Bulu wolira (Aloautta senikulus) - nyani yemwe ali ndi mphuno zambiri, ndi wa banja la arachnids. Mtundu wamtunduwu wapeza ulemu ndi wotchi yachilengedwe, kubangula kwake kumamveka m'mawa kwambiri nthawi yomweyo. Amomwe amawoneka abwinobwino kwambiri, ndizosatheka kuyang'ana pa iwo popanda kumwetulira.
Zimalowa, pafupi ndi maso a anthu, ngati kuti kulowa mkati mwakuya kwa moyo. Zikuwoneka kuti nyamayo imamvetsetsa wophatikizira popanda mawu amodzi. Ndiwofunikira kukonza nyumba, koma amakhala opumira ndipo nthawi zambiri amangomva chisoni. Ndikwabwino ngati nyani wambiri amakhala mu paketi yodzaza, osakhala m'khola.
Moyo wa anyani
Nyani wolusa amakhala m'matchire okhala ndi mapiri a Central ndi Latin America. Anthuwa amakhala m'mabanja osiyana, momwe muli magulu 15 mpaka 40. M'madera oterowo, pakhoza kukhala wamwamuna m'modzi ndi wamkazi wamkazi. Koma nthawi zambiri ndi banja pomwe amuna angapo azaka zingapo, komanso akazi.
Monga momwe mukudziwira, anthu akulira ndiwogwira masana. Amakhala nthawi yawo yambiri pamitengo. Tchuthi, mbewa imakhala mpaka 75% ya nthawi yake. Otsala nthawi yayitali akhala akudya. M'nyengo zowuma, nyama zimasinthana ndikusamuka. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magwero azakudya. Mchira umawathandiza kuyenda komanso kudutsa pakati pamitengoyi, amagwira chakudya. Amakhala m'magulu kapena mabanja, samanga zisa, amakonda kukhala mwachindunji panthambi za kumtunda kwa tier. Sakonda kupita kudziko lapansi, amawopa kusambira.
Kufotokozera kwaomwe abwera
Nyama yayikuluyonse komanso yayikulu kwambiri imawoneka modabwitsa komanso mokweza, chifukwa yatchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu. Mtundu wa Howler tsopano ukuphatikiza mitundu khumi ndi isanu ndi mitundu ingapo yomwe ili ndi zosiyana zingapo maonekedwe.
Mawonekedwe
Thupi la nyani wolira ndilokulirapo. Kutalika kwa thupi la abambo akuluakulu kumafika masentimita 62-63, ndipo chachikazi pakati pa masentimita 46-60. Mchirawo umagwira komanso kulimba kwambiri, ndipo kutalika kwa mchira wa munthu wamkulu ndi pafupifupi 60-70 cm. Zosiyanasiyana pakati pa 55-66 cm. Nyama yayitali imalemera modabwitsa: kulemera kwa yamphongo ndi 5-10 makilogalamu, ndipo yaikazi yokhwima imayandikira 3-8 kg.
Chochititsa chidwi ndi mawonekedwe akuwuluwula ndi kukhalapo kwa mphuno zowoneka bwino komanso mano akuluakulu makumi atatu kudza zisanu ndi chimodzi, zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu abuluwo ngakhale kuwopsa. Nsagwada yamtengo wapatali imakhala yotalikirapo komanso yowonjezerapo pang'ono, ndipo mafangayi ake ochititsa chidwi amalola nyama yotere kuti ipeze ma coconuts komanso kumwa mkaka mosavuta.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Wamphongo wokhwima pang'onopang'ono amakhala ndi ndevu zazitali zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi zazikazi, ndipo madera opanda tsitsi amayimiridwa ndi makutu, nkhope, manja ndi miyendo.
Makungu otchuka kwambiri aku Colombia nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda, ndipo kumbali za thupi ndi chovala chofiira kwambiri chagolide wokhala ngati chovala chapamwamba. Kutha kwa mchira wogwira kumadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa malo okhala dazi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wakuwa kugogoda ndi kugwira chakudya. Kutalika konse kwa mchira wake pali mapatani okhala ndi mawonekedwe kapena masikono apadera. Mwendo uliwonse wam'madzi umakhala ndi zikhadabo zisanu zolimba.
Kodi wofuula amadya chiyani?
Zakudya za nyama izi ndizosiyanasiyana: kuyambira ndi maluwa ndikumaliza ndi njoka zazikulu. Amakondanso zinyama, mbalame, ndi tizilombo. Munthawi ya mvula, akulira sakubala zipatso. Patsikuli, nyamayi imatha kudya masamba angapo, mphukira zachomera ndi zipatso. M'mimba mwawo munapangidwa m'njira yoti cellulose iyende bwino komanso mwachangu. Chifukwa cha izi, nyamayi imatha kudya kwa masabata okha masamba ndi maluwa, pomwe thupi silikhala ndi micronutrients.
