Chisindikizo cha doko | |||||
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Gulu la asayansi | |||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Pamtunda |
Onani: | Chisindikizo cha doko |
Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758
Madzi akufalikira
Chisindikizo wamba (lat. Phoca vitulina) - woimira banja la zisindikizo zenizeni. Kugawidwa circumpolarly ndikupezeka m'madzi onse oyandikana ndi Nyanja ya Arctic.
Masanjidwe awiri amapezeka mu Red Book (ma subspecies aku Europe ndi Steineger chisindikizo kapena chisindikizo cha chisumbu).
Pezani madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific Oceans, komanso Baltic ndi North Seas. Zisindikizo wamba zimakhala zofiirira, zofiirira kapena za imvi ndipo zimakhala ndi mphuno yamtundu wa V. Akuluakulu amafika pa 1.85 m kutalika ndi 132 kg kulemera kwake. Akazi amakhala ndi zaka 30- 35, ndipo amuna mpaka zaka 20-25. Zisindikizo wamba zimakonda kukhala m'matanthwe pomwe zilombo sizingafikire. Chiwerengero cha padziko lonse lapansi cha zisindikizo chikuyambira pa 400,000 mpaka 500,000 payokha. Ma subspecies ena ali pangozi, subspecies Phoca vitulina vitulina lotetezedwa pansi pa Pangano la Nyanja ya Wadden.
Kuswana
Mitundu ya m'mphepete mwa chosindikizira chobala mwana imapita kumisonga yopangidwa nthawi yayitali. M'mikhalidwe imeneyi, akhanda amafunika kusambira pasanathe maola ochepa atabereka. Mosiyana ndi zisindikizo zina zomwe zimabereka ayezi, ana agalu am'madzi am'nyanja amabadwa, atataya ubweya wawo woyera m'masiku omaliza a chiberekero.
Masanjidwe
Pali mitundu isanu yazosindikiza chimodzi:
- Chisindikizo chakumadzulo Phoca vitulina concolor (DeKay (Eng.) Russian., 1842), amakhala kum'mawa kwa North America,
- Chisindikizo cha Ungawa Phoca vitulina mellonae (Doutt, 1942) - amapezeka m'madzi abwino a kum'mawa kwa Canada. Ofufuzawo ena adaphatikizira m'mabungwewa P. v. konkriti,
- Chisindikizo wamba cha Pacific, Phoca vitulina richardsi (Grey, 1864). Kupezeka kumadzulo kwa North America,
- Chisindikizo cha Chilumba Phoca vitulina stejnegeri (Allen, 1902). Imapezeka ku East Asia,
- Chisindikizo cha atlantic chakum'mawa, Phoca vitulina vitulina (L., 1758). Chodziwika kwambiri pamitundu yonse yazidindo wamba. Imapezeka ku Europe ndi West Asia.
Maonekedwe a Zisindikizo ndi malo okhala
Chisindikizo cha nyama Imapezeka m'madzi am'madzi omwe amayenda ku Arctic Ocean, yomwe imasunga pafupi ndi gombe, koma nthawi yambiri imakhala m'madzi.
Oyimira magulu a ered ndi zisindikizo zenizeni nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zisindikizo. M'magawo onse awiriwa, miyendo ya nyamazo imatha ndikutulutsa timapeto tokhala ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zopangidwa bwino. Kukula kwa nyama yam'madzi kumatengera mtundu wake ndi mitundu ina. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 6 m, kulemera - kuchokera 100 makilogalamu mpaka 3.5 matani.
Thupi la oblong limafanana ndi kupindika pang'onopang'ono, mutu umapendekera pang'ono, kutsogolo, khosi losasunthika, nyama imakhala ndi mano 26-25.
Ma Auricles kulibe - m'malo mwake, mavavu amapezeka pamutu omwe amateteza makutu kuchokera kumadzi, mavavu omwewo ali pamphuno ya mamina. Pa chopondera pamalo a mphuno pali ndevu zazitali zazitali zosunthika - ma tactile vibrissae.
Mukasunthira pamtunda, malekezero ake am'mbuyo amatambasulidwa kumbuyo, osasunthika ndipo sangakhale thandizo. Kuchuluka kwa mafuta ochulukirapo a nyama yachikulire kumatha kukhala 25% ya kulemera konseko kwa thupi.
Kuchulukana kwa tsambalo kumasinthanso kutengera mitundu, choncho m'madzi njovu - zisindikizo, zomwe zilibe, pomwe mitundu ina imadzitamandira chifukwa cha ubweya wankhosa.
Mtundu umasinthanso - kuchokera pamtundu wakofiira mpaka chisindikizo cha imvikuchokera kumapiri mpaka pamizere ndi chisindikizo chowona. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti zisindikizo zimatha kulira, ngakhale zilibe timimba tambiri. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi mchira wawung'ono, womwe sugwira ntchito iliyonse pakusuntha pamtunda ndi m'madzi.
Zisindikizo ndi chikhalidwe
Chisindikizo pa chithunzi Chimawoneka chinyama chamtopola komanso chosachedwa, koma malingaliro oterewa amatha kukhala pokhapokha ngati ili kumtunda, pomwe mayendedwe ake amakhala osagwirizana ndi thupi mbali ndi mbali.
Chisindikizo chomwaza
Ngati ndi kotheka, nguluwe imatha kuthamanga mpaka 25 km / h m'madzi. Pankhani yodumphira m'madzi, oimira ena mwa mitundu ina amakhalanso opikisana - kuya kwakuya pakasambira kungakhale mpaka 600 m.
Kuphatikiza apo, chisindikizo chimatha kukhalabe pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi pafupifupi 10 osakhudzidwa ndi mpweya, chifukwa chakuti pamakhala thumba la mpweya pambali pakhungu lomwe nyamayo imasungira oxygen.
Kusambira ndikuyang'ana chakudya pansi pamafunde akuluakulu, zisindikizo zokhala ndi ma dexterity zimapeza malo kuti zithandizenso kusungiramo. Panthawi imeneyi chisindikizo chimapanga mawu, ofanana ndikudina, komwe kumawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wamawu.
Mverani mawu a zisindikizo
Pansi pamadzi, chisindikizo chimatha kupanga mawu ena. Mwachitsanzo, njovu yam'nyanja, ikukhathamiritsa chikwama cha pamphuno, imatulutsa mawu ofanana ndi kubangula kwa njovu yapamtunda yokhazikika. Izi zimamuthandiza kuthamangitsa adani ndi adani.
Oimira mitundu yonse ya zisindikizo amakhala nthawi yayitali panyanja. Pamtunda, amasankhidwa pokhapokha atasungunuka komanso kuti aberekane.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti nyama zimagona m'madzi, kuphatikiza apo, zimatha kuchita izi m'njira ziwiri: kutembenukira kumisana, chisindikizo chimangokhala pamtunda chifukwa chamtambo wamafuta komanso kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa masamba, kapena, kugona mtulo pansi pamadzi (ma mita angapo), kenako imatulukira, imapumira pang'ono ndikugwa, kubwereza kusuntha uku nthawi yonse yogona.
Ngakhale kuti amatha kusuntha, muzochitika zonsezi. Anthu obadwa kumene amakhala pamilungu iwiri yoyambirira basi, osatha kusambira, amatuluka m'madzi kuti ayambe kuyima pawokha.
Chisindikizo chimatha kugona m'madzi, chimagudubuza kumbuyo kwake.
Wachikulire ali ndi malo atatu mbali, wosanjikiza wamafuta womwe ndi wocheperako kuposa thupi lonse. Mothandizidwa ndi malo awa, chisindikizo chimapulumuka pakuwonjezera kutentha, kupereka kutentha kwambiri kudzera mwaiwo.
Achichepere alibe luso lotere. Amapereka kutentha ndi thupi lawo lonse, chifukwa chake, pamene chidindo chaching'ono chimagona pa ayezi kwanthawi yayitali osasunthika, mafomu akuluakulu pansi pake.
Nthawi zina izi zitha kupha, chifukwa madzi oundana akasungunuka pansi pa chisindikizo, ndiye kuti sangatulukemo. Pankhaniyi, ngakhale amayi a mwana sangamuthandize. Zisindikizo za Baikal khalani m'madzi otsekedwa, omwe siali amtundu wina uliwonse.
Kudyetsa Chisindikizo
Chakudya chachikulu cha banja la chisindikizo ndi nsomba. Chilombocho sichikhala ndi zokonda zina - nsomba zomwe angakumane nazo pakusaka, adzaigwira.
Inde, kuti tisunge unyinji waukulu chonchi, nyamayo imafunikira kusaka nsomba zazikulu, makamaka ngati ikapezeka zochuluka. Munthawi pomwe masukulu a nsomba samayandikira m'mphepete mwa kukula kwa chidindo, nyama imatha kuthamangitsa nyama, ndikukwera m'mitsinje.
Chifukwa chake Wosindikiza wamkulu wa Larga kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, amadya nsomba zomwe zimatsikira munyanja m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, kenako zimasinthana ndi capelin, yomwe imasambira kupita kumtunda kuti ikatulutse. Hering ndi nsomba zimakhala ozunzidwa chaka chilichonse.
Ndiye kuti, nthawi yakutentha, nyamayi imadya nsomba zambiri, zomwe zimayesetsa kuyendera gombe pa chifukwa chimodzi kapena zina, zinthu zimakhala zovuta kwambiri nyengo yachisanu.
Achibale a chisindikizo amayenera kuchoka pamphepete mwa nyanja, kuyandikira malo oyandama ndi madzi oundana ndi kudya pollock, mollusks ndi octopus. Zachidziwikire, ngati nsomba ina iliyonse ikawonekera pa njira yosindikizira nthawi yosaka, siyisambira.
Kufotokozera kwanyama
Zamoyo zamtundu uliwonse ndizazinyama zomwe zimadyera ku Canis. Zimayimira nyama zapadera, kapangidwe kake kamene kamakhala kosiyana ndi mamembala ena mkalasi.
Chisindikizo chimawoneka chachilendo. Thupi lake limakhala lopindika, mutu wake ndiung'ono, pafupi ndi mchira thupi limachepa. Zimatha ndi mchira. Zipatso zam'mphepete mwake zimasinthidwa kukhala ntchentche, mothandizidwa ndi nyamayo imasambira bwino, koma pang'onopang'ono komanso mosasunthika ndiyenda pamtunda. Zisindikizo zenizeni, zojambula zakutsogolo zili pafupi kwambiri ndi mutu.
Mbali yosangalatsa yosindikiza chisindikizo ndi kusowa kwa auricles akunja. Khosi la anthu limakhala lakuda, lalifupi komanso losuntha. Maso ndi akulu, mwana wamkuluyo wapakidwa wakuda. Kuphatikiza kutsogolo, zisindikizo zimakhala ndi zipsepse zam'mbuyo, zomwe zimawongoka nthawi zonse ndipo sizingagwire ntchito ngati ikuyenda.
