Відповідь:
1. Nyama yokhala ndi zibowolezo ya anthu akumpoto. 1. Khwangwala.
2. Makoko aung'ono a tundra. 2. Kulamula.
3. Mbalame yakuthengo ya tundra. 3. Partridge.
4. Chinyama chamunthu ubweya wamtengo wapatali. 4. Mbawala ya Arctic.
5. Waterfowl akufika ku tundra kuchilimwe. 5. Seagulls.
6.7. Zinyama zoyang'anira tundra. 6. Wolverine. 7. Mmbulu.
8. Madzi am'madzi. 8. Abakha.
9. Mbalame yaying'ono yokhala ndi mlomo wautali yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi madzi. 9. Sandpiper.
10. Madzi atali akulu okhala ndi khosi lalitali. 10. Atsekwe.
11. Mbalame zotsogola zam'madzi 11. Kadzidzi.
12. Chinyama cha tundra ku North America. 12. Musk ng'ombe
ngati mungafufuze, mutha kupeza zonse zomwe mukufuna.
Khrustan
Khrustan | |||||||
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![]() Amuna nthawi yozizira | |||||||
Gulu la asayansi | |||||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Makanda |
Subfamily: | Zojambula |
Onani: | Khrustan |
- Eudromias morinellus
Zisa zokhaNjira zosamukira
Khrustan , kapena wopusa wopusa , kapena wopusa (lat. Charadrius morinellus) - sandpiper yaying'ono, mbalame ya banja la a Charadriiformes. Zoweta ku Eurasia mdera lamiyala tundra kum'maŵa kwa Norway, komanso m'malo omwe amakhala kumapiri a mapiri. Masamba okhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mapiri ku North Africa ndi Middle East kuchokera ku Morocco kupita ku Iraq. Amadya tizilombo komanso ma invertebrates, makamaka nsikidzi, ntchentche, mphutsi ndi nkhono. Poyerekeza ndi othandizira ena, sizowopsa ndipo zimalola munthu kuti ayandikire patali, pomwe anthu am'deralo adalandira dzina laulemu "wopusa wopusa" kapena "wopusa nodule."
Mawonekedwe
Ndi yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa plover wagolide, poyerekeza ndi iyo imakhala ndi minofu yofiyira, khosi lalifupi komanso mulomo wamfupi. Kutalika kwa 20-22 masentimita, mapiko mpaka 57-64 masentimita, kulemera kwa 75-150 g. Mbalame imatha kuzindikirika mosavuta ndi zambiri zomwe sizipezeka m'madzi ena, makamaka ndi mizere yoyera yambirimbiri yotembenukira kumbuyo kwa mutu ngati chilembo cha Chilatini V komanso choyera ndi chingwe chakuda pachifuwa, ndikuwuluka posakhala ndi mawanga owala ("magalasi") mapiko. Kusiyana kwa jenda ndi kocheperako - pafupifupi, amuna ndi ocheperako pang'ono ndipo amapakidwa utoto wochepa kwambiri.
Zovala zamkati mwa chilimwe ndizowoneka bwino komanso zosiyana. Munthawi imeneyi, pamwamba pamutu pali zofiirira zofiirira, khosi limayera, chifuwa, kumbuyo ndi kumtunda kwa mapiko kumakhala kofiirira komanso kotsika kwamizeremizere, mbali zam'mphepetezo ndizowala, m'mimba mwake ndi ofiira ndi malo akulu akuda pakati, chingwe chake ndi choyera. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, mtundu wake umakhala wowoneka bwino komanso wamtundu wotetemera - imvi yofiirira yokhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda a nthawi yokhazikika imakhala imvi yosasunthika, ikamayang'ana mbali, mzere pachifuwa umataya mawonekedwe omveka, nsidze imakhala yachikasu. Potengera mtundu wanthawi zonse wa mankhwalawo, kutumphuka kumakhala kofanana ndi poko yagolide kapena ya bulauni, komabe imasiyana ndi iwo machitidwe amoto pamutu ndi pachifuwa. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizofanana ndi akulu mu nthenga zozizira, koma zopezekanso - kumtunda wakuda bii wokhala ndi nthenga m'maso amtambo wophatikizika ndi pansi lauve, lotuwa.
