsika, ndipo kutsogolo kumapeto kwa mbali ziwiri zakutsogolo.
Kugawa ndi kusamuka
Gorbach ndi mtundu wa chilengedwe chonse womwe umapezeka kunyanja zonse komanso pang'ono m'mphepete mwa nyanja yoyandikana ndi malo otentha kupita kumtunda wamtali, kupatula madera ozizira a Arctic ndi Antarctic. Sipezeka mu Arctic Ocean pamtunda wa 65 ° C. sh., sapezeka m'madzi a polar a Russian Federation kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Kara kupita ku Nyanja ya Siberia ya East, kuphatikiza. Anangumi a Humpback adazolowera kulowa munyanja zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Baltic mpaka Gulf of Finland. Monga lamulo, amapezeka m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mashelufu, omwe amalowa m'malo akuya kwambiri pokhapokha akasamuka. Malo okhala kumpoto kwa nthawi yosamukira amakhala olimba kuposa am'mwera, akumamatira kumpoto kochepa.
Ziweto za humpback zimasamukira kwanuko, kutengera kupezeka kwa chakudya, ndipo nyengo ndi nyengo zosintha, zimatha gawo lotentha la chaka kudyetsa madera ozizira kapena madzi ozizira, komanso nthawi yozizira chifukwa chokwatirana ndi kubereka ana, kusamukira kumadzi otentha komanso otentha, komwe kupezeka kwawo kumalumikizidwa ndi zilumba kapena njira zam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anamgumi a humpback amatha kubisala paliponse m'madzi kutentha kwa 21.1-28.3 ° C, mosasamala kanthu kuti amakhala pati. Kupatula pa lamulo lonseli kuli anthu okhazikika mu Nyanja ya Arabia, omwe amakhala chaka chonse m'madzi otentha. Kusamukira nthawi zambiri kumatenga miyezi 1-2, kusunthidwa kofulumira kwambiri (kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Alaska kupita ku Hawaii) kumatenga masiku 39. Kutalika kwakanthaŵi kwa chinsomba cha humpback mpaka 8000 km, komwe kumapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwa nyama zomwe zimasamukira kwambiri.
Kusunthika kwachaka kumachitika m'njira ina iliyonse: minda yoyamba kudyetsa kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira imasiya akazi ndi ana, omwe amayenda pang'onopang'ono. Zinyama zazing'ono zosabereka, zazimuna zazikazi zazikulu, zazikazi zosakhala ndi pakati ndipo pamapeto pake, akazi oyembekezera amawatsata. Pakumapeto kwa dzinja, kusamuka kumayambira motsatana. Komabe, kafukufuku wa 1995 ali m'mphepete mwa gombe la East Australia adawonetsa kuti sizinyama zonse zomwe zimasuntha chaka chilichonse - zazimayi zina zimangokhala m'malo odyetsa nyengo yonse yachisanu.
Zambiri zazikulu za humpback whales zimagawikidwanso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Chifukwa chake, kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic, ng'ombe 4-5 zimasiyanitsidwa kudyetsa ku Gulf of Maine, ku Gulf of St. Lawrence, pafupi ndi Newfoundland ndi Labrador, m'madzi a Greenland ndi madzi aku Iceland, omwe ali osakanikirana pang'ono m'malo a chisanu.
M'madzi a Russia, anamgumi otchedwa humpback amatha kupezeka munyanja za Barents, Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk ndi Japan. Nthawi zina, adalowa Nyanja ya Baltic. Pakadali pano, Nyanja ya Chukchi, Anadyr Bay, kugombe la Kamchatka ndi gombe la Kuril, sizachilendo kwenikweni, ndipo Nyanja ya Barents inasowa.
Khalidwe
Anangumi a Humpback amadyera makamaka m'malo opatsa chakudya, ndipo nthawi yachisanu komanso nyengo yosuntha amakhala ndi njala pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Panthawi imeneyi, amachepetsa kwambiri, mpaka 1/3 ya unyinji wawo. Ma crustaceans osiyanasiyana ndi nsomba zazing'ono zophunzitsira, ndipo nthawi zina cephalopods, amakhala ngati chakudya chachikulu cha malovu. Humpbacks amadyera pamadzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo ngati amachotsedwera kumadera ena, krill imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya.