Oimira banja ali ndi vibrissae pamilomo yawo yapamwamba (kuchokera pamizere 6 mpaka 10). Amakhala osakhazikika kuposa ma walruse, koma amagwira ntchito yopanda chopatsa, monga nyama zina zonse. Zidutswa zimakhala ndi ndere zakuthwa, mwa okhawo oimira banja amachepetsedwa. Zisindikizo zimakhala ndi khungu lakuda, komanso mafuta ochulukirapo. Nyama zimatha kudziunjikira mafuta zochuluka, kenako nkuzichotsa, zimayamba kuchepa mofulumira.
Tizilombo tamadontho tating'onoting'ono timapangika bwino. Pakhungu la achinyamata pali chophimba chotchinga ubweya, zisindikizo zachikulire zimataya pang'ono. Tsitsi lawo lofewa limasinthidwa ndi tsitsi lolimba, lakuda komanso lalifupi.
Kutalika ndi kulemera kwa nyama ndizosiyana kwambiri. Zinyama zazing'ono zazikazi zimapezeka, sizimaposa 100 kg, ndipo thupi limakhala ndi masentimita 120. Zisindikizo zazikulu zimafikira mita 6 ndipo zimakhala ndi matani 3.5.
Kapangidwe ka mkati
Zisindikizo ndi nyama zapadera, zimakhala ndi msana wokhazikika. Mafupa onse adapangidwa, pali ma clavicles ndi masamba a mapewa, awiriawiri nthiti.
Kapangidwe kamkati kali ndi zinthu zingapo:
- Njira yopumira imayimiriridwa ndi kupuma thirakiti ndi mapapo ophatikizika. Mpweya umalowa mwa iwo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta oxygen timasunthidwa ndi kutuluka kwa magazi kupita ku ziwalo ndi minyewa.
- Dongosolo lamagazi lotsekedwa, pali mzere wawukulu komanso wawung'ono wamagazi. Mtima ndi zipinda zinayi, zipinda zonse zimasiyanitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndi zigawo ndi mavuvu. Mitsempha ndi mitsempha zimachoka m'gululi. Mwazi wamagazi umanyamula okosijeni, venous - mpweya woipa.
- Mphamvu yamanjenje imayimiriridwa ndi ubongo ndi chingwe cha msana. Mapeto achisoni ndi oyendetsa amachoka kwachiwiri. Mitsempha yam'mimba imapangidwa bwino; palinso cerebellum.
- Kugaya kwam'mimba kumayambira ndi mkamwa wamkamwa, momwe mumakhala mano mano opukusira chakudya, lilime kuti likuthandizire kumeza. The esophagus bwino kudutsa m'mimba. Zisindikizo zimakhala ndi matumbo amtundu wautali akutha. Kuphatikiza apo, kapamba ndi chiwindi michere ya chimbudzi chimbudzi.
- Dongosolo lodziwikirali likuyimiridwa ndi impso, omwe mumawayika mu chikhodzodzo.
Njira zolerera zisindikizo zimayimiridwa ndi tiziwalo timene timagonana tomwe timapezeka, lomwe lili m'munsi mwa m'mimba.
Amuna alibe maloboti; zazimayi zimakhala ndi zimphuno zazitali ziwiri kapena ziwiri. Monga zinyama zina, zisindikizo ndi viviparous, ana aang'ono ndi ochepa pakubadwa, amathanso kukhala akulu, kutengera mtundu.
Habitat
Sikuti aliyense amadziwa komwe zisindikizo zimakhala. Ambiri mwa banja amakhala m'madzi ozizira a Arctic ndi Antarctic. Amakonda nyanja zam'madzi ndi nyanja zamchere, amakhala pafupi ndi gombe, nthawi zambiri amapita pamtunda, makamaka masana dzuwa.
Chifukwa cha mafuta akulu mthupi, anthu amatha kulekerera kutentha kwamadzi a Atlantic. Zisindikizo zina zimakhala m'madzi ofunda Mediterranean, akumva bwino kumeneko, kusaka ndi kubereketsa, samasambira m'malo omwe kuli nyengo yoopsa. Oimira ena a chigawo cha Psov amakhala munyanjayi (chidindo cha Baikal). Mwachitsanzo, chisindikizo cha Caspian, chimakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian.
Pa nyengo yakuswana, mutha kuwona zisindikizo zingati zomwe zimapita kumtunda kuti zitheke. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika nyengo yabwino. Malo okhala zachilengedwe amachititsa kuti nyama zizigwirizana ndi zovuta.
Zopatsa Thanzi ndi Kubereka
Chisindikizo chimadya nsomba zazing'onoting'ono komanso zapakatikati, cephalopods, ndi crustaceans ena. Mitundu ina nthawi zambiri imagwira ma penguin. Nyama sizidyera nsomba zamtundu wina, nthawi zambiri zimatha kudya chilichonse chomwe chimabwera. Anthuwa ndi owopsa kwambiri ndipo amatha kudya zakudya zambiri patsiku. Ambiri aiwo amakhala pafupi ndi gombe ndikusaka, ena (mwachitsanzo, chisimba cha azeze) amapita kutali kwambiri kukapeza chakudya.
Izi zimawalola kuti apange stock ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wonenepa. Pakakhala chakudya kapena zochepa, nyama zonenepa zimapirira zovuta. Amuna amakhala atatha msinkhu wazaka 6, zazikazi wazaka zitatu. Nyengo yakuswana ili mu Januware. Akakhwima, wamkazi amanyamula mwana wa ng'ombeyo kwa miyezi 10 mpaka 11. Kulemera kwa makanda kuyambira 20 mpaka 30 makilogalamu, kutalika kwa thupi la anthu akuluakulu kumafika 100 cm.
Zisindikizo ndi nyama zokhala ndi akazi okhaokha., ndiye kuti, ali ndi mnzake m'modzi. Woyimira yekhayo wa banja yemwe amadziwika ndi mitala ndiye chisindikizo cha njovu. Anthuwa amakonza nkhondo zenizeni akafuna kukwaniritsa komwe kuli chachikazi. Nthawi zambiri, kumenyana kwa amuna akuluakulu awiri kumapangitsa kuti mmodzi wa iwo aphedwe.
Pambuyo pobala, wamkazi amadyetsa ana mkaka pafupifupi masabata anayi. Amakula msanga, tsiku lililonse amatha kuwonjezera mpaka 4 makilogalamu. Pakupita mwezi, ana asiya amayi awo, ayamba kusamalira okha chakudya. Ambiri a iwo akungophunzira masabata oyambilira a kusaka, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njala ndikukhala ndi mafuta osaneneka.
Kuyembekezera moyo kumadalira mtundu wa nyama. Pafupifupi, wamkazi amatha kukhala ndi zaka pafupifupi 35, wamwamuna - wazaka 25. Muukapolo, anthu ena amakhala motalikirapo.
Mitundu wamba
Mpaka pano, mitundu yopitilira 20 imatumizidwa ku banja la Zisindikizo zenizeni.
Otsatirawa amatengedwa ngati zofala kwambiri:
- Chisindikizo cha Monk. Imapezeka mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean chifukwa imakonda madzi ofunda. Mimba ya munthu imakhala yoyera nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri imatchedwa yoyera. Kulemera kwa mayi wamkulu kumafikira 300 kg, kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira mamita 3-4. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, nyamayo inkapezeka pagombe la Black Sea. Pafupifupi madera onse a nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi odetsedwa ndi anthu, chifukwa chake anthu osapita kumayiko ena. Zimalepheretsanso kubereka kwawo. Nyamayi yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
- Odyera nkhanu - mitundu yambiri yam'banja, yomwe imagawidwa kum'mwera kwa nyanja ndi Antarctica. Nyamayi imatchedwa chifukwa imakonda kudya nkhanu. Phokoso lake limakhala laling'ono m'dera la mphuno ndi pakamwa, lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi zodabwitsa pakusaka nyama. Unyinji wa nkhwangwa yachikulire usapitilira 300 kg, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 2.5 metres.
- Chisindikizo wamba chimapezeka pagombe la Scandinavia, Russia ndi North America. Chilombocho chidapeza dzina chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osavuta, omwe alibe chilichonse. Nyama ndizochepa kwambiri. Kutalika kwambiri kwa thupi kumafika pa 180 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake sikupitirira 180 kg. Anthu amasaka nyama zamtunduwu zomwe zimawayika pachiwopsezo cha kutha. Nyamayi imadziwika kuti chisindikizo cha Russia, chifukwa ndi mitundu yokha yomwe imapezeka pagombe la Russian Federation.
- Harp chisindikizo chimafanana ndi kulemera ndi kutalika kwa thupi ku chidindo wamba. Kusiyana pakati pa anthu amtunduwu ndi mtundu. Zisindikizo za Greenland zimakhala ndi chovala cha silvery, mutu nthawi zambiri umakhala wakuda, ndipo chingwe chamdima chimathawa.
- Chingwe cholinganiza kapena mkango wamtundu wamtunduwu ndi wachilendo m'banjamo. Maonekedwe akewo ndi achilendo. Mphete zoyera zimasinthana zakuda.Komabe, utoto uwu ndiwambiri wamwamuna, mikwingwiroyi mwa akazi imakhala yosaoneka.
- Nyalugwe wanyanja - nyama yeniyeni yokhala ndi khungu. Mtundu waukulu wa chovalachi nthawi zambiri imakhala imvi; mawanga azithunzi ndi zazikulu zake zimakhala. Dzinalo la nyamayo inali chifukwa cha mtundu wake wosadziwika komanso wamtopola.
- Zisindikizo za njovu ndizofala pagombe la Antarctica ndi North America. Ili ndi kukula kwakukulu, kutalika kwa thupi kumafikira mamita 6.5, kulemera - kuposa matani 2.5. Amuna ali ndi mphuno ya proboscis.
Mndandanda wamtunduwu umaphatikizapo mamembala ena am'banja, koma awa amatchuka kwambiri.
Kufunika mwachilengedwe
Nyama iliyonse m'malo mwake imatenga gawo. Zisindikizo ndizofunikanso pazachilengedwe ndi anthu. Nyama zam'madzi zili m'gulu la chakudya ndipo zimadya nsomba zambiri, crustaceans ndi anthu ena okhala m'madzi. Chifukwa cha izi, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina ya nyama kumayendetsedwa, chakudya chokwanira chomera chimasungidwa kwa iwo omwe samadya nyama.
