Dzina lachi Latin: | Dendrocopos yayikulu |
Gulu: | Khalid |
Banja: | Khalid |
Kuphatikiza: | Kufotokozera kwamitundu ya ku Europe |
Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Chodziwika kwambiri pakati pa mitengo yathu yamatabwa, kukula kwa kupukutira kwakukulu (kutalika kwa thupi 22-23 masentimita, mapiko a 42-45 masentimita, kulemera kwa 50-100 g).
Kufotokozera. Ziwandazo ndi zakuda komanso zoyera. Pa mapiko a mbalame yokhala, pafupi ndi malo akulu owoneka oyera. Kugulitsa mkati kumakhala kofiyira. Kuseri kwa khosi, kumbuyo, nuhvost, kuphimba mapiko kumakhala kwakuda. Nthenga zowongolera ndi mawonekedwe opindika, pomwe zoyera zimapambana pa awiri owongolera kwambiri, ndipo awiri apakati amakhala akuda kwathunthu. Masaya, mbali za khosi, chifuwa ndi m'mimba zimakhala zoyera, nthawi zina zimakhala zonona kapena zonona. Nthenga zakuda ndi mizere ya malo oyera. "Masharubu" akuda amalumikizidwa ndi mikwingwirima yopitilira ndi maula akuda kumbuyo ndi nape. Wamphongo amakhala ndi malo ofiira kumbuyo kwa mutu, ndipo wamkazi amakhala ndi mutu wakuda. Palibe kusintha kwa nyengo mumankhwala. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, mtundu wa maula ndizosalala, chisoti chachifumu chimakhala chofiyira, madontho amdima amakhala osatchulidwa mbali. Malo akulu akulu owoneka oyera pamapiko opindidwa, makatani akuda kumbuyo kwa masaya oyera, kusowa kwa kapu yofiyira yolimba ndi timadontho takuda kumbali zam'mimba ndizinthu zomwe zimasiyanitsa achikulire kuchokera kumatanda ena owoneka.
Mawu. Nyimboyi ndi yochepa (osaposa 1 sekondi) komanso kachigawo kakang'ono ka "Drum", kamakulirabe mpaka kumapeto. Mukakondwera, imalira mofuula komanso mofuula "kukankha". Nthawi zina kulira uku kumakhala kophatikizana "kukankha mateche. "Yofanana ndimalira.
Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Adagawidwa kwambiri kumpoto kwa Palearctic kuchokera ku Atlantic kupita ku Pacific Ocean. Imafika kumpoto mpaka kumalire a mitengo yamitengo. Amakhala kumayiko ambiri ku Europe Russia (sakukhala kokha m'malo opanda kanthu). Zofala. Zimatsogolera kukhala moyo wongokhala, kumpoto kwa mtunduwu kumamukira kumwera nthawi yachisanu.
Moyo. Amakhala m'nkhalango zamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zaka, imagwa ndikuwotchedwa ndi mitengo kapena makatani aulere, mapaki, minda, manda, etc. Malo opanda mitengo, mitengo yofiyira. Nthawi zambiri zosintha za chaka chatha kapena zopezeka m'mabowo a mitundu ina. Bowo limapangidwa makamaka ndi yamphongo. Makolo onsewa amalimbikitsa kuphatikiza ndi kudyetsa anapiye. Chingwe chimaswa maliseche ndi khungu.
Opatsa chidwi. M'nyengo yotentha, imadya nyerere, nsikidzi, mbozi, makamaka pakamera kuchuluka kwawo, ndi tizilombo tina. M'nyengo yozizira, mbewu za spruce ndi pine, zomwe zimatengedwa ku ma cones, zimakhala chakudya chachikulu. Kuti muchite izi, ma cones amayikidwa m'malo apadera - "ma forter": ming'alu ndi niches zina mu nkhuni, nthawi zambiri m'malo omwe chimtengo kapena nthambi yayikulu imaphwanyidwa, pamwamba pamatabwa ndi m'malo ena pomwe chulu imatha kupindika. Chapakatikati, amamwa msuzi wa mapulo ndi birch, akumalowetsa mizere ing'onoing'ono ya mabowo ang'onoang'ono m'bokomo. M'madera omwe amapita kukaona malo, amatha kuwononga zisa za mbalame zazing'ono.
Mukamadyetsa, imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana - kusisita, kusenda, kusenda makungwa ndi ena. Pakatha chaka, amaberekanso ana kamodzi. Amadziwika ndi ntchito zapamwamba komanso kuyenda. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yachisanu, akuwonetsa dera lokhalo.
