Kafukufuku wamakhalidwe a ana achimphona mu 1913–1916. idakhala chochitika chofotokoza mu sayansi ya N.N. Ladyginoy-Cots. Zomwe zimapezeka pakuwona Ioni kwenikweni zidawunikira komwe asayansi a Nadezhda Nikolaevna moyo wake wonse. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya sayansi, machitidwe ndi psyche ya anyani a anthropoid, omwe mpaka nthawi imeneyo anali malo opitirirabe oyera, adakhala chinthu choyenera kuwunikira mosamala. Kwa zaka ziwiri ndi theka za moyo, Ioni adatenga zambirimbiri. Masamba zikwizikwi ndi ma protocol adalemba mosamala mbali zonse za machitidwe ndi psyche ya chimpanzee, kapena, monga Nadezhda Nikolaevna nthawi zina amalemba, nyani. Chifukwa cha mawonedwe awa, mawonekedwe a kuzindikira, kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira adapatsidwa, komanso kuwonetsa konse kwa chibadwa, kusuntha kowoneka bwino, ndi masewera a masewera. Magawo osiyanasiyana a physiology ndi anatomy adawerengeredwa, makamaka, dermatoglyphics of the limb of chimpanzee has been used. Sizikokomeza kunena kuti Ladygina-Kots anali patsogolo pa primatology yaku Russia.

Zinthu zambiri zomwe Nadezhda Nikolaevna adazijambula adazipanga kwa zaka pafupifupi 20: Chithunzi choyamba cha "The Study of the Cognitive Ability of Chimpanzees" chinafalitsidwa kokha mu 1923. M'buku loyamba ili, Ladygina-Kots anafotokozera mwachidule luso la chimpanzee. Anayamba kufananizira zopereka zosiyanasiyana zamakina osakanikirana ndi gulu la zinthu zamtunduwu, ndikutsimikizira kuphatikiza kwa wopanga zojambula pamawu ake. Koma koposa zonse, mu bukuli, Ladygina-Cots adanena kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti chimpanzee samangosiyanitsa pakati pazowoneka monga mtundu, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa zinthu, komanso amatha kuchita zinthu zovuta kuzindikira. Kuphunzitsa Ioni kusankha chinthu chogwirizana ndi pateniyo, adapeza kuti pophunzira, akuwonetsa pang'onopang'ono kuthekera kokulirapo, i.e. kulumikizana kwamalingaliro a zinthu molingana ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira a iwo. Kapena, monga Nadezhda Nikolaevna mwiniwake adalemba, "chifukwa cha kuyesa konkriti kambiri komwe kumawulula bwino komanso chifukwa chodziwa zinthu. malumikizidwe a zinthu, chimpanzee chimapanga generalization yothandiza. "

Mapeto ake ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazasayansi ya N.N. Ladyginoy-Cots, zomwe, mwatsoka, nthawi zambiri sizimadziwika. Pakadali pano, uwu unali umboni woyamba kuyesera wa zoyambira kuganiza mu nyama, kuyambira generalization ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pochita zamaganizidwe. Pamodzi ndi ntchito ya V. Köhler, yemwe adazindikira kuthekera kwa chimpanzee kuzindikila nthawi imodzimodzi, malingaliro a Ladygina-Kots adayala maziko a kafukufuku wowonjezeranso wamalingaliro amalingaliro awa pazinyama. Ntchito ya Nadezhda Nikolaevna idakhala imodzi mwazomwe zasayansi zamakono amazindikira, chimodzi mwazomwe zimapanga chidwi ndi funso lakuzindikira kwachilengedwe.

Kupeza koyambira kwamaganizidwe mu chimpanthi kunatsimikiziranso chidwi cha sayansi cha Nadezhda Nikolaevna. Malinga ndi zotsatira za ntchito mu Zoo-Psychological Laboratory ku Darwin Museum, adawulula koyamba kukula kwa ma corvids ndi ma parroti pa zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwitsa pakuwunika ndikuwonetsa chizindikiro cha "chiwerengero". Zomwezi zaperekedwa mufilimu yaying'ono yomwe yatchulidwa kale za ntchito zake zosungidwa mu Museum ya Darwin, ndipo mu nkhani ya 1945, 5 ndipo adafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu "Chithunzi" chokhoza kutayika kusiyanitsa mawonekedwe, kukula, kuchuluka, kuwerengera, kusanthula ndi .