Munthu akhala akusaka zisindikizo kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa cha ubweya, khungu ndi mafuta. Ubweya wa achinyamata umayamikiridwa kwambiri, chifukwa ndi zofewa kwambiri, zotsika mtengo, zovala zapamwamba zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo. Ubweya wa ubweya wosindikiza umawonedwa ngati wofunika kwambiri, chifukwa chake, m'malo ambiri nyama zatsala pang'ono kuzimiririka.
Mitundu ingapo yafa kale, enanso atatsala pang'ono kutha.
Kuti muwongolere kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo zomwe zili pangozi, ambiri aiwo adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Zosangalatsa
Mitundu ina ya banja imawonedwa ngati chinsinsi chenicheni, chifukwa akatswiri sangathe kuphunzira momwe amakhalira. Mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri pa zisindikizo ndi izi:
- Zisindikizo zimakhala pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi,
- Zisindikizo za ubweya zitha kupitilira mwezi wopitilira muyeso kufunafuna chakudya,
- Nyama ndizovuta kumtunda, koma m'madzi zimathamanga mpaka 25 km / h,
- mkati mwamadzi, munthu sangathenso kupitirira mphindi 10, njovu zokha zimangokhala pakuya kwa 1500 metres kwa maola awiri,
- kudziwa zaka za chisindikizo malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mabwalo omwe amakhala m'munsi mwa zitsamba zawo,
- anthu amatha kulira, monga anthu,
- zotupa za sebaceous zisindikizo sizinapangidwe bwino,
- Pakachitika ngozi, anthu angapo amaphatikizidwa pagulu, nthawi yonse yomwe amakhala ali yekhayekha,
- Mitundu yambiri ndi yamtendere (kupatula Zisindikizo za njovu ndi kambuku), Sangokangana,
- ngakhale ali ndi maso akulu, masomphenya a nyama sangakhazikike bwino, anthu onse akuvutika ndi myopia,
- Chisindikizo chimatha kunyamula mawu ndi kununkhira kutali ndi mita 500,
- Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya zisindikizo ndi chidindo cha Ladoga, chomwe chimakhala mu Nyanja ya Ladoga, kutalika kwa thupi lake kupitirira 135 cm,
- zisindikizo zazing'ono ndi ana awo nthawi zambiri amasakidwa ndi asodzi,
- mkaka wachikazi umakhala ndi mafuta ochuluka kwambiri, ofikira 50%.
Oimira banja lenileni la chisindikizo ndi anyani osangalatsa komanso amtendere. Amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ambiri olimbikitsa zinyama amatsutsa kusaka nyama zodabwitsazi zam'nyanja, nyanja ndi nyanja.
Kodi chisindikizo ndi ndani?
Zisindikizo zili m'gulu la zolengedwa zomwe zimakonda kukhala ku subpolar. Awa ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi ma ntchito m'malo mwa miyendo, pachifukwa chomwechi kuti zisindikizo zoyambirira (monga abale awo achifwamba) zimatchedwa mapinki. Tsopano dzina lotere siligwiritsidwa ntchito, limaonedwa ngati losatha
Mabanja awiri ndi osiyana pakati pa zisindikizo - zisindikizo zenizeni ndi zowona.
Walrus ndi chisindikizo
Anthu ambiri amasokoneza ma walruse ndi zisindikizo. Ndikofunikira kufotokozera kuti pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa nyama izi. Chifukwa chake, choyamba, pali mitundu yambiri yazisindikizo, walrus - imodzi. Ndi yayikulu kuposa chidindo kukula ndi kulemera - osachepera kawiri. Mtundu wa walrus umakhala ndi ma fang wamkulu - m'mawu ena, mankhusu, mothandizidwa ndi momwe nyama izi zimapezera chakudya, kumenyana ndikungopulumuka. Chisindikizo chiribe zotere.
Ma Walrus alibe makutu (ndakatulo yotereyi idachitika), koma zisindikizo zoyesedwa (mutha kuyerekeza ndi dzina lawo) zimakhala ndi auricles. Vibrissae of walruses ndi akali komanso mulifupi, ndipo zisindikizo ndizochepa thupi komanso zopapatiza. Zakale sizikhala ndi tsitsi, koma izi sizili ndi kale.
Ma Walruse amakhala mwamtendere wina ndi mnzake, amasungidwa nthawi zonse. Kusamvana kumachitika pakati pa zisindikizo (mwachitsanzo, pamtunda mkati mwa nyengo yakukhwima), nthawi zambiri amakonda kudzipatula. Nthawi yomweyo, zisindikizo ndizolankhula kwambiri, mutha kumamva mawu aliwonse kuchokera kwa iwo. Ma Walruse amakhala chete.
Makutu ndi mawu: kusiyana ndi chiyani
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zisindikizo zomwe kale zinkatchedwa pinnipeds, koma osati pano: malinga ndi ofufuza ena, zisindikizo zenizeni ndi zowona zimachokera mosiyanasiyana. Uku ndiye kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu.
Oyamba ndi abale apamtima a Kunim. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amakhala ndi thupi lalitali chonchi, ngati chopondera, lomwe limamasuka kuwongolera m'madzi, komanso lalifupi (polemekeza thupi) miyendo. Zisindikizo izi zidawonekera m'madzi kwa nthawi yoyamba ku North Atlantic Ocean. Koma abale awo aakazi (monga ma walruse) amachokera ... zimbalangondo! Mutu wawung'ono, wowoneka ngati ubweya wakhungu, makutu ang'ono - zonsezi zimawonetsa kuti ndi a banja la chimbalangondo. Anafika kunyanja ku Pacific.
Mitundu iyi ya zisindikizo imasiyana m'mafufutidwe awo, pakati pazinthu zina. Achinyamata amatha kuloza miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, kuyenda pansi, enieniwo samalandidwa mwayiwu: akamayenda pamtunda, osefukira amangokoka pambuyo pawo. Koma nyama izi zimagwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu zakumaso m'madzi, kusambira ndi chithandizo chawo. Kwa abale abwinoko, malambowo ndi njira yosambira, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yakumbuyo ngati mtundu wa "helm". Kusiyana kwina pakati pa zisindikizo izi kuchokera kunzake ndikuti zenizeni sizikhala ndi auricles (pazomwezi nthawi zina zimatchedwa zopanda nzeru).
Chiyambi cha mitundu: nkhani yotsutsana
Mtundu wokhudza zisindikizo zosiyanasiyana za zisindikizo umakhala ndi otsutsana nawo. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri ena amati zidutswa za malinki zidawoneka zaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni zapitazo, pomwe banja la ofera kapena banja la chimbalangondo lidalibe. Ofufuzawo amakonda kuganiza kuti zisindikizo zenizeni komanso zopanda ulemu zimachokera ku kholo limodzi, zimachokera ku banja la mapini ndipo ndi ena mwa zigawenga zokhala ngati arctoid, zomwe, kuphatikiza pa izo, zimaphatikizaponso raccoon, galu, ndewu ndi chimbalangondo.
Chisindikizo Chenicheni: Zinthu
Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zatchulidwa kale pakuwoneka ngati chidindo chenicheni, ndikofunikira kunena za khosi lalifupi komanso mchira womwewo, wakale kukhala wosagwira ntchito. Vibriss nthawi zambiri mpaka zidutswa khumi, zimakhala zolimba. Ndi vibrissae omwe amathandizira zisindikizo kuyenda m'madzi: samadalira m'maso, koma mothandizidwa ndi ndevu zimagwira zopinga ndikuthana nazo bwino kuti zithetse. Mafupa akutsogolo a nyamazo ndifupikiranso kuposa kumbuyo, ndipo ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mutu. Kukula ndi kulemera kwa chisindikizo ichi kumachokera pa mita imodzi ndi hafu mpaka sikisi ndi theka, kuchokera mamiliyoni makumi asanu ndi anayi kudza atatu ndi theka.
Mitundu ina ya zisindikizo ilibe tsitsi, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yosalala, yosalala. Zisindikizo zimadziwika ndi kusungunuka kwakanthawi. Ana amabadwa ndi ubweya wonenepa, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala woyera komanso wofewa, womwe umasinthidwa patatha milungu itatu. Mimba mwa akazi imatenga masiku mazana awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri kudza atatu ndi makumi asanu, ndipo kubereka (monga kusungunuka) kumachitika pa ayezi. Chodabwitsa cha zisindikizo izi ndi chakuti amayi amaletsa kuyamwitsa ana awo mkaka kwambiri, ndipo kwa milungu ingapo ana amadya zokhazo zomwe asungidwe (popeza iwo eni sangathe kudzipezera chakudya). Mwambiri, zisindikizo zenizeni zimatenga nsomba, crustaceans, ndi mollusks. Mitundu ina imadyanso ma penguin.
Oimira chisindikizo ichi
Pansipa pali mitundu ya zisindikizo, mayina ndi zithunzi za aliyense payekha. Kuti zouma zosindikiza ndi 13 genera:
Mitundu khumi ndi itatu iyi imaphatikizapo, molingana ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuyambira khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka makumi awiri ndi zinayi mitundu. Wakale kwambiri amatchedwa Puyila, yemwe amakhala ku Canada Arctic.
Chidindo chokhazikika: mawonekedwe
Polankhula za mawonekedwe a zisindikizo za ered, ziyenera kudziwika, choyamba, kuti zazikazi ndi zazimuna ndizosavuta kusiyanitsa: zazimuna zimakula mpaka mamitala atatu ndi theka, zazikazi - chimodzi chokha. Kulemera, poyerekeza ndi zisindikizo zenizeni, mumtunduwu ndizochepa kwambiri - kuyambira kilogalamu zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu mpaka chikwi chikwi. Mtundu wa tsitsi, monga tanena kale, ndi wa bulauni, tsitsi limakhala lolimba, lozungulira. Khosi ndi lalitali, mchira, Mosiyana, ndi waufupi. Pali ndewu kumbuyo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, koma kutsogolo sikuchita. Komanso, ndizazikulu kwambiri - kotala lathunthu la thupi la nyama.
Zisindikizo zamkati ndizogwira ntchito. Sakonda ayezi, ndipo amakonda kuyimba ndi kusambira pagombe, koma amabisalira kunyanja. Mimba zazikazi zimakhala zofanana nthawi yayitali ngati zisindikizo zenizeni, koma zimadyetsa mkaka wa ana motalika - miyezi inayi. Pambuyo pa izi, mwana wa ng'ombe payekha amatha kusamalira chakudya chake. Zisindikizo, panjira, pafupifupi osamadya crustaceans - makamaka chakudya chake ndi nsomba, chipolopolo, krill. Mitundu ina imatha kudya ana azisindikizo zina, ma penguins, mbalame.
Mitundu ya Zisindikizo Zomangidwa
Mndandanda wa mitundu yazisindikizo zamtunduwu umakhala ndi zinthu khumi ndi zinayi mpaka khumi ndi zisanu (zosiyanazo) zomwe zimaphatikizidwa m'mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya mabanja ocheperapo. Ali motere: (timalemba pang'ono):
- Zisindikizo za Fur (Kumpoto, South America, subtropical ndi zina).