Kumpoto kwa anthu okhala ndi humpback whale, nsomba zimapanga 95% ya chakudya chonse. Izi ndi hering'i, mackerel, sardines, anchovies ndi ena. M'mimba mwa humpback mumatha kugona chakudya choposa theka la chakudya.
Chosangalatsa cha chinsomba cha humpback ndi njira zosiyanasiyana momwe namgumiyu amadyetsedwera. Zimachitika kuti anamgumi angapo amatenga nawo mbali chakudya.
Mukakhala ndi chinsomba chimodzi, chimasambira m'gulu la nsomba kapena thabwa lomwe limatseguka pakamwa pake, ndikumeza chakudya ndi madzi, chomwe chimasefa ndi zida zake zosefa. Kapenanso kuti khwangwala m'modzi akhwekhwete ndi nsomba yomwe ikuwombedwa ndi mchira wake, ndikusambira mozungulira mozungulira nsomba.
Mbuna zikakumana m'masukulu, zimazungulira sukulu yopanda nsomba ndi chikwapu mozungulira mozungulira, momwe nsomba sizitha kuthawa. Kenako anamgumi amatha m'madzi m'modzi pansi pa sukulu ndipo, nsagwada zawo atatseguka, kumeza nsomba.
Nthawi zina chinsomba chimadumphira pansi pa sukulu ya nsomba ndikumapuma mpweya wozungulira sukulu mozungulirapo. Mafuta oterewa amasokoneza nsomba ndikutchinga chinsomba, chomwe chimakwera pamwamba, chimameza nyama pansi.
Nthawi zambiri, anamgumi, atagwirizana ndi zochita zawo, pafupifupi amadya gulu lonse la sardine. Kusaka kwawo kwamagulu ndi chitsanzo cha imodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri zothandizana pakati pa zolengedwa zoyenda pansi panyanja.
Nthawi zambiri buluzi limagundika pamwamba pamadzi ndi zipsepse zake zazitali ndi mchira, chithovu, ndikulowera kumbuyo kwake, ndikuwonetsa nkhope yake. Nthawi zina humpback imadumphira kunja kwathunthu kuchokera kumadzi ndikugwera mwakachetechete. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mwanjira imeneyi chinsomba chimachotsa tizirombo tokhala mthupi lake. Ndi malovu, omwe ambiri ndi anangumi a minke, omwe adadzaza ndi crustaceans, nsabwe, abakha am'madzi ndi ena, ndipo mphutsi za odontobius zimabzalidwa pa chinsomba chake.
Ngakhale ndikudziwa momwe masewera amasewerera pamtunda, sizovuta kunena kuti masewerawa amabwera chifukwa chani: zofunikira kapena zosangalatsa zokha. Nthawi zina maloboti amasambira pafupi ndi sitima yoyandama, kusewera pafupi ndi mbali yake, ndikuperekeza sitimayo kwa nthawi yayitali. Monga anamgumi ena, nseru zanyimbo "zimayimba". Nyimbozi zimamveka mpaka theka la ola, ndipo nthawi zina sizichitika ndi chinsomba chimodzi, koma kwaya yonse. Ndipo ngakhale palibe amene ali wotsimikiza zenizeni zenizeni za nyimbo za chinsombacho, zikuwoneka kuti nyimbo za humpback ndizolumikizana mwanjira yakukhwima, pomwe anyani amadzitchukitsa okha.
Kuswana
Mimba mwa mkazi imachitika nthawi yozizira, yomwe kum'mwera chakum'mawa kugwa pa Juni-August. Ngakhale wamkazi atenga pakati mu Seputembala ndi Novembala, koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri. Kutalika kwa pakati ndi miyezi 11. Mwana wamwamuna mmodzi amabadwa, yemwe kulemera kwake kumakhala pafupifupi 1 tonne, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi mita 4. Akazi amadyetsa ana mkaka kwa miyezi 10. Pamapeto pa kudyetsa mkaka, amphaka amalemera kale matani 8 ndipo ali ndi thunthu mpaka mita 9. Mbewuyo imakhala ndi mkazi kwa miyezi 18, kenako mwanayo amusiya ndipo mkaziyo amakhalanso ndi pakati. Mimba wamkazi humpback amakhala ndi pafupipafupi zaka 2. Zoyamwa izi zimakhwima pofika zaka 5. Anangumi a Humpback amakhala zaka 40-45.