Kuphunzira mfuti komanso zopindulitsa
machitidwe achimpanzee aku Paris
(Wolemba Ladygina-Cots, 1959)

Mu moyo wake wonse, Nadezhda Nikolaevna mosalekeza adatsimikizira kupezeka kwa nyama zamitundu mitundu yamaganizidwe oyambira. Tiyenera kunena kuti anagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kuganiza". Chifukwa chake, mu imodzi mwa ntchito zake zoyambirira, adalemba kuti pofufuza momwe ziwonekere zazinyama zimagwirira ntchito, "munthu ataye zonse zomwe zimasakanikirana, monga malingaliro, kulingalira, kulingalira, ndikusintha mawu oti" kuganiza, "kutanthauza koyenera komaliza "Kuganiza pawokha, komwe kumayenderana ndi njira zopewera, mapangidwe a malingaliro, zigamulo, mayankho." Kuli kwodziwika bwino kuti momwe amagwiridwira ntchito mwanjira imeneyi akhala ali pang'onopang'ono chidwi ndi kuphunzira kwambiri kuyambira m'ma 1970. mpaka pano. Nthawi yomweyo, Nadezhda Nikolaevna adatsimikiza kuti "kukhazikika kwa nzeru kumatha kuwonekedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi nyama zolumikizana zatsopano pazinthu zatsopano."

Chimodzi mwama projekiti a N.N. Ladyginoy-Cots mu 1940s anali wodzipereka pafunso la momwe ma primates sangathe kugwiritsira ntchito, komanso kukonzanso ndi kupanga zida. Chifukwa cha izi, Nadezhda Nikolaevna adayesa 674 ndi chimpanzee Paris. Nthawi zonse akapatsidwa chinthu chatsopano kuti apeze nyambo, yomwe imayikidwa kutsogolo kwa maso ake mkati mwa chubu chaching'ono. Zinapezeka kuti Paris imathetsa mavuto otere ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zilizonse zoyenera izi: supuni, bolodi yopapatiza, chosunthira, kakhwalidwe kakang'ono ka kakhadi kakang'ono, pestle, makwerero azosewerera ndi zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana.

Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa mothandizidwa ndi tsamba la University of Tyumen State University. Masukulu a Yunivesite - Institute of Philology and Journalism, Chemistry, Physical Culture, Physicotechnical, Biology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Economic, Legal, Financial and Economic, Mbiri ndi Sayansi Yandale, Psychology ndi Pedagogy, Dziko ndi Law, Maphunziro a Kutali ndi ena. Komanso nthambi ku Tobolsk, Novy Urengoy, Ishim, Surgut Institute of Management, Economics and Law. Mutha kuphunzira zambiri za yunivesite, za kuvomereza, maphunziro apadera komanso malo omwe amaphunzirira patsamba, omwe ali ku: UTMN.ru.

Zitsanzo za "zofunda" zomwe zaperekedwa ku Paris
ntchito ngati zida zomwe
adasinthiratu
(Wolemba Ladygina-Cots, 1959)

Pamodzi ndi zida zopangira, zoyenera, Paris idagwiritsanso ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuti "yeretsani" zida zogwirira ntchito kumayiko oyenera, i.e. adawonetsa kuthekera kwakuchita zinthu zopindulitsa. Anakhotakhota ndikunyamula matumba osawerengeka, kumata nthambi zokulirapo, waya womata, waya wamtali, kutulutsa ziwalo zowonjezera zomwe sizimalola kuti ndodo kutiikidwe.

Komabe, sakanatha kupanga chida china chaching'ono cha chimpanzee. Mu chithunzithunzi "Ntchito Yopanga ndi chida cha anyani apamwamba" (1959) N.N. Ladygina-Kots adati izi sizobwera chifukwa chovuta kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira, koma mwatsatanetsatane ndi kulingalira kochepa - "kulephera kwa chimpanzee kugwira ntchito ndi zithunzi zowonetsedwa, zoyimira, kuphatikiza maganizidwewa molingana ndi vuto lomwe likuthetsedwa, chifukwa kuti mutenge lalitali kuchokera kuzinthu zazifupi, muyenera kumvetsetsa tanthauzo, i.e. ubale wapamtundu wotere. " Pambuyo pake, adalemba za kupezeka kwa chimpanzee komanso malingaliro ophatikizika, omwe amatsimikizira kuyang'ana komwe kuli munthawi yothandiza pothandiza ntchito zopanga ndi mfuti.

Lingaliro ili la kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yakuzindikira ya anthropoids inali yodziwika pakanthawi iyi yopanga zofanizira zamafanizo; zimayambira mu ntchito zambiri za nthawi imeneyo. Pfotokozera mwachidule ntchito izi, N.N. Ladygina-Cots adalemba kuti "anyani ali ndi lingaliro lanthunzi loyimira (luntha), amatha kuzikika komanso kuyikika, ndipo zinthu izi zimadzetsa malingaliro awo m'maganizo a anthu," akutsindika kuti "luntha lawo ndi loyenereradi, mosiyana ndi lingaliro lamunthu"Ladygina-Kots N.N. Mawu oyambirirawo ku buku la Y. Dembovsky, Psychology of the Apes. - M., 1963).

Polankhula mosamala, Nadezhda Nikolaevna nthawi yomweyo, kuchokera ku monograph kupita ku monograph, adabweretsa zonse zofunikira kwambiri kuti mu psyche ya anthropoids pali "zofunikira zoganiza za anthu" - ndipo ndizomwe adamutcha chithunzi chomaliza pa chimpanzee chimpanzee, omwe adasindikiza pambuyo kuwonongeka kwake (Ladygina-Kots N.N. Poyambira kuganiza kwa anthu. - M: Nauka, 1965).