Mawu
Nthawi zambiri mbalame yokhala chete. Ntchentche, makamaka ikamanyamuka, imatulutsa kamtengo kofewa, kofewa komanso kachepera kamvekedwe. Nyimbo ya mzimayiyu ndi "wh-pit-pit-pit" yobwerezabwereza, yomwe nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa mwachangu mphindi ziwiri ndipo imafanana kwambiri ndi mawu a wayilesi. Akamalankhula, amaponya mluzu, ngati "kufuula mwachangu".
Dera
Mitundu yosungiranayo imakhala yogawanika ndipo imakhala ndi magawo angapo a arctic ndi tundra yamapiri yomwe ili patali kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Kumpoto kwa Europe, imakhala mu Scotland, kumapiri a kumpoto kwa Scandinavia, pa Kola Peninsula (gombe la Barents Nyanja kuchokera kumalire a boma kupita kukamwa ya Ponoy, Monchetundra, Khibiny, mwina Lapland Nature Reserve) komanso kumwera kwa Novaya Zemlya. Pamalo apamwamba a Urals, imakhala kumpoto kwa madera a Iremel ndi Yamantau, momwe m'malo ena kumakhala kofala. Mu mzere wa tundra pakatikati pa zigwa za Ob ndi Lena, sikupezeka paliponse kapena chosowa kwambiri - zidziwitso za malo omwe akusungidwa kuchokera kumaderawa ndizosafunikira ndipo zimatsutsana kawirikawiri.
Malo ena ogawikirako amayambira kum'mawa kwa Mtsinje wa Lena ndipo ndi gawo lalikulu kum'mawa kwa Anadyr, kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Verkhoyansk Range ndi malo apakati pa Kolyma. Kuphatikiza apo, masamba akutali amapezeka ku Chukchi Peninsula, Taimyr ndipo mwina ena a zilumba za Novosibirsk. Kummwera, malo okhala ndi malo okhala ambiri ku Altai ndi mapiri oyandikana nawo chakum'mawa kwake - Mapiri a Western Sayan, Tannu-Ola, Hamar-Daban, Tunkinsky Goltsy, Mongolian Altai, Hangai, Tarbagatai, Saur ndi malo otchedwa Saylyugem.
Madera a Mose amadziwika m'madongosolo ena a mapiri a Central Europe, mwachitsanzo ku Alps. Malipoti nthawi ndi nthawi amaonekera za kuyang'anira ana a nkhokwe ku Vosges, High Tatras ndi Krkonoše massif, koma sizikudziwika ngati mbalamezi zimangokhala nthawi zonse kapena ayi. Udzu womwe umakhalapo pakadali pano sunadziwikebe bwinobwino ku Pyrenees ndi Carpathians, komanso m'malo ena kumpoto kwa Greece. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kuyambira 1961 mpaka 1969, olembetsedwa adakhala m'malo osawerengeka kwa iwo - poyang'anira malo a nyanja ya IJsselmeer ku Netherlands. Malowa sapezeka m'dera lokhala anthu ambiri, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi.
Habitat
Mu tundra lathyathyathya, amakhala pamapiri owuma omwe ali ndi udzu wambiri, moss ndi udzu wokhazikika. M'malo amapiri, limakonda malo okhala ndi miyala yosalala komanso miyala yaying'ono pamwamba pamalire a nkhalangoyi, komanso ndi masamba ochepa. Ndibwino kuti mukupezeka komanso kufalikira kwa malo okhala komwe kumafotokozera za magawikidwe ndi magawo ake. M'mapiri a Central Asia, imakhala pamalo okwera mpaka 3500 m pamwamba pa nyanja, ku Europe ku Swiss Alps mpaka 2600 m kumtunda kwa nyanja, ku Austrian Alps mpaka pafupi 2200 mamilimita pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kusamukira
Nthawi zambiri mbalame yosamukira. Ngakhale pali malo ochulukirapo komanso oswana kwambiri, malo omizira nyengo yachisanu amakhala m'malo ochepa opezeka ku North Africa ndi Mesopotamia. Mbalame zambiri zochokera ku Europe nthawi yachisanu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa - kumapiri a Atlas, mapiri am'mapiri ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa Algeria ndi Tunisia, ku Cyrenaica. Anthu aku Asia asamukira ku Sinai Peninsula, Iraq ndi Iran.