- Mikango yam'nyanja (mkango wam'nyanja, New Zealand, Galapagos ndi ena).
M'mbuyomu, panali mtundu wina wa zisindikizo - mkango wam'nyanja waku Japan, koma tsopano umawoneka kuti watha, popeza kuyambira kale kunali kusaka kwadziko lonse kwasindikiza ndi mikango.
Mitundu ya zisindikizo ku Russia
Mwa Zisindikizo zenizeni, nyama za dziko lathuli zimadzaza mitundu isanu ndi inayi (cholengedwa cha monch chomwe chili pangozi sichili pano: muli magulu awiri okha mu Black Sea). Zisindikizo zometedwa ku Russia zimayimiriridwa ndi mitundu iwiri yokha: iyi ndi chisindikizo cha ubweya wakumpoto ndi mkango wanyanja (dzina lina ndi mkango wakunyanja wakumpoto).
Pazisindikizo zonse zomwe zikukhala mdziko lathu, mutha kupeza chisindikizo cha Baikal chokha, chisindikizo chamtundu (largha), hare za nyanja ndi chosungira zeze (zonse ndi zenizeni).
Mitundu yotetezedwa
Tsoka ilo, zisindikizo zambiri zatsala pang'ono kutha. Chifukwa chake, alembedwa mu Buku Lofiira ndipo ndi nyama zotetezedwa mwapadera. Mwa zisindikizo zenizeni zotere, ziwiri ndi zisindikizo za amonke ndi chidindo cha Caspian. Yoyamba imadziwika kuti ikusowa - palibe opitilira mazana asanu a dziko lapansi masiku ano. Ponena za anzawo, mkango wa Steller Sea ndi wocheperako masiku ano, momwe mulibe oposa 70,000.
Ngakhale zisindikizo zopanda kanthu komanso zopanda khutu ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi inzake, zilinso ndi kufanana, mawonekedwe omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a nyama izi.
- Zisindikizo zakufa zimakhala zopanda pansi, koma zimadzimva bwino m'madzi - zimatha kuthamanga mpaka ma kilomita makumi awiri ndi anayi pa ola limodzi. Zisindikizo zokhala ndi mafoni zimayenda pamtunda komanso pamadzi, kuthamanga kwawo ndi makilomita makumi awiri ndi asanu ndi awiri pa ola limodzi.
- Iwo ndi adani. Samakola nsomba, komaameza yonse. Maximum - amatha kuwang'ambika mzidutswa zazikulu (ali ndi mano akuthwa kwambiri).
- Alibe tiziwalo tambiri tambiri tambiri, koma amadziwa kulira.
- Chisindikizo cha Baikal ndi mtundu wa chisindikizo chokhala m'madzi atsopano.
- Kuti mudziwe zaka zomwe chidindo chimafa, werengani zozungulira pansi pa fangalo.
- Zisindikizo zimasunga bwino mafuta.
- Kugundika kwa zisindikizo kwakanthawi kumachokera pa makumi asanu mpaka zana limodzi zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri pamphindi, ndipo mukaponya pansi - kumenyedwa anayi mpaka fifitini.
- Amamva bwino kwambiri komanso samawona kwambiri.
- Chifukwa cha fluff wakhanda loyera, zisindikizo zatsopano zimatchedwa agologolo. Beleki amasakidwa ndi andibera chifukwa chofewa komanso kutsika kwake. Chaka chilichonse, pachifukwa ichi, ana ambiri osindikizidwa amafa.
- Amagwira mafungo kufikira mazana angapo.
- Kufalitsa kamodzi pachaka.
- Kuti muchepetse ubweya mukusungunuka, zisindikizo zimathandizana: kukanda kumbuyo kwawo.
- Zisindikizo zimalota kwambiri.
- Zisindikizo za zisindikizo zidaperekedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi zolemba zanyama zaku Britain a John Gray.
- Mitundu yambiri yazisindikizo ndi nkhwangwa.
- Zisindikizo zoyenda zimayenda “pansi” pamtunda.
- Amatha kumeza mwangozi "miyala" - mpaka ma kilogalamu khumi ndi imodzi amiyala adapezeka m'mimba ya nyama zakufa.
Tonsefe timasunthika tikawona chisindikizo - makamaka ngati tidabwera ku dolphinarium. Koma, tikusangalala kukumana ndi nyama yokongola iyi, tisaiwale kuti ndi ife, anthu, omwe tikuchititsa kuchepa kwa anthu ake. Chifukwa chake, ndi mphamvu yathu kuchita chilichonse kuti izi zisachitike.
- DZIWANI IZI
- Dzinalo: Chisindikizo cha Gray (chautali)
- Dera: Nyanja ya Baltic
- Kukula kwa magulu: Palibe magulu owona; mitundu yambiri imakhala magulu a anthu mazana kapena zikwizikwi
- Nthawi yamimba: Miyezi 6-11 (kutengera mtundu), kuphatikizapo gawo lomaliza
- Chiwerengero cha Cub: Mmodzi
- Kupeza ufulu: masabata 2-4
Zisindikizo za Pinnipedia, zomwe zimatanthawuza "pinnipeds." Zidutswa zazikuluzikulu zimawalola kuti azisambira bwino, koma pazisindikizo zapamtunda zimasuntha kwambiri.
Nthonje zimakonda kukhala m'madzi, ndipo ambiri amapita kumtunda pokhapokha ngati akuswana ndi kusungunuka. M'mabanja atatu a pinnipeds - pafupifupi mitundu 30 ya nyama. Munkhaniyi, tikambirana za chikhalidwe cha banja la a Phocidae, omwe amatchedwa zisindikizo kapena zomata kwenikweni. Tionanso za moyo wamtundu wa Nyanja ya Baltic, yomwe mwa iwo muli chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto (Mirounga angustirostris).
Khalidwe la chisindikizo cha njovu, chomwe amuna awo akumenyana kulimbana gulu la akazi lotchedwa harem, laphunziridwa bwino ndi akatswiri azamanyama. M'chaka, njovu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokha. Ngakhale mayi sasamalira bwino ana ake. Nthawi zambiri samawaphunzitsa maluso ofunikira kuti akhale achikulire, amadyetsa mkaka wakhanda kwa milungu ingapo, ndikuwasiyira zida zawo.
Chisindikizo cha Crabeater chikupuma pachikuto cha ayezi ku Antarctica. Oimira mtunduwu amadyera mitengo yamadzi, kuigwira ndi pakamwa potseka kwinaku akusambira ndikumasefa madzi am'madzi kudzera m'mano awo.
Zisindikizo za Baltic
Kuti apereke moyo kumibadwo yamtsogolo, zisindikizo ziyenera kupita pamtunda kapena ayezi wandiweyani, chifukwa mwana akabadwa m'madzi, nthawi yomweyo amira. Komabe, zisindikizo zimasiyanso madzi mukasungunuka. Atasintha malo awo okhala, amasonkhana m'magulu, ndipo panthawiyi palibe chilichonse chomwe amachita. Khungu la zisindikizo likakhala lotentha, limayamba ubweya watsopano. Padziko lapansi, nyama zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, motero zimapanga timagulu tambiri pamtunda kuti ziziteteza kwa adani.
Zisindikizo zonse za Baltic zimachoka kumadzi kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena koyambirira kwa chilimwe ndikusonkhana m'malo osungirako ziweto zachikhalidwe. Zazikazi zomwe zimadya bwino m'miyezi 8-9 yoyembekezera, ana a ng'ombe amawonekera atangofika ayezi. Amayi amafunikira mafuta ochuluka (i.e., subcutaneous fat), omwe amawapatsa mphamvu yofunikira nthawi yakudyetsa ana, chifukwa akazi nthawi zambiri amatha kudya nthawi imeneyi. Akazi achichepere aakazi otuwa ndi mawanga amabadwira pamafunde oundana pafupi ndi zakudya zomwe amayi awo amakumba ndi kuyeretsa pasadakhale. Mosiyana ndi izi, akazi a zisindikizo zazikazi amakumba m'mapanga matalala m'chipale chofunda 2 m mozama - otchedwa. madipoziti, omwe akhoza kukhala ndi magawo angapo.
Zisindikizo za ubweya wakumpoto zimatha miyezi isanu ndi itatu mu nyanja yamiyala pokhapokha nyengo yotentha, nthawi yophera.Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kolimba la chisindikizo cha ubweya ku Alaska (USA).
Chotuluka
Ana agalu osindikizidwa ndi okulirapo ndipo amapangika bwino kuposa mitundu ina. Atha maola angapo atabadwa amatha kukwawa ndikusambira. Kukula koyambirira kumeneku ndikwabwino kwa zolengedwa, kumakhala mpaka 75% ya moyo wake m'madzi.
Chisindikizo cha imvi chimasamalira ana ake ocheperako poyerekeza ndi abale ena. Yaikazi imadyetsa ana mkaka kwa masiku 14 mpaka 17, kenako imakhala moyang'anizana ndi zoopsa zonse m'moyo. Mkaka wachisindikizo ndi wamafuta kwambiri, ndipo pakudya, ana a ng'ombe amalemera mpaka 2 kg patsiku. Kusungidwa kwamafuta amphongo opangidwa mwanjira iyi ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa ana agalu, chifukwa mayi akasiya kumudyetsa, sangadye kufikira atafika kumadzi.
Nthawi zambiri, pakatha milungu iwiri, ana agalu amayamba kuphunzira bwino madzi. Ana amapeza chakudya pang'onopang'ono, achibale sawathandiza, komabe, nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimatsata akuluakulu kuti apeze malo abwino odyetserako zakudya.
Zisindikizo zomwaza ndi zomatira zamiyala zimapatsa chidwi ana awo. Nthawi yodyetsa ana imatenga milungu inayi ndi isanu ndi umodzi, panthawi yomwe iwonso nthawi zina amatha kudya. Zitsamba za mitundu yonseyi zimatha kusambira kuyambira ali aang'ono kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina zimatsagana ndi amayi awo kukafunafuna chakudya. Izi zimapatsa ana mwayi wophunzira zoyambira za moyo wamtsogolo wodziyimira pawokha.
Omenyera amuna
Zizindikiro zakuyamba kwa mkangano pakati pa zisindikizo ziiri ndi pakamwa potsegula mwamphongo, amuna akulira mofuula komanso kuwonetsa mano akuthwa. Pankhondoyo, abambo amatha kulumikizana khosi komanso kutsogolo kwa mipeni kapena kukankhana wina ndi mzake ayezi. Nyengo yakukhwima, opambana achimuna amatha kupeza malo omwe ali ndi atsikana opitilira khumi. Komabe, mwayi woterewu uyenera kukhala wopambana. Zimachitika kuti abambo amateteza bwino madera awo akangofika zaka 10.