Monga tanena kale, komanso kafukufuku wamalingaliro achikale, Ladygin-Cots sanataye chidwi ndi kafukufuku woyerekeza wazikhalidwe zachibadwa. Mu 1925, mwayi wina udawoneka kuti wakudziwa chidwi ichi: ma Cot omwe anali ndi akwati anali ndi mwana wamwamuna Rudolph (Rudy), ndipo zomwe adachita asanakwanitse zaka 5 adaphunzira ndikufotokozera bwino komanso machitidwe onse ofanana ndi a Ioni. Zithunzi mazana angapo ndi zojambula (pamodzi ndi masamba masauzande ambiri) zinagwira mautomu a mitundu yonse yazikhalidwe zapadera zamunthu.

N.N. Ladygina-Cotes ndi mwana wake wamwamuna. 1925

Kuwunikira kwa deta yapaderayi kunatenga zaka zingapo ndipo kunakhala maziko ake ofananitsa mwatsatanetsatane pafupifupi mbali zonse za behagenis pamakhalidwe ndi psyche ya anthropoid ndi mwana. Zinayambira maziko a ntchito yotchuka kwambiri yomwe idabweretsa kutchuka kwa dziko lonse la Ladigina-Kots, "Chithunzi cha" Mwana wa MChimpanzee ndi Mwana wa Munthu M'maphunziro Awo Emotion, Masewera, Zizolowezi ndi Zosintha '(1935). Ili ndi ntchito yofunika - mapepala 37,5 osindikizidwa, matebulo 22 okhala ndi zojambula zosiyanasiyana za Ioni zopangidwa ndi wojambula wanyama wotchuka V.A. Vatagin. Zithunzi mazana angapo achimpanzi poyerekeza ndi mwana zikuyimira payokha mtengo, womwe mbali yofunika kwambiri yomwe adaphedwa mwaluso ndi A.F. Cotsom. Amawaphatikiza ndi magome 120 a voliyumu yapadera, yachiwiri. Ma tebulo awa akuwonetsa pafupifupi magawo onse a machitidwe a Ioni ndi Rudy. Kuphatikiza ndi zojambula za Vatagin, amatha kuwonedwa ngati mtundu wa ethogram wa onse chimpanzee ndi mwana. Mwa kukwanira kwa machitidwe a zinthu zonse ziwiri, chojambula chojambulidwa ndi N.N. Ladyginoy-Cots ndi pafupifupi encyclopedia.

Zidutswa zazikulu zachithunzithunzi zidasinthidwa nthawi yomweyo m'zilankhulo zingapo za ku Europe ndipo zidapangitsa chidwi chachikulu, chomwe chatsalira mu sayansi yapadziko lonse pazaka makumi ambiri zomwe zadutsa kuyambira pamenepo. Izi zikuwoneka ndi kumasulira kwathunthu kwa bukulo m'Chingerezi, lomwe lidachitika mchaka cha 2000 mothandizidwa ndi primatologist waku America, de de Waal, m'mawu ake oyambira komanso nkhani, komanso mawu oyambitsa a okwatirana A. ndi B. Gardner.

Ndiyenera kuvomereza kuti othandizira ali ndi ngongole yayikulu kwa Nadezhda Nikolaevna, chifukwa atamwalira, palibe imodzi mwazithunzi zomwe adalemba. Kusintha uku kudzasinthidwa pang'ono chifukwa cha thandizo la Rector of the Moscow Institute of International Relations, wophunzira wa Russian Academy of Education S.K. Bondyreva, ndipo mchaka cha 2009 buku la 2 la “Mwana wa Chimpanzee ndi Mwana wa Munthu” lidzajambulidwa. Tikhulupilire kuti ili ndi gawo loyamba pobwezeretsanso mabuku ake kwa owerenga.

Kutipatsa lingaliro la kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolembedwa mu chithunzi "Mwana wa Chimpanzee ndi Mwana wa Mwamuna M'malingaliro Mwawo, Zamkhutu, Masewera, Zizolowezi ndi Zowongolera", timapereka (ndikuchepetsa pang'ono) zomwe zili koyambirira kwa bukulo.

Gawo 1 (ofotokozera). Khalidwe la mwana wakhanda

Mutu 1. Kufotokozera kwamawonekedwe a chimpanzi

a) Nkhope ya chimpanzi chakale
b) Manja a chimpanzi
c) Miyendo ya Chimpanzee
d) Thupi la chimpanzee limasamba
e) Thupi la chimpanzee limasinthasintha mphamvu
f) Nkhope ya chimpanzi mu mphamvu

Mutu 2. Zokhudzana ndi chimpanzi, kutulutsa kwawo zakunja ndi zomwe zimawapangitsa

a) Kulimbikitsa chisangalalo chaponseponse
b) Kusangalatsa
c) Chisoni

Mutu 3. Chimpanzee Instincts

a) Malingaliro a kudzisungira mu chimpanzee athanzi komanso odwala
b) Mphamvu zachibadwa
c) Chikhalidwe cha umwini
d) Zachilengedwe chomanga chisa
e) Mwamuna
f) Loto la Chimpanzee
g) Kukonda ufulu ndi kumenyera ufulu
h) Kudziwa zodzitchinjiriza (chitetezo ndi kuwukira)
i) Zolankhula mwanzeru

