Kupeza kodabwitsa kunapangidwa ndi anthropologists. Ogwira ntchito zasayansi awa adatha kutsimikizira zooneka ngati zosaganiza: kuchokera pomwe lingaliro la anatomy, manja achimpanzee ndi langwiro kuposa manja amunthu.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kholo lakale la chimpanzi ndi homo sapiens silinafanane ndi anyani apamwamba amakono, omwe ndi anthu komanso chimpanzi. Mulimonsemo, izi ndizomwe ananena asayansi okha pamasamba a buku la Nature Comunication.
Dzanja la chimpanzee ndilabwino kwambiri kuposa dzanja lamunthu.
Malinga ndi katswiri wazomanga ku University of Kent patsamba la magazini ya Science, Owen Lovejoy, zinthu zomwe akatswiri anthropologists atapeza kuti zotsalira za ardipithecus zidapezeka, mwamwayi, adayamba kuloza kuzindikira kwa zigawo zambiri za gulu la asayansi, zomwe zimavomereza pang'onopang'ono kuti zathu ndizomwe zili ndi kholo la chimpanzee silinali konse ngati iwo. Kupatula apo, ma chimpanzee amasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo pamitengo yayitali ya mitengo ndikudya zipatso, chifukwa chake sitingagwiritsidwe ntchito monga chitsanzo cha momwe makolo athu akale ankawonekera.
Mwakuchita izi, izi zatsimikiziridwa ndi gulu la paleontologists ndi anthropologists, lotsogozedwa ndi Sergio Almesihi aku D. Washington University. Kuti muchite izi, pamafunika kuyerekeza kapangidwe ka manja a Australopithecus sediba, Ardipithecus, anthu ndi anyani, komanso nyani wina wamakono ndi anyani akale.
Choyamba, asayansi adachita chidwi ndi kutalika kwa kutalika, ndi zinthu zina zingapo za mawonekedwe a chala ndi mbali zina za burashi. Izi zidaloleza molondola osati kungotsata, komanso kubwezeretsa kulumikizana kosiyanasiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyani.
Izi, zimatsimikiziridwa ndi asayansi, zimangotsimikizira malingaliro a Darwin.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe atomical awa, akatswiri a paleontologists awonetsa kuti ndi burashi yaumunthu, osati burashi ya chimpanzee, kapangidwe kake kamene kanali pafupi ndi burashi ya ardipithecus, Australopithecus ndi anthropoids ena akale. Chifukwa chake, m'mawu ofotokozera, manja athu ndi achikale kuposa manja a chimpanzee.
Monga momwe asayansi akutsimikizira, lingaliro ili silimangotsimikizira malingaliro a Darwin akuti zamoyo zinachita kusanduka, koma, mmalo mwake, limatsimikizira koposa. Izi ndichifukwa choti, ndi kutukuka kokwanira, mitundu yambiri yazamoyo imayamba kugwira ntchito inayake yachilengedwe, kupeza, chifukwa chake, zida zapadera kwambiri ndikutaya mawonekedwe apadziko lonse, chifukwa ndizo zida zapamwamba zomwe zimawathandizira kuti azitha kukhala mumikhalidwe yapadera.
Ma chimpanzee ndi chitsanzo chabwino pamakina amenewa, makamaka maliseche awo achidule ndi manja aatali, omwe amakhala osinthika bwino kuti akhale moyo panthambi za mitengo.
Nthawi yomweyo, anyani amtunduwu satha kuchita ntchito zina zomwe timazidziwa bwino, mwachitsanzo, amaponya miyala molondola.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndi dzanja la munthu, ngakhale ndiwakale kwambiri ndipo, mochulukirapo, zomwe zimamupatsa mwayi wotsimikiza molimba mtima ntchito zambiri zosiyanasiyana, osatha kuchita ntchito zapadera zomwe chimpanzee amayang'anizana nazo.