Spotted Woodpecker, kapena Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos yayikulu)
Zina zambiri
Mtundu uliwonse wa mbalame umasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ena apadera. Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi zisa zazikulu, maubweya onenepa okhala ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono, pikoko ndi mchira wokongola, ndi mtengo waukulu wamtondo wokhala ndi mitengo yotuwa. Okonda nkhalango amayenda kuyambira m'mamawa mpaka dzuwa litalowa amatha kumva mawonekedwe ake "tuk-tuk". Woodpecker amawomba pamtengo kumakumbutsa chigolopolo. Nthawi iliyonse imakhala masekondi 0,6 okha, pomwe mbalame imatha kumaliza mpaka 13 (malinga ndi zina, mpaka 23). Ngati mukumva mawu ngati amenewa, zikutanthauza kuti mitengo ikuluikulu yamatenthedwe inayamba nthawi yakukhwima. Mbalame ikakoka kachilombo pansi pa khungwa, mawuwo amatha kukhala osiyana kwambiri.
Woodpeckers akhala akudziwika ndi anthu kwazaka zambiri. Amatchulidwa ngakhale mu nthano komanso nthano. Chifukwa chake, idali mbalame iyi yomwe idathandizira nkhandwewo kudyetsa Rem ndi Romulus, omwe adakhala oyambitsa ku Roma.
Ku Europe panthawi ya Neolithic kunali kachipembedzo kena kamatabwa. M'zaka za zana lachitatu BC, "oyimba" m'nkhalango anali kulemekezedwa kwambiri ndi Sabini. Imodzi mwa mtundu wawo inali ndi dzina la mitengo. Chifukwa chake, mbalameyo idapakidwa fano ndipo sinayipweteke nayo.
Habitat
Woodpecker yodziwika bwino imatha kupezeka madera akuluakulu a Eurasia - kuchokera ku Scandinavia ndi Iberian Peninsula kumadzulo, kupita ku zilumba za Kuril ndi Japan kummawa, kuyambira ku Laos kumwera mpaka Western Siberia kumpoto (67 ° N). Mtundu wamtundu wamitengo wamtchirewu umakhala ku UK, Peninsula ya Kola, Iran, Corsica, Sicily ndi Sardinia, China ndi Mongolia, ku Ukraine ndi maiko ena aku Europe. Ku Russia, motley woodpecker yayikulu imapezeka kudera lonse la Europe, kuphatikizanso dera la Moscow. Amakhala ku Kamchatka, zilumba za Kuril, Sakhalin, ku Transcaucasus, Crimea, Arctic ndi Urals.
Woodpeckers amtunduwu amakhala ngakhale ku Africa - kumpoto kwa Algeria ndi Tunisia (kumapiri a Great Atlas), kuzilumba za Canary, ku Morocco.
Mbalamezi zimakhala paliponse pomwe mitengo yabwino kapena yolimba imamera. Ngati pali chosankha, mitengo ya nkhuni imakonda kukhala paini, koma imatha kukhala pakati pa azitona, ma poplars, ma rhododendrons, ma oak, aspen, mabatani. Mitengo yamitengo ya spruce yokha yomwe samakonda. M'nkhalango zotere, nkhwangwa yayikulu yopezeka simapezeka.
Mtunduwu umakhala wokhulupirika kwambiri kwa anthu kuposa ena, chifukwa chake umatha kukhazikika m'mapaki komanso m'mayikidwe ake.
Kufotokozera kwa Great Spotted Woodpecker
“Chipewa chofiyira” chimapangitsa kuti mbalameyi izindikirika komanso kuizindikira. Mukulakwitsa ngati mukuganiza kuti mitengo yonse yamatenthedwe "amavala". “Chovala chamutuwu” cha nthenga zazing'ono zowoneka bwino zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda sichimawoneka chachilengedwe kwa achichepere okha. Mu mbalame zazikulu, nthenga zakuda zimabwera m'malo mwa nthenga zofiira pakulumikizana pachaka. Amuna, chingwe chofiira chimangotsalira kumbuyo kwa mutu. Pa iwo amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi akazi. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi chovala chofiirira chofiyira. Thupi lina lonse lamatabwa akuluakulu okongoletsedwa ndi nthenga za inki ndi zoyera. Amakhala ndi msana wakuda wokhala ndi tint wabuluu, michira, mchira ndi pamwamba pamutu. Nthenga pamapiko ndizofanana. Mzere wakuda, ngati bulu, wotambasulidwa kuyambira mulomo wamatabwa kupita kukhosi.
Machesi, pamphumi, m'mimba, mapewa ndi nthenga zopepuka za mchirawo ndi zoyera kapena zofiirira pamtengowo. Palinso mawanga oyera pa nthenga.