Mutu 4. Masewera a Chimpanzee

a) Masewera akunja
b) Ntchito zama chimpanzi
c) Zosangalatsa
d) Masewera oyesera
e) Masewera owononga

Mutu 5. Kuchita mwanzeru kwa chimpanzi (chinyengo, machenjerero)
Mutu 6. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida
Mutu 7. Kutsanzira
Mutu 8. Memory chimpanzee (zizolowezi, zodziwika bwino)
Mutu 9. Momwe zilankhulo (mawu ndi mawu)
Mutu 10. Kulira kwachilengedwe kwa chimpanzi

Mu gawo lachiwiri la bukuli, momwe mwana wakhazikitsidwira amafotokozeredwa ndi kusanthula momwemo.

Makamaka, kufotokozera kwa kamwana ka chimpanzee komwe kamakhala mu ukapolo komwe kunali kutali kwambiri ndi kutchulidwa kwa zolengedwa kunakhala kolondola kwathunthu. Kumbukirani kuti Nadezhda Nikolaevna adalemba ntchitoyi mu 1930s, nthawi yomweyo pomwe mfundo zamakhalidwe zimangoyamba kupanga ngati sayansi yodziyimira payokha, ndipo panalibe kuyankhula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu konse. Ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono, mu 1960s, mawonekedwe apadera amtundu wa anthropoids m'malo achilengedwe, kenako chikhalidwe cha anthu, adasankhidwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri azikhalidwe. J. Goodall 6 anali woyamba pakati pa akatswiri azakhalidwe omwe nawonso anapenda mosamala machitidwe a chimpanzee, koma ali kale munthawi zachilengedwe. Kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, mazana a ntchito pamatchulis amachitidwe ndi psyche ya chimpanzee, pomwe deta ya Nadezhda Nikolaevna idatsimikiziridwa ndikukula.

Kusanthula kwathu kofananirana kwa masewerawa pamagulu achimpanzi ogwidwa, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mayina a Ladygin-Cotes (1935), komanso mwachilengedwe, malinga ndi aallall (1992) ndi akatswiri ena azikhalidwe, adawonetsa kufanana kwawo 7. Ndipereka chitsanzo chimodzi chokha apa - Nadezhda Nikolaevna akufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane gulu la "masewera oyesera," owonetsedwa ndi K. Gross. Ioni amathira madzi kuchokera ku chikho kupita ku chikho kwa nthawi yayitali, amathira phala kuchokera m'manja ndi dzanja, etc. Titha kumaganiza kuti zinthu ngati izi ndi zopanda ntchito, zomwe zimachitika ndi moyo wa "nyani" yemwe ali mu ukapolo, ndi anthu omwe amawatsanzira kutaya mtima. Komabe, zidapezeka kuti mwachilengedwe, ana achichepere achichepere amasewera mofananamo. J. Goodall akufotokozera momwe mtsikana wachichepere amasokerera nyerere ndi wand, osayesa kuzidya, mwachitsanzo, powonera momwe amapewera zochita zake. Chitsanzo china ndi masewera omwe ali ndi zinthu zongoganizira, zomwe zimafotokozedwanso mobwerezabwereza ndi akatswiri azikhalidwe mu anthropoids m'chilengedwe.

Kuyerekeza kowonera N.N. A Ladigina-Kots a mayendedwe owoneka bwino pa chimpanzee ndi ana omwe ali ndi ntchito zamakhalidwe amakono amachitika mu nkhani yolemba ndi a L. Parr et al. Pofalitsa kutsindikiza kwa chithunzithunzi cha Nadezhda Nikolaevna m'Chingerezi.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi kufotokozerana mwatsatanetsatane kwa njira zamakhalidwe a mwana ndi chimpanzee wa msinkhu womwewo wochitidwa ndi Nadezhda Nikolaevna mu gawo lachitatu la bukuli. Kulongosola kumeneku kumayendetsedwa ndi matebulo omwe atchulidwa kale a voliyumu yachiwiri, omwe akuwonetsa kufanana ndi kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka thupi, kuyika koyambirira, kusinthika kwa kuyimirira ndi kuyenda (miyendo iwiri), kusintha kwake mwa mwana, zabwino za chimpanzee akakwera kutalika, kuyerekezera kwa chisamaliro chaumwini mwa mwana ndi chimpanzee . Matebulo angapo akuwonetsa kufanana pakumveka kwa mawu osavuta ndi kusiyana kwa malo omvekera bwino, komanso kufanana kwa maluso oyendetsa magalimoto ndi chimpira chambiri pakupititsa patsogolo luso lanzeru lokhala ndi zida komanso zodulira.