Kuswana
Mapulogalamu ofiira amatha kubereka chaka chonse. Samapanga awiriawiri, nthawi iliyonse amakhala ndi mnzake watsopano. Pakatha masiku 186 mpaka 194, mayi, monga anyani ambiri, amabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi wamkulu. Kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 17-24, mchirawo ndi wautali kuposa thupi. Zitsamba zokutidwa ndi ubweya. Amamatirira mokakamira ku ubweya pamimba ya mayi.
Ana akamakula, zazikazi zimawanyamulira kumbuyo. Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga miyezi 18-24. Nthawi yonseyi ana atakhala kumbuyo kwa akazi. Ndi chifukwa cha mkaka wa nthawi yayitali kuti akazi amabweretsa ana osakwana zaka 2-3 zilizonse. Nthawi zina, zazikazi zimabereka ana amapasa. Nthawi zina mtsogoleri watsopano amapha ana amuna omwe amapezeka kale. Zomwe achitire nkhanza sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Mwina amuna amachita izi kuti athe kukwatirana ndi akazi.
Chifukwa chiyani akubangula?
Kulira kwa anyaniwa ndi komwe kumamveka kwambiri pakati pa nyama. Amatha kumveka kwa 1.6 km. Charles Darwin adatsimikiza kuti m'magulu am'magazi, wamwamuna yemwe amalira kwambiri, motero amawonetsa mphamvu zake ndikukopa chidwi chachikulu cha akazi. Kuganiza kumeneku kwatsimikiziridwa kuti kuli mitundu ina ya achule, koma ponena za owombeza, pali umboni wochepa kwambiri wotsimikizira izi.
Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, gulu la anthu akulira ndi kulira kwawo limati ali ndi ufulu mitengo ya zipatso. Malingaliro awa akuwoneka kuti ndiowona, koma chisinthiko chamakedzedwe a growl amafunikira kuti apitirize kuphunzira. Zaka zaposachedwa, maphunziro apakati ku Central ndi South America adachitika pang'onopang'ono pa moyo waomwe olira amayankha mafunso awa.
Anthu akufuula mofuula ngati kuti akumenya nkhondo, kuwombera mphepete mwa khosi lotukulidwa m'makosi awo. Chiwopsezo cha laryngeal mwa amuna ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuposa zazikazi. Phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi amuna amitundu yosiyanasiyana limadalira kukula kwa cartilage. Mbawala yamphongo yamphongo imakhala ndi mawu akulu akulu am'mimbamo kuposa kubangula kwa Colombia. Kulira kwa woyamba kufanana ndi kubula kwakuya, pamene kwachiwiri kufanana ndi kubangula.
Amuna onse a m'gulu lankhosa amayambira 'kuyimba' kwanyimbo, amuna amphongo ena amayankha. Madera omwe abusa ambiri amakhala akudzaza ndi gawo la ziweto zina. Amuna akamalira m'mawa, nthawi iliyonse ng'ombe ikamka kumalo okadyetsa, amauza anzawo za komwe akupita ku ziweto zapafupi.
Patadyereratu magulu awiri akakumana, din yosayerekezeka imakwera. Anthu onse, makamaka amuna akuluakulu, amayamba kubangula, kudumpha, kuthamanga, ndipo nthawi zina amamenya. Akazi ochokera ku ziweto zonse amathamangira ndipo nthawi zina amatayika kunkhalango. Zikuwoneka kuti pofuna kupewa nsapato zosafunikira pakati pa zoweta, amphongo amafuula.
Abalalawo ali ndi utsogoleri pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana. Zimakhazikitsidwa pa mikhalidwe yomenyera komanso mgwirizano wa amuna akuluakulu. Kumvetsera kubangula kwa abulu a ng'ombe yamphamvu, wofooka amatha kupewa kukangana ndi iye ndikupulumutsa mphamvu. Koma gulu lolimba nthawi yomweyo limapindula, chifukwa mamembala ake sayenera kuteteza mitengo yazipatso.
Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha kubangula ndikuthandiza anyani kugwiritsa ntchito malo awo momwe angathere komanso osavutika ndi chakudya.
Ngozi yapadera kwa olira
Nyengo zanyengo sizibweretsa vuto. Mwachilengedwe, chifukwa chakukhala kwawo, alibe adani. Choopsa chachikulu: chiwerengero cha anthu wamba. Alenje amasaka akulira kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo. Nthawi zina anyaniwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa sayansi. Mwa zoopsa zachilengedwe zamtchire, ndi imodzi yokha yomwe ingasiyanitsidwe - ntchentche yauluka. Amakhala pakhosi la kubangula, komwe kumayambitsa matenda. Zotsatira za "kudziwana" ndi ukambowu ndi imfa ya wofuula.