Kukula, mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono, koma osati yaying'ono. Amalemera mpaka magalamu 100. Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira pa 22 mpaka 27 cm, mapiko amakhala mpaka 47. Kuti tiyerekeze, tikuwona kuti mitengo yaying'ono yamakanda imalemera mpaka magalamu 26, kukula kwake kwa thupi kumatha kukhala 14 mpaka 16 cm, ndipo mapiko amakhala mpaka 30. mbalame za mitundu iwiriyi, potenga nkhuni zazing'ono ngati wachinyamata.
Matamba a mtengo wamatabwa akulu ndi oderapo. Mlomo wake ndi wakuda ndi mafunde ochepa, amphamvu kwambiri, ngati chiseli. Ma iris a woodpeckers ambiri ali ndi mtundu wa bulauni, komanso zimakhalanso zofiira.
Malingaliro omwewo
Munkhalango zathu mutha kukumana ndi mtengo wa ku Syria, womwe ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu waukulu wa motley. Kukula kwake, ndizocheperako. Chifukwa chake, kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 80, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 23. Poyamba, sizingathe kusiyanitsa mbalame ndi chizindikiro ichi. Mutha kumvetsetsa yemwe Woodpecker ali patsogolo panu ndi "antennae" wotambasuka kuchokera mulomo. Ku Syria, samakhala kapena amasokoneza masaya. Komanso, mwa nthumwi zamtunduwu, mawanga oyera pamapewa amakhala owongoka.
Miyoyo m'nkhalango za ku Russia ndi mtundu wina wamatabwa, womwe ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi mitundu yayikulu ya mitengo. Woimira amayimilira-oyera. Ndikokulirapo pang'ono. Kulemera kwake kumatha kufika magalamu 140, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi - mpaka 31. Koma zosiyana zikuluzikulu zili mitundu. Poto wokhala ndi kumbuyo oyera ndi pinki, kumbuyo ndi koyera, ndipo kulibe mawanga oyera pamapewa.
Makhalidwe
Ngati mupereka mawonekedwe a nkhwangwa yayikulu-yamawangamidwe pang'ono, azikhala motere: munthu, wowala, wowoneka bwino, wamkokomo. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amadziwa kuti mitundu iyi ndi yotulutsa mawu kwambiri. Mbalame imatha kusangalala, kusangalala, kuteteza dera lake, kuwonetsa osabisalira, kunyengerera mkaziyo kuti akwatire. Zonsezi zimayendera limodzi ndi kufuula kwa mphamvu zambiri komanso pafupipafupi. Mapulogalamu akuluakulu okhala ndi matabwa amaonetsa zokongola pocheperako. Ngati iye satanganidwa kuphwanya ma cones, ndiye amalira chimodzimodzi. M'mawu awo olemba "mawu" ophatikizidwa amatha kusiyanitsa "kick", "cr-cr", "ki-ki" ndi mawu ena omwe sangathe kulembedwa m'malembo amunthu. Vomerezani, nkovuta kuti musalabadire mawu akulira kwambiri.
Ndibwino kuti okonza motley wamkulu amakonda kusungulumwa. Tangoganizirani masewera omwe akanayima ngati angalowe m'matumba! Komabe, amakonda kukhala ndi gawo lawolawo, khomo lolowera anthu akunja. Kupanda kutero, mwiniwakeyo nthawi yomweyo akuyamba kuwopseza. Amakhala pansi patsogolo pa wozungulirayo, nthenga m'maso mwake, ndikutsegula mulomo ndikuyamba kukuwa (mwina akuwonetsa mlendo kuti achoke). Kenako, mwini malowo akuyamba kugogoda thunthu ndi kuwuluka kwa mlendo. Ngati izi sizigwira ntchito, ma cuffs okhala ndi mapiko ndi mulomo amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Dera lokhalamo mitengo yamitundu yonse yamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu uliwonse limasiyanasiyana kuyambira 2 mpaka 25 mahekitala, zomwe zimatengera kuchuluka kwa nkhalango ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya.
Ngakhale kudyetsa anapiye awiriwa, yamphongo ndi yaikazi yaikazi yamakola akuluakulu imawadyera malekezero osiyanasiyana amalo.
Kupeza mitengo yamatabwa kumatha kuwoneka pokhapokha pazowukira (mbalame zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu ndikuyenda kumayang'ana zigawo zatsopano).