Zimawuluka patsogolo kwambiri, nthawi zambiri m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a 3-6 (kawirikawiri 20-30), ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira ndi malo osungunuka. Mwachitsanzo, malo achikhalidwe cha mbalame zouluka Cassonsgrat ku Swiss Alps, pita Zambiri m'mapiri a Jura komanso madera ena m'chigwa cha Caspian. Malo achisangalalo nthawi zonse amalumikizidwa ndi malo osawoneka bwino osaphatikizidwa ndi zomera zochepa zomwe zakula pang'ono: magawo osadulidwa a dothi, moorlands, nthaka yolima ndi malo oyenda. Mbalame zina, makamaka zochokera ku Europe, sizimayima. Ma Khrustans omwe amakhala ku Far East panthawi yosamukira kwawo amapita mpaka 10,000 km ku malo achisanu ndi nyengo yozizira.
Kunyamuka kumapita mu Ogasiti - Seputembara. Izi zimatsogozedwa ndi kusamukira kwa mbalame mu tundra kunja kwa malo osungira, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Julayi. Oyamba kuchoka ndi zisa zazikazi, ndipo patatha sabata limodzi ndi theka, amuna amakhala ndi ana. Kusunthira kwa nyengo yam'mbuyomo koyambilira kuposa momwe zinakhalira pamadzi kuyambira kuyambira pakati pa Okutobala mpaka pakati pa Malichi, ndipo kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo, mbalame zamasiku ano zimakhala ndi zisa. Kumpoto kwa Siberia, mbalame zimawonekera pambuyo pake: mwachitsanzo, kudera la nyanja ya Purinsky kumadzulo kwa Taimyr, mbalame zimangofika theka loyamba la June. Pouluka, magulu ankhosa amapezeka ku Russia pafupifupi malo aliwonse oyenera, kupatula madera olima kwambiri.
Kuswana
Mbalame zimafika pagulu laling'ono kumalo odyera pomwe masika amayamba ku tundra ndipo malo ambiri adakutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Nthawi zambiri, mapangidwe awiriawiri amapezeka kale m'munda atangofika, ngakhale atakhala kutali kwambiri amatha kumpanga ngakhale atasamukira. Mukakhala pachibwenzi, kusinthana kwamaudindo kumakhala kotchuka - gawo logwira ntchito kwambiri, silimaseweredwa ndi wamwamuna, monga mbalame zambiri, koma wamkazi. Nthawi yakukhwima, amayesetsa kukopa chidwi cha wamwamuna ndi chiwonetsero chake - amapanga maulendo ataliatali pamtunda wa mamita 100 mpaka 300, kumakuwa, ndipo nthawi zina amawerama mutu pansi ndikukupiza mapiko ake. Amuna asayankhe, mkaziyo amabwerera ku gulu lalikulu. Nthawi zambiri, wamwamuna m'modzi amakhala ndi azimayi angapo othamanga nthawi imodzi, pakati pa omwe mikangano ing'onoing'ono imatha. Gulu la nkhosa nthawi zambiri limasuntha kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kwina, ndipo kapangidwe kake kasinthasintha. Mwa crunters pamakhala zochitika zomwe sizimapezeka kawirikawiri munyengo zachilengedwe polyandry, pomwe wamkazi amakhala ndi amuna angapo amnyengo imodzi.