Ma Habitat, mitundu ya kubangula
Howler (Aloautta) - oimira banja la anyani amisala yokhala ndi unyolo (capuchins). Ali ndi kufalikira kwina kulikonse poyerekeza ndi nyani wina wa New World. Yapezeka kuchokera kumwera kwa Mexico kupita kumpoto kwa Argentina. Pokhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitengo, mitengo yamangati, nkhono zamtchire. Amakhala pamtunda wamamita 2500 pamwamba pa nyanja. Mumakonda mitengo yam'munsi komanso yapakati m'nkhalangomo.
M'mabanja mwawo, akulira ndi nyani wamkulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kutengera ndi mitunduyo kumasiyanasiyana masentimita 45 mpaka 63, misa imatha kufika mpaka 9 kg. Chovala cha anyaniwa ndicitali, utoto umasiyana kuchokera kufiira mpaka wakuda.
Mchirawo ndi wautali kuposa thupi. Mwambiri, mchira umagwira gawo lofunikira kwambiri: mbewa imagwiritsa ntchito ngati dzanja lowonjezera (iye amaigwira ndi nthambi, amagwira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndi zina). Imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yolimba kwakuti munthu wofuula amatha kuluka mfundo ndi nsonga ya mchira wake ndi kudzimangirira mozungulira nthawi yayitali.
Pazonse, pali mitundu 6 ya mtundu wa Aloautta.
1) Central American Howler (Alouatta pigra)
Zimapezeka pa Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), ku Guatemala, Belize.
Mitundu yambiri. Chovalacho ndichabwino, chakuda.
2) Colombian Howler (Alouatta coibensis)
Amakhala ku Central America.
Amavala chovala chofiirira mpaka chakuda, chokongoletsera chagolide kumbuyo, m'mbali mwa thupi
3) Howard Howard (Alouatta seniculus)
Amapezeka kuchokera kumpoto kwa Colombia kupita ku Central Bolivia.
Chovala ndi chofiirira lalanje, m'mimba ndichopepuka, ndevu zake ndi zakuda.
4) Wofuula wokhala ndi zida zofunikira (Alouatta belzebul)
Amakhala kumwera kwa Amazonia kuyambira ku Mtsinje wa Madeira kupita kugombe la Atlantic.
Mtundu wa chovalachi umachokera ku bulawuni wakuda mpaka wakuda, matako ndi nsonga ya mchira wake ndi ofiira.
5) Brown Howler (Alouatta guariba)
Pamakhala gombe la Atlantic ku Brazil.
Chovalacho ndi chakuda, chofiirira kapena chofiyira chakuda, chachikazi ndichopepuka kuposa chachimuna.
6) Black Howler (Alouatta caraya)
Imapezeka kumwera kwa Brazil, ku Bolivia ndi Argentina.
Amuna ndi akuda kwathunthu, akazi ndi otuwa.
Zakudya
Gawo lalikulu la chakudya cha howler ndi masamba. Mitengo yotentha imakutidwa ndi masamba owuma chaka chonse, motero alibe zovuta kupeza chakudya.
Ndi masamba ochulukirapo otere, munthu akhoza kudabwa kuti bwanji mitundu ina ya anyani sanadye masamba. Inde, anyani ambiri otentha samadya masamba ochuluka ngati kukalipa, ndipo ena samawadyako konse.
Koma masamba ali ndi vuto lalikulu - ali otsika kalori. Kuti achulukitse mphamvu zawo, ochita phokoso ayenera kusankha bwino. Amangoyang'ana timapepala tating'onoting'ono, timene timapezanso mphamvu.
Masamba akulira okha amatha milungu ingapo, koma ngati nkotheka, amadya zipatso ndi maluwa.
A Howler amayenera kutsatira boma lokhazikika lopulumutsa mphamvu, lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi zakudya zawo zopatsa mphamvu. Samataya mphamvu zawo pachabe: kwa nthawi yoposa theka la nthawi masana, nyama zimagona kapena zimangopuma, ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yotsalayi pachakudya.
A Howler amawonetsa kugawanika kwa ntchito pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Udindo wa amuna ndi kuteteza gulu la nkhosazo kwa abambo komanso kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa abale. Ndi mfuwu wawo wofuula komanso wankhondo, amapempha ufulu wa mitengo yazipatso mkati mwa gulu. Akazi, pakadali pano, ali odzipereka kwathunthu kusamalira ana.
Komwe wobangula kwambiri amakhala
Kukhazikika komwe oyimba awa amakhala kutchire kwamitunda yosiyanasiyana. Madera otsika ndi mapiri amakhalanso chimodzimodzi. Posachedwa, kusamuka kwakukulu kwa anyani kupita kuminda ya khofi kwalembedwa, kumwera chakumwera kwa Mexico.