Zakudya
Kodi chimadya chiyani? Mukulakwitsa ngati mukuganiza kuti ndi nsikidzi zokha. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapanga chakudya chomwe chimakhala pakati pa nyengo yozizira, ndiye kuti, kuyambira pakati pa masika mpaka pakati pa nthawi yophukira. Munthawi imeneyi, mitengo yamatabwa imagwiritsa ntchito kafadala, masamba, mavu, barber, kafadala, nyerere, abakha ndi mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo. Ornithologists opezeka m'mimba mwa mbalame mpaka 500 zidutswa za anthu osiyanasiyana. Woodpeckers amapanga dzenje mumtengo ndi mulomo, ndipo kachilomboka kapena mphutsi yake imachotsedwamo ndi lirime loonda kwambiri.
Nthawi zina, nkhono za nkhuni, zimatha kudya nyama zing'onozing'ono. Samakana zipatso, zipatso, mtedza.
Woodpeckers si mbalame zolusa, koma ngati vuto libwera, musazengereze kuwononga zisa za mbalame zazing'ono (ma tambula, maloboti, mitengo, ma flycatcher), kudya mazira ngakhale anapiye.
Kutentha, mitengo ya nkhuni imasokoneza anthill, ikamagwira tizilombo tosaka osati mitengo, komanso pansi.
M'nyengo yozizira, amasinthana ndi ma cones a mbewu, mtedza, ma acorn. Njira yotulutsira chakudyachi ndiyosangalatsanso kwambiri. Woodpeckers amapeza kapena amapanga anvyl apadera okha, omwe amaimira cholembera mumtengo kapena m'nthambi zokutidwa. Amayika kontena pagawo, kenako amayamba kuthyola ndi mulomo wake. Woodpecker aliyense amapangira zingapo zoterezi. Akatswiri a zamankhwala anaziwerenga mpaka masamba 56 pamalo amodzi, ndipo pansi pa mtengo wa "chipinda chodyeramo", nthawi zina amaphatikiza zidutswa 7,000 za zipatso zodya.
Pazosankha zazikulu za motley woodpeckers pali ngakhale zovunda, zomwe nawonso sizinyansidwa. Ndi mtundu uwu womwe umatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba ya munthu, pomwe nthawi zambiri umadyetsa m'malo otayika, kudya zonyansa.
Kuswana
Mitengo yayikulu yosanja mitundu yambiri nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda chinyengo. Mbalame zimakhwima pofika kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo wawo. Masewera a mating amakhala pafupifupi miyezi iwiri - kuyambira pakati pa Marichi mpaka pakati pa Meyi. Komabe, amuna amayamba kukondana ndi amuna mu Januware. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kulira kwawo kwaukali ndi kugudubuka kwa ngoma. Kwa nthawi yobala ana, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amaphatikiza ziwembu zawo. Njira yakulera ya anapiye itatha, okwatirana amawuluka, koma mchaka amatha amatha kutembenukiranso.
Kupanga mkwatibwi sikuwoneka ndi mkokomo kokha, komanso mwa kuwombera ndi mchira wowuma pafupi naye. Komanso, abambo amatha kuwonetsa dzenje lopanda mkazi. Nthawi zambiri mkwati ndi mkwatibwi amathamangitsana mosangalatsa. Pochita izi, mzimayiyo amapambana nthawi zonse.
Kuthetsa chibwenzi kumatha.
Chisa chopangidwa mwaluso chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, koma nthawi zambiri mbalame zimapanga chatsopano. Patsamba pomwe mumapezeka mitengo ikuluikulu yamatabwa, mumapezeka zisa khumi ndi zingapo zoyambira koma zosiyidwa. Zikuwoneka kuti, mfundo zomwe zimagwidwa mumtengo zimalepheretsa mbalamezo kumaliza ntchitoyo. Kumene angamange nyumba, nthawi zonse amasankha njonda. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mtengo, koma opanga mitengo amapezanso nyumba m'mitanda yamatabwa. Nkhuni za mtengo woyenera ziyenera kukhala zofewa, koma osati zowola osati zowola. Mitengo yambiri yamatabwa ngati aspen. Akhoza kukonda paini, birch, larch, linden. Nthawi zambiri amamanga bowo pamalo okwera pafupifupi mita 8, koma akatswiri azachipatala amapeza nyumba zawo kutalika kwa 26 metres, ndi ma sentimita 30 okha. Kutalika kwa dzenje kuli pafupifupi 12 cm, ndipo kuya kwa chisa kuli mpaka 35. Njira yoyenera yosakira nkhuni ndi nyumba yokhala ndi visor, momwe bowa wa bowa amachita.