Ndipo ngati mtsogolomo, mukupitiliza maphunziro, zomwe Sergio Almesihi ndi asayansi ena omwe anachita nawo kafukufukuyu zimatsimikiziridwa, ndiye izi zikuwonetsa kuti kholo lakale la chimpanzee ndi anthu sizinkafanana kwenikweni ndi zoyambirira. Mulimonsemo, idzakhala yaying'ono kuposa momwe mumaganizira kale. Komabe, monga momwe tafotokozera kale uja, akatswiri ambiri azachipembedzo omwe amatsatira malingaliro osiyana mosiyana sangakhulupirire izi.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Zala
Zala zake ndizitali, zamphamvu, zazitali, ngati kuti zimatulutsa, zimangogundana pang'ono mpaka kumapeto. Phalanges zazikulu zala ndizochenjera komanso zowonda kuposa zapakati; ma phalanges omwe ndi omalizira ndi ochepa kwambiri, amafupikitsa, ochepa komanso ochepa thupi kuposa zazikulu. Chala chachitatu ndi chachitali kwambiri, chala choyamba ndichofupikitsa. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kotsika, zala zitha kuyikidwa mzere: 3, 4, 2, 5, 1st.
Kusanthula zala kuchokera kumbuyo, tiyenera kudziwa kuti zonse zimakutidwa ndi khungu lakuda, lomwe limakutidwa ndi utoto kokha pama phalanges akuluakulu.
M'malire mwa phalanges yayikulu komanso yapakati pazala zinayi zazitali (No. 2-5), timawona kutupa kwamphamvu kwa khungu, kupanga ngati kufupika kwa callosus, kutupa kocheperako kumakhala pakati pa phalanges apakati ndi terminal. Phalanges yotsiriza imatha ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono, zonyezimira pang'ono, misomali yakuda yofiirira yomwe ili m'mphepete lakunja ndi kamtunda kakang'ono, kakang'ono kwambiri.
Nyama yathanzi, yomwe ili m'malire ndi misomali, imatulukira m'makulidwe a zala ndipo ikadzabwerera kumbuyo, imakhazikika munthawi yake, mwa nyama zodwala zomwe nthawi zambiri timazindikira misomali.
Tiyeni tipitilize kufotokozera kwa mizere ya manja a chimpanzee chathu.
Zingwe zamanja
Ngati tigwira dzanja la chimpanzee wofotokozedwa ndi Schlaginhaufen "ohm, wa chimpanzee wachichepere, pachiyeso chofanizira choyambirira, kukulira kwa mizere m'manja mwa Ioni wathu ndizovuta kwambiri. (Tebulo 1.2, mkuyu. 1, (Table B.36, mkuyu. 3) )
Gawo 1.2. Zingwe za kanjedza ndi mahatchi amiyendo ndi anthu
Chith. 1. Mizere ya kanjedza mu chimpanzee Ioni.
Chith. 2. Mizere ya mwana wamunthu.
Chith. 3. Mizere yokha ya chimpanzee Ioni.
Chith. 4. Mizere yokha ya mwana wamunthu.
Gawo 1.3. Kusintha kwamwini kwa kanjedza ndi mizere yokha ya chimpanzee
Chith. 1. Zingwe za mkono wamanzere ♂ chimpanzee (Petit) zaka 8.
Chith. 2. Zingwe za dzanja lamanja ♂ chimpanzee (Petit) zaka 8.
Chith. 3. Zingwe za dzanja lamanja ♀ chimpanzee (Mimosa) zaka 8.
Chith. 4. Kutalika kwa dzanja lamanzere левой chimpanzee (Mimosa) zaka 8.
Chith. 5. Zingwe za mkono wamanzere ♀ chimpanzee (Mimosa) zaka 8.
Chith. 6. Mapazi a phazi lamanja ♀ chimpanzee (Mimosa) zaka 8.
Chith. 7. Tsitsi lamanzere ♀ chimpanzee (zaka zitatu).
Chith. 8. Zingwe za mkono wamanzere ♀ chimpanzee (zaka zitatu).
Chith. 9. Mapazi a phazi lamanja ♂ chimpanzee (Petit).
Mzere woyamba wopingasa (1, kapena aa 1) umatchulidwa kwambiri ku Ioni ndipo ulinso ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chithunzi, koma umakhala wovuta ndi nthambi zowonjezera, utangotuluka kumene kuchokera kumbali yakumaso ya burashi (pamalo pomwepo kudutsa pakati ndi mzere wokhazikika V, womwe uli chakumaso kwa chala cha 5), imapatsika mkondo wowongoka (1a), ndikupita m'munsi mwa m'mphepete mwamkati mwa phalanx chala chachiwiri, ndikupumira motsutsana ndi mzere woyamba wopingasa kumunsi kwake.