Phokoso limayambitsa moyo
Monga momwe mukudziwira, anthu akulira ndiwogwira masana. Amakhala nthawi yawo yambiri pamitengo. Tchuthi, mbewa imakhala mpaka 75% ya nthawi yake. Otsala nthawi yayitali akhala akudya. M'nyengo zowuma, nyama zimasinthana ndikusamuka. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magwero azakudya. Mchira umawathandiza kuyenda komanso kudutsa pakati pamitengoyi, amagwira chakudya. Amakhala m'magulu kapena mabanja, samanga zisa, amakonda kukhala mwachindunji panthambi za kumtunda kwa tier. Sakonda kupita kudziko lapansi, amawopa kusambira.
Kuwona anthu akulira padziko lapansi ndi mawonekedwe osowa kwambiri.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Howler ndi amodzi mwa akulu kwambiri ku Brazil. Chochititsa chidwi choterechi ndi chitsamba chokongola kwambiri, ndipo mchira wopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri komanso wopangidwa bwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse ndi nyani ngati gawo lachisanu. Mwachilengedwe, abuluzi onse amakhala ndi nyama zomwe sizigwira ntchito masana.
Mndandanda wazisamaliro zamasiku onse umaphatikizapo kuzungulira gawo lanu, komanso kudyetsa. Pakusala kwausiku pomwe olira amakonda kugona, koma amuna ena ngakhale usiku saleka kufuula kwambiri mokwanira komanso mwamantha.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Nthawi zina zomwe zimayambitsa ndewu yamagazi ndizizindikiro zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azimayi azigonana, omwe ndi gulu loyandikana, komanso ndewu pakati amuna amuna ndi owopsa kwambiri, pomwe wopambanayo amamaliza womenyera mnzake.
Kuthengo, anyani amayanjana m'mabanja achilendo, omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikizira anthu khumi ndi asanu mpaka khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri. M'gulu lililonse loterolo mumakhala wamwamuna wotchuka, komanso wachiwiri wake ndi akazi angapo.
Ndikubangula kwamphamvu komwe mtsogoleri wamphongo amadziwitsa za malire m'gawo lake lonse, koma kusowa kwa malo atsambali kumapangitsa nkhondo pakati pamagulu angapo. Ndi pamikangano yoti amuna ambiri amafa.
Ubwino ndi kuvulaza anthu
Palibe zovulaza kuchokera ku nyama izi kwa anthu. Koma phindu ndikuti anthu amderali amadya nyama yofuula. Zimadziwikanso kuti mbewazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sayansi.
Ndipo imvani mawu akulira kwambiri, musathawe kuti muthawe, mwina ndi nyani wamphokoso. Ichi ndi nyama yaying'ono yazotupa, kutalika kwa thupi lake kuchokera pa masentimita 40 mpaka 70, ndipo kulemera kwake mthupi ndi ma kilogalamu 6-8 okha. Ndi kukula kocheperako, kubangula kwa nyani kumamveka kwa makilomita ambiri. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya howler ndi howler wofiyira ndi Central American howler, yotsirizirayi imakhala ndi utoto wakuda.
Howler for "kuyimba"
Ndikulira, anyani amalankhula ndi abale awo ndikunyengerera anyamatawo, motero amalankhula zakomwe zili. Nyani imagwira ntchito masana, imadya zakudya zamasamba, masamba a mitengo kapena zipatso. Wofuula amapumula 75%, ndipo nthawi yonse yotsala akamafuna chakudya. Munkhalango zachuma za South America, kupeza zipatso zokoma ndikosavuta.
A Howler amakhala m'magulu. Ndi anyani amitengo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti samatsikira pansi. Amakhala kumtengo wakuthengo. Mchira wautali kwambiri umathandizira nyamayo kuchoka ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi. Samamanga zisa, amakonda kugona usiku wonse pamtengo “wopanda”.
Makwangwala ofiira
Pa nyengo yakukhwima, yaikazi imasaka yamphongo ndi kuvina ndikuwonetsa labia. Pakapita kanthawi, mwana amabadwa, amangolemera gramu 500 zokha. Mwanayo amakhalabe ndi amayi ake kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, amayi atayesa kukhala ndi nthawi yocheperako ndi iye. Pofika chaka, kubangula kuli kale kodziyimira pawokha.
Posachedwa, asayansi atulukapo. Anaphunzira kuti kufuula kwa mkokomo, ndikocheperako ma testicles ake. Izi ndichifukwa choti chopereka cha zothandizira pakupanga kubangula kwamphamvu komanso ziwalo zokhudzana ndi izi pakukula kwa mkono samasiya mphamvu pakukula kwa ziwalo zazikulu zakumaliseche.Komabe, zitha kukhala kuti ma nyambo amphamvu ndi pharynx amathamangitsa amuna ena moyenera ndipo amakopa akazi kuti eni ake safunikira kupeza ma testicles akulu.
Howler (Alautauta) ndi mtundu womwe umaphatikizira oimira nyani wamkulu wokhala ndi banja lalikulu la arachnids (Atelidae). Oyimira owoneka bwino komanso osazolowereka a kalasi la a Mammals ndi Primates amatha kupanga mawu akulira kwambiri, ndicho chifukwa cha dzina lawo loyambirira.