Chingwe
Atamaliza kulenga nyumbayo, yaikaziyo imayala ma testicles oyera owoneka bwino mpaka zidutswa 4 mpaka 8. Makulidwe awo apamwamba ndi 24x30 mm. Kumenyedwa kumangokhala masiku 10-12 okha. Nthawi yonseyi, wamwamuna amathandizira "mkazi" wake, nthawi zambiri amalowa m'malo mwake, ndipo usiku amakhalabe m'bowo. Minkhusu imabadwa yakhungu, yayikulu-mutu, pafupifupi wadazi, wopanda thandizo. Masiku oyambilira amakhala modekha. Makolo amabweretsera chakudya pakadutsa mphindi ziwiri zilizonse. Ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi choterechi, ana amakula msanga. Tsiku lotsatira, maso awo amatseguka, ndipo patatha masiku ochepa nthenga zoyambanso zimayamba m'malo mwake.
Patsiku la 10, anapiye amapita ku khomo (kutuluka kuchokera kubowo). Pamenepo amayembekeza makolo omwe amabweretsa chakudyacho. M'bowo, ana a nkhwangwa zazikulu zamawangamawanga amatha masiku 20-23, atatha kuyesa kuthawa ndikuyamba kudzipezera chakudya. Pakadali pano, banja lagawika. Gawo lina la ana limatsatira abambo, ndipo linalo limatsata amayi. Amakhala pafupi ndi chisa kwa milungu ina iwiri kapena itatu. Nthawi yonseyi, makolo awo amawadyetsa. Kenako, wachinyamata aliyense wachitsamba amayamba kudzisamalira.
Adani ndi majeremusi
Mitengo ikuluikulu yowonerera, ndikuopseza mbalame zazing'ono, nawonso amavutika ndi mbalame zodyedwa. Amagwidwa ndi ma goshawks, mpheta, nthawi zina ngakhale zabodza zamphongo, mbalame ikapezeka poyera. Chovuta kwambiri ndichoti anapiye omwe samadziwa kuuluka. Nyumba za Woodpecker nthawi zambiri zimawonongedwa ndi agologolo, ma armine, martens, ndi madzulo a ginger (mtundu wa mileme). Nyenyezi wamba, yomwe imatha kuthamangitsa mitengo yamatabwa m'nyumba yokonzedwa, imatha kukhala ngati yabowoleka.
Osati zazikulu zokha, komanso zolengedwa zing'onozing'ono zimakwiyitsa mitengo yamatabwa. M'mabowo awo, akatswiri azachipatala amapeza mbewa zamatabwa, nsabwe, nkhupakupa, uthengo.
Zolimbitsa thupi za Great Spotted Woodpecker
Mbalame zodabwitsazi mkati mwa chisinthiko zidapanga mawonekedwe omwe adawalola kukhala ndi niche yawo yachilengedwe. Kuti akwere mtolo mosavuta, ali ndi zibowo zakuthwa. Mawotchi awo adakonzedwa kotero kuti zala zinayi, ziwiri zimayendetsedwa kutsogolo, ndipo ziwiri - kumbuyo. Izi zimathandizira kuti mbalame ziziyenda mwachangu komanso mosasamala kudutsa mitengo. Samabweza mitu yawo.
Mchira wosasunthika wa woodpeckers umasinthidwanso kuti ukhale womasuka komanso wodalirika pamalo otetimira. Mbalame zikagonera, mchira umakhala ngati thandizo lawo.
Woodpeckers ali ndi khutu lodabwitsa lomwe limawalola iwo kuti azitenga mawu ocheperako ngati mphutsi kapena kachilomboka kakudya mu thunthu.
Chisamaliro chachikulu chimayeneranso chilankhulo chawo chachilendo. Mitengo yamatabwa a Motley imakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 40 mm. Pamapeto pake, lilime limalozedwa. Mbalameyo imakhomera pa bowo ndi kubaya mphutsiyo mwamphamvu, ngati harpoon. Kuphatikiza apo, lilime limakhala ndi zofunikira zapadera zomwe zimapanga chinsinsi.
Koma chidwi chachikulu ndi kuthekera kwa mitengo kuti igwetse mulomo pamtengo popanda kuwonongeka pang'ono kumutu.Asayansi akuyerekezera kuti nkhawa yomwe mutu wa mbalame umakumana nayo ikamagunda thunthu ndi mlomo wake imakhala yokwera nthawi 250 kuposa zomwe zimachitika pamene rocket imayamba. Mtengo wamtengowo umapirira modekha izi, chifukwa mulomo wake umasiyanitsidwa ndi chigaza ndi "pilo" yapadera. Imakhala ngati minyewa yoluka, chifukwa choti mbalameyo imasangalala, tsiku lonse imapanga mabowo mumiyendo ndikuwedza tizilomboto m'nkhalangomo.