Marigolds - banja la agulugufe amasiku, koma nthawi zina amatengedwa kuti ndi a nymphalids. Tizilombo timtunduwu timatchulidwanso satellite kapena satana - ili ndi dzina la "theka-anthu" achi Greek. Ma sesti amakhala ocheperako pang'ono kapena apakatikati, mapiko awo amakhala ozungulira, okhala ndi utoto woteteza - bulauni, bulauni, imvi. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala “maso” ozungulira pamapiko, ang'ono kapena akulu. Ma marigold ena otentha amapentedwa kwambiri.
Ambiri mwa anthu am'banjali amadyera madzi a zipatso zochulukirapo ndi paddy - shuga wamasamba. Koma timadzi tokoma timakhala kutali ndi chakudya chomwe amakonda. Marigolds amakhala padziko lonse lapansi, pali mitundu pafupifupi 2400. Ndipo onse ali ndi gawo limodzi - mtundu wa "kulumpha" kuthawa, zomwe zimasokoneza kwambiri kusaka mbalame zambiri.
Gulugufe wakuda waku Itiyopiya ali ndi dzina lawo lautoto wakuda wamapiko, osati malo, chifukwa afala ku Central Europe. Mwaitiopiya amakhala m'nkhalango zowala, m'madambo, nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mapiri - pamalo okwera mpaka 1700 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Pothawa, kuEthiopia pang'ono amatha kuwoneka nthawi yonse yotentha - kuyambira Juni mpaka Ogasiti - ndipo mapiko ake, omwe ndi 40-50 mm, amatha kuwerengeka.
Diso la Mphungu amakhala ku Europe konse, komanso ku Western ndi Central Asia. Gulugufeyu ndi wofanana, koma amakonda kukhala pamthunzi, pansi pa nkhalango, pamphepete kapena potuluka kupita ku glade. Ophonya ndi maso amasankha madera ang'onoang'ono (pafupifupi mamilimita anayi), kuwunikiridwa ndi dzuwa, komwe amakopa zazikazi ndikuteteza madera awo kwa amuna anzawo. Komabe, zikafuna kuwopsa, zimawulukira mwachangu mpaka kutalika kwa 3-5 m ndikukhala panthambi za mitengo. Koma zimatha kuuluka patali, chifukwa chake kudula mitengo ndikubera kwa iwo - tizilombo sitingathe kupita kumalo ena, otsalira m'nkhalangoyi.
Zitsamba za Cowhide yaying'ono - mpaka 25 mm kutalika. Chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wobiriwira, amatha kuwoneka ngati osawoneka kwa mbalame pamakola a njere zamtchire, monga buluu. Amadya mbewuzi. Amphaka amapulumuka nyengo yozizira, kuyamba kusewera, ndipo amasenda thukuta lokha.
Malinga ndi nthano, pomwe wojambula Pygmalion adalemba chifanizo cha msungwana wokongola, yemwe adamucha Galatea ndipo adamukonda. Ndipo milungu inapangitsa fanolo kukhala lamoyo. Zonsezi, zachidziwikire, ndizabodza, koma lero Maso okongola a Galateaamasangalatsa diso lathu. Gulugufeyu amapezeka ku Europe, kumapiri a dzuwa, m'misewu yamapiri ngakhale m'mapiri pamtunda wa 2000 m, ndipo masiku otentha amatha kuwoneka atakhala pamaluwa.
Marigold
Dzina lasayansi la gulugufeyu ndi Satyrinae. Zimatengera subfamily ya agulugufe amasiku. Marigold amawoneka wofatsa kwambiri. Kukula kochepa (mapiko a 42p8 cm), wopaka utoto wamafuta komanso ofiira, velvety. Nthawi zambiri ndi maso owala, samakonda kuyera ndi mawonekedwe akuda.
Amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha, ndimakonda mthunzi. Itha kupezeka m'mphepete mwa misewu kapena kudula mitengo. Chingwe cha Velvet ndi chachikulu, chimadyetsa njere zamtchire ndi mbewu zina zolimidwa.
Gulugufe amatha kupezeka kuyambira Juni mpaka kumapeto kwa Julayi. Munthawi imeneyi, mibadwo itatu isinthidwa. Gulugufe amaikira mazira ndi kufa. Marigold pupae hibernate, koma ndi mtundu wachilengedwe womwe uli pangozi.
Zochitika pabanja
Banja la agulugufe a marigolds amatchedwa satana ndi satirids (Satiridae). Mpaka posachedwa, amadziwika kuti ndi gawo lochepa la Nymphalides. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe akunja, machitidwewo adasinthidwa ndipo otsala adasanduka banja losiyana. Padziko lapansi pali mitundu ya marigolds pafupifupi 2400. Mitundu yayikulu ya agulugufe okongola amapezeka m'nkhalango zamvula zotentha. Mitunda yotentha ya Palearctic imakhala ndi mitundu 350 ya ma satellite.
Oimira banja la marigold amadziwika ndi zinthu zingapo:
- Kukula kwapakatikati ndi kakang'ono - mapiko a 30-60 mm.
- Kuuluka mothawathawa, kumakupulumutsani kuti musapulumuke.
- Mtundu wamba wa makulidwe ndi bulauni, bulauni, imvi, kupezeka kwa mawanga ocular kutsogolo ndi mapiko kumbuyo.
- Mawonekedwe a venation - imodzi mwamitsempha yam'mapiko otupa ndi yotupa.
Zambiri. Mitundu ya bulauni ya underside ndi mawonekedwe mu mawonekedwe amaso ndi njira yotetezera ya agulugufe. Mtundu wanzeru umawalola kuphatikiza ndi mtengo, mapiko otambalala okhala ndi mawanga owoneka amaso amachititsa manyazi mdaniyo.
Mwa kapangidwe ka thupi, ma satellite amakhala ofanana ndi nymphalids. Ali ndi tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, maluwerowo amachepetsedwa komanso okutidwa ndi tsitsi ngati burashi. Mapikowo ndi otambalala, ozungulira, m'malo abata kumbuyo. Mapiko a kumbuyo kwake nthawi zambiri amakhala akuwomba m'mphepete. Kugonana kwa anthu akuluakulu kumakhala kofooka. Nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa muzithunzi zazikulu zamapiko.
Akuluakulu amadyera maluwa maluwa ndi zitsamba zamera. Mwa mitundu ina, zinthu zina zowonjezera ndizofunikira kuti mukhale ndi moyo. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timazipeza kuchokera ku dothi lonyowa, zinyalala zanyama. Nthawi zambiri, amuna amafunikira sodium, amatha kuwonekera m'magulu onse omwe ali m'mphepete mwa mitsinje.
Kuswana
Marigold amatha kupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachilengedwe - nkhalango, mapiri, matayala am'mapiri, misewu ndi mawonekedwe. Tizilombo timakonda malo okhala pamtunda. Amakhala mu mbadwo umodzi kapena itatu kutengera mtundu ndi malo okhala. Akazi amayikira mazira mu udzu kapena dothi. Mapira amtchire ndi obiriwira okhala ndi kuwala kwamtali kapena mikwaso yakuda. Nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito usiku, osavomerezeka. Pellet m'nthaka kapena pansi.