Mzere wachiwiri wopingasa (2, kapena bb 1), womwe uli pachigawo chake wotalika pafupifupi sentimenti kupita koyambirira, umayamba ndi foloko yaying'ono kuchokera pamzere woloza V, foloko iyi posachedwa (pamphambano yolumikizana ndi mzere wapa IV) yolumikizidwa ku nthambi imodzi, yomwe pa malo oti akumane nawo ndi mzere wokhazikika wa III, imapanga malo otsetsereka kulunjika ku mzere wokhotakhota woyamba wa 1 pamalo omwe umadutsana ndi mzere wachiwiri II (dd 1), womwe umayang'anizana ndi khomo la cholozera cholozera.
Mzere wachitatu wopingasa (3 kapena cc 1), womwe uli pachigawo chake cha masentimita 5 mpaka mzere woyamba wa 2, umayamba kuchokera m'mphepete mwa gawo la ulnar la burashi ndipo umayamba kupita m'mwamba kutalika kwake konse, pamalo opingasa ndi V ndi. IV vertical sludge ili kale masentimita angapo kuchokera pa mzere wachiwiri, ndipo pamalo osonkhanira ndi vertical III amaphatikizana kwathunthu ndi mzere wachiwiri (2). Mwa njira, ziyeneranso kutchulidwa kuti mzere wa 3 kumayambiriro kwa njira yake pamphepete mwa ulnar umalowera mu nthambi yayifupi yopingasa, ndipo pakati pa njira yake (pakati pa kanjedza) imasweka ndi yopingasa mzere 10 (mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane omwe zoperekedwa pansipa).
Mwa zina zazikulu, zomwe zikuyenda mbali yopingasa, mizere ya kanjedza, zotsatirazi ziyenera kutchulidwa.
Mzere wachinayi (wachinayi, kapena gg 1) umayamba pamphepete mwa manja kuti mzere wachitatu utachoka ndikuyenda molunjika mpaka kumzera 1 (kapena FF 1), uwoloke komaliza ndikupereka nthambi zazing'ono zitatu , yomwe iwiri (4a, 4b) imakhala pansi pa thumba chakumaso, ndipo imodzi (4c) imatsikira kumizere ya m'manja ya 7 ndi 8 (ii 1).
Pafupifupi gawo loyambirira la mzere wachinayi pali poyambira poyambira ilo - mzere wokwana 5, womwe (pamalo osonkhanira a 5 omalizira ndi V vertical) kutsika mosatsimikiza, kudutsa mzere wachitatu wachitatu ndikufikira pafupifupi koyambirira koyamba (1a) mzere woyamba wowongoka.
Mzere wachisanu ndi chimodzi (6th) ukuyambira masentimita pansi pa woyamba, ukupita molunjika, ndi mzere womwe ukukwera pang'ono kutha posachedwa pamalowo (pamalo a msonkhano wa 6 ndi mzere wa VII) wokhala ndi nthambi ziwiri zofowoka 6a ndi 6a.
Mzere wachisanu ndi chiwiri (7, kapena h 1) uli m'munsi mwa burashi ndi nthambi zazing'ono ziwiri, zowongoleredwa mosadukiza komanso m'mwamba m'munsi mwa kakhola kakang'ono ka pinki.
Mzere wachisanu ndi chitatu (8, kapena ii 1) ndi wamfupi, wofooka, pafupifupi wokutidwa ndi woyamba, amangokhala wotsika komanso wowala kwambiri.
Chingwe cha 9th chofowoka chafotokozedwa chocheperako chimayambira pakatikati pa kanjedza 1 masentimita mpaka gawo 10 lakumaso.
Mzere wakhumi wopingasa (10th), womwe uli kumtunda komanso pakati pa kanjedza, womwe umfanana ndi mzere wachiwiri (bb 1) pakati pake (womwe uli pakati pa mizere ya IV ndi II), womwe ndi 1 cm kupatula woyamba uja, ukuimira lingaliro langa ndi lochokera pamzere wachitatu (cc 1).
Kutembenukira kumizere yolowera kumtunda kwa kanjedza ndikukonda, tiyenera kutchulira izi: mzere wokhazikika (FF 1) ukuyambira kumtunda kwa mzere woyamba wopingasa (I, kapena aa 1) pamtunda wa 1 masentimita kuchokera pamphepete mwa burashi ndipo, lonse arc kukulitsa kutukuka kwa chala, chimatsikira pafupifupi mzere wa dzanja (7, hh 1).