Amuna obalalika ali ndi njira ina. Panthaŵi inayake, amasonkhana m'malo otchuka pakati pa akazi ndipo amakonza "chiwonetsero cha madzi", chokhala ndi mawu osamveka pansi pamadzi. Akazi amakonda kwambiri abambo omwe ntchito yawo idawakomera kwambiri. Mwambo wokomera chisindikizo chokhala ndi zingwe samveka bwino, koma amakhulupirira kuti amuna amateteza madera am'madzi, momwe matingwo amachitikira.
Pacific gombe ku California (USA). Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa mphindi yakulimbana kwa zisindikizo ziwiri za njovu zakumpoto nyengo yakukhwima. Nkhondo isanachitike, nyamazo zimatseguka pakamwa pawo, kukukuta mano ndikufuula kwambiri.
Amuna amitundu yonse munyengo yakukhwima samadya kalikonse ndipo nthawi zina amachepetsa mpaka 25% yakulemera kwawo. Nyengo ikadzatha, zisindikizo zachikulire - zazimuna ndi zazikazi - zimachoka m'munda wa ayezi ndipo patatha milungu ingapo zimapezanso mphamvu. Nthawi yonseyi, amakonzekera molt yomwe ikubwera, pomwe azayenera kutuluka m'madzi ndikupezeka kwakanthawi popanda chakudya.
Chisindikizo cha Njovu cha Kumpoto
Monga zikhadabo zambiri, chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto chimadzera pokhapokha ngati nthawi yosungunula komanso kubereka. Amuna amafika ku "mating dera" koyambirira kwa Disembala ndikupikisana ndi ufulu wokhala. Wopambana adzalandira malo omwe akazi onse agwera patsamba lake, chifukwa chake amunawo akumenyera nkhondo kwambiri gawo loyenerera. Munkhondo zomwe wamwamuna wamwamuna wamkulu komanso wamkulu kwambiri amatenga nawo mbali, wofooka amakhala wotsika, ndipo ngati mphamvu za anyani zikufanana, nkhondoyi imatha mpaka mmodzi wawo akapambana. Pofikira wina ndi mnzake, amunawo anakula, mpaka kutalika kwa 2-3 m, kukhathamira mitengo ikuluikulu ndikubangula kwambiri. Ngati palibe aliyense mwa oyimbirana omwe amadzipereka, zisindikizo zimapanga mwendo mwachangu: ndikuvulaza wina ndi mzake ndi mano akuthwa. Ambiri aiwo ali ndi zipsera zambiri zotsalira ku nkhondo zotere. Nthawi zina nkhondo za zisindikizo za njovu zakumpoto: zimatha kupha wina wa iwo.
Masabata awiri atabadwa amuna, akazi amabwera kudzaza malo, okonzeka kubereka ana. Amasankha mawebusayiti omwe ali ndi zabwino kwambiri, ndikupanga makulu. Akazi amabweretsa mwana wamkati wamasiku asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera pamasiku 6 mpaka 7 ndikuwadyetsa mkaka pafupifupi masiku 28. Munthawi imeneyi, wamphongo - mwiniwake wa mundawo - amalondera akazi. M'masiku omaliza a kudyetsa, amuna amakwatiranso ndi akazi.
Moyo wovuta wa ana
Kwa ana, azimayi ena nawonso ndi owopsa. Mwana akagundana ndi mayi ake, amalumikizana ndi mkazi wina kuti adye mkaka wake. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, mzimayi wina samalolera izi. Monga zisindikizo zina, nthawi yakukhwima, iye samadya kalikonse, ndipo mkaka umapangidwa chifukwa chaza mafuta osaneneka. Yaikazi imateteza chinthu chofunikira chokhacho kwa mwana wake, chifukwa mwayi wake wopulumuka mtsogolo zimadalira m'masungidwe amafuta omwe adzakhala ndi nthawi yopeza nthawi yakudya. Mwana wokhazikika akamafuna mkaka kuchokera kwa mkaziyo, amatha kumuchotsa kapena ngakhale kumupha. Amayi okha omwe mwana wawo wamwalira ndi omwe nthawi zina amagawana mkaka wake ndi ana amasiye, komabe, ana omwe amawadyetsa nthawi zambiri sangakhale ndi moyo.
Yaimuna yayikulu imasamalira nkazi wa akazi 40. Mokulira gawo lomwe akazi amakhala nalo, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti mwamunayo awauze ufulu wake. Mpikisano wolimba pakati pa amuna umabweretsa chakuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu okha ndi omwe ali ndi mwayi wokwatirana. Abambo pafupifupi 90% a ana amphongo mu colony lalikulu nthawi zambiri amakhala amuna opambana.
Ngakhale kutalika kwa zisindikizo kumatha kukhala zaka zopitilira 15, zoopsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikuteteza madera ndi abuluzi, komanso kuchepa kwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera panthawi yakuswana, zimabweretsa chifukwa chakuti abambo nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi mphamvu yotenga nawo gawo pakubala kwa zaka zopitilira 3-4. Amuna ambiri amwalira pambuyo pakupanga bwino nyengo ziwiri.
Achiwembu achimuna
Akuba ena amuna akuyembekezera mwayi wotsutsa wamwamuna wamkulu pomwe mphamvu zake zikutha pambuyo pomenya nkhondo ndi omenyera anzawo. Ndipo ena, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwaniritsidwa, abambo, makamaka achikazi, angayesere kulowa m'nyumba kuti akhulupirire kuti wamwamuna wamkulu sangawazindikire, ndikuyesera kukwatirana ndi akazi. Komabe, ndikosayenera kuti akazi asangalale ndi amuna oterewa, chifukwa ana awo amatha kufooka. Nthawi zambiri, pamkhalidwewu, zazikazi zimakuwa, kukopa chidwi cha wamwamuna wamkulu, yemwe amapulumutsa ndikuthamangitsa mlendo wosayitanidwayo. Chifukwa chake, zazikazi zimasankha amuna okhawo olimba ngati abambo a ana.
Zisindikizo - dzina lodziwika la zolengedwa zam'madzi, kuphatikiza oimira mabanja awiri: zisindikizo zenizeni ndi zowona. Popeza ndiwosakwanira pamtunda, amasambira pansi pamadzi. Kukhazikika kwawoko ndi magombe akum'mwera ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa. Mitundu yazisindikizo zomwe zimapezeka mwachilengedwe ndizosiyana kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo, pali zinthu zambiri zodziwika bwino maonekedwe awo, zizolowezi zawo ndi moyo wawo.
Chisindikizo cha Crabeater
Chisindikizo cha nkhono za ku Antarctic masiku ano chimadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yamitundu yambiri padziko lapansi. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, chiwerengero chake chimafikira anthu 7 miliyoni mpaka miliyoni - izi ndi zochulukitsa kanayi kuposa kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo zina zonse.
Kukula kwa akuluakulu mpaka mamita awiri ndi hafu, amalemera kilogalamu mazana awiri ndi atatu. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti akazi amtundu wamtunduwu wa zisindikizo ndi akulu kuposa amuna. Nyama zamtunduwu zimakhala kum'mwera kwa nyanja ya Pacific, zimasuntha pafupi ndi gombe nthawi yotentha, ndipo zimasamukira kumpoto nthawi ikayamba.
Amadyetsa makamaka krill (ang'onoang'ono a Antarctic crustaceans), izi zimathandizidwa ndi kapangidwe kapadera ka nsagwada zawo.
Adani akuluakulu achilengedwe a zisindikizo za crabeater ndi nyalugwe wanyanja ndi whale wakupha. Yoyamba imabweretsa mavuto kwa nyama zazing'ono komanso zopanda nzeru. Zisindikizo zimapulumutsidwa kwa chinsomba chopha, ndikulumpha ndi madzi oundana ndi madzi oundana.
Nyalugwe wanyanja
Chisindikizo cham'nyanja ichi sichachabe pachabe ndiye "namesake" aanthu oopsa omwe amabwera ndi mphaka. Wosaka wosazindikira komanso wankhanza, sakhutira ndi nsomba zokha: ma penguins, skuas, loons ndi mbalame zina amakhala ozunzidwa naye. Nthawi zambiri, amamenya ngakhale zing'onozing'ono.
Mano a chilombochi ndiocheperako, koma ndi akuthwa komanso amphamvu. Pali milandu yodziwika yozunzidwa ndi nyalugwe wanyanja pamunthu. Monga nyalugwe ya "kumtunda", zilombo zam'madzi zimakhala ndi khungu lomwelo: mawanga akuda amabalalika mosakhalitsa.
Pamodzi ndi chinsomba chakupha, nyalugwe wanyanja imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri kudera lakumpoto. Chisindikizo, chomwe chimafikira mamilimita atatu ndi theka m'litali ndi kulemera kwama kilogalamu mazana anayi ndi makumi asanu, chimatha kuyenda mwachangu modabwitsa m'mphepete mwa kuyendetsa ayezi. Monga ulamuliro, monga lamulo, iye amawukira m'madzi.
Nyalugwe ya panyanja ndi chisindikizo chokhacho chomwe maziko ake amadyera ndi zolengedwa zamagazi ofunda.
Zopanda zenizeni:
Zonse zokhudza zisindikizo zapadziko lathuli
Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji chidindo chaimvi? Kupatula apo, ambiri amasokoneza. Sichikhala mlandu kuitana chidindo, koma akatswiri salimbikitsa kuyimba chidindo. Komabe, ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi nyanja zomwe zimapezeka kunyanja, nyanja ndi nyanja zam'madzi padziko lapansi zomwe zimayimiriridwa kudera la Baltic. Tikukuwuzani chifukwa chake dzina "pinnipeds" kulibe, momwe zisindikizo zimasiyanirana ndi zenizeni, komanso kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo zambiri ku Russia.
Zikhwawa ndizachikale! Zachidziwikire, chifukwa cha chizolowezi, tonse nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi zojambulitsa m'malo mwa ma pawusi zimatchedwa ma pinnipeds - zisindikizo za ubweya, zisindikizo za imvi, ndipo ngakhale ma walrus. Komabe, asayansi sanasiyanitsepo ndi gawoli masiku ano. Malinga ndi malingaliro amakono, nyama izi zimakhala ndi makolo akale.
Zisindikizo zomangira ndi ma walruse ndizoyandikira kwambiri zimbalangondo - kuchokera pamenepo kumabwera mutu wochepa, ubweya wa bulauni wolimba, ndi auricles ang'ono. Amakhulupirira kuti nyama izi zidalowa m'madzi mu Nyanja ya Pacific, ngakhale kuti zidutswa zoyambirira za chidindo cha pered zidapezeka ku France, mu beseni la Atlantic.