Sennitsa Alpine
Sennitsasimfita (Coenonymphasymphita) amakhala pamtunda wamtunda wa alpine ndi masamba otetemera pamalo okwera mamita 1300-2300. Amapezeka ku Caucasus, Armenia, Turkey. Pamwamba pa mapikowo ndi lalanje, m'mphepete mwake ndi kupukutira kwa siliva ndi imvi. Diso laling'ono lakuda pamapiko akumbuyo lakhota ndi malire. Pa mapiko akumbuyo pali malo ena ofanana. Pansi pa imvi ndi imvi, imabwereza mawonekedwe kudzanja lamanja.
Yaikaziyo imayikira mazira akuluakulu pa buluu chaka chilichonse. Pakatha masiku 8, mbozi zimawonekera. Iwo nthawi yachisanu mu m'badwo wachiwiri. Chaka chotsatira, akupitiliza kukula, kukula mpaka 22 mm. Kupukuta mu udzu wa udzu. Gawo la ana limatenga milungu iwiri. Akuluakulu amawuluka mu June-Julayi, amakula mu m'badwo umodzi.
Diso la Achin
Gulugufe wa maso a mapiko a Achin kapena gulugufe wamaso akulu amapezeka kuthengo komanso nkhalango. Mtundu wamapikowo ndi waimvi, pamphumi 5 malo akuda okhala ndi malire achikasu, kumbuyo masamba atatu. Mbali yakumbuyo yamapiko imadziwika ndi malo owala pafupi ndi malo ochulukirapo m'mphepete. Zingwe zazingwe zimayenda m'mphepete mwa mapiko. Wingspan 55-60 mm. Kagglazka Achina amapezeka ku Eurasia konse munkhalango, m'malo otetezeka m'misewu.
Zaka za akuluakulu kuyambira Meyi mpaka Julayi, zimakula mu m'badwo umodzi. Akazi amakhala ndi moyo wobisalira, wobisalira m'mtchire kapena pamakona amitengo. Amuna amasonkhana m'magulu pafupi ndi zimbudzi zazing'ono komanso chimbudzi cha nyama. Chimbudzi chobiriwira chimadya udzu, chimakhalabe nyengo yachisanu. Ophunzira mu June chaka chamawa. Gulugufe walembedwa pamndandanda wa IUCN Red.
Duwa la peephole
Gulugufe wa peephole wamaluwa (Aphantopushyperantus) analandila ma synoopus angapo osangalatsa dzina lake - maluwa satyr, hyperant marigold. Mapiko a bulauni mpaka 50mm kukula kwake ali ndi maso ochulukirapo okhala ndi mkombero wowala kuzungulira m'mphepete. Mithunzi yamtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa maso sikupitilira. Moths amapezeka mu glade, m'minda, mapaki ndi zitsamba. Kugwira onse chilimwe, mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala. Peak chilimwe ndi chiyambi cha Julayi.
Zambiri. Duwa la peterhole kapena lofiirira wakuda - imodzi mwamafuta a satana ku Eurasia.
Yaikazi imabalalitsa mazira kuthawa, mbozi zimakula pa udzu: zazing'ono zamiyendo, rump, sedge. Akuluakulu amakhala otakataka masana, ndipo ana awo amakonda kudya usiku. Chimbudzi chimakhala chofiirira komanso chingwe chakuda kumbuyo. Mphutsizo, nyengo ya Meyi-Juni.
Diso la ng'ombe
Marigold, yemwe ali ndi diso la tsitsi kapena la ng'ombe (Maniolajurtina) amakonda mitundu yotseguka - malo obisika, m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa msewu, masitepe. Mitundu ya kugonana imawonekera mu mapiko. Kwa amuna, kumtunda kwa mapiko ndi kofiirira. M'mphepete lakunja kwa mapiko akutsogolo kuli malo amdima okhala ndi malire a lalanje. Akazi amakhala ndi mapiko a lalanje kumapiko awo. Mapiko a imago ndi 50 mm.
Gulugufe wamaso amphaka amapezeka kumpoto kwa Africa, Europe, Asia Minor, ndi Iran. Malire akum'mawa kwa magawo amayenda kudutsa Western Siberia. Zaka za imago ndizitali - kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala. Amadyanso uchi uchi, monga aphid excreta. Mbadwo umodzi umasintha pachaka. M'masiku otentha, njenjete zimangokhala, zikabisala pamthunzi.
Chochititsa chidwi. Amphongo a marigold akukoka zovina m'mphepete mwa chibwenzi cha mnzake. Pakulumikizana, zazikazi zimavala zamphongo.
Akazi amayikira mazira pa udzu, pafupi ndi nthaka. Chimbudzi chimakhala chobiriwira, mitsinje yowala m'mphepete. Amakhazikika pambuyo pa molt woyamba. Amphaka amadyetsa usiku, chakudya cham'madzi - allspice, fescue, bluegrass. M'mwezi wa May timasenda udzu. Pupa chikasu chobiriwira, chayimitsidwa mozondoka.
Gulugufe wa Marigold (chithunzi): wowuma, diso la ng'ombe, duwa lothimbirira, diso la mapiko a Achin
Gulugufe wa agulugufe sakonda kuwala kowala, amakonda malo onyowa. Oimira banja akhoza kupezeka m'maiko onse kupatula Antarctica.
Agulugufe ang'onoang'ono ndi apakati am'banja la marigold amakhala amtoto modzicepetsa, nthawi zambiri amakhala otuwa, amvi kapena otuwa. Mawonekedwe a mawanga ndi maso, mawonekedwe amtundu wamphepete ndizodziwika. Chodziwika bwino cha imago ndichakuti kutsogolo kumakutidwa ndi bristles.
Akatswiri amasanja ma marigold mosakhazikika m'mitsempha yakutsogolo.
Malo okhala Marigold
Pafupifupi mitundu 2400 ya marigolds imawerengeredwa, ndipo mitundu pafupifupi 200 imakhala m'gawo la USSR yakale. Agulugufe awa ali paliponse m'dziko lathu. Amakhala m'mapiri, m'nkhalango, tundra ndi mapiri. Nthawi zambiri, amapezeka m'misewu, m'malo obisika, m'nkhunda komanso pazovala zamitengo.
Ndege yodumphadumpha yomwe imadumphadumpha imapangitsa kuti mbalame zizivuta kuthana ndi mbalamezi.
Kukula kwa Marigold
Akalulu amapanga, monga lamulo, muzomera zamphesa. Mitundu yambiri ya marigold imatha nyengo yozizira pamalo a mbozi, nthawi zambiri nthawi ya mazira. Ana agalu amakhala kwambiri pazomera za chimanga, koma mbozi za ku Galatea, zokhala ndi maso akulu, vixens zimakonda zokongola, udzu wa tirigu ndi mbewa.
Monga lamulo, m'badwo umodzi umakula pachaka. Pupae amagona pa zinyalala kapena atapendekera pansi ndi mitu yawo.
Marigolds ndiofala padziko lonse lapansi.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya marigolds
Pakati pa msewu wapakati, mamembala ambiri m'banjali ndi khofi wa chernushka kapena Ligeya, velvet ndi diso lakuda. Agulugufe amenewa amawuluka mu Julayi-Ogasiti. Nthawi zambiri, amapezeka pamaluwa a Ivan-tiyi, clover ndi hawk, ndipo mbozizo zimakhala pachikhalidwe chokongoletsera.
Mtundu wamitundu yonse ya marigor kudziko lathu ndi diso la ng'ombe. Agulugufewa amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse nthawi yotentha.
Mapiko akutsogolo ali amtundu wa chokoleti, ali nawo malo amodzi ochulukirapo. Amuna, mawanga awa amazunguliridwa ndi mphete za lalanje.