Habitat, malo okhala
Wofuula wopanda zida wokhala ndi zida (Alouatta bélzebul) ali ku Brazil ndipo amapezeka kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Amazon komanso kudera lamapiri la nkhalango pakati pa Sergipe ndi Rio Grande do Norte. Black Howler (Alouatta caraya) imapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Argentina, madera akum'mawa kwa Bolivia, kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Brazil kapena ku Paraguay, komanso pamodzi ndi mtundu wofiirira, mtunduwu umayesedwa ngati wotsalira kwambiri mwa onse oimira mtundu waukulu.
Guyana Howler (Alouatta macconnelli), yomwe yangokhala pompo, imakhala yochititsa chidwi ku Guiana Highlands, kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Amazon, kum'mawa kwa Rio Negro komanso kumwera kwa Orinoco, ndipo malo ake amatha kufikiranso kufupi ndi kumwera. kuchokera kudera la Amazon, m'malo omwe ali pakati pa mitsinje Madeira ndi Tapajos.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Coiban Howler (Alouatta coibensis) amayimilidwa ndi magulu awiri ndipo ndiwofikira ku Panama, ndipo a Howard a Howard (Alouatta guariba) amakhala makamaka kumadera a nkhalango kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil ndipo amapezekanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Argentina.
Oimira mtundu wa a Amazon Howler (Alouatta nigerrima) nthawi ina m'mbuyomu adawerengedwa kuti ndi mabungwe a wofuula wokhala ndi mfuti. Amakhala m'malo omwe ali pakati pa Brazil. Bolivian Howler (Alouatta sara) amakhala kudera la kumpoto ndi pakati Bolivia, kumalire ndi Peru ndi Brazil. The Central American howler (Alouatta pigra) imapezeka m'malo a nkhalango zamvula za Belize, Mexico ndi Guatemala. Wofuula wofiyira kapena wofiyira (Alouatta seniculus) ndiamodzi wokhala m'madera kuyambira ku Amazon kupita ku Colombia, kuchokera ku Bolivia mpaka ku Ecuador.
Kugawa
A Howard ofufuza amakhala kumadzulo kwa chigwa cha Amazon kummawa kwa Andes m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Madeira. Amapezeka ku Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador ndi Brazil. Kuti azikhalamo, amasankha nkhalango zamvula zotentha pamalo okwera pafupifupi 1200 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Amakhala nthawi yayitali m'mitengo. Mchira wosasunthika, wogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nthambi yowonjezerapo, amawathandiza kuyenda mwachangu pakati pa nthambi. Atatsikira pansi, mbewa imayenda pamiyendo inayi, kuphatikiza kuyenda ndi kudumpha kwakung'ono.
Khalidwe
Howler amakhala m'magulu, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala anthu 5-7. Pamutu pake nthawi zonse amakhala wamwamuna wamphamvu komanso wodziwa kwambiri.
Nyani amakhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Pomwe akusaka chakudya, gululi limayenda pang'onopang'ono mosamala mosadukiza pamitengo, osaperekanso kulira. Kukhalapo kwa kubuula kumatulutsa zotsalira zokha za chakudya zomwe zimagwera pansi.
Pakakhala ngozi, gulu lonse limenya nkhosweyo ndi zala ndi zinthu zofunikira, kusunthira kumalo otetezeka. Nthawi zambiri malo oterewa amakhala ndi nthambi zopendekera pamwamba pa madzi.
Nyani zimatsika pamitengo makamaka pamchere. Kuti abwezeretse mulingo wamchere m'thupi, amamwa madzi kuchokera pamiyala kapena m'miyala yosalala yomwe ili ndi michere yambiri.
Chakudya cha munthu wofuula chimaphatikizapo zipatso, mtedza, maluwa, ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono azomera.
Nyani amakonda kugona ndipo amatha pafupifupi maola 14 tsiku lililonse m'maloto. Zakudya zamagulu ochepa zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ndi mphamvu komanso azipewa kuvutikira ndi oimira magulu ena.
Kubangula kwamphamvu kumathandizira kunena ufulu wanu m'gawo lanu ndikupulumutsa mphamvu yanu pachakudya. Ngati mkangano ungakhale wovuta, abambo amayesera kuwononga anyamata achimuna a gululo, powawona ngati olimbana nawo mtsogolo.
Mitundu: Alouatta seniculus Linnaeus = Ginger [Red] Howler
Mbawala yofiyira, nyani yofiyira: Alouatta seniculus Linnaeus, 1766 - amakhala kumpoto kwa South America kuchokera ku Colombia kupita ku Venezuela. Red Howler adalembetsa ku Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, Peru, Suriname ndi Venezuela.