Kusamalira anthu ndi chimpanzi
(malinga ndi Ladygina-Cotes, 1935)

Nadezhda Nikolaevna akulemba kuti: "Kufanana kwa mwana wa chimpanzee wokhala ndi mnzake amapezeka pambiri, koma pokhapokha poyerekeza ndi ana onsewo mwazinthu zina, masewera, masewera, ndizofunikira kwambiri poyerekeza zochita zawo mosagwirizana ndi zochitika zina - m'mitundu ina ( mafoni, zowononga, zamasewera, masewera oyesera), mu mawonekedwe akunja a zochitika zazikulu, machitidwe osadzipereka, munjira zina zofanizira, mwaukadaulo waluntha. sah (chidwi, kupenyerera, kuzindikira, kusilira), m'mawu osaganizira, .. koma titangoyamba kukulitsa kusanthula kwathu ndikuyesa kujambula zizindikiro zofanana pakati pa mitundu imodzimodzi ya khanda mwa ana onse, tikukhulupirira kuti sitingathe kuchita izi, ndipo tikukakamizidwa kutero kuyika zisonyezo zosalingana, zotembenuzidwa ndi foloko kulowera kwa chimpanzee, kenako kulowera kwa munthu. Ndipo pamapeto pake, tikuwona kusiyanasiyana kwa zolengedwa zonse ziwiri. Ndipo pamapeto pake zimadziwika kuti mikhalidwe yofunikira kwambiri yachilengedwe yomwe timayerekezera, nthawi zambiri chimpanzee chimadutsana ndi munthu, mikhalidwe yapamwamba komanso yanzeru kwambiri imafika pachimake pakuyang'anitsitsa, nthawi zambiri chimpanzee chimalowa munthu mwa iwo. ”

Zonsezi zikuwonetsedwa bwino mu tebulo lofotokozedwa kumapeto kwa bukulo, pomwe zambiri zofananira pa psyche ya chimpanzee ndi mwana zimapangidwa mwadongosolo. Tebulo ili ndi machitidwe 51. Makhalidwe onse agawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi atatu:

• kuyerekezera kwapakhosi ndi kayendedwe ka thupi
• kuyerekezera kwamphamvu yakumvetsetsa,
• kuyerekezera kwa zoyambitsa zomwe zimayambitsa kukhudzika,
• kuyerekezera kwa zochita zachibadwa,
• kuyerekezera kwamasewera
• kuyerekezera kwamakhalidwe olimba mtima,
• kuyerekezera kwa luntha,
• kufananizira maluso - mawonekedwe oyang'anira.

Pamakhalidwe aliwonse, "amakhalidwe omwe amadziwika okha kapena makamaka chimpanzee", "machitidwe ofanana ndi anyani amiseche", "makhalidwe omwe ali achindunji kapena amunthu". Kufanana ndi kusiyana mumitundu yamasewera ena kukuwonetsedwa patebulo.

Gome. Kufanana ndi kusiyana mumachitidwe amasewera ena mu chimpanzi komanso anthu

Kuyerekeza masewera mu chimpanzi ndi anthu

Makhalidwe, makamaka kapena makamaka anthu

Khalidwe limodzimodzilo pa chimpanzee ndi anzawo

Behaviors kokha kapena makamaka chimpanzee

Ndikulirira pamapeto osapambana

Mpikisano kuthamanga, kugwira, kuchotsa, kumenyana, kukonda kuthawa olimba, kufunafuna wotsutsa wopanda mphamvu

Zilonda pamapeto osakwaniritsa

Mumakonda kubisala m'malo mofufuza

Kubisala Bwino

Bisani ndi kufunafuna
(malinga ndi Ladygina-Cotes, 1935)

Zikuwoneka kuti, mwachitsanzo, akasewera zobisalira ndi kufunafuna, anyani amadzigoneka ngati chovala, pomwe mwana amabisala mophiphiritsa.

Bungwe loterolo la zinthu sizimangopereka chidziwitso chokwanira cha kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimapezedwa, koma kwa wofufuzira amakono zimatha kukhala mtundu wa matrix, mtundu wa "tebulo la nthawi ndi nthawi" momwe maselo opanda kanthu amadzazidwira nthawi ndi nthawi kapena zomwe zimadziwika. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamakono amatipangitsa kuti tiwonjezere mzere "Makhalidwe ofanana ndi achimpanzi ndi amnzake a anthu" machitidwe osiyanasiyana ovuta omwe sanapezeke koyambira, koma akufanana kwambiri ndi anthropoids ndi ana osakwana zaka 3. Izi zimaphatikizapo kudzizindikira komanso kumvetsetsa cholinga cha abwenzi (malingaliro a m'malingaliro), kuthekera "kopusitsa anthu ena" ndi "chinyengo chamadala", kuthekera kuzindikira ma analogies ndi mitundu ina yamaganizidwe abodza. Kutha kujambula, yomwe inafotokozedwa koyamba ndi N.N., ilinso m'gulu lino. Ladygina Cots. Pakadali pano amagwira ntchito ndi M.A. Vankatova (M. Vancatova) adawonetsa kuti chizolowezi chojambula chikuwonekera pamitundu yonse ya anthropoids, ndipo zojambula zawo ndizofanana ndi zojambula za ana osaposa zaka 3.