Mbozi za agulugufewa zimakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wopepuka wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kumbuyo kwawo. Amakula m'miyala.
Pa dziko lonse lapansi pali mitundu yambiri ya marigolds.
Woyimira wina wamba wa marigolds ndi khofi wa Ligea kapena chernushka. Ali ndi mapiko a bulauni, omwe amafikira mpaka mamilimita 26. Agulugufe awa amapereka zokonda m'malo otseguka: glade, meadows, edges wall.
Amphaka amphaka amadyera pa sedge, phala, buluu wamtambo.
Chifukwa cha mitundu ndi mapiko ake, gulugufeyo amapusitsa bwino adani.
Palinso mtundu wina wofala kwambiri wa marigold - Sennitsa. Agulugufewa amakhala m'malo otakasaka komanso onyowa. Mbozi za agulugufe izi amakonda zokonda zitsamba - buluu ndi matope, koma anthu ena amakula.
Biology
Ku Caucasus, m'munsi mwa nkhalangoyi muli mitengo yotalikirana ya nkhalango kuyambira pansi pa 1600 mpaka 2200 m.
Mbadwo umodzi pachaka. Zaka kuyambira kumapeto kwa V mpaka theka loyamba la VII. Gulugufe amadya timadzi tokoma ku uchi. Amuna nthawi zina amakangana ndewu polimbirana gawo. Akazi amayikira mazira amodzi nthawi imodzi pamwamba pa udzu.
Amphaka amadyetsa fescue (Festuca), kubwezeretsedwanso (Calamagrostis), buluu (Poa) ndi hedgehog (Dactylis). Amphaka kapena pupae overwinter (Lvovsky, Morgun, 2007).
M'mikhalidwe yopanga, kukula kumachitika popanda diapusing ndipo agulugufe oyamba amatha kupezeka kumapeto kwa Julayi.
Daurian-Mongolia fauna
Daunaan-Mongolia fauna, yolumikizidwa zachilengedwe ndi gawo la steppe ndi nkhalango-steppe, ikuyimiridwa bwino ku Eastern Transbaikalia.
Koma kudutsa chigwa cha Amur komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, chimagawidwira chakum'mawa. M'dziko la Soviet Far East, zigwa za Zeya-Bureya ndi Khankai ndi malo omwe sikuti zimangokhala zochitika zokha zokha, komanso ma biocenoses athunthu a nyama za ku Daurian-Mongolia akuwonedwa.
Zinyama za zigawozi, ngakhale zili pafupi, koma nthawi yomweyo, zilinso ndi kusiyana kokwanira m'zigawo zonsezi. Kuphatikiza apo, malo omwe nyama zakhazikikamo amakhalanso ndi zochitika zachilengedwe m'chigwa chilichonse.
M'mapiri akulu a chigwa cha Zeya-Bureya, pali udzu wautali wopangidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana azomera. Tchire loyambira la mitengo ya oak ya ku Mongolia, ma hazel okhala ndi mitengo yambiri, mitengo ya maapulo ku Siberiya, m'chiuno, spirea ndi mitundu ina ya mitengo ndizabalalidwa pamiyala yaying'ono iyi pamiyala iyi.
Zilumba zoyera ndi nkhalango zachilengedwe zauwisi zimapezekanso. Palinso masamba obiriwira pachidikha, akudutsa mu ma sphagnum bogs (Mari). Nkhalango zamapine ndi mayanjano ophatikizana ndi zomera zachilengedwe, monga nthenga, udzu, ubweya wa ku Siberia, Scutellaria zabaikalsky, ndi keleria, zimamera pamalo otsetsereka, pamitunda, komanso pazokwera ndi dothi lamchenga.
Zinyama za chigwa cha Zeya-Bureya ndizophatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachilengedwe yomwe imachokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya biocenoses, yomwe steppe ndi meep-steppe zimalamulira.
Mwa mitundu ya nyama, mitunduyi ndi monga: Amur gopher, hamster womata, Daurian hamster, Vole ya Ungur, bustard waku East Siberi, crane wa Daurian, bakha ofiira, kavalo waku Siberian, bere wokhala ndi ndevu.
Mwa tizilombo tatsamba tokhala pachidikha cha Zeya-Bureya, pali mitengo yotsika, aurora jaundice, moto woyaka, moto wolimbana ndi moto, woyamba kudya barbel, ena mwamanyazi ndi ena.
Mitundu yonseyi imakhala yodziwika bwino ndi nyama zam'madzi yotchedwa Transbaikalia ya kum'mawa, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi Chigwa cha Amur, womwe ndi mtundu wa zinthu zoyipa za ku Mongolia-Daurian zoyenda kum'mawa. Zowona, zina mwazinthu zachilengedwe zanthunzi - gofu wautali, gulugufe wamtundu wotchedwa gulugufe - ndiofala ku Eastern Siberia ndi Far East. Chifukwa chake, chigwa cha Zeya-Bureya, dziko laling'ono laling'ono, chitha kupezeka ndi mitunduyi kupatula Amur,
Kuphatikiza pa mitundu ya xerophilous, mitundu yambiri yamitundu, yokhala nkhalango, meadows ndi mars, imakhala pachidikha cha Zeya-Bureya. Amakhala ovuta kutengera gawo lililonse, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amapezeka limodzi ndi mitundu ya xerophilous.
Pakati pa mitundu yamitengo pachidikha, Mbawala zam'mawa za Far East, Amur badger, vout East Siberian vole, vole nkhalango yofiyira, wamba cockoo, Amur magpie, Ussuri wautali bullfinch, Amur zhulan, Amur greenfinch, woodcock ndi ena amadziwika.
Mwa tizilombo m'nkhalango pachidikha, agulugufe ndiofala - nthiti za spiraeus, nkhalango yayikulu mayi wa ngale, bulifin nifada ndi pirale wa spiraea.
Mwa okhala m'matanad pali gawo la Ussuriysky lark, East Siberian wakuda wokhala ndi mutu, wakuda wokhala ndi ma pied harry, komanso tizilombo ta lepidopteran - clover jaundice, Amur pea whitewash, Marigold Menetrie komanso wakuda.
Mwa nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi ma peat bogs, marshes larch ngakhale tundra, Amur lemming, ptarmigan amapezeka m'malo otetezeka a Zeya-Bureya Plain, ndipo mwa agulugufe ndi ngale za peat, ngale za sphagnum, marigold lalikulu, ndi timiyala tambiri ndi miyala komanso miyala yakum'mawa.
Pazonse, nyama zam'mphepete mwa Zeya-Bureya ndizovuta zachilendo zomwe zidayamba chifukwa chogwirizana ndi zinthu zambiri zokhazikika komanso zowala zomwe zidachokera m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Kumpoto chakum'mawa, mitundu yambiri yamtundu wodziwika pachidikha cha Zeya-Bureya imazimiririka mwachangu, monga phala la ndevu komanso bakha wofiira. M'malo mwake, kumadzulo, kumtunda kwa Amur, chiwerengero cha zinthu zaku Daurian-Mongolia chikukula pang'onopang'ono.
Chifukwa chake, kuchokera ku Kumara kupita ku Jalinda, ma steppes (the steppe barbel, root -odya), omwe samapezeka nthawi zambiri pachigwa, amawonjezeka m'chigwa cha Amur.