Adani
Nyama zazikuluzikuluzi zilibe mdani, zimangodzipha zokha ndipo anthu ndi osiyana, ndipo munthu ndi wowopsa kuposa wolusa panyanja. Kwa zaka mazana awiri zapitazi, anthu anapha nyama zonsezi. Tsopano nangumi wapa humpback amalembedwa mu International Red Book ndipo amatetezedwa ndi malamulo. Masiku ano, anthu pafupifupi 20,000.
Whalebone
Mzere uliwonse wa whalebone umakhala ndi mbale 270 mpaka 400 za phulusa zakuda zofiirira (zokhala ndi imvi.) (Nthawi zina mbale zakutsogolo kwa mzere zimayera pang'ono mbali yoyera). Kutalika kwambiri kwa mapalawo kumakhala pafupifupi 1 mita, nthawi zambiri osapitirira 85. Chaka chilichonse, mapulatawo amakula ndi masentimita 8 mpaka 11. Makulidwe amphepete pakati pake kutalika ndi 0.47-0.82 mm, pafupifupi, 0,62 mm, ndipo pamlingo wawo ndi 0.6 -1.0 mm. Kutalika kwa 1 masentimita m'mphepete mwa mbaleyo, muli ma fayilo 42-50.
Usodzi
Malo osungirako zinyama - okhala ndi mikondo yothamanga kwambiri komanso ogwirizana kwambiri ndi gombe - adawonongeka mosavuta. M'mbuyomu, adagwidwa kwambiri kumadera a South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, South Africa (Natal, Angola), Congo, Madagas, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Korea, ndi gombe la Pacific ku North America. Wamphongo wolemera mikono 12,92, wolemera pa Aleut, wolemera 27,714 kg, wa (makilogalamu): wonenepa mafuta 2847, peritoneum 3734, lilime 792, nyama 5788, vertebrae 2669, chigaza chodetsedwa 2247, nsagwada zapansi 1103, nthiti zokhala ndi mafupa 3718, zipsepse zamakutu 1016, mapewa a 578, ziphuphu za caudal 455, mtima 125, chiwindi 327, mapapu 362, m'mimba 105, mafuta amkati 443 ndi magawo ena a 1405 kg.
Pambuyo poletsa kusodza, kuchuluka kwa anamgumi a humpback kunayamba kuchuluka, motero mkhalidwe wamtundu womwe uli pa IUCN Red List unasinthidwa kuchoka ku Endangered (mitundu yowopseza) kukhala Vulnerable (mitundu yosatetezeka) mu 1990. Kugundana ndi zombo komanso phokoso lolowera kunyanja kumakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kugwedezeka kwam'madzi, ngakhale kuti sizikhudza kuchuluka kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, malengedwe amtundu wa humpback, osakhala ndi mphamvu yakusokosera, sangathe kupeza maukonde ophera nsomba ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa, ozingiramo. Otsatirawa ndivuto lalikulu m'madzi a Newfoundland-Labrador ndi Isle of Man, pomwe malovu amawononga mpaka 90% ya maukonde asodzi a nsomba. Pakati pa Novembala 1987 ndi Januware 1988, ma humpbacks 14 anamwalira atadya mackerel a Atlantic omwe ali ndi vuto la saxitoxin. Malo osungirako zachikhalidwe a humpback whale amawopsezedwa ndi zinthu zosokoneza monga kupendekera kwa zombo zam'nyanja ndi mabwato komanso kuchuluka kwa mabwato oyendera alendo, ngakhale kuti pamtunduwu mitunduyi imakhala yosavuta kuyandikira kufupi ndi anthu.