Awiriwo opangidwa amapatukana ndi gulu lalikulu ndikusankha dera lawolowera, lomwe pambuyo pake limateteza ku mbalame zina. M'malo omwe malo ochepa, amatha kukhala m'magulu awiriawiri awiriawiri. Chisa chimakonda kukhala paphiri louma komanso laling'ono ndipo chimakhala chovuta kwambiri m'nthaka, chomwe chimayalidwa ndi mbeu yoyandikana nayo - masamba a udzu kapena zidutswa za nyemba. Mtunda pakati pa zisa ziwiri zoyandikana nthawi zambiri umachokera ku 200 m kupita ma kilomita angapo.
M'malo otumphukira pali mazira awiri kapena anayi (omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala 3) okhala ndi maonekedwe akulu, mawonekedwe awo ozungulira ali ofanana ndi mazira amtondo kuposa mbalame. Mazira ofikira mazira ndi maolivi kuyeretsa dongo kapena mabuluu, mawanga ndi akulu, oderapo kapena akuda. Kukula kwa mazira ndi (36-47) x (26-31-31) mm. Monga lamulo, mkati mwa maola 36 atayikira dzira lomaliza, wamwamuna m'modzi amakhala chisa, chomwe ndi udindo wonse wolera ana. Yaikazi nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi, kusamalira gawo, koma imatha kuchoka pachisa ndikupanga mwamuna wina wamwamuna. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masiku 23 - 29, yamphongo imakhala mwamphamvu kwambiri osachoka mchisa, ngakhale mutayandikira pafupi. Anapiye omwe amabadwa posachedwa amasiya chisa chija kwamuyaya ndikusiya achimuna. Kwa iwo, iyi ndi ntchito yovuta, makamaka kwa iwo omwe asinthidwa komaliza ndipo alibe nthawi yoti ziume. Zotsatira zake, nthawi zambiri gawo lina la mbewu limafa. Patsiku loyamba, ana amakwanitsa kuthana ndi pafupifupi 50 m, ndipo atatha atatu amachotsedwa pamtunda wa mpaka 700 m, kwinaku akuyenda mtunda woyipa kwambiri. Kutha kuwuluka kumaonekera mwa anapiye ali ndi milungu inayi.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Amadyetsa makamaka ndi tizilombo (koma osati kokha), nthawi yomweyo amasankha kukula kwa udzudzu ku kiyike ndi mitundu yayikulu ya bumblebees. Makamaka amakonda kafadala wachikuto wokhala ndi chivundikiro cholimba, monga ma weevil ndi kafadala, komanso mphutsi za nutcrackers. Zomera, agulugufe ndi mphutsi zimapanga gawo lalikulu la zakudya. Amagwira nyerere, akangaude ndi makoko a khutu. Nthawi yozizira, nthawi zina amadya nkhono zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana. Pochulukirapo, imadyetsa ma feed ochokera ku mbewu - zipatso, nthangala, masamba, ndi maluwa, makamaka masamba a saxifrage kapena zipatso zamadzi.
Imasaka padziko lapansi, kufunafuna nyama kuchokera kutali ndikuigwira pambuyo pothawa kwakanthawi. Timiyala tating'onoting'ono timakonda kupezeka m'mimba za mbalame, zomwe mbalame zimameza makamaka kuti zikhale ndi kupera chakudya.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa kutumphuka
Khrustan ndi mbalame yaying'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi 21.5 - 24.7 masentimita amuna. Zachikazi ndizazikulu, 24.0 - 27,5 masentimita.
Mapiko ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 12.5 - 16. Amuna akukhwima m'madzi okhala ndi mutu wakuda kumtunda, izi zokhala ngati nthenga zokhala ndi nthenga zinapereka dzina lina kwa sandpiper - plover wakuda. Kumaso ndi zoyera. Zingwe zazikulu zoyera zimadutsa pamwamba pa maso m'mbali za korona wamutu.
Chrustan (Charadrius morinellus).