Panjira yolowera pakatikati pa burashi, mzere wokhazikika uwu umapereka nthambi zingapo: nthambi yoyamba kuchokera pamenepo, malinga ndi dzina lathu 1a, imachoka pamlingo wakumapeto kwa gawo lake lokwera, pafupifupi motsutsana ndi mzere wofowoka (9), imapita mosazungulira mkati mpaka mbali yamanja ya kanjedza, kudutsa mzere wa 4 ndi 6 wamanja, nthambi yachiwiri (1b) I ya mzere wokhotakhota imachokerapo 2 mm pansipa yapitayo (1a) ndipo imakhala ndi mbali yofananira nayo, koma imangotsika pang'ono kuposa yoyamba ija kufika pamizere ya m'manja ya 7 ndi 8 (hh 1, ii 1) komanso ngati kuti kudula.
Mkati mwa mzere wotsogola I, kungoyambira recess pafupi ndi chala, pali poyambira VII, wolemekezeka kwambiri pamizere yonse yamanja, mzerewu, womwe umawerama mozungulira pamwamba pa phirilo, umadutsa pang'ono pansipa pakati pa mizere Ia ndi Ib (FF 1) ndi mbali yoyang'ana imapitilira pansi, kufikira mizere ya dzanja (7), kudula pamzere wanjira 4 (gg 1) ndi lb.
Mwa mizere inanso yowongoleredwa molunjika pamanja, zina zinayi ziyenera kutchulidwa. Chingwe chachifupi (II) (cholingana ndi ee 1 malinga ndi Schlaginhaufen "y), chomwe chili m'chigawo chapamwamba cha burashi, ndikupita kumene kutsogolo kwa cholowera chala chachiwiri, chimayambira pafupi ndi kusiyana pakati pa zala za 2 ndi 3 ndikupita molunjika, ndikuphatikizana ndi malekezero apansi ndi mzere I (FF 1) (pamalo pomwe mzere wakhumi wa 10 wakwanira).
Mzere III ndi umodzi wa mizere yayitali pachikhatho cha dzanja lanu (lolingana ndi dd 1 malinga ndi Schlaginhaufen "y).
Imayambira pamwamba ndi poyambira wofowoka pang'ono molunjika kutsogolo kwa chala chapakati, ndikusiya pang'ono njira kuchokera pamzera wopingasa wa 1 (aa 1), imadutsa mzere 1 ndi mzere 2 ndi mzere wakuthwa (pamalo omwe omaliza amaphatikizana ndi mzere wachitatu), kudutsa mzere 9 10, ndikuthawa gawo la dzanja, imadutsa kumene kumalire kwa mzere wa 4 ndi wa 6 ndipo imapitirira kutsika, kudutsa kumapeto kwa mzere wa 5 ndi nthambi kuchokera kumanzere 7, mpaka kumunsi kwa dzanja th).
Mzere wofanana ndi IV (kk 1 mu Schlaginhaufen terminology a), womwe umayang'anizana ndi nkhwangwa ya chala chachinayi, umayamba ngati poyambira pang'onopang'ono (wowoneka bwino kokha ndi kuyala kodziwika), kuchokera pakatipa pakati pa zala 3 ndi 4 ndikupita molunjika pansi , mzerewu umangotchulidwa pamwamba pa mzere 2. Kupita kutsikira, mzere wolungamitsa wa IV motalikiranowu umadutsana pakati pa 3 ndi 9 mizere yopingasa ndipo mwadzidzidzi umasowa, mwanjira ina osafikira pamzere wachisanu.
Chingwe cha vertical, chotalika kwambiri kuposa mizere yonse yokhota ya burashi, chimayikidwa pambali yolumikizana ndi chala cha 5 ndikuyamba kuchokera kumzere wopingasa kumunsi kwake, chimatsikira pansi, chimadula mizere yopingasa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ndipo chimakhala ngati msonkhano. Zingwe zopendekera kuchokera kumzere wachisanu ndi chiwiri womwe uli pachiwuno.
Mwakuwala bwino, jumper x yaying'ono yopingasa pakati pa mizere yopendekera IV ndi V imawoneka kumtunda kwa burashi, pamwambapa 1 (aa 1).