Izi ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri pakati pa anyani aku America, kukula kwa galu wamkulu. Nkhope zamaliseche, zokhala m'mphepete ndi ubweya, zokhala ndi zopumira komanso mphuno zokwezedwa. Ma Howler ofiira amakhala ndi khosi lamphamvu komanso nsagwada zotsikira, zomwe zimawapatsa mawonekedwe owopsa komanso mawonekedwe osasangalatsa.
Mafala ofiira ali ndi mkanjo wautali. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi mchira wautali, womata, womwe umakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda kupatula kunja kwa gawo lachitatu labwinobwino, lomwe mulibe kanthu. Izi ndizolowera kugwira nthambi za mchira.
Ophwanyanso ofiira omwe ali ndi maowola apamwamba okhala ndi ma scallops, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kupera mphukira, tiziwalo tambiri tating'onoting'ono timathandizira kupukusa chakudya ndikugwetsa tannins zomwe ndi gawo la mbewu zimafalikira chakudya chisanafike m'mimba ndi m'matumbo.
Mtundu wa chovalachi ndi wofiyira kapena wamtambo, ngakhale kuti mthunzi wake umasintha pang'ono ndi ukalamba.
Masoka ofiira amadziwika ndi dimorphism pakugonana. Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi la akazi ndi 46-57 cm, amuna ndi 49-72 cm, kutalika kwam mchira (49-75 cm). Pafupifupi, kulemera kwa thupi la Howler ndi makilogalamu 4.5-6,5; malinga ndi zomwe zina, zimasiyana kuchokera pa 5700-7400 g, pomwe kulemera kwa amuna ndi akazi ndi 6.690 g ndi 5.210 g, motsatana.
Mbawala yofiira imakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zonse.
Adani: Chiwombankhanga cha chiwombankhanga chimasaka osati achinyamata okha, komanso achikulire ofiira. Pali chowonera pomwe hule lidaukira mwana wamwamuna wamkulu, ndikugwira ndi zikhadabo zake ndikuwanyamula pafupifupi mamilimita 30 kudutsa mlengalenga. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti, chiwombankhanga cha harpy chimalemera mochepera kuposa amuna akuluakulu.
Achinyamata ambiri amafa ndi amuna achilendo omwe amalowa m'mabanja. Ndipo ngakhale amayi amayesetsa kuteteza ana awo, ndi 25 peresenti yokha yokha yomwe imapulumuka bwino. Mwana wakhanda ndiye amene amayambitsa kufa kwa ana mwa maphokoso ofiira.
Zikuwoneka kuti nyama izi zimakhala mu ukapolo kwa zaka 25, zachilengedwe - zochepa. Nyama imodzi yobadwa mwachilengedwe idalipobe zaka 22.8 ali mndende.
Ofuula ofiira - otchuka chifukwa cha "koloni yawo yoyambirira": kubangula kwamakutu komwe kumatha kumveka pamtunda wa makilomita 5. Kufuula kowopsa kumeneku, kochitidwa makamaka ndi amuna a gululi, magulu ena onse abodzala opusa kwambiri amawayankha. Chifukwa chake, gawo limodzi limatha kudziwitsa ena za momwe limapangidwira komanso malo enieni, zomwe amapewa kutsutsana mwamphamvu chifukwa cha zokhumudwitsa komanso kuwongolera pazachuma. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyimbaku kumadziwikitsa ndi kuwerengera nyama zokhazokha zamtundu wa anzawo.
Makungu ofiira makamaka amadyera obiriwira, amadya masamba aang'ono ndi mphukira komanso zipatso. Masamba amakhala ndi michere yochepa, koma matumbo a kambukuwa ali ndi magawo awiri momwe mabakiteriya omwe amafukula cellulose amakhala. M'matumbo mumakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi. Nsagwada yamphamvu yam'munsi imathandizanso kutafuna masamba. Howler amatha kudya masamba amodzi kwa milungu ingapo, osadwala chifukwa chosowa michere kapena zinthu zina.
Akalabu ofiira amakonzanso chakudya cham'mimba mwa chakudya chawo, kusankha makamaka mphukira zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala zopatsa thanzi kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, amadya mtedza, zipatso zokoma, ndi maluwa akapezeka. Nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimadyedwa ngati agwidwa ndi nyani. Zakudya izi ndizofunikira zowonjezera pakudya kwa nyani, zomwe 40% zimawombera.
Olimbirira amakhala pafupifupi amoyo wawo wonse kumapeto kwa nkhalango yamvula, kumene amadya masamba, maluwa, ndi zipatso. Chifukwa chokhala ndi zochepa zopatsa mphamvu zomwe zimadyedwa, anthu owoneka ofiira amakakamizika kupulumutsa mphamvu zawo poyenda pang'onopang'ono kudutsa m'nkhalango, kumangokwana pafupifupi 400 m patsiku. Wamphongo wamkulu amafunafuna chakudya chamgulu lomwe lili korona wamtchire.
