1. Albatrosses ndi mbalame zam'nyanja zomwe zimadziwika chifukwa chokonda kuyenda mtunda wautali.
2.Albatrosses amakhala m'malo ozizira komanso otentha a Kumwera Kwambiri. Makamaka mbalame zimapezeka m'malo otchedwa Southern Ocean - beseni lozungulira Antarctica, kuzilumba zonse.
3. Mbalame zimayendayenda kutali - kumadera otentha a North Hemisphere, ndipo sizimawulukira kumadera okha kumtunda kwa Arctic Ocean.
4. Pali mitundu yopitilira 20 ya ma albatrosses - kuyambira pa utsi, kukula kwa seagull, kuyenda (Diomedes exulans, kapena "albatross exiled"), yomwe ili ndi mapiko ake a mita 3.5 (iyi ndi ndege yaying'ono yokhala mpando umodzi)!
5. M'mabanja a albatross, mbalame zachifumu komanso zoyenda zokhala ngati mbalame imodzi ndi imodzi mwamgulu lalikulu kwambiri la mbalame zouluka. Unyinji wamagulu akuluakulu umafika pa-kilogalamu 10-11, ndipo mapikowo amakhala mpaka mamita 3.5. Mitundu yodziwika ya ma albatross: Amsterdam albatross, Royal albatross, albatross woyendayenda, Tristan albatross.
Amsterdam Albatross
6. Amsterdam albatross amafikira masentimita 120 kutalika kwake, mapiko ake - mpaka 3.5 metres, kulemera kwake kuli pamlingo wa kilogalamu 5-8.
7. Kuwona kwakukulu kwa zilumba za Amsterdam zomwe zili kumwera kwa Indian Ocean.
8. Mbalameyi ikuwopsezedwa ndikuwonongeka, koma pang'onopang'ono ndiyotheka kuchulukitsa anthu.
9. Albatrosses amauluka kutali komanso motalika kuposa mbalame ina iliyonse. Chifukwa cha kutsatira satellite, zinafika kuti ma albatross ena amawuluka padziko lapansi pasanathe miyezi iwiri ndipo amatha kuwuluka kwa masiku asanu ndi limodzi osatulutsa mapiko awo.
10. Gawo lowononga mphamvu kwambiri la ndege iliyonse ya albatross limachotsedwa: nthawi yokha yomwe mbalame imafunikira kupukusa mapiko ake modzipereka.
Royal albatross
11. Albatross yachifumu imakhala ndi matupi a mbalame kutalika kwa 110 mpaka 120 sentimita, mapiko a masentimita 280 mpaka 3250, ndipo wamkulu amakula pafupifupi kilogalamu 8.
12. Mitunduyi imaphatikizanso mitundu iwiri: Kumpoto kwa kumwera ndi kumwera kwa chifumu cha albatross. Mapiko amtundu wakumpoto ali ndi nthenga za utoto wakuda, pomwe wakum'mwera ali ndi mapiko oyera oyera.
13. Kukhazikika kwa malo okhala albatross - New Zealand.
14. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zolusa zomwe zikukonzekera mitsinje yotentha, albatross imasungidwa pafupi ndi nyanja pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokweza mafunde amafunde ochokera pamafunde.
15. Zambiri mwa mbalamezi ndizowonda komanso zoyandikana, fluff ndi yofunda, yopepuka komanso yotentha, yofiyira yophimba thupi la albatross mosalekeza, pomwe mbalame zina zimangokulira m'mizere yina - pterillia. Mitundu yofiyira ya albatrosses ili pafupi ndi thukuta m'thupi lake.
Kuyenda albatross
16. Albatross woyendayenda amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 117, mapiko amtundu waukulu kwambiri kuposa mitundu yonse - mpaka masentimita 370. Mtundu wa chinsomba cha mbalameyo ndi yoyera, pa nthenga za mapiko pamakhala mikwingwirima yakuda. Mlomo ndi waukulu. Matata ndi apinki.
17. Achinyamata amakhala ndi zofiirira, zomwe zimafota ndipo zimakhala zoyera pomwe akula, koma chingwe chowoneka cha bulauni chimatha kukhalabe pachifuwa kwanthawi yayitali.