Pamwamba pa thupi ndi zofiirira - wosuta. Nthenga zokutira za phewa ndi nthenga zapamwamba zimakhala ndi malire ofiira pamwamba. Nthenga pafupi ndi zibowo zamakutu ndi zofiirira, zotsalazo ndizowonongera mbali zonse za mutuwo ndi zoyera ndi malo owoneka ngati bulauni, kummero kumakhala utoto. Brown goiter yokhala ndi fungo pang'ono, mawonekedwe amtundu wa straky. Nthawi zina mkanda wakuda umayimirira pansi pa chotchingira, ndikusandulika riboni yoyera.
Mimba yamatumbo m'mphepete mwa khosi lofiirira. Pansi pa thupi ndi lakuda. Mapindikira am'munsi ali oyera ndi oyera pang'ono. Nthenga zake ndi zofiirira. Utsi wake ndi wakuda, wamaso kwambiri, wokhala ndi mizere yoyera kumapeto kwake, ndipo kutsogolo kwake kumadutsa chingwe chofiyira chakuda.
Iris ndi yakuda. Mlomo ndi waufupi, hafu yakunja kwa nsagwada yapamwamba ndi yofinya. Malingaliro afupiafupi okhala ndi zala zitatu, zofiirira zokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira.
Mbalameyi siimawopa kwenikweni ndipo imalola munthu kuti ayandikire patali, pomwe idalandira dzina loti "wopusa wopusa."
Zowonjezera zazikazi za Khrustan zimakhala zokhutira kuposa zachimuna. pamutu wakuda ndi wowala, mawonekedwe ake am'madzi sikuwonekera kwambiri.
Mbalame zachikulire zokhala ndi maula ambiri nthawi yozizira zimakhala ndimtambo wakuda pamutu.
Nthenga zokhala ndi mapangidwe ofiira ofiira. Mapulawo otsalawo ndi amtundu wamtambo wonyezimira wokhala ndi nthenga zofiirira zokhala nthenga. Mchira wake ndi wopepuka, Mzere pamwamba pa diso ndi loyera.
Makoko achichepere amakhala ndi msana wakofiirira wakuda wokhala ndi nthenga zofiirira. Pachifuwa, mbali, pansi ndizoyera kapena zofiirira.
Kufalikira kwa crustan
Khrustan amakhala ku Arctic ndi mapiri tundra a Asia ndi Europe. Zimatanthauzanso mitundu yokhala ndi mtundu wosweka. Amakhala kudera lonse la West Siberian tundra, koma paliponse mbalame zosowa. Imapezeka m'mapiri komanso m'mapazi a Polar Urals; kuchokera ku Ural Range, malo omwe amakhala kum'mwera kwenikweni. M'mapiri amatuluka mpaka mamita 2000. Crustan imagawidwa ku England, Scotland, Norway, kumpoto kwa Sweden.
Amakhala ku Lapland komanso ku Peninsula ya Kola. Imapezeka kuzilumba za Vaigach ndi Kolguyev.
M'mapiri, anthu ochita kukhazikika amakhala m'malo okhala ndi zinyalala ndi miyala yamiyala.
Malo okhala Hrustan
Malo owuma amasankhidwa mu tundra. Pazigwa, mbalame zimakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yayikulu, zitunda zokhala ndi masamba ochepa.
Ma Hrustans amakhala ku shrub tundra ndi tundra wamitchi.
Ma Hrustans amakonda madera otsetsereka kapena malo otsetsereka; m'mapiri amakhala malo omwe ali kumtunda kwa nkhalangoyi, komwe kumakhala mitundu yambiri ya maluwa osalala. Mbalame
kutsatira malo okhala ndi lathyathyathya kumtunda, malo okhala, mapiri, koma amasankha youma komanso miyala, yokutidwa ndi moss.
Mbalame zimadyetsa ngakhale m'nkhalangozi za alpine birch m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ma hrustans samakhala m'malo opanda udzu.
Mverani mawu a Khrustan
Chakumapeto kwa Ogasiti, anapiye amathanyula. Wamphongo amadya ndi kubala ana. Akazi amasiya malo osungira zisa m'mawa ndikupita kum'mwera.
Imasaka padziko lapansi, kufunafuna nyama kuchokera kutali ndikuigwira pambuyo pothawa kwakanthawi.