Triton wamba (lat. Lissotriton vulgaris, zofananira Triturus vulgaris) Ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mitundu yatsopano yochokera ku caudate amphibians.
Kufotokozera
Nyama ndiyochepa, kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira ukufika 110 mm. Mchirawo ndi wamfupi, wofanana kapena pang'ono pang'ono kuposa thupi wokhala ndi mutu. Mutu wake ndi waukulu, nkhope yakeyera. Mano a Palatine mu mawonekedwe amizere yofanana, yomwe pamlingo wawo wa distal kotali kutalika pang'ono amakula. Pamaso pake pakakhala khungu losalala kapena loyera. Pamutu pali timizeremizere tating'ono, tating'onoting'ono timene timadutsa pakati. Thupi pamwambapa ndi la bulauni, la bulauni la azitona kapena lofiirira, pansi pa lalanje wachikasu amaso osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mawanga a bulauni.
Munthawi yakukhwima, Amuna amakula mtundu wonse wamalonda wokhala ndi malire a lalanje ndi mzere wabuluu. Rout iyi imakhala ndi mitsempha yambiri yamagazi, pomwe oxygen yomwe imasungunuka m'madzi imalowa mwachangu. Munthawi imeneyi, zingwe zamadzala zimawonekera pazala za zatsopano. Chachikazi sichimakhala chopanda kanthu komanso cholocha kumaso, zala za thupi ndizopepuka. Kugonana kwa nyama kumathanso kutsimikizika ndi mawonekedwe a zovala: mwa mkazi imakhala yotakata, ndipo mwaimuna imakhala yotalikirana komanso yayikulu.
Kugawa
Mtunduwu wafalikira kwambiri ku Europe (kupatula dera lonse la Iberian Peninsula, kumwera kwa Apennine Peninsula, kumwera kwa France komanso kumpoto kwa Scandinavia Peninsula). Kum'mawa, magawo amatenga gawo la Asia kupita kumapiri a Altai.
Kudera la Saratov (kuphatikiza Rtishchevsky District), newt yofalikira ndi yofala kwambiri ndipo simalowa kokha m'malo otsetsereka a Low Syrt Plain ndi chipululu cha Caspian Lowland.
Zochita ndi chikhalidwe
Mitunduyi imapezeka makamaka m'malo otsetsereka ndi malo oyandikira. Mutha kukumana naye kumadera akumatauni: m'madziwe, m'maenje, m'misewu yamalo olima nkhalango.
Kuchokera m'malo obisalako nyengo yachisanu, newt yofananira ndi nyengo ya dera la Saratov imawonekera kumapeto kwa Epulo ndipo imapita kumalo osungira osakhazikika omwe amakhala m'malo otentha kapena otentha - mitsinje yakale, mchenga, mitsinje, mabwalo am'misewu yamtunda, zimbudzi, ndi zina zambiri. madzi panthawiyi sioposa 10 ° C. Amphongo amabwera m'malo osungira nyama kuti aziswana poyamba, ndipo zazikazi patangotha masiku ochepa pambuyo pawo. Kuphatikiza mazira kumayambitsidwa ndimasewera a mating. Kuvina kwa triton ndi mtundu wa zinthu zosanja: kufikira chachikazi ndikuwonetsa mbali yaimuna, ndikumangodumphira ndi kukhudza thupi la mkazi, ndi zina. Amuna amayala umuna ndi mawonekedwe a paketi ya gelatinous, yomwe akazi okondweretsedwa amakhala pamalo apadera ogwidwa ndi thumba la kaso - the spermathecus. Mazira amathiridwa umuna potuluka m'mimba ndi mazira omwe amatuluka m'mimba. Njira yolembayo imatenga masiku angapo mpaka milungu itatu kutengera kutentha kwa nyengo. Mkazi aliyense amakhala ndi mazira angapo mpaka mazira 600 otetezedwa ndi ma 1.8-2.2 × 2.4-2.9 mm. Dzira limalumikizidwa payekhapayokha masamba am'madzi opita pansi pamadzi akuya masentimita 10 mpaka 46. Akazi amaweruza tsamba ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo kuti dzira limakutidwa.
Mphutsi zimawonekera pa masiku 13 mpaka 20 mpaka kutalika kwa 6-7 mm; patatha miyezi 1.53, amayamba metamorphosis. Mphutsi zatsopano zokhala ndi mchira wokhotakhota, wopingasa wamiyendo (mikono yakumbuyo imawonekera pafupifupi patsiku la 20 pambuyo pomenyera) ndi miyala yakunja ya cirrus.