Nyani amagwira ntchito kwambiri m'mawa ndi madzulo, akupumula pakati pausiku ndi usiku, akugona mumitengo. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwawo komanso kuzengereza, amatha kugona maola 15 patsiku.
Mtunduwu umagwiritsa ntchito mchira wake posunthira komanso kuthandizira, koma makamaka podyetsa, kukoka nthambi ndi chithandizo.
Ophwanyanso ofiira amakhala ndi phokoso kwakanthawi kanyengo kwamvula nthawi yamvula yotentha. Poyankha mvula yambiri, imalira ikadafikabe, ndipo mvula ikangolowa, imangokhala chilili osagwa mvula.
Kutacha, m'bandakucha aliyense, womwe amakhala pamtunda wa mamita 20 pamwamba pa nthaka, amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi osachepera mphindi 15, kusunthidwa ndikupuma, komanso kumvetsera kuyimba kwa magulu oyandikana ndi oyimba mtima.
Amuna achichepere amakhala kunja kwa gulu akafika msinkhu. Popeza adakula, akufunafuna gulu latsopano kuti alowe naye. Kutsatira mtundu wina watsopano, wamwamuna nthawi zambiri amapha ana onse am'mbuyomu, wamwamuna wamkulu, yemwe adatenga malo osungirako, kuti awononge nthawi, osayang'ana ana a nyani wina, koma amabala.
A Howler amakhala m'magulu a mabanja a 540, omwe m'modzi yekha, ochepera awiri - amuna akulu.
Atafika paunyamata, amuna achichepere amachotsedwa pagulu la banja ndipo amakakamizidwa kuti ayang'ane gulu latsopanoli. Mnyamatayo akavomerezedwa, amayamba kuwononga ana ang'onoang'ono, osakambirana ndi ana ena aliwonse, kupatula ake. Amayi amateteza ana, koma pankhani iyi, pambuyo pa nkhanza zamphongo, palibe oposa 25% a ana onse omwe amakhalabe ndi moyo. Pambuyo pobadwa, ng'ombeyo imasamalidwa ndi akazi angapo, makamaka akazi omwe alibe mwana amasamalira iye. Amuna kulolera ana awo, amalola ana kuti azikwawa limodzi ndi iwo.
Monga mitundu ina ya zikwangwani, zimaswana chaka chonse. Komabe, malinga ndi zomwe ananena ku Venezuela, ana sakhala obadwa nthawi yamvula kuyambira Meyi mpaka Julayi. Zozungulira za estral zimabwerezedwa masiku onse 16 mpaka 20, ndipo zazimadzi zimakhalabe ndi matendawa kwa masiku 2-4.
Pambuyo pobadwa, akhanda nthawi zambiri amakhala chidwi cha akazi angapo omwe amapanga gulu. Nthawi zambiri, awa ndi akazi opanda ana awo, ndipo chibadwa chawo chimakopa ana awa. Akazi amakhala ochezeka kwambiri kwa makanda. Nthawi zambiri nthawi zina amalola kuti mwana azikawawa.
Khalidwe la matigari ofuwula ndi chinthu chinanso chosangalatsa pakuchita kwawo. Amuna ndi akazi amapanga banja lokwatirana, wokhala ndi zibwenzi zachilendo kwambiri, ngakhale ubale uliwonse usanayambe. Mabungwewa akangopangidwa, zopempha zogonana komanso kuvutitsidwa zimayamba. Ngakhale kunyengerera kumatha kuchitidwa ndi amuna ndi akazi, nthawi zambiri wamkazi amakhala wozunza. Kuyesera kukopa wamwamuna, wamkazi amabwera kwa iye ndikuyenda momasuka ndi m'chiuno chake. Yaimuna nthawi zambiri imamuyankha mofananamo, koma ngati sakusunthasuntha, wamkazi amangoyesa wamwamuna wina.
Mpikisano wopusa wogonana nthawi zambiri umawonedwa pakati pa amuna, mamembala a gululi, omwe amakhala achichepere okhwima okhwima, amakumana ndi amuna omwe akukhala m'gulu la akazi (osakanizika) pofuna kukhala membala. Amuna omwe achotsedwa m'magulu omwe anabadwira, tsopano, atatha kutha msinkhu, ayenera kulowa gulu lina kuti akwaniritse zazikazi. Akachita bwino, nthawi zambiri, amawononga akhanda omwe atsala m'gulululi kuchokera kwa abambo oyambawo, ndi cholinga chongosiya ana awo okha.
Mimba: masiku 140-190. Mwana m'modzi amabadwa, koma nthawi zambiri mapasa amadziwika. Kulemera kwa makanda pakubadwa ndi g 263. Makanda osabereka alibe thandizo lililonse ndipo amasamalidwa ndi amayi awo, akumamatirira mwamphamvu ubweya wake pamimba pake. Popita nthawi, atakula pang'ono, amasunthira kumbuyo kwa amayi ake, ndikuphatikiza mchira wake kumunsi kwa mchira wa amayi ake, momwemonso amayenda ndi gulu kudutsa m'nkhalango.