Nthawi yomweyo, ma xerophiles ena osadziwika kum'mawa amawonekera pano: agulugufe - steppe jaundice, njenjete zamizere itatu ndi mitundu ina.
Pamalo otsetsereka otsetsereka pafupi ndi Shilka, Transbaikal steppes yokhala ngati Kamenka-dancer ndi jaundice waku Siberiya imayamba kale.
Pomaliza, zolengedwa zoyambirira za ku Mongolia-Daurian: zolengedwa za marmot ku Mongolia, agologolo a Daurian pansi, Daurian pika, zeren ndi mitengo ya ku Mongolia zikuyamba m'mbali mwa Onon.
Mtengo wokhala ndi nkhalango yotchedwa Transbaikal fauna, womwe ndi woimira kumpoto kwa dziko la Mongolia-Daurian wophatikizidwa ndi nkhalango zaku East Siberian, umapezeka m'chigwa cha Ingoda.
Zinyama za chigwa cha Khankaiskaya zimakhazikika m'malo opezeka nkhalango yakumwera, komwe ndi kuphatikiza malo otsatirawa: ziwembu za steppe, mitengo yotsika, nkhalango zobiriwira, nkhalango za mitengo ya pine-apricot ndi mitengo ya oak-pine, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi malo osamalirako nyama zambiri . Komanso, paini pano si wamba, monga m'nkhalango ya Zeya-Bureya, koma manda, omwe amafalikira kumwera kwa Primorye komanso kumalire a Korea ndi Northeast China.
Pa nkhalango yopondera ku Khankai, timapezako nyama zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi chigwa cha Zeya-Bureya, monga chimbudzi cha Daurian, bustard waku East Siberiya, kavalo waku Siberian, galu atatu, tizilombo ta Lepidoptera - Eastern lycaon, aurora wachikasu, njenjete yakumaso, njenjete yamaso. steppe barbel muzu wakudya, shpanki ndi ena.
Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu yambiri ya ku Mongolia-Daurian yomwe imapezeka pachilumba cha Zeya-Bureya sapezeka pa nkhalango ya Khankaiskaya: Amur gopher, Uyghur vole, bakha wofiira, gulugufe wa marigold (akgeya) ndi ena.
Koma pamizere yopondera pafupi ndi Hanka mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ku Mongolia monga tirushka yakum'mawa, a Radde toad ndi a Mongo a ku Mongolia adapezeka. Komanso, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya ma peat bogs, kapena mars, sapezeka pa chigwa cha Khankai.
Zimakhalabe zachilendo kupeza kufupi ndi Khanka malo apaderadera a chigwa cha Siberia, akumakhala m'nkhalango-tundra komanso m'madambo oyendera kumpoto kwa Siberia. Pali mitundu yambiri ya nkhalango ndi dambo lofanana m'nkhalango ya Khankai-steppe monga kumapiri a Amur.
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitengo ya Khankai ya nkhalango-steppe ndi nyama za chigwa cha Zeya-Bureya ndi kupezeka kwa ma xerophiles m'gulu lapadera loyamba, lomwe limalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi malo amiyala ndi malo otsetsereka kumwera omwe adaphimbidwa ndi nkhalango za pine ndi apricot.
Mwa kufalitsa kwawo, mitunduyi imakhala m'dera la kumpoto kwa China ndi South Dongbei komwe kuli madera oyandikana ndi Korea ndi South-Western Primorye. Mwa awa, otchuka kwambiri ndi awa: goral, miyala yakum'mawa ya Asia Asia thrush, agulugufe - Argunnis zenobia penelope Stg., A. nerippe coreana Btl., Pamphylla dieckmanni Graes, barbel juniper ndi mwala wamwala.
Mwabwinobwino, mitundu yachilengedweyi ikhoza kukhala yogwirizanitsidwa ndi nyama zapamwamba za Sino-Tibetan zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malo okhala miyala yankhalango yosowa. Kufalikira kuchokera ku Eastern Tibet kupita Kumwera Primorye, izi, mwachidziwitso, zitha kugawidwa zingapo. Kumpoto kwambiri kwa iwo ndi gulu la ma heliophiles omwe ali pamwambapa.
Ngakhale ena mwa ojambulawa amalowa munkhalango zakum'mawa kwa Primorye, ngakhale atero nthawi zonse amakhala okhulupirika ndi anzawo a biocenosis yosinthira mwala.
Zachisoni
M'chilimwe, ndizosatheka kuti tisakumane kwinakwake zazing'onozi, ngati kuti zimapangidwa kuchokera ku agulugufe velvet okhala ndi maso ochepa pamapiko. Maso achisoni pang'ono timawonjezera chithumwa chapadera ndi chitonthozo ku mawonekedwe a nkhalango ndi kudula.
Maso akuda pamapiko a gulugufeyu, chifukwa cha kuwongola kwa lalanje, amawoneka ochititsa chidwi kwambiri.
Agulugufewa ndi a banja la marigolds, kapena satyrid. Imakhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi 2,400 yomwe ili ponseponse padziko lapansi.
Oyenga opanda ziboda
Ma Satrisid adakhala ndi dzina polemekeza satana - mizimu ya m'nkhalango kuchokera ku nthano zakale zachi Greek.
Pamodzi ndi nymphs, ziwanda zoberekera izi zidapanga mawonekedwe a mulungu Dionysos ndikumayendetsa pambuyo pake kudutsa m'nkhalango ndi zitoliro ndi zotengera ndi vinyo, kuvina, kusangalala ndi kuyimba nyimbo.
Anthu adatengera maina ena agulugufewa: ma sitiroberi, makwerero, maso odabwitsa. Amatitumizira kunkhalango ndi madambo a udzu, kumene marigold amapezeka nthawi zambiri.
Satyrid imadziwika mosavuta ndi mapiko otambalala, ozungulira a mtundu wa bulauni kapena bulauni omwe ali ndi mawanga ocular m'mphepete. Maso awa ali ndi dontho loyera pakati, ngati kuti ali ndi mwana womasuka, ndi mawonekedwe a marigolds. Zina ndizokulitsa, monga ngati mitsempha yotupa pa mapiko akutsogolo.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, saturidi amadziwika kuti ndi submovalids. Agulugufe awa amawoneka chimodzimodzi. Monga nymphalids, miyendo yakutsogolo ya marigolds, yokutidwa ndi burashi la tsitsi lakuda, imapangidwa bwino ndipo sizigwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda. Koma kuthawa kwa satrisidi ndikosiyana, kuzindikirika kwambiri. Amayenda pang'onopang'ono pansi kwambiri, ngati kuti amagwa mbali ndi mbali.
Kuuluka "kouluka" kumeneku, kuphatikiza mitundu yowoneka bwino yoteteza, kumawapulumutsa ku mbalame, chinjoka ndi zina zomwe zimadya. Kuphatikiza apo, maso omwe ali m'mphepete mwa mapiko amakopa chidwi ndi yemwe akuukira, ndipo ngati ayesa kugwira gulugufe, amathandiza kusunga ziwalo zofunika.
Chifukwa cha mapiko atakulungidwa atakhala pachimtengo kapena pansi, marigulodi saoneka.
Kodi ma kraeglazkirs ali ndi mayina angati?
Maso omwe ali pamapiko a agulugufe kuchokera ku mtundu wamaso amadzakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda, tibia yamiyendo yapakati imakhala yofanana kutalika kwamiyendo, tinyanga tambiri ndiyoterera, ndipo mtsempha umodzi watupa. Mitundu iwiri yofanana imatchedwa sad eyecup: Lasiommata taega ndi Lasiommata achine.