Ndipo abale apafupi kwambiri pazisindikizo izi ndi cunyi. Kuchokera pamenepo, thupi lokhala ngati chopindika komanso miyendo yayifupi polemekeza thupi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zisindikizo zenizeni zimatsikira m'madzi kumpoto kwa Atlantic.
Mphepete za zisindikizo zenizeni ndi zowotchera, komanso ma walrus, zopangidwa mofananirana - munjira yosinthika: zitatha izi, zigamba za nyama zosaka m'madzi ndizosavuta. Muli kapangidwe ka zofunda zomwe zisindikizo zamasamba zimasiyana ndi zenizeni. Zotsirizazo sizingathe kuyimirira pazipinda zakumbuyo, ndipo zikamayenda pamtunda zimangowakoka. Koma mikango yam'nyanja ya Steller - yotchedwanso banja la eredo - iwolokerane modzitchinjiriza mphepete mwa nyanja: miyendo yawo yakumbuyo imaweramira kutsogolo chidendene ndikuwoneka ngati mwendo wokutidwa!
Kodi zisindikizo zimakhala kuti? Kumpoto kwa Nyanja, Zisindikizo Zam'madzi zimangokhala ku Pacific Ocean. Ndipo Kummwera - amapezeka kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa America South America ku Atlantic Ocean, komanso kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia ku Indian Ocean. Ma Walruse amakhala ku Arctic Ocean komanso pafupi ndi nyanja ya Pacific ndi Atlantic - kwakukulu, mozungulira North Pole.
Zisindikizo zenizeni zimakondanso madzi ozizira - m'malo ozizira kapena kotentha. Chokhacho chosindikizidwa ndi chisindikizo cha amonke otentha. Magulu a nyama iyi amakhala mu Nyanja Yakuda ndi Nyanja ya Pacific pafupi ndi Zilumba za Hawaii.
Komanso padziko lapansi pali mitundu itatu ya zisindikizo zamadzi oyera, ndipo awiri a iwo amakhala ku Russia. Ichi ndiye chisindikizo cha Baikal ndi mtundu wa Ladoga chosindikizidwa. Chidindo chachitatu chamadzi abwino ndi chidindo cha Saimaa ringed, chomwe ndicho vuto pakati pa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa ku Finland. Malinga ndi akatswiri, kubwezeretsanso madzi abwino kunachitika mwangozi, ndipo kumalumikizidwa ndi kubwezeretsedwa ndi madzi oundana. M'mbuyomu, zisindikizo zinkakhala kunyanja, ndipo madzi oundana atachoka, adadzipatula. Ndipo ndinazolowera madzi atsopano. Mwa njira, akatswiri amati ndi chisindikizo cha Baikal chokha chomwe chingaganizidwe ngati chidindo cha madzi abwino. Ndipo zisindikizo za Saimaa ndi Ladoga ndi mitundu yatsopano yamadzi yamchere yam'nyanja.
Zisindikizo ndi chiyani? Banja la zisindikizo zophatikizidwa zimaphatikizapo mitundu 7 ndipo, malinga ndi magulu, mitundu 14 kapena 15. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha yomwe imakhala ku Russia - mkango wam'nyanja, kapena mkango wanyanja wakumpoto, ndi chisindikizo cha ubweya wakumpoto. Mitundu yonseyi yalembedwa m'mabuku onse awiri a Russia ndi International Red Book. Mkango wam'nyanja umawonedwa kuti uli pangozi, ndipo chosindikizira cha ubweya wakumpoto ndi mtundu wosaopsa, malinga ndi gulu la IUCN.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Nyama yayikulu kwambiri yokhala ndi thupi lokwanira komanso lopendekera kukhala ndi moyo wamadzi. Kuchuluka kwa oimira nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kumasiyana kwambiri, kuyambira pa 150 makilogalamu mpaka matani 2.5, kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 1.5 m mpaka 6.5 m. Chisindikizo kuthekera kosiyanasiyana kophatikiza mafuta munthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti muthane nazo, musinthe kukula.
Chisindikizo wamba m'madzi
Nyamayo imawonetsera ngati cholengedwa chosakhazikika chikakhala pamtunda. Thupi lalikulu lokutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi, khosi lakuda, mutu wawung'ono, mafupa. M'madzi amasintha kukhala osambira okongola.
Mosiyana ndi zida zina zam'madzi, zisindikizo zasungabe kulumikizana ndi malo, pomwe amakhala nthawi yayitali m'miyoyo yawo. Zipupa zokhala ndi maburashi ophuka, mapazi amathandizira kuyenda m'malo aliwonse. Pamtunda, amathandizidwa ndi unyinji wamiyendo miyendo, ndikukoka kumbuyo, komwe kumakokera pansi.
M'malo am'madzi, zonse ndizosiyana. Zisindikizo zimatha kuthamanga mpaka 25 km / h m'madzi. Nyama zimatha kulowa m'madzi akuya kwambiri mpaka mamita 600. Kapangidwe ka mutu wake kamawoneka ngati kothandiza kudutsa pakati pamadzi.
Kukhala chinyama pamtunda wosaposa mphindi 10 chifukwa chosowa mpweya. Chisindikizo chimayenera kubwerera kumtunda kuti adzabwezeretsenso thumba la mpweya pansi pa khungu kuti likulowanso mnyanja.
Chovala cholimba chimasungabe kutentha. Thermoregulation imaperekedwa ndi gawo lamafuta amkati, omwe nyama zimadziunjikira nthawi yachisanu. Mwanjira imeneyi, zisindikizo zimapilira nyengo zovuta za ku Arctic ndi Antarctic.
Maso owoneka bwino a zinyama ali owoneka bwino. Sindikiza chithunzi ndikuwoneka moyipa, wowoneka bwino ngati kuti akubisa zina zambiri zomwe munthu amadziwa za iye. Masomphenya a anthu anzeru anzeru sakhala akuthwa. Monga nyama zonse za m'madzi, maso sawona. Monga anthu, nyama zazikulu zimatha kulira, ngakhale zilibe timimba tambiri.
Koma zimagwira fungo la 500 m, zimamva bwino, koma nyamazo zilibe mauricles. Mitundu yofiyira, yofananira ndi masharubu oyera, amawathandiza kuyenda pakati pa zopinga zosiyanasiyana. Kutha kwa kulingalirira kumasiyanitsa mitundu yamtundu wina. Mu talente iyi, zisindikizo ndizotsika kuposa ma dolphin, anamgumi.
Ndikosatheka kusiyanitsa chachimuna ndi chachikazi pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikilo zakunja. Zokongoletsa pamiyendo ya amuna zimasiyana ndi Zisindikizo za njovu zokha. Akazi amatha kuchepetsedwa kulemera, koma popanda miyeso yapadera nkovuta kudziwa kusiyana kwake.
Mtundu wa nyamazo nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiirira komanso yamawangamawanga. Malo obowera amamwazikana thupi lonse. Ng'ombe zimalandira chovala kuyambira ubwana. Adani azachilengedwe a zisindikizo ndi zigawenga zakupha. Nyama zimathawa kwa iwo ndikudumpha m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Polar imakonda kudya nyama yosindikizidwa, koma sikuti imatha kugwira akuthawa osamala.
Zisindikizo ndi mabanja a Zisindikizo zenizeni ndi zowona, m'mbali yotakata zonse - zikhomo. Izi zikuphatikiza mitundu 24 yomwe imasiyana, koma sungani zina zambiri zomwe zimadziwika. Madera osindikizidwa a Pacific ndi akulu pang'ono kuposa anthu aku Atlantic. Koma kufanana kwakukulu kumagwirizanitsa nthumwi za zigawo zonse. Mitundu ina imadziwika kwambiri.
Sindikiza monk. Imakonda madzi am'nyanja ya Mediterranean mosiyana ndi achibale a ku Arctic. Akuluakulu amalemera pafupifupi 250 kg, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 2-3 m .. Kuti kuwala kwam'mimba, kumatchedwa koyera. M'mbuyomu, Nyanja Yakuda idakhala m'malo okhalamo, chisindikizo chidapezeka pamtunda wa dziko lathu, koma chiwerengero chidachepa. M'mphepete mwa nyanja yofunda padalibe malo ogulitsa nyama - chilichonse chimamangidwa ndi munthu. Monke amalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Zokoma chidindo cha caribbean monki amadziwika kale kuti amatha.
Chisindikizo cha Monk
Chisindikizo cha Crabeater. Dzinali dzina la mamina olandila mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Chisindikizo chimasiyanitsidwa ndi muzzle wopapatiza, kukula kwa thupi: avareji kutalika kwa 2.5 m, kulemera kwa 250-300 kg. Anthu amene amadya nkhanu amakhala ku Antarctica, kum'mwera kwa nyanja. Nthawi zambiri konzani zoyenda pansi pama ayezi. Mitundu yambiri.
Chisindikizo cha Crabeater
Chisindikizo wamba. Amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana kumpoto kwa Arctic hemisphere: ku Russia, Scandinavia, North America. Amakhala m'madzi am'mphepete, osasuntha. Kulemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 160-180, kutalika masentimita 180. Mtundu wofiirira umatchuka pakati pazithunzi zina. Ziwopsezo zaika pangozi zachilengedwe.
Chisindikizo cha doko
Zeze. Kukula kwakanthawi - kutalika kwa 170-180 masentimita, kulemera pafupifupi 130 makilogalamu. Amuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wawo wapadera - malaya asiliva, mutu wakuda, mzere wakuda mawonekedwe a chikwakwa kuchokera kumapeto.
Zeze
Chisindikizo chamizere. Woimira wapadera wazinyama, "zebra" pakati pa madzi oundana. Pamtambo wakuda, pafupi ndi wakuda, timizere tooneka ngati mphete mpaka 15 cm.Covala chowala chimasiyanitsa amuna okhaokha. Zingwe zazikazi sizioneka. Dzinalo lachiwiri la zisindikizo ndi mikango. Zisindikizo zakumpoto amapezeka ku Tatar Strait, nyanja ya Bering, Chukchi, Okhotsk.
Chisindikizo chamizere
Nyanja Leopard. Khungu lowambulika, khwawa lidapereka dzina kwa wolusa. Wachibale woyipa samenya zisindikizo zing'onozing'ono, koma ma penguin ndiwo amakonda kwambiri nyalugwe wanyanja. Nyamayi imafika kutalika kwa 4 m, unyinji wa kambuku wamkulu umasindikiza mpaka 600 kg. Zimachitika pagombe la Antarctica.
Nyalugwe wanyanja
Njovu ya kunyanja. Dzinali limatsimikizira kukula kwa nyama, kutalika 6.5 m, kulemera matani 2,5, mphuno ya proboscis mwa amuna. Mabungwe akumpoto amakhala m'mphepete mwa North America, madera akum'mwera - ku Antarctica.