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zowulula kwambiri za momwe N.N. Ladigina-Kots tsopano akulandira chitukuko ndi kuwonjezera - ili ndi funso lokhudza luso la zilankhulo zamakono anthropoids. Nadezhda Nikolaevna adalongosola "chilankhulo" pazolankhula zake ndi Ioni. Monga ofufuza ena azaka zambiri, sanapeze mwa iye mawu omveketsa mawu (kupatula malamulo okhawo oloweza), kapena malingaliro aliwonse oyambira dongosolo lachiwiri lazina, zomwe adalemba m'buku lake.

Kafukufuku wamakono waku America amatikakamiza kuti tiganizirenso izi. Zinapezeka kuti anyani a anthropoid, "otengedwa" kuyambira zaka zoyambirira kuposa Ioni, ndipo akukula m'malo ovuta kwambiri, amatha kudziwa zilankhulo zapakatikati - zosavuta kwambiri zopanda chilankhulo cha anthu (Amslen, Yerjik) polumikizana ndi munthu komanso wina ndi mnzake mzanga. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndikuti amatha kudzipanga zokha (monganso momwe ana amachitira) amayamba kumvetsetsa mawu a anthu, kuwonjezera apo, samamvetsetsa mawu okha, komanso ziganizo zathunthu, akumvetsetsa kapangidwe kazithunzithunzi zamagulu a anthu pamlingo wazaka 2.

Ladygina-Kots pakufufuza kwake anali woyamba kufananizira zomwe anachita pakumuwonera pagalasi la anthropoid ndi mwana, adazindikira magawo 7 ofanana ndi omwe adayamba kukula kwa kuthekera uku ndipo adawonetsa kuti ma chimpanzee mpaka zaka 4 sazindikira kuti ali mugalasi, zomwe zimagwirizana kwathunthu ndi deta yamakono. Anazindikira koyamba kuti chimpanzi chimagwiritsa ntchito polankhula.

Kugwiritsa ntchito chala chololeredwa ndi mwana komanso chimpanzee (malinga ndi Ladygina-Cots, 1935)

Ndizosatheka kutchula kuti Nadezhda Nikolaevna amapereka umboni wambiri kuti Ioni adakali aang'ono (mpaka zaka 4) samangoganizira za machitidwe a anthu omwe anali pafupi naye, komanso zolinga zawo, zomwe akuwaganizira. Muzochitika zosiyanasiyana, adawonetsa, m'mawu ake, "zochita mwadala, chinyengo, kupusitsa wopanda nzeru." Nadezhda Nikolaevna sanalembe zakusiyana pakati pa mwanayo ndi chimpanzee, komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti anali woyamba kukopa chidwi cha mbali iyi ya chimpanzee psyche. Monga nthawi zina zambiri, apa anali patsogolo pa nthawi yake kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa kuphunzira mosamalitsa mbali izi za machitidwe - malingaliro a malingaliro (malingaliro am'maganizo), kuzindikira kwa anthu, luntha la machiavellian, ndi amodzi mwa malo ofunikira kwambiri pakufufuzira kwamakono monga akatswiri azamalamulo (mu chilengedwe), ndi akatswiri azamisala.

Kupitiliza kusanthula kofananira kwa psyche ya mwana ndi chimpanzi, N.N. Ladygiga-Cots alemba kuti: "Ndipo pamapeto pake, tapeza mwa munthu mawonekedwe omwe sitingawapeze mu chimpanzee komanso omwe sangafanane nawo, awa ndi awa: ochokera pagulu la zikhalidwe zamtundu wa thupi - mawonekedwe ofikira ndi kugwirana manja, pankhani yazachilengedwe - onomatopoeia ku mawu aumunthu, pamalingaliro amtundu - malingaliro, malingaliro okhudzika komanso malingaliro azosangalatsa, m'magulu a zikhalidwe zamatsenga - gawo losavuta la malo, pankhani yazachuma - kulumikizana mwamtendere Pansi pa zolengedwa zomwe zimayimirira, .. m'munda wamasewera - masewera opanga, owoneka komanso opanga, munzeru zanzeru - kulingalira, mawu omveka bwino, kuwerengetsa, pazinthu zofunikira - kusintha kwa maluso ofunikira tsiku ndi tsiku, kupezeka kwa mawu osamvetseka-owoneka komanso aluntha. -mawonekedwe owoneka bwino.

Komabe, ndizosangalatsa kuti sitipeza mkhalidwe umodzi womwe umakhala wofanana ndi anthu pachikhalidwe chimodzi kapena chitukuko. ”

Ngakhale pali kufanana kwakukulu mu psyche ya anthropoids ndi anthu omwe adawonetsedwa ndi iye, Nadezhda Nikolaevna sanagwirizane ndi malingaliro a R. Yerks kuti chimpanzee ndi "pafupifupi munthu". Ananenetsa kuti "mosakayikira ndi zinyama ndipo si anthu ayi, koma nyama zoyima pafupi kwambiri ndikuyenda koyenda masitepe, yotchedwa anthropogenesis."