M'masiku ochepa, mphutsi sizidye chilichonse, chifukwa pakamwa pake sinafotokozedwe, koma, atatha kuwonongeka kwa pakamwa, imayamba kusaka nyama zingapo zazing'ono, kuzitsatira kuti zizibisalira. Mphutsi za newt zimayambira moyo wamakhalira m'nthambi za zomera zam'madzi, ndikupanga gulu lachilengedwe la phytophiles. Ma tritons achichepere, atamaliza kusinthaku, amasiya nkhokwe ndikukhala moyo wokhazikika pamtunda. Kutuluka kochuluka kwa ana aakazi kumachitika pakati pa Ogasiti, kutalika kwa matupi awo panthaka kufika 35 mm. Amakhala okhwima mu chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu cha moyo.
Mu kasupe, ma tritons amagwira ntchito kuzungulira nthawi yonseyo m'malo osungira. Padziko lapansi, zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za amphibians zimasinthidwa kukhala nthawi yamadzulo, koma masiku amvula amakhala otakataka masana. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira, pakusamukira kumadziwe komanso kukazizira, mutha kuwona zatsopano masana.
Mtundu wamba umapita nyengo yachisanu mu Seputembala ndi Okutobala. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika m'makola a makoswe, m'miyala yakale, pansi pamiyala yamiyala, miyala ikuluikulu, nthawi zambiri muma cellars. Mchenga wozizira ungaphatikizepo zinyama mazana angapo, nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi ena okhala ndi nyama zambiri (achule, mikanda, mikanda).
Zochepetsa ndi mawonekedwe
Adani achilengedwe achilendo ndi nsomba (pike wamba, European wamba carp, nsomba, etc.), amphibians (nyanja chule, wamba adyo), zodzoladzola (zodziwika kale), mbalame (heron imvi, mallard, teal inasweka, ndi zina), anyama ( Madzi am'madzi), tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ta m'madzi (mabedi) ndi mphutsi zawo. Mitundu yambiri imafa makamaka nyengo yozizira, ndipo mphutsi zimafa pamene zitsime ziuma.
Newt wamba imaphatikizidwa ndi Zakumapeto III za Msonkhano wa Berne. Mitunduyo sifunikira chitetezo chapadera.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Chithunzi: Common Newt
Zatsopano zatsopano ndi oimira gulu lalikulu la nyama: "Amphibians". Uwu ndi mtundu wa zatsopano kuchokera ku mtundu wazinthu zazing'ono, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizimodzi mwazambiri padzikoli. Mu Latin, dzina la nyamayo limamveka ngati "Lissotriton vulgaris". Kwa nthawi yoyamba mtundu wamtunduwu udawonedwa ndikufotokozedwa ndi Karl Linnaeus, katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Sweden. Ndipo izi zidachitika kale mu 1758. Ma Triton, kuphatikiza wamba, adadziwika nalo dzina kulemekeza mulungu Triton. Mulunguyu nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa akukwera pa dolphin, womizidwa pang'ono pamafunde am'nyanja.
Kanema: Common Newt
Momwe mungadziwire ndikusiyanitsa mtundu watsopano kuchokera kwa anyani ena? Izi zitha kuchitika pazifukwa zingapo. Newt yofala ndizochepa kwambiri. Kutalika kwake sikawonjezeka kuposa masentimita khumi. Nthawi yomweyo, masentimita khumi, opitilira theka amakhala mchira. Khungu la triton lotere limakhala loyera pang'ono kapena losalala kwathunthu, lopaka utoto wobiriwira wa azitona kapena mtundu wa bulauni lokhala ndi malo ang'onoang'ono amdima. Mtunduwu umasiyana ndi abale ake apafupi ndi zatsopano mwa kukhalapo kwa mikwingwirima yayitali pamutu wa mtundu wakuda, womwe umakhala mbali.
Chochititsa chidwi: Nthano wamba, ngakhale imawoneka bwino komanso yaying'ono, ndiyowopsa kwa nyama zambiri. Khungu la amphibian uyu limatulutsa poyizoni wakupha. Vutoli silowopsa kwa anthu, koma kwa nyama yamagazi ambiri ofunda limatha kupha. Poizoni wotereyu nthawi yomweyo amachotsa mapulateni onse m'magazi, zomwe zimayambitsa kumangidwa kwamtima.