Kunena zowona, omasulira ali ndi ufulu wambiri pamenepa, popeza "zachisoni" mu uline Wachilatini. Komabe, machitidwe a agulugufe amakonzedwanso kambirimbiri, asayansi nthawi zingapo amafotokoza mitundu imodzimodziyo mayina osiyanasiyana.
Zotsatira zake, agulugufe ambiri ali ndi mayina angapo, aku Russia ndi Latin. Makamaka, nsidze yomvetsa chisoni imatchulidwanso Mera wakhungu, wokhala ndi khungu, m'maso kapena chikwapu cha Mera.
Mitundu ya epithet taega imaphatikizidwanso ndi nthano yakale yachi Greek: Measure anali m'modzi mwa a Nereids, mnzake wa Artemis.
Magawo kapena kusiyanasiyana kwaumwini?
Kegglazka wachisoni amakhala ku North Africa, Europe, Anterior ndi Central Asia, ku Altai, kumapiri a Sayan, kumapiri a Kazakhstan ndi Mongolia. Imatha kuwoneka m'nkhalango, pafupi ndi nkhalango ndi zitsamba. Imakwera m'mapiri mpaka pamtunda wa 2000 m, pomwe imakhala m'mapiri komanso mawonekedwe pakati pa nkhalango ndi mitengo yomwe imamera m'mphepete, komanso m'mipata.
Kegglazka wachisoni ndi gulugufe wa bulawuni wopepuka wokhala ndi mawanga ochulukirapo pamapiko mumapangidwe a lalanje. Zachikazi sizosiyana kwambiri ndi zachimuna, komabe ndizazikulu, ndipo magawo awo a lalanje ndi owala komanso ochulukirapo.
Mtunduwu ndi wosiyanasiyana: Mapiko a maso ocheperako amatha kupakidwa utoto mosiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo ndi kutalikirana kwake. Palinso ma subspecies angapo.
Komabe, zimadziwika kuti anthu ochokera mumsewu wapakati womwe adakhazikika munyengo yotentha ndi yadzuwa amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa malamba owoneka bwino pamapiko, chimodzimodzi monga m'mabuku a Crimea ndi Caucasian. Chifukwa chake, mwina ndi za kusasiyana kokha.
Okonda nyama
Nthawi zambiri diso laling'ono lokhumudwitsa limapereka mibadwo iwiri pachaka, koma alipo atatu, ndipo m'mapiri amodzi. Makwati oyendetsa ng'ombe. Ndiwobiriwira wopepuka, wokhala ndi mzere wakuda kumbuyo ndi mfundo ziwiri kumapeto. Chapakatikati, kutuluka nyengo yachisanu, mphutsi zimasenda pansi mwachangu kapena kumata masamba.
Mtundu wa pupae umatengera malo omwe angagwirizanitsidwe ndi kugonana kwa gulugufe wamtsogolo: mwa akazi ndiwobiriwira wakuda, ndipo mwa abambo achikasu obiriwira. Kale mu Meyi mutha kuwona agulugufe oyamba kudya maluwa. Amuna a Marigold amabisa chinsinsi cha fungo labwino kuti akope zazikazi, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi tiziwiti tambiri.
Imalowa mlengalenga kuchokera pamwamba pa masikelo apadera, otchedwa androconium, omwe amapanga minda yokongola kwambiri ya utoto woonekera kwambiri pakati pa mapiko. Amuna nthawi zina amakhala ndi malo okhala.
Pambuyo pakukhwima, zazikazi zimayikira mazira 2-3 pamasamba a chikondwerero, buluu, kuphatikizidwanso, ndi zina monga chimanga. Pakumapeto kwa chilimwe, mbozi za m'badwo wachiwiri zimatuluka. Mpaka nthawi yophukira amadya, kenako nkutsikira pansi, pomwe nthawi yachisanu imayamba.
Kufotokozera Mwachidule
Gulu: tizilombo. Dongosolo: Lepidoptera. Banja: satana, satana, kapena marigodi. Mtundu: Kragglazka. Maonekedwe: zachisoni kragglazka.
Dzina lachi Latin: Lasiommata maera.
Kukula: mapiko a mapiko - 45-55 mm. Kupaka utoto: Kuwala bulauni ndi maso owala mumalowedwe a lalanje.
Chiyembekezo chamoyo: pafupifupi chaka.
Zachilengedwe
Wolemba ndakatulo A.N. adatcha gulugufe "maluwa owuluka" kuti chovala chowala. Maikov (mukumbukira mawu ake mapiko: "maluwa ambiri"?).
Pafupifupi mitundu 150 ya agulugufe amadziwika ku Nurgush Reserve, mwa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri 55 mwa gulu la Daytime Mace, mwa iwo pali mabanja a Lyubyanka, Belyanka, Mnogotsvetitsa, Marigold, Sailboats. Mitundu yonse ya utawaleza imawala mapiko awo.
Makamaka agulugufe okongola am'banja la Sailing, kapena Cavaliers. Zambiri mwa izo ndi mitundu yaosowa yomwe yalembedwa mu Red Book. Mu nkhalango zowuma mu Julayi, Apollo, yemwe adadziwika ndi dzina la mulungu wokongola, amasambira ngati sitima yoyera.
Podarilia yokongola nthawi zina imapezeka mu June m'mphepete mwa nkhalango. M'mphepete mwa mtsinje, Prost mu June imawuluka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku maluwa kupita ku maluwa a Mnemosyne, wotchedwa mulungu wamkazi wokumbukira.
Machaon wamphamvu komanso othamanga amawoneka paliponse.
Agulugufe owala kwambiri komanso otentha kwambiri osungidwamo ndi ochokera ku banja la Multiflorum kapena Nymphalidae. Chimodzi mwa zoyambirira kuwonekera mu kasupe ndi urticaria wodziwika bwino, kudzuka ku tulo. Potsatira iye, mapiko a kaboni owoneka ngati mapiko ndi mapiko ambiri otuluka.
M'chilimwe, amakunda ndi kuwala kwa buluu wonyezimira kwamiyendo yamtengo wapatali ndi yowoneka bwino pamapiko a mayi wa ngale.
Nthula zobwerera nyengo yozizira ku North Africa koyambirira kwa chilimwe, zili mwachangu kupereka m'badwo watsopano, womwe udazibwerera kumayiko ofunda kumapeto. Admirals okhazikika komanso oyenera amapanga maulendo kuchokera kumadera akumwera kupita ku nkhalango zathu.
Agulugufe monga diso la peacock masana, multicolor ofiira wakuda, nthiti za popula, ndikulira malonso ndizofala paliponse.
Belyanki sichachilendo, makamaka mandongrass, omwe amakongoletsa malo achilengedwe kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembara. Hawthorn yemwe ali ndi mapiko ake owonekera bwino amaonekera pang'onopang'ono chilimwe. Raspnitsa, bryuvennitsy, mwanawankhosa wa mtola, mbandakucha, jaundice - onsewo ndi anthu wamba pamitengo yamtchire komanso m'nkhalango.
Marigolds, okhala m'nkhalango wamba, ali ndi utoto wa chokoleti, amuna awo ali ndi masikelo ndi fungo la chokoleti. Pakati pa marigold, mitundu yotere imadziwika ndi dzina la ng'ombe, ubuluzi wamaluwa, peephole wamaluwa, velvet, marsh chernushka, sitiroberi ya paini komanso zofiirira.