Mwa mizere yotsalira yowonekera kwambiri, kutchulanso kuyenera kupangidwanso ndi mzere wautali wa VI, kudula mbali yakumapeto kwa burashi, kuyambira kuchokera kumunsi kwa mzere wachiwiri ndikupita mosagwirizana mpaka pamipingiri yolumikizana ndi mizere itatu ya l, lb ndi 6th yopingasa ndikuyenda pansi kupita kumalo ake osakanikirana ndi 1c, kumka kumzere wa dzanja (7th).
Tsopano titembenukira ku kufotokozera kwa mizere yomwe ili m'munsi mwa zala.
Pamunsi pa chala, tikupeza mizere iwiri yosakanikirana ikusinthana: VII ndi VIII, kuchokera pansi pa mizere - VIII, yophimba chala, pali mizere inayi yopingasa yolowera pansi, yolumikizidwa pakati pa chala ndi chopingasa. pindani, kumtunda kwa mizere - VII yafotokozedwa kale.
Pansi pa chala cholozera ndi chala chaching'ono, timapeza mizere itatu, yolumikizidwa kumbali yakunja ya zala ndikutembenukira kumakona amkati pakati pa zala. Pang'onopang'ono pamwamba pa tsinde la pakati ndi chala cham mphete timapeza mizere iwiri yopingasa.
Kuphatikiza pa mizere iyi, tikupeza mizere itatu yolumikizana yolumikizira zala ziwiri zopindika: yachiwiri ndi 3 (a), 4 ndi 5 (b), 3 ndi 4 (c).
1. Kuchokera kumphepete kwakunja kwa chala chachiwiri kuli mzere wa arcuate (a), woloza chakumphepete kwamkati chala chachitatu, cholondola mzere wopingasa kumunsi kwake.
2. Kuchokera kumphepete kwakunja kwa chala chachisanu (ndiko kuti, kuchokera pakati pa mzere woloza pakati), pali mzere wokhotakhota (b) woloza m'mphepete lamkati mwa chala chachinayi, choyenera mzere wopingasa wamunsi.
3. Chingwe cha arcuate (c) cholumikiza mbali zamiyendo yachitatu ndi yachinayi, ndikusiya ngodya pakati pa zala zachiwiri ndi 3, kulowera kumakona pakati pa zala zinayi ndi zachisanu (kutanthauza kupita kumzere wopingasa kumunsi kwa chala cham mphete).
Timapeza mizere iwiri yolingana m'munsi mwa phalanx yachiwiri ya zala (kuyambira 2 mpaka 5).
M'munsi mwa misomali yonse ya zala (1-5), timakhalanso ndi mizere iwiri yopingasa.
Chifukwa chake, kanjedza la Ioni yathu, makamaka mkati mwake, imakhala yolumikizidwa ndi mizere 8 yolunjika molunjika ndi mizere 10 yolunjika, yomwe imatha kudindidwa pokhapokha kuwunikira kosadziwika bwino.
Kupuma kwa dzanja lathu la Ioni ndikovuta kwambiri pokha kuyerekeza ndi dzanja la chimpanzee lomwe Schlaginhaufen, ali wa mkazi wamkazi, momwe timawonera mizere yayikulu 10, komanso poyerekeza ndi zojambula zina za manja achimpanza ang'ono: Mnyamata wina wachinyamata yemwe amakhala ku Zoo ya ku Moscow kuyambira 1913 (kuweruza pooneka ngati wocheperako kuposa Ioni) (Gome. 1.3, mkuyu. 8), mayi wazaka 8 wazaka dzina lake Mimosa (Tebulo 1.3, Matenda 3 ndi 5 ) ndi chimpanzee wazaka 8 Petit (Gome 1.3, mkuyu. 1, 2), wosunga (mu 1931) ku Moscow Zoo.
Muzochitika zonsezi, monga ziwerengero zikuwonetsa, chiwerengero chonse cha mizere yayikulu sichidutsa 10.
Ngakhale mayeso otemberera kwambiri a manja onse omwe aperekedwa akuwonetsa kuti ngakhale panali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pakupulumutsidwa kwa manja, kutayika kwa mizere ina ndi malo osunthika a enawo, ngakhale pali kusiyana pamatchulidwe amanja ndi dzanja lamanzere la munthu yemweyo (Matanga 1 ndi 2, Matenda 3 ndi 5 - Gome 1.3), - komabe titha kutanthauzira mosavuta mayina amizere yonse ndi fanizo.