Mtundu wamba ndi kachinyama kakang'ono, kosakhala kopanda chidwi komanso kopanda chidwi. Ndizotchuka kwambiri ndi asodzi am'madzi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kunyumba. Kusunga nyama yotero kunyumba sikovuta. Ntchito yayikulu ya munthu ndikupanga ndikusunga mikhalidwe yoyenera: kuyatsa, dothi, kudzaza ndi kukula kwa malo ophatikiza, zakudya. Kupereka malo oyenera, munthu azitha kupeza chiweto chokongola chomwe chimakhala pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Common newt m'madzi
Triton vulgaris ali ndi zinthu zingapo zakunja:
- miyeso yaying'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyamayi sikupita masentimita khumi - amuna nthawi zonse amakhala okulirapo kuposa zazikazi. Ma sentimita khumi akuganizira mchira, womwe ndi theka kutalika kwathunthu,
- yosalala, yocheperako - khungu lowala. Mtundu wa khungu umatha kukhala wa bulauni, wa maolivi. Mimba imakhala yowala nthawi zonse kuposa kumbuyo: lalanje kapena wachikasu. Pali mawanga amdima pathupi, ndipo pamutu pali timizere tating'ono kumbali,
- miyendo yolimba. Triton ali ndi miyendo inayi ndi kutalika kofanana. Miyendo yakutsogolo ili ndi zala zitatu kapena zinayi, ndipo kumbuyo - kasanu. Mataka amaloleza nyamayi kusambira bwino, popanda mavuto kuti isunthire pansi. Pamtunda, zatsopano zimayenda pang'onopang'ono,
- kusawona bwino, koma kununkhira kwabwino. Akuluakulu amatha kuphunzira kuthana kwawo ngakhale mazana awiri,
- mano mano. Amapezeka kumwamba m'mizere iwiri yofanana. Mano amatuluka pang'ono pang'ono. Mano oterowo amathandizira kuti nyama izigwira pakamwa pake.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Zatsopano zatsopano zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera - amatha kubwezeretsanso ziwalo zamkati, maso kapena miyendo yotayika.
Kodi nkhwangwa wamba zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Common newt zachilengedwe
Kwa triton wamba, mitengo yosakanizika, yosakanikirana ndioyenera. Nyama izi zimakhala, zimasungidwa m'malo osungira kapena osakwiya. Pamtunda omwe amabisala zitsamba, amapezeka m'mapaki, m'minda, mikanda yamtchire. Malo otseguka amapewedwa. Triton wamba ndi cholengedwa chofala kwambiri. Imakhala pafupifupi kulikonse. Kupatula kokha kuli madera ena: Crimea, kumwera kwa France, Portugal, Antarctica, Spain. Malo okhala zachilengedwe zimatengera mtundu wa newt.
Pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri:
- Aresky. Miyoyo ku Greece, Macedonia, Albania ndi Bulgaria,
- Triton Schmidtler. Zitha kupezeka kumadzulo kwa Turkey,
- Ampelic. Amatchedwanso kuti mphesa. Ili ndi boma lowoneka ngati dorsal, wokhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Romania,
- Triton cosmoswig. Komanso ndi nzika ya Turkey. Mutha kukumana ndi nyama yotero pagombe lakumwera.
- Lissotriton vulgaris vulgaris. Awa ndi malingaliro osankhidwa. Ndiofala kwambiri. Malo ake achilengedwe amayambira ku Ireland kupita kumadzulo kwa Siberia. Kusiyana kwa nyama yoteroyo ndikokwera kwakumbuyo, kumaso kwa mchira,
- New wamba newt. Malo ake achilengedwe ndi Slovenia, kumpoto kwa Italy, kumwera kwa France,
- Triton Lanza. Midzi kumwera kwa Russia, kumpoto kwa Armenia, ku Azerbaijan ndi Georgia.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe wamba mtima amakhala, tiwone zomwe zimadya.