18. Albatross yoyendayenda imapezeka kuzilumba za subantarctic.
Albatross wakuda
19. Kamwana ka mbalame ya albatross ikangoyendayenda kumapiko ake, miyendo yake sidzakhudzanso pansi mpaka nthawi ikakwatirana, ndipo izi zitha kuchitika zaka khumi ndi ziwiri.
20. Mtundu wa albatrosses si wowala, ma toni aku bulauni amatuluka timitundu yaying'ono, komanso yoyera mu yayikulu. Ziwalo za thupi (mutu, mapiko) mu mbalame zoyera zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi imvi kapena yakuda. Mbalame zazimuna zonse ziwiri ndizakuda chimodzimodzi.
Tristan Albatross
21. Tristan albatross imawoneka yofanana kwambiri ndi albatross yoyendayenda ndipo kwakanthawi idatengedwa ngati mabungwe ake. Komabe, mbalameyi imakhala yaying'ono kukula, ndipo mtundu wake wamafuta ndi wakuda.
22. Achinyamata amakhala ndi zoyera zoyera pang'onopang'ono, poyerekeza ndi albatross.
23. Kukhazikika kwa zolengedwa ndi malo osungirako nyama a Tristan da Cunha, pomwe akuwopsezedwa kuti atha.
24. Albatross ndi mbalame yokhalitsa. Amakhala nthawi yayitali kutengera miyezo ya nyama. Moyo wawo ungafanane ndi kutalika ndi munthu, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zaka 60 kapena kupitirira.
25. Koma, ngakhale izi, albatross wokhala ndi tsitsi loyera walembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira la Russia, kuwonongedwa kwa mitunduyi kunathandizidwa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa mbalame ndi asitole chifukwa cha zofunikira zambiri za albatross.
26. Ma Albatrosses ndi "osamuka" omwe samangirizidwa ndi china chilichonse kupatula komwe adabadwira. Ndi maulendo awo, amaphimba dziko lonse lapansi. Mbalamezi zimatha kukhala mwamtendere popanda malo kwa miyezi yambiri, ndipo kuti zipume, zimatha kukhala m'mphepete mwa madzi.
27. Albatrosses ndi amodzi a Procellariiformes, poyambirira - Tubinares, omwe amatanthauza "chu-nosed".
28. Tubes timayendera kutalika konse kwa milomo yayikulu yokhomedwa ndipo imayambitsa kununkhira bwino kwambiri, kumalola albatross kudziwa zisa ndi chakudya kwamtunda wautali.
29. M'mitundu ina ya timachubu, timagwira ntchito ziwiri: imalola kuti mbalame ipume kudzera pamphuno imodzi ndikufinya mchere wanyanja kudzera munzake.
30. Kuti apitilize kuthamanga, mbalame zimasamukira kumadera komwe zidadzigawanitsa. Izi zimachitika pafupipafupi: kamodzi pakapita zaka 2-3.
31. Mtundu uliwonse wamabanja a albatross wasankha malo okulera ana. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi malo pafupi ndi equator.
32. Amayesetsa kumanga zisa zawo momwemo, atha kukhala moyandikana ndi mitundu yapafupi ya mbalame zam'nyanja.
33. Albatross samachita kukangana pomanga. Chisa chake chikuwoneka ngati mulu wa matope, nthaka ndi udzu wokhala ndi nkhawa, itaimirira molunjika pamiyala kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
34. Mbalameyi imatha kukhala ngati chitsanzo cha kukhala ndi mayi m'modzi: mbalame izi zimasankha mnzake m'moyo. Awiriwa amatenga zaka kukhala banja la mbalame zenizeni zokhala ndi manja ake komanso zizindikilo zake.
35. Mwambo wokwatiwa ndi mbalame ndi wofatsa kwambiri, amatsuka nthenga zawo, amadyetsana, kumangirana komanso kupsompsonana. Pakatha miyezi yayitali yopatukana, onse awiri amabwereranso kumalo odyera ndipo nthawi yomweyo amadziwana.
36. mbalamezi zimangokhala dzira limodzi lokha. Iwo amawaswa iwo. Njira yotchingira mbalamezi ndi imodzi mwazitali kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse ndipo imatenga masiku 80. Mabanjawa amasintha mosalekeza, ndipo mazira akakakamizidwa, mbalame zonse ziwiri zimachepa ndipo zimatha.