Makanda obadwa kumene amakhala chidwi cha akazi ena, makamaka omwe alibe ana awo. Akazi nthawi zambiri amagwira mwana ndi mapewa ndi manja awo, ndikulimbikitsa zochita zawo ngati mwana akufuna kukwera pa iwo.
Pofika zaka zodziwika bwino amatha kudziwa kuthamangitsa nthambi ndi mchira wawo, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo amayi sakhala ndi nkhawa yayikulu kuti atetezeke. Ana achichepere amadutsa amayi awo kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndikupitiliza kudya mkaka wa m'mawere kwa miyezi 18-24. Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 5, amuna amuna 7. Chifukwa chake, akazi amatenga zaka zingapo kale kuposa amuna.
Wofiyira ofiira ndiwodziwika kwambiri pamitundu yonse yatsopano ya Dziko Latsopano ndipo alibe chilichonse choteteza. Akadali ochulukirapo komanso ochulukirapo ku Brazil, koma m'malo ena asowa, mwina chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwawo.
Nyani kulira mofuula (Aloautta senikulus) ndi nyani wokhala ndi mphuno zambiri za banja arachnids . Mtundu wamtunduwu wapeza ulemu ndi wotchi yachilengedwe, kubangula kwake kumamveka m'mawa kwambiri nthawi yomweyo. Amomwe amawoneka abwinobwino kwambiri, ndizosatheka kuyang'ana pa iwo popanda kumwetulira.
Zimalowa, pafupi ndi maso a anthu, ngati kuti kulowa mkati mwakuya kwa moyo. Zikuwoneka kuti nyamayo imamvetsetsa wophatikizira popanda mawu amodzi. Ndiwofunikira kukonza nyumba, koma amakhala opumira ndipo nthawi zambiri amangomva chisoni. Bola ngati kulira monkey azikhala mu paketi moyo wathunthu, osatinkhidwa.
Mawonekedwe a nyani wambiri komanso malo okhala
Nyani kulira mofuula - imodzi mwa anyani akuluakulu kwambiri ku Brazil. Adalandira dzina lake kuchokera pamtima kufuula zomwe zimamveka kwa makilomita ambiri kuzungulira. Kutengera malo , chovalacho chitha kukhala chofiyira, chopepuka kapena chakuda, chakuda.
Palibe tsitsi pa muzzle, nsagwada ndi yotakata, yotambalala pang'ono. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimakhala ndi ma fangala okondweretsa, amakupatsani mwayi kuti mupeze coconuts ndikumwa mkaka kapena madzi.
Gawo lam'munsi la muzzle limapangidwa ndi ndevu zabwino. Ulusi uliwonse umakhala ndi zikhadabo zisanu. Kutha kwa mchira ndi dazi chifukwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi; ma scallops ndi mapangidwe amtunduwu amapezeka kutalika konse.
Kwambiri amakonda kukhala pa nthambi ndikumasewera mokweza. Pamenepo, adasokoneza womvera, ndikupereka chizindikiro kwa abale ake za gawo lake.
Mitundu yambiri kulira monkey - ndi Central American (amakhala kumpoto kwa South America ndi Mexico) ndi ofiira (Guiana ndi Venezuela). Kutalika kwa thupi kumayambira 40 mpaka 70 cm, mchirawo umakhala ndi kutalika kwa 50-75 masentimita, kulemera pafupifupi 10 kg.
Chovala chakuda chonyezimira thupi lonse. Utoto ukhoza kukhala wofiyira, nthawi zina umasanduka wakuda. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ndevu, zomwe amakonda kuzimenya, ngati kuti akuganiza. Akazi ndi ocheperako pang'ono kwa amuna.
Zapadera kulira kwa nyani chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa matumba ammero. Amatola malovu ndi mpweya, zikavuta, zimasakanikirana, ndipo pakumapuma mpweya wobangula umapezeka. China chake monga opanga zachilengedwe.
Chakudya cha nyani
Chakudya chachikulu kulira monkey - imakhala yobiriwira mitengo, maluwa, zipatso, zipatso, masamba ndi mphukira. Nthawi zina mutha kuwona momwe chilingaliricho chimabayira mkamwa mwake.
Mwakutero, amayesa kusokoneza chiphe chakupha cha mbewu zina. Maminolo a dothi amatenga zinthu zakupha ndipo, popanda kuvulaza, amachotsedwa m'thupi.Popeza awa ndi azomera, ndipo chakudya chomera sichimapereka mphamvu zambiri, sayenda mtunda wautali.
Mphamvu zonse zimakondedwa ndi makonsati tsiku lililonse. Mutha kuwona momwe amapangira mabowo ang'onoang'ono mumtengo ndikuyamwa msuzi, wokhala ndi zinthu zambiri (michere), mavitamini ndi zinthu zina.