Ofufuza amakono ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pankhaniyi. Kutsutsana pamlingo wofanana komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa kuthekera kozindikira kwa anthropoids ndipo anthu apitilira kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo sizingatheke konse kutha. Chifukwa chake, pomaliza, ndikufuna kunena mawu a okwatirana A. ndi B. Gardner, m'modzi mwa apainiyawo pa sayansi yokhudza nyama, zolembedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri: pali gawo lokhalo lomwe silinafike lomwe liyenera kufufuzidwa ”(Gardner B.T., Gardner R.A., Van Catfort T.E. Kuphunzitsa Chinenedwe Chamanja kwa Chimpanzee. NY, 1989).

Zojambula zachidule za ntchito ya Nadezhda Nikolaevna Ladygina-Kots, monga momwe ndikuwonera, zikusonyeza kuti adathandizira kwambiri pophunzira "gawo lomwe silikudziwika" - magwero aubongo wama psyche aanthu.

Zithunzi ndizachilolezo cha kasamalidwe ka State Darwin Museum.

5 Ladygina-Kots N.N. Kusiyana kwa chiwerengero cha chimpanzi. - Mkonzi. Sukulu ya Sayansi ya GSSR, 1945. Nkhaniyi idamasuliridwa mu Chingerezi; chifukwa cha izi, chopereka cha Ladyginoy-Kots pophunzira luso la nyama kuti zitheke kudziwika adadziwika kunja.

6 Goodall J. Chimpanzee M'chilengedwe: Kuchita Zabwino. - M: Dziko. 1992.

7 Mwachitsanzo, onani Zorina Z.A. Masewera Azinyama // Biology, 2005. No. 13-14.

Kutha kwa chimpanzee chothandizirana mogwirizana kunali kwakukulu kuposa momwe amayembekezera

Pakayesedwe, akatswiri oyamba a zamaphunziro aku America adazindikira kuti anyani, omwe kale ankawaganizira kuti ali ndi luso lotha kuchita zambiri pamodzi.

Asayansi adafalitsa zotsatira za ntchito yawo munyuzipepala ya PNAS. Monga Pulofesa France de Val akunenera, zoyesa zam'mbuyomu zomwe zidachitika pa chimpanichi sizinali zokwanira, popeza sizinapatse nyama mwayi wowonetsa mokwanira luso lawo pogwira ntchito limodzi. Zomwe zidachitika, malinga ndi pulofesayo, ndikuti anyaniwa adalibe mwayi wolanga omwe amtundu wawo omwe adatenga zotsatira za ntchito zawo kwa nyani wina.

MaChimpanzee awonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kuthandizana.

Kuti awononge kusiyana kumeneku, pulofesa ndi mnzake adayika chimpanzi akulu khumi ndi chimodzi mu nazale ndi wodyetsa. Wodyetsayo adakonzedwa mwanjira yoti idatseguka pokhapokha nyama zingapo zitakokedwa ndi chingwe chomwe chidamangiriridwa pachikuto. Kwa maola 96 omwe kuyesaku kunachitika, akatswiri olemba mbiri yakale adalemba zochitika zoposa 3,000 ndi theka pomwe nyani adagwirizana bwino. Nthawi yomweyo, ndewu komanso mikangano ina idayamba kuwonekera kambiri kuposa kale.

Amphongo amene amatenga zipatso za ntchito kuchokera kwa anthu ena amalangidwa ndi mamembala a nyani.

Kuphatikiza pa izi, ma chimpanzee sanangowonetsa kuthekera kwawo pakupanga zinthu molumikizana komanso kuchitira zinthu limodzi, komanso adawafotokozera zakukhosi. Chifukwa chake, adayamba kulanga "iwo omwe adaphwanya" malamulowa mothandizidwa ndi mabampu ndi kuluma. Malinga ndi asayansi, zotsatira za zoyesa zawo zikuwonetsa kuti mgwirizano pakati pa chimpanzee uli ndi chiyambi chakale komanso kufunika kwakukulu kwa chisinthiko.

Ngati mumeta tsitsi la chimpanzee, pansi pake mumatha kupeza minofu yamphamvu.

Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo yoti chimpanzee ndi wodabwitsa, malinga ndi miyezo ya anthu, mwa mphamvu (munthu wamkulu wachimuna wolemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 70 atha kupanga zofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika wamwamuna wamkulu wamwamuna wokhala ndi kulemera kawiri). Ngati angafune, amatha kuponyera ndodo zachitsulo ndi masentimita 1.5. Ndi zoterezi, kulimba kwakukulu komanso kukalipa kwambiri (anyani okha ndi anthu omwe ali ndiukali kwambiri pakati pa anyamatawa), amatha kuthyolaphwanya zigawikazo, zomwe nthawi zina amachita zikafika pakulimbana koopsa pakati pa omwe apempha utsogoleri. Komabe, pakuyesa uku, iwo anali ochepa machitidwe owoneka owoneka, omwe akuwonetsa kuti cholinga chawo sichinali chilango, koma maphunziro a "olakwira."