Kodi nyama yatsopano imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Ordinary Triton ku Russia
Mitundu yatsopano ndi yaying'ono koma okalamba kwambiri. Ndiwosambira kwambiri, miyendo yawo imasunthika, ali ndi zala, zomwe zimawalola kuyenda mwachangu popanda mavuto pansi pamadzi pansi pa posungira. Ana awa amawasakidwa pafupifupi nthawi zonse bwinobwino. Amatha kupitiliza kugwirana mwachangu, ndipo kununkhira kwamphamvu kumakupatsani mwayi kumanunkhiza ngakhale utali wamamita. Kuphatikiza apo, zatsopano zatsopano zimakhala ndi kamwa yolimba yokhala ndi mizere iwiri ya mano. Ndi chithandizo chake, nyamayo imagwira mosavuta nyama.
Zochititsa chidwi: Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi wa newt wamba. Munthawi zabwinobwino, kusiyana kumeneku ndi kukula kwa nyama yokha. Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazimayi, ngakhale izi ndizowona pang'ono. Komabe, nthawi yamatumbo, kusiyana pakati pa kugonana kumatchukitsidwa. Pakadali pano, chisa chikuwoneka kumbuyo kwa amuna.
Zakudya wamba triton zikuphatikiza:
- otchera
- mphutsi za tizilombo ndi ma invertebrates ena,
- nsomba caviar
- ma tadpole
- maulesi ndi zonyansa,
- kachilomboka
- nthata za zipolopolo,
- milili.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti chidwi chamadimba chimakhala champhamvu kwambiri m'madzi azinthu zatsopano. Pamtunda iwo amadya pang'ono. Komanso, m'madzi m'mimba mwawo muli pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi anayi peresenti amadzaza madzi, ndipo pamtunda - makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu zokha. Kunyumba, zakudya zomwe nyama zimadya ndizosiyana pang'ono. Amati okalamba oterewa amapatsidwa chakudya chokhala ndi ma nyongolotsi, mafunde am'madzi, nsomba zam'madzi.
Komabe, muyenera kusunga ndikudyetsa zakudya zatsopano wamba mosamala kwambiri. Makamaka, mchenga kapena timiyala tating'onoting'ono kwambiri sitha kuyikidwa mu terarium. Pakudya, nyama imatha kumeza mchenga ndipo pamakhala kuthekera kwakukulu kwakuti matendawa amafa chifukwa cha matumbo.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Red Book Common Triton
Zatsopano zodziwika bwino zimatsogolera moyo wam'madzi komanso wapadziko lapansi. Amakhala ndi mapapu komanso mapapu, omwe amawapangitsa kukhala omasuka pamtunda komanso pamadzi. Malo achilengedwe oterowo amathandiza nyama izi kukhalabe nthawi yachilala pomwe dziwe liuma. Mwambiri, moyo wa newt wamba ukhoza kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: chisanu, chilimwe. M'nyengo yozizira, ntchito ya woimira salamander imakhala yochepa kwambiri. Zimangokhala nthawi yozizira pamtunda, kuyang'ana pogona pasadakhale.
Pothaŵirapo, newt wamba amatha kukhala ndi mulu wosavuta wamasamba. Koma chinthu chabwino kwambiri ndi dzenje lomwe lasiidwa. Nthawi zambiri, zatsopano zimangobisala ndi abale awo. Kukhazikika nyengo yachisanu ndi gulu kumawonjezera mwayi wachilengedwe wopulumuka. Gululi litha kukhala ndi akuluakulu opitilira makumi atatu. Kutentha kotsika komwe kumagwera pansi pa ziro, atsopano amawuma, kusiya kwathunthu kusuntha.
Zochititsa chidwi: Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti zatsopano zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri anthu. Zilombo zazing'onozi zimawononga udzudzu wambiri. Amawadya onse atakula kwambiri ndipo atakula.
Chapakatikati, ngakhale kutentha pakadali madigiri seshasi khumi, zatsopano zimadzuka pambuyo pa kuzizira ndikubwerera kumadzi. Madzi panthawiyi ndi ozizira, koma atsopano amateteza kutentha kumeneku. Munthawi yachilimwe, zatsopano zimayamba kugwira ntchito usiku. Sakonda kuwala kowala, osasinthika bwino ndi kutentha. Masana utha kuwona nyama yotero mumvula yokha. Nthawi zambiri, atsopano amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe ali ndi anthu pafupifupi atatu kapena anayi.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Common Newt pansi pamadzi
Chiyambireni nyengo yakukhwima chikugwirizana ndi nthawi yochoka m'malo obisalako nthawi yachisanu. Akangoyamba kumene kuyenda kupita kumadzi kukaphulika, masewera olimbitsa matumba amayamba nthawi yomweyo. M'madziwe, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi pang'onopang'ono amayandikira, kusambira limodzi. Pakadali pano, woimira wogonana wamphamvu akuyesera kugunda mchira wake wokondedwa kwambiri. Pakapita nthawi masewera ngati amenewa, nyama zimakwatirana.