37. Mwezi woyamba, banjali limakonda kudyetsa ana awo, ndipo othandizawo amawotentha. Kenako makolowo amatha kusiya chisa cha anawo kwa masiku angapo, ndipo mwanawonso amasiyidwa yekha.
38. Chokhacho chimakhala chisa m'mimba masiku 270, pomwe nthawi imakula kotero kuti thupi lake limaposa kukula kwa mbalame m'mitundu.
39.Albatrosses amasiyiratu khandalo, ndipo wachinyamata amakakamizidwa kukhala yekha mpaka atasintha mwana wake kukhala wamkulu ndikuwaphunzitsa mapiko ake kuthawa. Maphunziro amachitika pagombe kapena m'mphepete mwamadzi.
40. Albatrosses ali okonzeka kukhwima ali ndi zaka 4-5, komabe, sakwatirana asanakwanitse zaka 9 mpaka 10.
41. Chakudya cha albatross chimakhala ndi nsomba, squid, crustaceans, mollusks, ndi plankton yaying'ono.
42. Pakudya nyama, ma albatross nthawi zambiri amayenda usiku, kuyifufuza m'mwamba ndikuyitenga pamwamba pa madzi pa ntchentche. Mbalame zimathanso kulowa m'madzi akuya pafupifupi mamita 12.
43. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imakonda zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, alubino ena amakonda kusaka nyama kumtunda, pomwe ena amachita mosiyana.
44. Albatross woyendayenda amafufuza chakudya pokhapokha malo wozama kilomita imodzi. Nthawi yakudyaku, zazimuna ndi zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimasaka m'malo osiyanasiyana.
45. Kugonana mu albatrosses sikufotokozedwa. Ndi achichepere okha omwe amasiyana ndi mbalame zachikulire zakuda zofiirira kapena zofiirira. Nthawi zina ngakhale m'malire akuda achikazi amatha kuonekera m'mphepete mwa nthenga zoyera pamapiko.
46. Albatrosses ndi mbalame zazikulu kwambiri pabanja lawo. Kunja, mbalameyi imakhala ngati seagull. Chifukwa chake, albatross imakhala ndi mulomo wofanana nayo - wopapatiza komanso wautali, wopindika kumapeto. Komabe, ili ndi gawo lake lofunikira.
47. Mphuno za mbalamezi zili m'mphepete mwa mulomo ndipo zimawoneka ngati timachubu titalitali. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi chifukwa cha fungo lakuthwa kwambiri komanso lopangidwa bwino ndi mbalame za albatrosses, zomwe ndizosowa kwambiri pakati pa mbalame.
48. Pakhomo pakatikati, palibemo zothandizira kugwirira ntchito mulomo.
49. Mtunda wothamanga wa albatross ndi 50 km / h, kutalika kwake ndi 80 km / h. Mbalame yachikulire imawuluka makilomita 800-1000 patsiku. Ndipo dziko lapansi limazungulira masiku 46.
50. Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, ma albatross adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la mazira, mafuta, komanso fluff. Anthu adawononga malo okhala zisa, ndipo mbalame adawomberedwa. Zonsezi zidadzetsa kuti lero mitundu 19 mwa 21 ya ma albatross amalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo ali pangozi yotha.
Zosintha ndi chisinthiko
Zomwe zimapezeka koyambirira kwa mbalame kuchokera ku mtundu wa albatross ndi gulu la Middle Miocene pafupifupi zaka 12-15 miliyoni zapitazo.
Mitundu ya zinthu zakale (Olson, 1985, Haaramo, 2005)
- Diomedea milleri (Middle Miocene, Sharktooth Hill, ndipo mwina Middle Miocene, Oregon, USA)
- Diomedea sp. (Late Miocene, Valdes Peninsula (Argentina), Antarctica)
- Diomedea sp. (Pliocene, South Africa)
- Diomedea sp. (Oyambirira Pliocene, Florida, USA)
Albatross
1. ornikole. nsomba yamiyala yamtundu wa phula (Diomedea) ◆ Njira yotsogola imadziwika nthawi zonse ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: mzere wozungulira wa thonje loyera, lomwe limagwira gawo lalikulu la nyanja, magulu a nkhanu ndi albatross, anamgumi, akasupe, ndi magulu a mikango yam'nyanja ya Steller. Chekhov, Chilumba cha Sakhalin, 1893-1895
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