Lycaenidae akudabwitsa kuti pakati pawo pali mitengo yobiriwira ya rasipiberi, ndi ma chervonets a lalanje, ndi Icarus wabuluu ndi Argus. Mbozi zawo amadya nsabwe za m'masamba. Nyerere zimakonda kutulutsa zokoma za mbozizi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimawanyamula kupita nazo nyengo yachisanu.
Dziko lopanda agulugufe limakhala lotopetsa, popanda iwo sipadakhala mbewu zamitundu yotere. Kukopa agulugufe, maluwa adakwaniritsa mtundu wawo, mawonekedwe ndi kununkhira kwawo kwazaka mamiliyoni.
Pazosungidwa zachilengedwe zokha, momwe zosokoneza zachilengedwe zitha, "maluwa owuluka" amatha kusungidwa.
Mtundu wa kapangidwe ka gulugufe ndi nyengo ya agulugufe am'banja la Marigold (Satyridae) am'madera otchuka a mzinda wa Gomel
Gulugufe ndi imodzi mwazida zazikulu kwambiri za tizilombo. Akuluakulu ndiofunika pollinators a maluwa. Mitundu ina ya agulugufe, omwe mbozi zawo zimadya masamba ndi singano, zimatha kubala kwambiri kutulutsa nkhalango.
Udindo wa agulugufe pazinthu zachilengedwe ndikuti, monga ogula poyamba, ali otenga nawo mbali pophatikiza chakudya.
Mitundu yomwe mbozi zake zimapanga silika ndizothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu. Mitundu ingapo ya mbozi ndi pupae imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zakudya zama protein.
Makatani amtundu wina angagwiritsidwe ntchito pochotsa udzu.
Cholinga cha ntchitoyi ndikuphunzira momwe mitundu ya agulugufe am'banja la Marigolds limayendera dera la Gomel.
Kufunikira kwenikweni kwa ntchitoyi kuli m'lingaliro loti zomwe zapezedwa pazosiyanasiyana zamitundu mitundu ndi zochitika zina zamtundu wa Lepidoptera banja la marigold zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kuwunika kwa anthropogenic pazachilengedwe, i.
kwa kuyeserera kwa boma la madera. Popeza kuchuluka kwa oimira gulu la Lepidoptera akuchepa, kafukufukuyu athandiza kuwunika zovuta zoteteza ma urbocenoses apadera a mizinda yayikulu.
Chomwe chikufufuzidwa ndi banja la Lepidoptera (Satyridae) la mapiri a Gomel.
Maphunziro a kumunda adachitika kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti 2016 kumapeto kwa mzinda wa Gomel.
Station 1 - malo otsetsereka omwe ali pamalo otseguka No. 17 ali ndi mpumulo, koma nthawi zina amasokonezedwa ndi kukwezedwa pang'ono. Kuphatikizika kwa mitundu ya moyo ya dambo louma kumadziwika ndi mphamvu ya chimanga, nyemba, ndi zitsamba zina.
Station 4 - dambo lakumtunda "Pokalyubichi" limakhala malo ouma komanso okwera ndi dothi lowala.
Malo oterewa amadziwika ndi malo otchedwa udzu wopanda udzu, momwe zimapezeka dambo, barele la ngale ndi malo oterera.
Kuchokera ku zitsamba, utomoni wokometsetsa umasakanikirana nawo, chimanjacho chimakhala choyipa, kankhumba kaubweya, nthawi zina amapanga chivundikiro chosatha, cinquefoil ndi silvery.
Njira Zofufuzira. Ma biotopu omwe timaphunzira omwe timayendera anali kuchezera kanayi pamwezi kuti akonze zoyambira kuthawa ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya agulugufe omwe banja lathu limapeza. Kuchuluka kwa mitundu m'miyezi yosiyanasiyana yachilimwe imasiyanasiyana, motero, ma biotopes ankayendera nthawi zosiyanasiyana 4 patsiku.
Kuphatikiza apo, maulendo aliwonse a biotopu anali ndi njira zitatu kuti akwaniritse mitundu ya agulugufe am'banja lino mwezi womwe wapatsidwa.
Njira yayikulu yowerengera agulugufe amasiku ndi njira yanjira, zowerengera zowerengera ndalama ndi njira zowerengera. Njira (pafupifupi 1 km) idayikidwa pa mabatani osankhidwa, momwe amakumana ndi agulugufe amasana.
Gulugufe anagwidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba, kutsimikiza kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito matebulo ofunikira, kenako agulugufe amaikidwa m'magulu.
Gulu la madera lidatsimikizika pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri: Shannon, Simpson index, kufanana kwa piel.
Kusanthula kwamakalata pazomwe zapezazo kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya EXEL pa kompyuta.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya oimira gulu la Marigold kuchipatala 1 akuimiridwa ndi mitundu isanu. Kuchulukana pamwezi kwa agulugufe am'banja la Satyridae kumawonetsedwa mu tebulo 1.
Pachulukidwe ndi mitundu ya Lepidoptera banja la Satyridae kuchipatala 3
Onani | Nthawi yophunzira | ||||
Meyi | Juni | Julayi | Ogasiti | Zonse | |
Melanargia galathea | 2 | 6 | 6 | 14 | |
Maniola jurtina ♂ | 1 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 20 |
Maniola jurtina ♀ | 2 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 17 |
Aphantopus hyperanthus | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 12 |
Lopinga akwaniritse | 3 | 6 | 9 | ||
Lasiommata megera ♀ | 5 | 6 | 2 | 9 | 22 |
Lasiommata megera ♂ | 4 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 17 |
Zonse | 14 | 24 | 29 | 44 | 111 |
Kutengera ndi zomwe zalembedwa pa Gawo 1, titha kunena kuti mitundu yofunika kwambiri ya biotopu ndi iyi: Lasiommata megera ♀, Lasiommata megera ♂, Maniola jurtina ♂, Maniola jurtina ♀. Izi mwina chifukwa cha chakudya choyenera cha mitundu iyi: fescue, bluegrass.
Zimaphatikizidwanso ndi nyengo yakuberekera kwa agulugufe amtunduwu komanso kupikisana kwawo kwakukulu pamalo omwe anapatsidwa [2, 3]. Mitundu ya Red Book Lopinga ikupezeka pa biotope iyi.
Pafupipafupi misonkhano imakhala yokwanira, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nyamayi ndi membala wanthawi zonse.
Kuuluka kwa Lepidoptera mkati mwa chipatalachi kunayamba mu Meyi, koma gulugufe anali wokhazikika mu Ogasiti. Izi mwina zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthropogenic pachipatalachi mu Juni ndi Julayi, popeza pali malo ochezera pafupi ndi dambo.
Kuchulukana ndi mitundu ya anthu a Satyridae pachipatala 2 akuwonetsedwa pa tebulo 2. Malinga ndi tebulo, mitundu yofunika kwambiri ya biotope iyi ndi: Aphantopus hyperanthus, Hipparchia autonoe, Hyponephele Lycaon. Panali anthu 77 amtunduwu.
Kukula kwa mitundu ya Hyponephele Lycaon kumalumikizidwa ndi komwe amakhala: mtunduwu umakonda malo owundira a meadows owuma [4, 5]. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu ya Aphantopus hyperanthus chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chakudya choyenera: kuchuluka kwa shark ndi sedge mu biotope iyi.