Nthawi yoswana imatenga nthawi yayitali. Panthawi imeneyi, mbalameyi imatha kuyikira mazira ambiri. Nthawi zina kuchuluka kwawo kumakhala mazana ndipo amatha kufikira zidutswa mazana asanu ndi awiri. Mtundu uliwonse wamasamba womwe umayesedwa ndi chofewa. Amayika pa tsamba la chomera chomwe chimamizidwa m'madzi ndikuchigwada. Mwanjira imeneyi, amakwanitsa kupanga chikwama chamtundu wina. Mmenemo, mbadwa zam'tsogolo zimatetezedwa modalirika, chifukwa tsamba lozunguliridwa limasungidwa chifukwa chakutsamira dzira.
Njira yakukula kwamasamba imayima pakatha masiku khumi ndi asanu. Kenako, mphutsi zokhala ndi mchira zimawonekera kuchokera kwa iwo. Mphutsizo zimakhala pafupifupi mamilimita asanu ndi awiri.Tsiku loyamba la moyo wake, mphutsi sizimadya ndipo zimayesanso kuti zisadziwonetse pamalo otseguka. Patsiku lachiwiri lokha mkamwa mwake limadutsa, kukulolani kuti mudye. Pakatha pafupifupi milungu itatu, mphutsizo zimawoneka ngati miyendo, ndipo pakatha miyezi iwiri ndi theka mphutsizo zimasanduka mbewa wamba.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: M'madera omwe kumatentha, pakugwa, mphutsi zimapeza mawonekedwe a anthu akuluakulu. Kumpoto kwa malo achilengedwe, mphutsi sizikhala ndi nthawi yopitilira magawo onse a chitukuko, motero, zimakhazikika ndi zotulutsa zakunja.
Adani achilengedwe azinthu wamba
Chithunzi: Ordinary Triton ku Russia
Zinthu zatsopano ndi zazing'ono komanso zopanda chitetezo. Iwo ali ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kopulumuka muukapolo. Kunyumba, nyama izi zimatha kufikira zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi zitatu popanda mavuto. Kuthengo, kupeza munthu wamkulu wa nthawi ino ndizosatheka. Nthawi yayitali yokhala mu ukapolo mu Newts ndi zaka 14 zokha. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kupezeka kwa ambiri achilengedwe achilengedwe.
Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha adani a zatsopano chimadikirira m'madzi. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa ma amphibians amenewa amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madziwe. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nyama zomwe zimakhala m'madzi opanda nyama sizikhala zosangalatsa kudya madyera wamba.
Adani oyipitsitsa akuphatikizapo:
- wachibale. Ngakhale pali ubale wolunjika, atsopano omwe amadya pang'ono amadya ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, ma tritons amodzi amadziwika nthawi zambiri mu,
- achule. Amphibians ndiwosaka bwino kwambiri. Kwa iwo, newts ndiosavuta kudya.
- nsomba. Perch, pike, carp wamba ndi nsomba zina zambiri zimagwiritsa ampirobi akuluakulu kapena amadyera mphutsi,
- njoka ndi njoka. Amagwira mwanjira zatsopano zowonongeka ndi kuwameza pafupifupi,
- mbalame ndi nyama zina zikukhala pamtunda. Zinthu zatsopano sizimapezeka padziko lapansi. Koma akapita kunjaku, amakhala osavuta kuwerengera nyama ndi mbalame zina, chifukwa padziko lapansi zinthu zatsopano zimakhala zovuta. Sasamala kudya ma voles amadzimadzi, zitsitsi zazimvi, ma mallard.
Komabe, si onse atsopano omwe sangathe kudziteteza. Mapulogalamu ambiri ali ndi khungu loyipa. Mwachitsanzo, kakang'ono ka chikasu pazikuto zake mumakhala poizoni wokwanira kupha timiyala tating'ono twente-faifi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Common Newt
Mitundu yatsopano imakhala ndi chonde chambiri. Kwa nyengo imodzi yokwanira, zazikazi zimatha kuyikira mazira mazana asanu ndi awiri. M'malo ambiri okhala zachilengedwe, nyumbayi imalola kuti nyama zizikhazikika. Komabe, ngakhale kukhudzika kwakukulu m'madera ena sikunapulumutse zinthu, ndipo masiku ano m'maiko ambiri kuchuluka kwa newt kwatsika kwambiri.