Njovu
Hare hare (lahtak). M'nyengo yozizira, kulemera kwakukulu kwa nyama yodyetsedwa bwino kumafika ku 360 kg. Thupi lalikulu ndi lalitali mamita 2.5. Nsagwada zamphamvu zokhala ndi mano aang'ono. Chinyama cholemera chimasungidwa pamtunda pafupi ndi mabowo, m'mphepete mwa thaw. Amakhala okha. Khalidwe lokonda mtendere.
Nyanja hare lahtak
Chisindikizo: kufotokozera, kapangidwe, mawonekedwe. Kodi chisindikizo chimawoneka bwanji?
Maonekedwe a chisindikizo ndi chifukwa cha moyo wawo wam'madzi. Kumbali imodzi, zipsepse, zomwe zidapereka dzina ku mitundu yonse - "zikhomo", zimasanduliza mwezi wosasangalatsa, kukhala osambira abwino. Komabe, zisindikizo, mosiyana ndi anamgumi ndi ma dolphin, sizinataye mgwirizano wawo ndi malo, komwe aliyense amathanso nthawi yambiri.
Zisindikizo zonse ndi nyama zazikulu. Kotero unyinji wa chisindikizo, kutengera mtundu, umachokera ku 40 kg (kwa chisindikizo) mpaka matani 2.5 (kwa chisindikizo cha njovu). Komanso, kutalika kwa chidindo kumasiyana kuchokera pa 1.25 mita chosindikizira, kocheperako pakati pa banja la zisindikizo zenizeni, ndiye mita 6.5 ya njovu yam'nyanja, yemwe dzina lake limafotokozera kukula kwakukulu kwa mitundu iyi ya zisindikizo. Ndipo chosangalatsa ndichakuti zisindikizo zambiri zamtundu womwewo zimatha kusintha kukula kwake kutengera nyengo, popeza zimakonda kudziunjikira mafuta osunga nthawi, omwe kenako amatha.
Thupi la chidindo limakhala lokwera komanso lopindika, khosi limakhala lalifupi komanso lozama, limapatsidwa kolona ndi mutu wa chisindikizo, womwe ndi wocheperako koma uli ndi chigaza. Zidindo za chidindo zakula manja ndi miyendo kwambiri.
Thupi la chisindikizo limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lalifupi komanso lolimba, lomwe mbali imodzi silimalepheretsa kuyenda kwawo pansi pamadzi, ndipo kumbali inayo limateteza mwiniwake ku chimfine. Komanso nkhokwe zomwe zimasungidwa pansi pamafuta osungika nthawi yozizira zimateteza zisindikizo kuti zisazizidwe. M'malo mwake, mafuta ochulukirachulukawa a zisindikizo amagwira ntchito yolimbitsa thupi, kuloleza nyama kupirira mosavuta kuzizira kwa Arctic ndi Antarctic. Mtundu wa mitundu yambiri ya zisindikizo ndi imvi kapena bulauni; Mitundu ina imakhala ndimawangamidwe.
Mukayang'ana chithunzi cha chidindo, zimawoneka kuti cholengedwacho ndichopepuka ndipo chimachedwa pamtunda, ndipo izi zilidi choncho, chifukwa posuntha zisindikizo zimadalira kutsogolo kwawo ndi m'mimba, pomwe miyendo yawo yakumbuyo imangodumphira pansi. Kuphatikiza apo, nditasindikiza chisindikizo chachikulu, ndizovuta kuti ziyende pansi. Koma kamodzi m'madzi, zisindikizo zimasinthidwa kwathunthu, kuchoka ku chizungulire komanso kusowa kwawo komwe kumadziwika kuti pamtunda sikungokhala kovuta - m'madzi amatha kuthamanga mpaka 25 km pa ola limodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zisindikizo ndizosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimatha kulowa pansi mpaka mamita 600 kuya.
Zowona, zisindikizo sizitha kupitirira mphindi 10 pansi pamadzi, munthawi yomwe kupezeka kwa mpweya, womwe uli mchikwama chapadera cha mpweya (pansi pa khungu la chidindo), kumatha ndipo mukuyenera kubwereranso kumtunda.
Maso azisindikizo, ngakhale amakula, komabe, mawonekedwe awo samapangika bwino (monga, mwa nyama zonse zam'madzi), zisindikizo zonse sizowona pang'ono. Koma kusawona bwino sikulipira bwino pakumva bwino komanso makamaka kununkhira, kotero zisindikizo zimatha kututa fungo ku mtunda wa 300-500 metres. Ndipo zisindikizo zilinso ndi otchedwa tactile vibris (amatchedwanso "masharubu") mothandizidwa ndi omwe amatsogozedwa pakati pazolepheretsa zamadzi. Ndizofunikanso kudziwa kuti mitundu ina ya zisindikizo imatha kudziwa zambiri, ngakhale kuti imapangidwa m'mitundu yambiri itakhala yofooka kuposa zinkhanira ndi ma dolphin.
Zisindikizo, kupatula mitundu yambiri, zimasowa pogonana, ndiye kuti, amuna ndi akazi amawoneka ofanana (okhawo osindikizidwa ndi chisindikizo cha njovu amakhala ndi amuna omwe ali ndi "zokongoletsa" zapadera pankhope zawo. Ponena za maliseche, zisindikizo, monga nyama zina zambiri zam'madzi, zobisika m'makola a khungu ndipo sizikuwoneka.
Kodi chisindikizo chimakhala kuti?
Zosindikiza zamitundu yambiri ndizosiyanasiyana, titha kunena kuti ichi ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Zowona, chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zam'madzi zam'madzi, zonse zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja. Mitundu yambiri ya zinyamazi imakhala m'malo ozizira kwambiri a Arctic ndi Antarctic, pomwe chifukwa cha mafuta ochulukirachulukira amalolera kuzizira kumeneko, koma palinso zisindikizo, monga monk sign, zomwe zimakhala ku Mediterranean kotentha.
Komanso mitundu ingapo ya zisindikizo, monga ngati chidindo cha Baikal, imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamakontrakitala.
Zisindikizo Zamoyo
Zisindikizo, ngakhale amapanga magulu am'magulu - otchedwa oyandama m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja, iwo, mosiyana ndi zikhomo zina, amakhala ndi gulu laling'ono kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, amadyetsa ndi kupuma payekhapayekha, ndipo pokhapokha pakhala pangozi amawunika momwe abale awo amakhalira.
Zisindikizo zilinso zolengedwa zokonda mtendere, sizimakhazikika pokhapokha, pokhapokha, nthawi yakukhwima, pamene amuna angapo akwaniritsa mkazi mmodzi, pamenepa ngakhale zisindikizo zamtendere zimatha kukwiya.
Monga tidalemba pamwambapa, mphepete, zisindikizo ndizosachepera komanso pang'onopang'ono, kotero zimakhazikitsidwa pafupi ndi madziwo poyambira, kuti ngati zingachitike ngozi, kulowa pansi pamadzi. Komanso, nthawi ndi nthawi amangolowerera m'madzi kuti atigwiritse ntchito ndipo apa tikupita ku mfundo ina.
Kodi chisindikizo chimadya chiyani?
Zisindikizo ndi nyama zolusa, ndipo gwero lalikulu la zakudya zake ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zam'madzi: nsomba, zigamba, nkhanu, nkhanu. Zisindikizo zikuluzikulu, monga nyalugwe wanyanja, sangafune kudya, atero, ma penguin.
Chisindikizo cha Monk
Mtundu uwu wa chisindikizo mwina ndiwokonda kwambiri pakati pa zisindikizo, chifukwa umakonda madzi ofunda a zilumba za Mediterranean, Hawaii ndi Caribbean komwe kumakhalako nyengo yozizira ya Arctic ndi Antarctic nyengo yozizira. Komanso, mosiyana ndi zisindikizo zina, ili ndi dera lotukuka kwambiri la nsagwada yapansi. Kutalika kwa chisindikizo cha amonke ndi mita 2-3 ndi kulemera kwa 250 kg. Imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni komanso m'mimba wowala, pomwe udalandira dzina lachiwiri - chidindo choyera. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti m'mbuyomu, amonke ankakhalanso ku Black Sea, ndipo amatha kupezeka pagombe la Black Sea ku dziko lathu, koma posachedwa kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo kumachepera, pakadali pano zolemba zonse za monk sign zidalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Njovu
Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, chisindikizo cha njovu ndiye mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazisindikizo; kutalika kwake kumafikira mpaka mamita 6.5 ndi kulemera kwa matani 2.5. Komanso, malo ena okhala ndi njovu samangokhala kukula kwakukulu, komanso kukhalapo kwa mphuno yokhala ngati yotentha mwa amuna a chidindo cha njovu. Kutengera ndi malo okhala, zisindikizo za njovu zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto chimakhala m'mphepete mwa North America, ndipo chisindikizo cha njovu chakumwera chimakhala ku Antarctica.
Chisindikizo cha Ross
Anatchulidwa pambuyo pa wofufuza wachingelezi James Ross. Ichi ndi chidutswa chaching'ono cha Antarctic, chabwino, chaching'ono, thupi lake limakhala lalitali pafupifupi mamilimita awiri ndipo limalemera 200 kg. Imakhala ndi khosi lowala kwambiri m'makutu, momwe imatha kubisala mutu wake. Sanaphunzire pang'ono, chifukwa amakhala kumadera akutali a Antarctica.
Chisindikizo cha Crabeater
Chisindikizo cha crabeater, chomwe chimadziwika kuti chimakonda kwambiri nkhanu, ndicho chisindikizo chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, chiwerengero chake chikuchokera pa anthu 7 miliyoni mpaka 40 miliyoni. Ili ndi kukula kwakatikati paz zisindikizo - kutalika kwa thupi - mita za 2,2-2.6, kulemera - 200-300 kg, kupendekera kwakanthawi. Zisindikizo izi zimakhala ku Antarctica ndipo nyanja zakum'mwera zimatsuka, nthawi zambiri amakonda kukonza malo oyandama nawo pamadzi oundana, osambira nawo.
Chisindikizo cha Weddell
Amatchulidwa pambuyo pa ulemu kwa munthu wina Wachingelezi - woyendetsa sitimayi waku Britain Sir James Weddell, wamkulu wakale wa kafukufuku wopita kunyanja ya Weddell, pomwe mitundu iyi ya chisindikizo idayamba kupezedwa ndi azungu. Pakati pa zisindikizo zina, Chisindikizo cha Weddell chimaonekera chifukwa cha kudumphika mozama komanso pansi pa madzi - pomwe zisindikizo zina zambiri zimakhala m'madzi akuya osaposa mphindi 10, chisindikizo ichi chimatha kusambira kwa ola limodzi. Komanso amakhala ku Antarctica.