Kuwonekera kwambiri kwa mitundu ya lepidopteran Hipparchia autonoe mwina chifukwa chakuti amakhala m'misasa kapena ma biotope okhala ndi anthropogenic yaying'ono, komwe ndi kuchipatala 2.
Pachulukidwe ndi mitundu ya Lepidoptera banja la Satyridae kuchipatala 2
Onani | Nthawi yophunzira | ||||
Meyi | Juni | Julayi | Ogasiti | Zonse | |
Melanargia galathea | 2 | 5 | 9 | 16 | |
Maniolajurtina ♂ | 2 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 19 |
Maniolajurtina ♀ | 3 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 19 |
Melanargia russiae | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 13 |
Aphantopus hyperanthus | 3 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 25 |
Hipparchia autonoe | 2 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 28 |
Coenonymphapamphilus | 2 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 17 |
Coenonymphaamuntas | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | |
HyponepheleLycaon ♂ | 2 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 24 |
Zonse | 15 | 36 | 55 | 63 | 169 |
Kuuluka kwa agulugufe mkati mwa biotope iyi kunayamba mu Meyi, lepidoptera ya banja ili idafika pantchito yayikulu mu Julayi-Ogasiti (anthu 118 a mitundu 9 adapezeka), omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo abwino pakudya m'miyezi iyi, nyengo yabwino ndi nthawi yopatsirana kwa lepidoptera ya banja la velvet .
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Station 2 ikuyimiridwa ndi mitundu ikuluikulu kuposa Station 1. Ku Station 2, mitundu 9 ya marigolds idapezeka, ndipo ku Station 1 kudali mitundu 7 yokha ya banja la Lepidoptera (Satyridae). Komanso, kuchipatala 2, 34.3% anthu ambiri adakumana nawo kuposa kuchipatala 1.
Kusiyana kotereku mu chiwerengero cha Lepidoptera, mwina chifukwa chakuti chipatala 1 chimanyamula katundu wamkulu wa anthropogenic chifukwa cha malo achisangalalo omwe ali pafupi.
Ku chipatala 4, mitundu idapezeka: Melanargia russiae, Hipparchia autonoe, Coenonympha pamphilus, Hyponephele Lycaon ♂, omwe sanakumanane nawo kuchipatala 1.
Izi mwina zikuchitika chifukwa chakuti nyamazo sizikhala m'malo okhala ndi anthropogenic yambiri, yomwe imayang'aniridwa kuchipatala 1, komanso chifukwa cha zakudya zamtunduwu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchipatala 2, mitundu ya Coenonympha amuntas (4.7%) idakumana nayo koyamba, yomwe sinapezeke mu biotope ina iliyonse.
Izi, zikuwoneka kuti zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chakudya chabwino mdera ili. Ku chipatala 1, mitundu ya nyama idapezeka: Lasiommata megera L, Lasiommata megera L, Lopinga kukwaniritsa, komwe sikunachitike mu chipatala 4. Izi mwina ndi chifukwa cha chakudya chomwe chimapezeka mwa mitunduyi komanso kupulumuka bwino pansi pamavuto anthropogenic.
Kapangidwe ka dera la Lepidoptera la banja la Satyridae mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya meadows ku Gomel:
1) gulu la marigold limayimiriridwa kwambiri ndi mitundu kuchipatala 2, chifukwa mndandanda wa Shannon ndi 0.942 (2.1), ndipo mawonekedwe ake amakhala kuchokera ku 1.5 mpaka 3.5, ndipo okwera kwambiri, omwe amawimira mitundu. Izi zili choncho mwina chifukwa chakuti biotope yomwe tikuphunzira ili ndi maziko abwino opangira, chifukwa cha kupangidwe kwa meltwater kumapeto kwa kasupe.
2) kuchuluka kwakukulu kwambiri kwamitundu kumakhala mu chipatala 3, chifukwa cholozera cha Simpson index ndi 0,2 (2,2), ndipo chikhazikitso cha index cha Simpson chimachokera ku 0 mpaka 1, ndipo chokulirapo chizindikirocho, mitundu yambiri imakulamulira biotope.
3) Kujambulidwa kwa piel kumatiwonetsa kuti madera omwe timaphunzitsidwa ndi ife (Satyridae) amapangidwa ku zipatala zonse, chifukwa mndandanda wofanana mu zipatala 1 ndi 2 anali 0.427 ndi 0429 (2.3), motsatana, ndipo chikhalidwe chake chimachokera pa 0 mpaka 1, ndipo, kuyanjana kwambiri, anthu amderalo amasokonezedwa, kapena ndi gawo lakapangidwe.
Chifukwa chophunzira za banja la Lepidoptera la marigold pamakina a Gomel, potengera kusanthula kwa anthu osiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe a mitundu ndi zochita za nyengo ya agulugufe a banja lino.
Takumana ndi anthu 280 amtundu wa 13, mwa mitundu iwiri yomwe adalembedwera mu Red Book of the Belarus: Erebia aethiops ndi Lopinga akwaniritsa, omwe ali ndi gulu loteteza II ndi III. Ku chipatala 1, anthu 111 mwa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya 7 adapezeka, mwa omwe ambiri ndi awa: Lasiommata megera ♀, Lasiommata megera ♂, Maniola jurtina ♂, Maniola jurtina. (76).
Ku chipatala chachiwiri, tidakumana ndi anthu 169, omwe ndi amitundu 9. Mwa iwo omwe adapambana: Aphantopus hyperanthus, Hipparchia autonoe, Hyponephele Lycaon (anthu 77).
Pakuchezera mwezi uliwonse kuzipatala zophunziridwa kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti, tawona kuti kuwuluka kwa agulugufe am'banjali (Satyridae) mkati mwa zipatala zophunziridwa panthawi yophunzirayi kumachitika makamaka mu Julayi - Ogasiti. Munali m'miyezi imeneyi pamene kuchuluka kwa banja la Lepidoptera (Satyridae) kunachuluka.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa: ngakhale m'malire amidzi yamatawuni, madera achilengedwe apadera omwe akufuna chitetezo ndi chitetezo, chifukwa amapereka gawo lothandiza ku dziwe la Republic.
- Pesenko Yu.A. Mfundo ndi njira zowerengetsera kuchuluka mu maphunziro abwinoko. - Moscow: Nauka, 1982. - 282 p.
- Anfinogenova V.G. Order Lepidoptera Lepidoptera // Invertebrates of the Pripyatsky National Park. - Minsk, 1997 .-- S. 129-141.
- Hodko E.I. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono. - Minsk: Belarusian Science, 2008. - 38 p.
- Gornostaev G.N. Mfungulo yalamulo ndi mabanja azigawo a gulu lapakati pa gawo la ku Europe la USSR - Moscow: Moscow State University, 1986. - 118 p.
- Kaabak L.V. Gulugufe wapadziko lapansi. - Moscow: Avanta, 2003 .-- 458 p.
Mawu Ofunika(zopangidwa zokha)mitundu: chipatala, chipatala, biotopu, mitundu yazipangidwe, malo otsetsereka, banja, munthu, gomeli, Lepidoptera banja la marigold, dera la Gomel.
Gulugufe Wamtchire - Zolemba pa Plywood ndi Ndodo
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Agulugufe ena amkhalango okha omwe amapatsidwa chidwi chanu. Koma tisaiwale kuti kumbuyo kwa kukongola kwa agulugufe awa kuli ntchito zoyipa za mphutsi zawo - mbozi, zomwe nthawi zina zimakongoletsedwa ndi "miyala" yambiri - ma warts okongola, protrusions, tsitsi la mitundu yambiri, etc.