Kodi nchifukwa chiyani kutsika kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha amphibians?
Pali zingapo zazikulu:
- kutalika kwa moyo. Ali mu ukapolo, wobadwa kumene sakhala woposa zaka khumi ndi zinayi. Pali zifukwa zambiri. Zofunika kwambiri ndikusowa kwa chakudya, chilala komanso kusatetezeka kwa adani achilengedwe. Zatsopano zatsopano ndizochepa kwambiri, sizikhala ndi thanzi labwino kwambiri, sizimawona bwino komanso sizili bwino pamtunda. Zonsezi zimawapangitsa kukhala osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito,
- kuipitsidwa kwa matupi amadzi. Madzi akuda, zinyalala zochuluka - zonsezi zimalanda zinyumba za m'nyumba zawo ndi chakudya,
- Kusintha kwachilengedwe ndi nyengo zina m'malo ena achilengedwe. Madziwe ambiri amatulutsidwa, pang'onopang'ono zimatha. Kusintha kwanyengo kumakhudzanso anthu atsopano. Nyamazo sizisinthidwa bwino ndi kutentha.
Chitetezo Chofala cha Triton
Chithunzi: Red Book Common Triton
Newt wamba ndi cholengedwa chochepa koma chothandiza. Zimathandizira kuyang'anira chiwerengero cha udzudzu. Ma amphibians awa amadya udzudzu, kuphatikizapo omwe ndi owopsa kwa anthu - malungo. Mpaka pano, kuchuluka kwa nyama zopindulitsa izi kwatsika, makamaka m'malo ena. Malinga ndi asayansi, zinthu zambiri zinayambitsa izi, koma kuipitsa kwathunthu matupi amadzi ndi chilengedwe zimatchedwa zazikulu.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa zatsopano, adalembedwa mu Red Book of Azerbaijan ndi Russia. Ku Switzerland, UK, mtunduwu umadziwika kuti ndi wosowa. Ku Switzerland, kuchuluka kwa zatsika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matupi amadzi. Malinga ndi ziwonetsero, pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri peresenti a madzi okhala mdziko lonselo adathiridwa. Izi zidapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa amphibians kotero kuchepetsedwa kanayi. Ndipo panali kuchepa kochulukira kotero kwa chiŵerengero cha nyama munthawi yochepa kwambiri, yomwe idadetsa nkhawa asayansi.
Komanso, newt wamba lero ikutetezedwa ndi msonkhano wa Berne. Newts ndi ochulukirachulukira amphibians. Kuti tisunge ndi kubwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwawo, ndikofunikira kuteteza madzi omwe alipo, kuteteza zomerazo zomwe zili pafupi nawo ndikusintha zachilengedwe m'malo ovuta.
Newt - m'modzi mwa oyimira ang'ono kwambiri a banja lake. Ichi ndi nyama yokongola kwambiri, yomwe imapatsidwa kuthekera kwakukhalokha kumadzi ndi pamtunda. Tritons zamtunduwu zimabweretsa zabwino kwambiri kwa anthu, zimawononga udzudzu wowopsa ndi mphutsi zake. Masiku ano, atsopano omwe amafunikira chidwi chapadera ndi anthu, chifukwa kuchuluka kwawo kukuchepa chaka chilichonse.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu angapo m'matupi amadzi okhala ndi madzi osasunthika. Amatha kukhala m'madziwe ang'onoang'ono, m'maenje. Chachikulu ndichakuti dziwe limatha. Amakonda nkhokwe zowuluka pansi pamadzi. Yogwira m'madzi kuzungulira nthawi. Amasungidwa mosazama kosaposa masentimita 50. Zimayandama kuseri kwa mpweya mphindi zisanu zilizonse. Koma kwa ma tritons, kupezeka kwa mpweya m'madzi pawokha ndikofunikira. Amakhala moyo wamadzulo, chifukwa sangathe kuyimitsa kutentha ndi kuwala kowala. Komabe, nthawi yamvula, nthawi yamasana imatha kuwonekeranso.