Pazojambula zonse zisanu, zosasunthika ndizokhazikika ndi mzere wozungulira wopita ku 1 (aa 1), yolumikizidwa kwachiwiri kenako pamlingo wake womaliza umalumikizana ndi yoyamba (monga zimachitika mkuyu. 8, 1), ndiye zimapita kwathunthu. paokha (monga Schlaginhaufen "chiwembu) mu mkuyu. 3 ndi 5, amangopereka nthambi kwa yopingasa yoyamba (monga momwe zilili mkuyu. 2).
Mzere wachitatu wozungulira (cc 1) ndiwosiyanasiyana kuposa woyamba uja (kukula kwa mkuyu. 8, 5 ndi ena onse) ndi komwe akupezeka: pomwe muli ku nkhumba 1, 3, 5, 8 malo okhawo (ndipo kumapeto kumapatsa nthambi yofowoka chabe), mu mkuyu. 2 (monga ku Ioni) imagwera mzere wachiwiri wopingasa, kuphatikiza kwathunthu ndi iye mu mawonekedwe a burashi.
Mzere wachinayi wa 4, womwe umawonetsedwa bwino ku Ioni, umadziwikanso mu mkuyu. 5, mkuyu. 8 ndi 2, timayisonyezera pafupifupi kokha, kuweruza kuchokera komwe katebulo kakang'ono kakhazikitsira pansi pa chifu chakumanja ndi nthambi yachitatu (ndizotheka kuti timasakaniza ndi 5 kapena 6 yopingasa). Mzere womaliza wamtunduwu 6 ndiwokhazikika pokhapokha mu mkuyu. 1 ndi 5, okhala ndendende mawonekedwe ndi kuwongolera chimodzimodzi ndi kwa Joni, ndi mkuyu. 2 ndi 3, timangoyang'ana gawo lake loyambirira, lomwe lili paphiri la chala chaching'ono, kuchokera pansi mpaka pansi.
Pa mizere yotsalira yomwe yasonyezedwa pamanambala, tchulaninso za mizere yomwe ili kumapeto kwa dzanja, yomwe imawonetsedwa ikuluikulu (monga mu mkuyu. 8) kapena yaying'ono (monga gome lachitatu, nkhumba. 1, 2, 3) , ndi mzere wa 9, kudutsa pakati pa kanjedza, ndikupezeka mu milandu 5 yonse (monga mkuyu. 3).
Kutembenukira ku mizere yakutsogolo ya manja, tiyenera kunena kuti onsewa amatsimikiziridwa mosavuta ndi fanizo, pamaziko a mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso ubale ndi mizere yomwe yafotokozedwa kale, ngakhale zimawululira mwatsatanetsatane zina zomwe zidachokera kwa Ioni.
Malo okhazikika kwambiri a mzere I (monga tikuwonera mkuyu. 8, 2, 1), mu mkuyu. 5, 3, tikuwona momwe mzerewu udafupikitsidwira ndipo umayandikira kuyandikira, ndipo mwina kuphatikiza ndi mzere VII.
Mwa mizere inayo yotsogola, III imatchulidwa bwino (ikupezeka manambala onse a 5 ndipo pokhapokha nthawi zina imasunthika kuchokera pamalo ake omwe amakhazikitsidwa motsutsana ndi axis chala chachitatu) ndi V kupita chala chaching'ono.
Mosiyana ndi zomwe Ioni ali nazo, mzere wotsiriza wa V pamilandu itatu samasungira kumapeto kwa malo ake (motsutsana ndi cholingalira chala chachi 5), koma umapita mbali ya VI, ngati kuti ukuphatikizana ndi mzere womalizawu, ndikudula mizere ina yonse yopingasa (IV, III, II, I), monga momwe ikuonekera kwambiri mu mkuyu. 8, 3 komanso pang'ono mkuyu. 1. M'magawo awiri (nkhunda 2 ndi 5) mzere wa V mulibe.
Pali mzere woloza IV wopanda mawu ochepa, koma umasiyana kwambiri kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake. Kuti ndi yachifupi kwambiri (monga momwe zinaliri kwa 8 ndi 1), ndizopendekera komanso zazitali, ndikupatuka kwambiri m'malo mwake monga momwe zimakhalira ndi chala cha 4. Chingwe chachiwiri chopita kumunwe cholozera chimawonedwa munkhani imodzi yokha.
] Maganizo amalimbikitsidwa ndi chithunzi ndi malongosoledwe a Schlaginhaufen "a, omwe amakhulupirira kuti mzere wa cc 1 uli ndi magawo awiri.