KULAMBIRA kumasangalatsa diso ndi zovala zake zapamwamba. M'mbuyomu, amatchedwanso kuti mwinjiro. Gulugufe limakula m'mibadwo iwiri.
Iliyonse ya mitunduyo ili ndi mtundu wake wamalire, kumapeto kwa mapiko. Gulugufe wam'badwo wachiwiri wokhala ndi malire achikasu akuwonetsedwa m'chithunzichi. Gulugufe wam'badwo woyamba uli ndi malire oyera.
Makatani amtengo wachisoni amawononga masamba a birch, popula, msondodzi, aspen ndi mitundu ina.
SUMMER LANDWATER amadziwika chifukwa cha mapiko ake okongola komanso osalala. Mtundu wa gulugufe wotanthauzira kuchokera ku Latin kupita ku Russia amatanthauza "Trojan", i.e. wokhala mumzinda wakale wa Greece ku Troy. Kuuluka kwa agulugufe kumayamba mu Julayi, kumatha mu Ogasiti. Mbawala zake zimadyera makamaka masamba a aspen.
TOPOLEVY TAPE FLAPTER imawuluka mu Juni-Julayi mu nkhalango zowala. Riboni amamuyitanitsa komwe amapezeka mawanga oyera pamapiko a tepi.
Ribbon nthawi zambiri imadziunjikira m'malo otentha a nkhalangoyi, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yamapiri, pafupi ndi mitsinje yamvula, komanso pamayendedwe a madzi kuchokera pamtengo. Mutha kukumana naye kumapiri ndi misewu yamatchi.
Zakudya zake zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi masamba aaspen ndi mitundu ina ya popula.
ZORKA imatha kupezeka pakati pa mitengo ya m'nkhalango mu Meyi-June. Wamkazi ndi wosiyana ndi wamwamuna, amene chithunzi chake chimayikidwa patsamba lino.
Alibe mawanga akulu owala lalanje kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mapiko akutsogolo, ndi oyera, ndipo kumbuyo kwawo ndi marble. Mbali yakumapeto ya mapiko a kumbuyo kwake imakhala yobiriwira ndi madontho akuda ndi mawanga oyera.
M'mabuku akale achi Russia, gulugufeyu amatchedwa Aurora, dzina la mulungu wanthano wam'mawa.
HORSE ikuchucha mchaka, kuwonekera ngati imodzi mwa agulugufe oyamba. Amakhala kumwera m'mibadwo iwiri. Ngakhale gulugufeyu amatchedwa urticaria, mbozi zake zomwe zili ndi ana athunthu sizimalimbana ndi chingwe, koma msondodzi wa popula. Nthawi yomweyo, amawaza nthambi ndi ulusi wopota.
KULAMBIRA KWA NIOBE, kuuluka mu June-Ogasiti, ndi mawonekedwe ake kumapeto kwa mapiko kukufanana ndi chessboard. Pansi pa mapiko ake pali zodetsa zachikasu kapena zowala kapena zopindika zasiliva. Gulugufe amatchedwa mfumu ya nthano Thebes - Amphion. Chingwe chake chidalawa ngati nkhalango yamtchire.
MPHAMVU YA MILITARY imapezeka kumapeto kwa nkhalango. Kupaka utoto kwamapiko kumapangitsa kuti dzina lake lipangidwe. Gulugufe amauluka kuyambira mwezi wa Julayi mpaka nthawi yophukira, ndipo nthawi yachisanu akamazizira m'malo obisika kapena mokhalamo munthu, amabweranso masika. Mitengo yamapira imawononga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya elm, popula, msondodzi ndi mitengo yazipatso.
Ng'ombe za m'maso m'mapiko apansi zili ndi "maso" awiri a buluu. Mtundu wofotokozedwera bwino chotere udaperekedwa kwa gulugufe ndi Carl Linnaeus. Gulugufe wa agulugufe Meyi-Juni. Imakhala ndi phenoscis yayitali, nthawi yamadzulo imasonkhanitsa timadzi tokongola tambiri touluka touluka mwachangu, osakhala pa iwo. Brazhniki - maluwa abwino kwambiri pakati pa agulugufe. Ziwawa zake zimawononga mitengo ya msondodzi ndi mitengo yazipatso.
KAYA BEAR ali ndi mapiko owopsa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Karl Linnaeus amutche Greek moto. Mtundu wamalawi amoto ukasinthanso, momwemonso mapiko amkati mwake. Gulugufe amauluka mu Julayi-Ogasiti.
YELLOW pachithunzi chathu imawonetsedwa ndi bambo wokongola. Dongosolo la asayansi la Latin Latin la gulugufe limachokera ku liwu loti "Kolias" - dzina limodzi lodziwika bwino la mulungu wamkazi wa nthano ya Aphrodite, ndipo mayina amtunduwu amalozera dzina la Palaeno - dzina limodzi la nymph, wokhala m'malo okhala chinyezi. Inde, mbozi ya gulugufe imadyera nkhwangwa zomwe zimamera m'matumbo a peat, pakati pa nkhalango zachilengedwe. Amatchedwa peat jaundice.
TAPE RED chifukwa cha kukongola kwake ndi dzina la Chilatini "mkwatibwi". M'mbuyomu, lidalinso ndi dzina lina - sash ofiira. Gulugufe amawuluka usiku ndi kumadzulo mu Julayi-Sepemba, ndipo masana amakhala mosakhazikika pamitengo yamtengo. Akaukiridwa, amatsegula mapiko ake ndikuwopseza mdani ndi nthiti yofiyira pamapiko akumbuyo. Gulugufe wa agulugufe amawononga mitundu ingapo ya ma poplars aspen ndi msondodzi.
TANTHAU YA MABWINO yapezeka m'nkhalangoyi kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala. Koma kumuzindikira sikophweka. Ikakulungika ngati mapiko ngati padenga pamtengo, imangokhala yosaoneka ngati makungwa a mitengo. Gulugufe wa agulugufe amawononga mapulo, popula, msondodzi, elm, phulusa ndi mitengo ina yabwino.
Pestruska wokhala ndi mapiko amdima ali ndi ndege yowoneka bwino kwambiri kumapeto kwa nkhalango mu Meyi-Juni. Kummwera ndiye m'badwo wawo wachiwiri mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembara. Wamphongo samasiyana ndi wamkazi. Njoka yoyera inaona pamapiko ake. Gulugufe ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi meadowsweet pest. Mapira amapezeka pamtunda ndi masika pamtunda, amakula m'nkhalango komanso pakati pa zitsamba.
PAMLAMUTRA amayandama pakati pa tchire ndi udzu. Gulugufe wokongola ali ndi dzina la Chilatini "nymph". Tinkakonda kutcha gulugufe wachikuda. Mbawala zake zimadya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtchire.
LERGE FOREST PERAMUTRATION ali ndi mapiko kumbuyo kwake obiriwira pansi ndi mikwingwirima ya peyala. Tinkachitcha kuti malaya achifumu. Kummwera, nthawi yakula, agulugufe amawuluka kawiri - mu June-Julayi ndi Seputembara-Okutobala. Amayi a mbozi za ngale zimawonongeratu nkhalango m'nkhalangozi, mitundu yambiri yochokera ku banja la Rosaceae ndi mbewu zina.