Tritons amatulutsa mawu ofupikira pafupipafupi 3000-4000 Hz. M'dzinja, nthawi yozizira ikangobwera, anyaniwo amasamukira kumtunda ndikabisala pansi pazithunzi. Amatha kukwawa kulowa mumakola opanda zingwe zazing'ono. Kutentha kwa Zero kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa kayendedwe ka zatsopano, mpaka kuzimiririka. Nyama hibernate.
Panali zochitika pamene gulu lalikulu la anthu linapezeka m'mzipinda zapansi komanso m'zipinda zapansi panthaka. Makumi ndi mazana a atsopano anapezeka pamodzi mozizira motere. Chapakatikati amabwerera kuchosungira. Mwanjira imeneyi, kutentha kwa madzi kumatha kuchoka pa madigiri anayi mpaka 12.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mitundu ya achikulire imatha kutsogolera moyo wam'madzi komanso wamtunda. Pumulani ndi mapiritsi ndi mapapu. Dziwe likawuma, ndiye kuti kwakanthawi kwakhala chatsopano, chimakhala chobisalamo, chobisalira tchire lonyowa.
Padziko lapansi zovuta. Koma m'madzi amawonetsa kuthamanga kwambiri ndikusuntha kwamayendedwe.
Ndi angati kumene amakhala
Fotokozerani anthu a zaka zana limodzi zanyama.. Avereji ya zaka zambiri kuti akhale ndi moyo mu vivo ndi zaka 10-14. Ali mu ukapolo amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 28-30. Pachifukwa ichi, asitikali am'madzi amapanga zochitika zapadera za moyo wotukuka wa ma amphibians.
Mwachitsanzo, dziwe lochita kupanga limapangidwa mozama osachepera masentimita 10. Kapangidwe ka madzi okwanira malita 30 mpaka 40 ndi koyenera. Nthawi zambiri, danga limagawidwa kukhala nthaka ndi madzi. Kulowa kwa nthaka kumangidwa kuchokera kumiyala kapena miyala. Zikhazikiko zimapangidwa mkati. M'mphepete mwa dziwe mulibe vuto lililonse koma silikuthwa. M'nyumbamo mumadzaza zomera. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zatsopano zimamva bwino ndikutetezeka. Ayenera kukhala ndi fyuluta m'madzi.
Malo otetezedwa bwino amapezeka kutali ndi malo owunikira mwachindunji. Ma tritoni sangathe kulekerera kutentha ndi kuwunikira kotseguka, kuyamba kupweteka ndipo mwina kufa. Malire otentha sayenera kupitirira 25 digiri. Optimum 15-17 madigiri otentha. Onetsetsani kuti mwaphimba boma ndi chivindikiro, nthawi zambiri nyamayi imathawa. Kamodzi mchipinda, zimakhala zovuta kudziwa. Muukapolo, kusunga amuna awiri kumabweretsa ziwonetsero pafupipafupi. Bwino mukhale ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Magawo a Common Triton
Mwa mitundu yazomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi mtundu watsopano:
- Newt. Zosankha, magulu ambiri. Amapezeka ku Ireland kupita ku Western Siberia. Mwa mawonekedwe ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba apamwamba kumbuyo.
- Mphesa kapena ampel triton. Amakhala ku Romania. Mwa mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe apafupi a dorsal, yekha ndi 2 mm.
- Arets Newt. Kugawidwa ku Greece, Makedoniya.
- Triton cosmoswig. Ambiri amakhala ku Turkey.
- Triton Lanza. Habitat: kumwera kwa Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, kumpoto kwa Armenia. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi zosakanikirana. Kutalika kwa thupi 8-10 mm.
- South Triton. Imapezeka kumpoto kwa Italy, kum'mwera kwa Switzerland.
- Triton Schmidtler. Kugawidwa m'chigawo chakumadzulo kwa Turkey.
Habitat, malo okhala
Mitundu yatsopano imakhala komwe kumakhala udzu wobiriwira. Kugawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Amakhala ku Western Europe, South ndi North America, Asia, Western Siberia. Zimapezeka pamalo okwera mpaka mamita 1,500 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Amakonda nkhalango zosakanizika bwino, zokhala ndi tchire tambiri. Pewani malo ouma. Komabe, ngati pamalo owuma pali madzi, madzi okhazikika, ndiye kuti matembenukowo amakhazikika.