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Nyani satha kumvetsetsa mawu ovuta, pomwe mwana wamng'ono amalimbana mosavuta ndi ntchitoyi.

Akatswiri a zilankhulo ochokera ku University of Edinburgh (Scotland) adawonetsa kuti chimpanzee mwina sangathe kumvetsetsa chilankhulo cha anthu monga asayansi amaganiza. Ripoti lofufuza lomwe likupezeka muzotulutsa atolankhani Sayansi. Cholembedwera nkhaniyi chikupezeka pano.

M'mbuyomu, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amaganiza kuti anthu amatha kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la masentensi amodzi m'sentensi yovuta, pomwe nyama zina, ngakhale zimadziwa tanthauzo la mawu amodzi, sizitha kuzindikira ziganizo izi ndikumanga kapangidwe kake ka ziganizo. Malingana ndi lingaliro ili, anthu amadziwika kuti "dendrophils", pomwe zinthu zonse zokhala ndi ubongo wopendekera pang'ono zimatchedwa "dendrophobes".

“Dendro” amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba chifukwa mawonekedwe ake amatha kuyimiridwa ngati mtengo, nthambi zake zomwe ndi magulu osakanikirana - zigawo za sentensi momwe mawu amagwirizanirana bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mawu oti "John adagunda mpira" akhoza kugawidwa kukhala mawu oti "John" ndipo gulu lachigololo "limenya mpira". Gulu lachigiriki lagawidwa kukhala verebu ndi dzina. Muzovuta zina, gulu lalingaliro limatha kuphatikiza mayina angapo, mwachitsanzo, "abweretsa tiyi ndi khofi". Anthu amadziwa mosavuta zovuta zotere, koma osati nyama zomwe, malinga ndi Fitch, mayina nthawi zonse amakhala m'magulu osiyanasiyana: "abweretsa tiyi" ndipo payokha, "khofi" pawokha.

Kuti atsimikizire izi, akatswiri a zinenero anayerekezera zomwe zimachitika pachimake pa bonobo pygmy chimpanze ( Pan paniscus) adatchedwa Kanzi ali ndi mwana wazaka 2-3 kwa magulu 660, mwachitsanzo, "onetsani madzi otentha" kapena "thirani madzi ozizira mumphika." Nyamayi idamaliza bwino magulu 71.5 peresenti ya magulu, pomwe mwanayo - 66,6 peresenti. Zotsatira zapamwamba kwambiri za nyani, malinga ndi asayansi, zitha kufotokozedwa pomvetsetsa tanthauzo la mawu amodzi, koma osati chiganizo chonse.

Kupatula izi, akatswiri a zilankhulo adayesanso momwe magulu ophatikizika anafunsidwa, mwachitsanzo, "yikani tomato mu mafuta" kapena "yikani mafuta ena". Adafunikira kumvetsetsa mzere wotsatira wa mawuwo. Kanzi adakwanitsa kugwira ntchito zotereyi mu 76.7 peresenti ya milandu. Izi zinaonetsa kuti chimpanzee amatha kudziwa syntax, ndiye kuti, njira zophatikiza mawu. Komabe, kuthekera kwa Kansi pankhaniyi kunali ndi malire. Kanzi sakanatha kupereka malamulowo molondola ngati akaphatikiza mayina angapo: "Mundiwonetse mkaka ndi galu 'kapena" kubweretsa Rose wopepuka ndi galu ". Pafupifupi chilichonse, chimpanzi chimanyalanyaza mawu amodzi ndikuwonetsa, mwachitsanzo kwa galu kapena kubweretsa wopepuka yekha. Ponseponse, Kansi adatha kupereka 22 peresenti ya magulu ovuta, pomwe anali mwana - 68 peresenti. Akatswiri a zilankhulo amati izi zimachitika chifukwa choti chimpanzi chimawona amodzi mwa dzinalo kuti ndi mawu osiyana, osagwirizana ndi mawu ena onse. Kutanthauzira kolondola kumafunikira kumvetsetsa kuti maina onsewa ndi a gulu lofanana. Chifukwa chake, wasayansiyo akumaliza, Kansi ndi "dendrophobic." Kanzi ndi chimpanzi chakale champhongo kapena bonobo yemwe amachita nawo maphunziro pophunzitsa nyani chilankhulo. Mwanzeru, amafanana ndi mwana wakhanda. Nyama imalumikizana ndi asayansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kiyibodi ndi lexigram - zizindikilo zomwe zimatanthawuza mawu. Pazonse, Kanzi amadziwa ma lexogram oposa 348, ndipo amazindikira mawu opitilira 3,000. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti chimpanzee amatha kuganiza mwakuya ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito manja mwanjira zina.Komabe, akatswiri a zilankhulo, zoopsychologists ndi akatswiri azakhalidwe adalosera zakuwoneka bwino kwa anyaniwo kuti apange ziganizo komanso kulephera koloweza mawu.