Chisindikizo chazitali kwambiri
Chisindikizo chokhala ndi nkhope yayitali chimatchedwa chifukwa cha kutalika kwake, ngakhale monga zisindikizo, muzzle. Kutalika kwa chidindo cha nkhope yayitali ndi mamita 2.5 ndipo akulemera mpaka 300 kg. Amakhala ku North Atlantic: pagombe la Greenland, Scandinavia ndi Iceland.
Zeze
Chimodzi mwa zisindikizo zakumpoto chimakhala kwenikweni pagombe la Greenland. Amasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya zisindikizo zamtundu wamtundu: amangokhala ndi malaya amtundu wa siliva, mutu wakuda, komanso mzere wakuda wokhala ndi mahatchi akuda kuchokera kumapewa mbali zonse ziwiri. Chisindikizo cha zeze ndi chaching'ono - kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 170-180 cm, kulemera - 120-140 kg.
Nerpa
Nerpa ndi mtundu wocheperako wa chidindo, kutalika kwake m'thupi ndi 1.5 metres ndipo kulemera mpaka 100 kg. Koma izi ndi, zochepa, zazing'ono kwambiri pakati pa zomwe zidasindikizidwa - chidindo cha Ladoga, chomwe chimakhala ku Lake Ladoga, thupi lake limaposa 135 cm ndipo limalemera 40 kg. Mwambiri, zisindikizo zimakhala m'madzi ozizira komanso otentha a Pacific, Atlantic ndi Arctic nyanja zamchere, komanso nyanja zazikulu ndi nyanja zam'madzi. Kutengera ndi malo omwe amakhalako, masanjidwe monga Caspian chisindikizo, Chisindikizo cha Baikal, Chisindikizo cha Ladoga ndizosiyanitsidwa.
Chiyambi cha zisindikizo
Amadziwika kuti makolo a pinnipeds nthawi ina amayenda momasuka pansi. Pambuyo pake, mwina chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa ya nyengo, adakakamizidwa kumira m'madzi. Potere, zisindikizo zenizeni komanso zowona zimachokera ku nyama zosiyanasiyana.
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti makolo akale, kapena anali zolengedwa zofanana ndi ma otter omwe zaka mamiliyoni khumi ndi zisanu zapitazo adakumana ku North Atlantic. Chisindikizo cha ered ndi chakale kwambiri - makolo ake, zolengedwa ngati agalu, zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo adakhala kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean.
Kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka thupi
Chiyanjano chosagwirizana ndi magulu awiriwa a chisindikizo chimatsimikizira kusiyana kwakukulu pakupangidwe kwa mafupa awo. Chifukwa chake, chisindikizo wamba pamtunda chimakhala chosathandiza. Pa gombe, amagona pamimba pake, zikopa zake zakutsogolo zimagundika kumbali, ndipo ziphuphu zakumbuyo zimakoka pansi pamene zikuyenda, ngati mchira wa nsomba. Kuti ipite patsogolo, chilombocho chimakakamizidwa kuti chizikhala chiphokoso, kusuntha thupi lake lolemera kwambiri.
Chisindikizo chared, mosiyana ndi iye, chimakhala mwamphamvu pamiyendo yonse inayi. Nthawi yomweyo, zikopa zake zakutsogolo zimakhala ndi minofu yamphamvu kwambiri, yomwe imatha kupirira kulimba kwamphamvu thupi, ndipo kumbuyo sikikokera kumbuyo, koma imatembenukira kutsogolo ndikupezeka pansi pamimba. Nthawi zambiri, chilombochi chimakhala "chadodopo", pogwiritsa ntchito zipupa zonse poyenda, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, "imatha kuwuluka" mwachangu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, chisindikizo cha ubweya chimatha kuthamanga m'mphepete mwa miyala mwachangu kwambiri kuposa munthu.
Kodi zisindikizo zimasambira bwanji?
Zomangira zam'manja z zisindikizo zenizeni ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa kumbuyo. Zotsirizirazi nthawi zonse zimatambasulidwa kumbuyo ndipo sizimapinda chidendene. Satha kukhala othandizira akayenda pamtunda, koma nyamayo imasambira m'madzi ndikuthokoza, ndikupanga mikwingwirima yamphamvu.
Chisindikizo cha ered chimayenda m'madzi munjira yosiyaniratu. Amasambira ngati penguin, ndikutembenuzira kutsogolo kwake mwachangu. Mafinya ake akumbuyo amagwira ntchito ngati chowongolera.
Mafotokozedwe ambiri
Zisindikizo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri kutalika (kuyambira pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka mpaka mita sikisi) ndi kulemera kwa thupi (amuna - kuchokera pa kilogalamu makumi asanu ndi awiri mpaka matani atatu). Zosindikiza zazikuluzikulu pakati pa zisindikizo wamba ndi zisindikizo za njovu, ndipo zazing'ono kwambiri ndiz zomatula. Zisindikizo zomera nthawi zambiri sizikhala zazikulu kwambiri. Yaikulu kwambiri, mkango wam'nyanja, imatha kukula mpaka mamita anayi ndi kulemera pang'ono kuposa tani. Chingwe chaching'ono kwambiri, cha ubweya wa Kerch ndi chisindikizo, cholemera pafupifupi makilogalamu zana ndi kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka. Zisindikizo zayamba kukonzekera kugonana - amuna amuna awo ndiopambana kwambiri kuposa zazikazi pakukula komanso kukula kwa thupi.
Kapangidwe ka zisindikizo ndi koyenera kuyenda koyenda m'madzi. Onsewa ali ndi thupi lalitali, khosi lalitali komanso losasinthika, mchira wamfupi koma wofotokozedwa bwino. Mutu, monga lamulo, ndi wocheperako, ndipo ma auricles amawonekera momveka bwino paz zisindikizo za ered, mu ziwalo zomva zenizeni zimakhala zotseguka zazing'ono m'mphepete mwa mutu.
Kukhalapo kwa wosanjikiza wamafuta osunthika, omwe amakulolani kutentha kutentha m'madzi ozizira, kumagwirizanitsa zisindikizo zonse. Zisindikizo zamitundu yambiri zimabadwa, zitakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda, zomwe sizimavuta kuposa masabata atatu (mtundu wake, monga lamulo, ndi zoyera). Chisindikizo chenicheni (chachikulire) chimakhala ndi tsitsi lakuthwa lopanda chidindo chomata, pomwe Zisindikizo za njovu zimasiyidwa kwathunthu. Ponena za zisindikizo za ered, pansi pake, pambali pake, imatha kukhala yowonda kwambiri, pomwe ili mu zisindikizo za ubweya ndi ukalamba chovala ubweya wakuda umasungidwa.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri yazisindikizo zenizeni
Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, banja la zisindikizo zenizeni limakhala ndi mitundu khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kudza makumi awiri ndi zinayi.
- zisindikizo za amonke ((oyera-oyera, aku Hawaii, Pacific),
- zisindikizo za njovu (kumpoto ndi kumwera),
- Chisindikizo cha Ross
- Chisindikizo cha weddell
- chisindikizo cha crabeater
- nyalugwe wanyanja,
- lahtaka (sea hare),
- kuchotsedwa,
- Zisindikizo wamba
- chisindikizo (Baikal, Caspian and ringed),
- chisindikizo chachitali
- lionfish (chidutswa chamizere).
Mitundu yonse yazisindikizo ya banja lino imayimiridwa ku nyama za Russia.
Zisindikizo
Zinyama zamakono zilipo mitundu 14 mpaka fifitini yazisindikizo zamkati. Amakhala m'magulu awiri akulu (mabanja apansi).
Gulu loyamba limaphatikizapo zisindikizo za ubweya, kuphatikiza:
- Kumpoto (mitundu yokhayo ya dzina lomweli),
- Kumwera (South America, New Zealand, Galapagos, Kerguelen, Fernandez, Cape, Guadeloupe, Subantarctic).
Gulu lachiwiri limapangidwa:
- Mkango wanyanja yam'madzi (kumpoto)
- WakuCalifornian
- Galapagos
- Chijapani
- kumwera
- Waku Australia
- New Zealand.
M'madzi aku Russia, zisindikizo za banja lino zimayimiridwa ndi mikango yam'nyanja ndi zisindikizo za ubweya wakumpoto.
Moyo & Habitat
Kugawana kwakukulu kwambiri kwazisindikizo kumawonedwa m'zigawo za polar, m'mphepete mwa Arctic, Antarctic. Chosiyana ndi chidindo cha monk, chomwe chimakhala m'madzi ofunda a Mediterranean. Mitundu ina imakhala m'madzi am'madzi, mwachitsanzo, kunyanja ya Baikal.
Zisindikizo sizimadziwika ndi kusamuka kwakutali. Amakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja, amasambira mosaya, amatsatira malo okhazikika. Pansi amayenda ndi kuyesetsa, kukwawa, kudalira kutsogolo. Akawona zoopsa, idumphira m'dzuwa. M'madzi amadzidalira, omasuka.
Chisindikizo ndi chinyama ng'ombe. Masango, kapena oyandama, omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi oundana. Kuchulukidwa kwa ziŵeto kumadalira zinthu zambiri, koma mayanjano ambiri okhala ndi kuchuluka kachulukidwe kazisindikizo samadziwika. Anthu pawokha sakhala patali ndi mnzake, koma kupumula, kudyetsa pawokha kwa abale awo. Ubale pakati pawo ndi wamtendere. Pakusungunuka, nyama zimathandizira anansi kuchotsa ubweya wakale - ndikukanda kumbuyo kwawo.
Zisindikizo za Baikal padzuwa ndi abale osindikiza
Nyama zomwe zidayala pamtunda zawoneka kuti sizili bwino. Amalankhulirana wina ndi mzake malifupifupi, monga ngati kunjenjemera kapena kuseka. Zisindikizo nthawi zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mawu. M'busa, mawu a nyama amanjana phokoso kwambiri, makamaka pagombe, kumene mafunde am'madzi amawomba.
Nthawi zina kwaya yosindikizira imafanana ndi ng'ombe zouluka. Kufuula komwe kumveka kwambiri kumatula zisindikizo za njovu. Zizindikiro zowopsa zili ndi ma alarm, kuyimba kwa amayi kumamveka mosalekeza, mokwiya. Mapembedwe, maulendo obwereza, obwereza amakhala ndi gawo limodzi mwapadera pakulankhulana kwanyama.
Tulo ta Zisindikizo silikhala lamphamvu konse. Pansi, amakhala mosamala, kugona tulo kwa nthawi yochepa m'madzi, nthawi ndi nthawi amawuka mpaka kubwezeretsa mpweya.