Zakudya wamba triton
Momwe chakudya chimasungidwako ndi crustaceans, mphutsi za tiziromboti ndi ma invertebrates ena. Samakana caviar, komanso ma tadpoles. Pamtunda, lazgs, nyongolotsi, mphutsi. M'madzi, amawonetsa ntchito zazikulu zopatsa thanzi. Komanso pamtunda, chakudya chamtundu wamba chimatha kukhala centipedes, zida zankhondo.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pazaka pafupifupi ziwiri. Zochita zimachitika pokhapokha ngati hibernation, kuyambira pafupifupi Marichi. Nthawi yakukonzekera, amuna amatembenuka. Amakhala ndi chikwama chokhala ndi chingwe cha buluu komanso cholowera lalanje. Chisacho chili ndi mitsempha yamagazi, yomwe imapatsa munthuyo mpweya wowonjezera. Kuphatikiza apo, anyani amtunduwu amakhala ngati zola pakati.
Amuna ndi akazi amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe a zovala. Amuna ndi wamkulu komanso ozungulira, ndipo mwa akazi amalozedwa. Amuna, pokhala m'madzi, akufunafuna zazikazi. Kuti tichite izi, zikaona munthu wina yemwe akufuna kuthekera, zimasambira ndikugwedezeka, ndikugwira nkhope. Atazindikira kuti uyu ndi wamkazi, amayamba kuvina.
Kuvina kwachikondwerero cha newt ndikosangalatsa komanso kosazolowereka. Mchitidwewo umayamba ndi kuti mwamunayo kumasuka, kusunthira mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo, kusambira kwa mkazi. Kenako amayimilira kutsogolo kwake. Masekondi angapo pambuyo pake, ndikutchingira mchira wake mwamphamvu, imaponya mtsinje wamphamvu wamadzi mwachindunji. Pambuyo pake, yamphongo imenya mchira wake ndi mphamvu zake zonse, kwinaku ikuwonetsetsa kuchitapo kanthu kukhudzidwa. Kenako, ngati njirayo imakonda kunyongedwa, imachoka ndikulolera kutsatira.
Njira yakukhwima palokha ndi yachilendo. Yaimuna imayala zipsera zake m'miyala, ndipo yaikazi imawatenga ndi cesspool. Amagwira m'mphepete mwa cesspool yake ndi ma spermatophores, omwe kenako amagwera mu spermoteka, mtundu wamthumba mwa mawonekedwe a mthumba.
Kuchokera pamenepo, umuna umathamangira ku mazira omwe akutuluka ndikuwaphatikiza. Kenako ntchito yofalikira imayamba. Zimakhala nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi mwezi wathunthu. Mu zinyalala pali mazira pafupifupi 700 ndipo aliyense wamkazi amatenga mosamala komanso momasuka ndi masamba.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Zachikazi zazing'ono zazing'ono zimakonda zazing'ono zazikazi. Nawonso amuna akuluakulu amakhala ndi chidwi chazinthu zazikazi zazikulu.
Pambuyo pa milungu itatu, mphutsi za zatsopano zimawonekera. Matupi awo ndi osalimba, mamilimita 6 okha, amtundu wowala wokhala ndi mawalo owala m'mbali. Kumbuyo kumatha kukhala kwa chikaso kapena chikasu. Koma mitunduyo si yowala, yowoneka bwino. Chinthu choyamba chomwe chimakula bwino mchira. Kuthamanga ndi tikiti yopulumukira. Koma tanthauzo la fungo limawonekera pokhapokha masiku 9-10.
Koma, patatha maola 48, pakamwa pamagunda, ndipo ana akhanda kumene amayamba kugwira okha mwa iwo okha. Nthawi zambiri amadya mphutsi za udzudzu. Poyamba, kupuma kwa gill, pofika nthawi yakucha, mapapu amayamba. Mu gawo la mphutsi, ma triton adanenanso ma girrus akunja. Miyendo yakumbuyo imayamba kuwoneka pa masiku 21 mpaka 22.
Kwa miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, triton ikukula mwachangu ndikutukuka, ndiye kuyesera kuyeseza malo nthawi yoyamba.. Pofika nthawi yolowa kumtunda, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 4-5 cm. Pambuyo pakubereka koyamba, ophibians awa amayamba kukhala ndi moyo wambiri pamtunda. Khungu la newt limapereka poizoni, lotetezeka kwathunthu kwa anthu, koma lowononga kwa nyama zazing'ono.
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