Tikuyenera kunena kuti zovuta zakuwunika uku zimawonjezeka pamene zikugwira ntchito ndi dzanja lakufa, mwa mawonekedwe a sera, pomwe mzere womasuka umasintha kwambiri kutengera nyengo yoyatsa. Chifukwa chake, pakuwongolera koyenera komanso pofotokozera mizere, kunali kofunikira kutsatira mzere uliwonse pansi pa kuyatsa kosunthika, kuyang'ana kuchokera kuzowona zonse ndipo pokhapokha pokhazikitsa njira yeniyeni yoyambira: malo oyambira ndi omaliza, komanso kulumikizana konse kotheka ndi magawo omwe akulumikizana nawo.
Zojambula zonse zamanja pandilingaliro langa ndi kuphatikizika kwanga zidapangidwa kuchokera ku chilengedwe chochepa thupi. V. A. Vatagin, pankhani yachiwiri - kuchokera kwa akufa, 3 ndi 4 - kuchokera ku zitsanzo zapamoyo.
Ndimatenga mwayi uwu kuyamikira thandizo lomwe latipatsa (kwa ine ndi kuwonda. Vatagin) panthawi ya zojambula zojambula za A. A. Velichkovsky, yemwe anatithandiza pa chithandizo cha ma chimpanzi akujambula manja ndi mapazi awo.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala malingaliro oti munthu anachokera kwa nyani. Ndipo kuti sayansi yatulukira kufanana kwa DNA ya munthu ndi ma chimpanzee omwe sasiya kukayikira za komwe adachokera kwa kholo limodzi. Kodi ndizowona? Kodi anthufe tinangotulukidwa anyani? Ganizirani kusiyana pakati pa nyani ndi anthu.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti DNA yaumunthu imatilola kuti tipeze kuwerengera zovuta, kulemba ndakatulo, kumanga tchati, kuyenda pamwezi, pomwe chimpanzi chimagwira ndikudya utoto wina ndi mnzake. Zambiri zikadzachulukana, kusiyana pakati pa anthu ndi nyani kumawonekera kwambiri. Zomwe zatchulidwa pansipa ndi zina mwazosiyana zomwe sizingafotokozedwe ndi kusintha kwakung'ono kwamkati, kusinthika kwakina, kapena kupulumuka kwamphamvu.
1 Matayala - adapita kuti? Palibe gawo lapakati pakati pa kukhalapo kwa mchira ndi kusapezeka kwake.
2 Makanda athu atsopano ndi osiyana ndi ana a nyama. Ziwalo zawo zam'malingaliro zimakulitsidwa mokwanira, kulemera kwa ubongo ndi thupi ndizokulirapo kuposa za nyani, koma ndi zonsezi, ana athu ali opanda thandizo ndipo amadalira makolo awo kwambiri. Ana a gorilla amatha kuimirira patatha milungu 20 atabadwa, ndipo ana aumunthu amatha milungu 43 pambuyo pake. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, munthu amakhala ndi ntchito zomwe ana amakanda asanabadwe. Kodi izi zikuyenda bwino?
3 Nyama zambiri zoyamwitsa komanso zochulukitsitsa zimapanga vitamini C. Ife, monga "wamphamvu kwambiri," mwachidziwikire adataya mwayiwu "kwina njira yopulumukira."
4 Mapazi a nyani ndi ofanana ndi manja awo - zala zazikulu zakumanja zimasunthidwa, zimayang'ana kumbali ndikutsutsana ndi zala zina, zokhala ngati chala chachikulu. Mwa anthu, chala chachikulu chakumaso chimayendetsedwa kutsogolo osati kutsutsana ndi ena onse, apo ayi tikanatha, titataya nsapato zathu, kunyamula zinthu mosavuta ndi chala kapena ngakhale kuyamba kulemba ndi miyendo yathu.
5 Nyani kumapazi kulibe chipilala! Tikamayenda, phazi lathu, chifukwa cha chipilalacho, limatenga zinthu zonse, zadzidzidzi ndi mabampu. Ngati munthu abwera kuchokera ku nyani wakale, ndiye kuti wamkuluyo amayenera kuti adawonekerapo kumapazi. Komabe, chipilala cha masika sichingokhala gawo laling'ono, koma makina ovuta. Popanda iye, moyo wathu ukadakhala wosiyana kotheratu. Ingoganizirani dziko lopanda maimidwe owongoka, masewera, masewera ndi kuyenda kwakutali!
6 Munthu sakhala ndi ulalo wopitilira tsitsi: ngati munthu agawana kholo limodzi ndi nyani, nanga tsitsi lothothoka kuchokera ku thupi la nyani limapita kuti? Thupi lathu limakhala lopanda tsitsi (loperewera) komanso lopanda tsitsi lopanda kanthu. Palibe mtundu wina wapakatikati, wamitundu yochepa tsitsi womwe umadziwikanso.
7 Khungu laumunthu limalumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi mafupa a minofu, omwe amangokhala am'madzi am'madzi okha.
8 Anthu ndiwo zolengedwa zapadziko lapansi zokha zomwe zimatha kupuma mofatsa. Izi, poyang'ana koyamba, "chidziwitso chopanda tanthauzo" ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chikhalidwe chofunikira kwambiri pakulankhula ndi chizindikiritso chokwanira kwambiri, chomwe sichofanana ndi nyama iliyonse yomwe ikukhala pamtunda. Pofunitsitsa kupeza malo "osowa" ndipo potengera zinthu zapaderazi, akatswiri ena okhulupirira chisinthiko anenetsa kuti tinachokera ku nyama zamadzi!
9 Pakati pa anyani, ndi anthu okha omwe ali ndi maso amtambo komanso tsitsi lopotana.
10 Tili ndi chida chapadera cholankhula chomwe chimapereka mawu abwino kwambiri polankhula.
11 Mwa anthu, nkhwangwa imakhala ndi malo ochepetsetsa kwambiri pakamwa pakamwa kuposa anyani. Chifukwa cha izi, pharynx ndi kamwa zimapanga "chubu" wamba, chomwe chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ngati yolankhulitsa. Izi zimapereka tanthauzo labwino - chofunikira kwambiri pakulankhulira mavawelo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti larynx yotsitsidwa ndikujambulitsa: mosiyana ndi anyani ena akale, anthu sangadye kapena kumwa ndi kupuma nthawi yomweyo popanda kumenyedwa.
12 Chala chakumanja chathu chimapangidwa bwino, kutsutsana mwamphamvu ndi zina zonse komanso zamakono kwambiri. Mumphaka, manja owoneka ngati mbedza okhala ndi chala chachidule komanso chofooka. Palibe chilichonse chazikhalidwe chomwe chikadawoneka popanda thumba lathu lapadera! Ngozi kapena lingaliro?
13 Mamuna yekha ndiwobadwa mu wowongoka wowona. Nthawi zina, nyani akamanyamula chakudya, amatha kuyenda kapena kuthamanga miyendo iwiri. Komabe, mtunda womwe amapita motere ndi ochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yoyendetsera nyani pa miyendo iwiri ndi yosiyana kwathunthu ndikuyenda miyendo iwiri. Njira yapaderadera yaumunthu imafuna kuphatikiza kwapazinthu zosiyanasiyana za m'chiuno, m'miyendo ndi m'miyendo.
14 Anthu amatha kusunga thupi lawo pamapazi awo poyenda, chifukwa m'chiuno mwathu timalumikizana ndi mawondo athu, ndikupanga mawonekedwe apadera a madigiri 9 okhala ndi tibia yayikulu (mwanjira ina, tili ndi "mawondo opindika"). Komanso, ma chimpanzee ndi ma gorilla akhala akutalikirana kwambiri, miyendo yowongoka yomwe ili ndi ngodya yofanana ndi zero. Nyama izi zimagawa kulemera kwa matupi awo kumapazi zikamayenda, zikuphatikiza matupi ndi mbali ndikuyenda mothandizidwa ndi "kuyenda kwa nyani".
15 Chifukwa cha zovuta zake, ubongo wa munthu ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa ubongo wa nyani. Imakhala yakukulirapo pafupifupi 2,5 kuposa ubongo wa anyani apamwamba kwambiri komanso katatu kapena kanayi - polemera. Munthu amakhala ndi khola lokhala ndi chotupa cham'magazi, komwe malo ofunika kwambiri a psyche ndi malankhulidwe amapezeka. Mosiyana ndi nyani, anthu okha ndi omwe ali ndi mzere wathunthu wa Sylvian, wopangidwa ndi mbali zakumaso, kutalika kwa kunja ndi nthambi zamtsogolo.
